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rOR  THE 

NORTHERN  AND  MIDDLE  STATES 
OF  AMERICA. 

(  ONTAI-VIXG    GENERIC    AND    SPECIFIC    DESCRIPTIONS     OF     THE    INDICES'* 

OU5    PLANTS    A^D  COMMON    CULTIVATED    EXOTICS,    GROW* 

ING    NORTH    OF    VIRGINIA. 

TO    WHICH   IS   PREFIXED  : 

A  GRAMMAR  AND  VOCABULARY: 

Also,    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS    OF    LINNEUS    AND    OF    JUSSIEU,    WITH 
THE    MEDICINAL    PROPERTIES    OF    EACH    ORDER, 

BY  AMOS  EATON,  A.  M. 

I.k'le  Profe^for  of  Botany,  and  now  Profes^oi  of  Chemistry  and  Natural  r'-ii'osopiiy 
in  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine, and  Lecturer  in  t!ie  Troy  Lyceum;  Me  ibev 
of  the  American  Geological  Society;  Corresponding  Member  of  ihe  New-York 
Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  and  Honorary  Member  of  the  Hudson  and  Newbur^jh 
-Branf^he"?, 


TAT  FXI5TENCE  IS  SURELY  CONTEMPTIBLF,  AVHICH  REG.VRD3  ONLv 
THE  GRATIFICATION  OF  INSTINCTIVE  WANTS,  AND  THE  PRESERVA' 
TION    OF    A    BODY    MADE    TO    PERISH.  TJmHUS. 


FOURTH   EDITIOXj   r.EYISED  AND    CORRECTED, 


'RIMED  A>D  PUBLISHED  BY  WEBSTERS  h  SKLNNERS, 

Corner  of  State  and  Pearl-street?. 

1824. 


Northern  District  of  New-  York,  ss. 

BE  IT  REviEMBERED,  That  on  the  twelfth  day  of  Mav,  in  the  forty-first  .year  ot 
the  Ind'^pendenceof  the  United  States  (.f  America,  WEBSTERS  &.SKINNERS,  of  the 
said  district,  have  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  book,  the  right  whereof  they 
claim  as  proprietors,  in  the  words  tollowinja:,  to  wit : 

'  A  Manual  of  Botany  for  the  Northern  and  Middle  States.  Part  I.  Containing-  Ge- 
neric Descriptions  of  the  Tlants  to  the  North  of  Virginia,  wifh  references  to  the  Na- 
tural Orders  of  Linneus  and  Jussieu.  Fart  II.  Containing  Specific  Descriptions  of  the 
Indigenous  Plants  which  are  well  defiaed  and  established,  and  of  the  Cultivated  Ex- 
otics. By  Amos  Eaton,  A.  M.  Lecturer  on  Botany,  Mineralogy  and  Chemistry,  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New  York.  Second  edition 
corrected  and  enlarged." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled  "  An  act  for  the 
encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  ropies  of  maps,  charts  and  books  to  the 
authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentione  ;"  and  also 
to  an  act  entitled  "An  act  supplementary  to  an  act  entitled  'An  act  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  learning,  by  securingthe  cojiiesof  maps,  charts  and  books,  to  the  authors  and 
Tircrrielors  of  such  cojiies,  during  the  times  therein  nientioned,'  and  ex«tr'ri<ng  the 
lenefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other 

IHtS." 

RICHARD  R.  LANSING, 
Clerk  of  the  Northern  District  of J^(w-York. 


TO  THE  THIRD  EDITIOJST. 

The  plan  of  this  Manual  having  received  the  public 
sanction,  which  has  been  manifested  by  the  rapid  sale  of 
the  last  edition,  no  material  alterations  are  now  made. 
Though  synonyms  and  authorities  are  given,  they  are 
so  economically  introduced,  by  abbreviations  and  mar- 
ginal notes,  that  the  simplicity  of  the  w  ork  is  not  affected 
by  them. 

The  localities  are  greatly  improved.  There  has  been 
more  done  in  regard  to  the  correct  location  of  plants^ 
indigenous  to  our  Northern  and  Middle  States,  since  the 
second  edition  of  this  work  was  prepared  for  the  press, 
than  ever  before.  We  are  now  enabled  to  assume  a  ge- 
neral character  for  our  mountainous  or  highly  elevated 
districts,  and  perhaps  very  nearly  to  settle  the  true  limits 
to  our  omnibus  locis  character.*  Particular  localities 
may  now  almost  be  classified  ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  two 
years  more  will  enable  us  to  adopt  a  set  of  characters 
more  satisfactory  than  those  which  refer  to  artificial 
districts.!  118323 

*  See  page  151. 

1 1  mean  characters  analogous  to  those  on  page  151,  which  represent  mountainous  and 
maritime  districts.  The  following  are  some  of  the  resources  to  which  I  am  indebted  for 
jmproveraents  in  the  localities  of  plants :— Dr.  Torrey,  Mr.  Cooper,  and  others,  have  mi- 
nutely examined  the  plants  in  the  vicinity  of  New-York  ;  those  growing  in  the  vicinity 
of  Philadelphia  have  been  attentively  examinedby  Dr.  W.  P.C.  Barton,  Z.  Collins,  Esq. 
and  Mr.  Nuttail  -,  near  Newburgh  and  Poughkeepsie,  by  the  botanical  classes  of  Mr.  P. 
Dudgeon ;  near  Hudson  and  Catskill,  by  my  class  at  Hudson,  apd  the  Hudson  and  Cats- 
faai  Lyceums  ;  near  Troy,  Albany,  Schenectady  and  Waterford,  by  Mr.  Tracy,  and  Drs, 
Jamss,  Beck.  Hale,  Robbins,  Marvin  and  Watkins :  that  part  of  Vermont,  and  of  this 


iV  PREFACE. 

The  plants  at  Boston  and  New-Haven  arc  so  nearly 
similar,  that  I  have  left  out  the  abbreviated  character 
for  Boston  ;  but  have  given  the  name  in  full,  when  a  re- 
ference to  the  latter  place  was  necessary. 

In  the  preface  to  the  second  edition,  it  was  observed, 
that  the  cryptogamous  part,  beyond  the  Ferns,  was  very 
defective.  That  part  of  the  science  was  then  in  such  a 
state  of  fluctuation  and  uncertainty,  that  tl^B  editors  of 
the  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia  declared  they  could  iind 
nothing  on  that  subject  which  it  would  be  prudent  to 
adopt.  The  present  edition  of  this  Manual  happens  at 
the  precise  time  to  be  first  in  presenting  to  American 
botanists  a  correct  system  of  the  Cryptogamia. 

Acharius  has  given  his  latest  improvements  in  the  Or- 
der Lichenes.  Bridel  has  completed  his  arrangement  of 
the  Musci ;  and  Agardh  has  closed  his  excellent  system 
of  Algse.  By  adding  the  Hepaticse  from  De  Lamarck 
andDe  Candolle,  and  the  Fungi  from  Persoon's  Synopsis 
Methodica  Fungorum,  together  with  a  few  later  im- 
provements, a  very  satisfactory  system  is  obtained.  All 
these,  as  far  as  they  are  known  to  apply  to  our  district, 
I  have  translated  into  familiar  English,  to  correspond 
with  the  phenogamous  part  of  this  work. 

state  which  lies  between  the  foot  of  the  Green  mountains  and  the  river  Hudson  and 
Lake  Champlain,  including  the  counties  of  Washington,  Essex  and  Rutland,  by  Dr  .31. 
Stevenson,  the  students  rf  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  my  botanical  class 
at  Rutland-,  near  Middlebury  college,  by  Professor  Hall  and  Dr.  Edwio  James;  near 
Williams  college,  by  Professor  Dewey ;  near  Connecticut  river,  between  Northampton, 
Mass.  and  Brattleborough,  Vt.  by  Drs.  Cooley,  Williams  and  Allen,  and  the  Rev.  E. 
Hitchcock;  the  mountain  range  in  Plahifield,  Hawley  and  Cummington,  Mass.  by  Dr. 
Porter  ;  in  the  middle  and  southern  part  of  Berkshire  county,  by  Dr.  Emmons,  and  my 
classes  in  Pittsfield,  Lenox,  Stockbridge  and  G.  Barrington  ;  near  N.  Haven,  by  Dr.  Mun- 
son ;  in  the  vicinity  of  Litchfield,  Con.  by  Mr.  Brace ;  in  various  parts  of  New-Hamp- 
shire and  the  eastern  part  of  Vermont,  by  the  classes  of  Dr.  Locke ;  in  the  vicinity  of 
Hartford,  Con.  by  the  pupils  of  Dr-  Sumner.  I  have  examined  several  collections,  made 
by  my  own  pupils  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  of  New- York,  and  about  the  shores  of 
Lakes  Erie,  Huron,  St.  Clair,  &.c.  I  have,  Iiowcver,  derived  more  beaetit  from  those  re- 
ceived by^Dr.Torvey,  than  from  those  received  by  myself. 


PREFACE.  V 

The  localities  of  cryptogamous  plants  beyond  Filices, 
are  not  given.  All  the  species  described  here  hav-  been 
found  in  our  district.  Most  of  them  have  been  sent  to 
the  greatest  cryptogamists  in  Europe,  and  their  names 
retained.  But  particular  localities  have  not  yet  been 
sufficiently  explored  to  furnish  a  useful  guide  to  students 
in  that  particular.  Let  them  search  for  ail  they  find 
described  in  this  work,  in  all  parts  of  our  district. 

A  considerable  number  of  species  and  a  few  genera, 
described  in  the  second  edition,  have  been  rejected  from 
this;  and  many  additional  ones  introduced.  This  was 
to  be  expected  in  a  progressive  science,  which  depends 
on  continued  research,  and  the  accurate  examination  of 
such  a  multitude  of  individuals. 

Here  I  might  leave  the  reader,  with  a  sufficient  view 
of  the  improvements  attempted,  and  with  an  impression 
favourable  to  my  industry.  But  i  am  compelled  to  ac- 
knowledge, that  though  i  have  done  all  in  my  power,  I 
can  claim  as  my  own  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  im- 
provements, excepting  as  it  respects  localities.  Dr. 
Torrey,  of  New -York,  suggested  the  most  valuable  cor- 
rections and  improvements  to  be  found  in  this  edition. 
And  I  believe  1  may  encourage  the  reader  with  the  hope, 
that  the  extensive  collection  of  materials  in  his  possession 
will  very  soon  appear  before  the  public,  in  the  foim  of  an 
enlarged  system  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  States. 
Such  an  extended  view  of  the  subject  would  be  an  in- 
valuable treasure  to  all  lecturers,  pi'ivate  teachers,  and 
to  all  others  who  are  disposed  to  enter  deeply  into  the 
study.* 

It  would  require  more  room  than  it  would  be  expedi- 
ent to  occupy  in  a  preface,  to  express  separately  the  ob- 

*  Dr.  Torrey  has  almost  completed  the  materials  for  his  first  number. 

A2 


VI  PREFACE. 

ligations  I  am  under  to  individual  botanists  in  our  dis- 
trict. Tlicy  will  please  to  accept  my  thanks  in  behalf  of 
those  who,  through  the  aid  of  the  Manual,  study  this 
kingdom  of  nature.  To  Professor  Dewey,  however,  I 
am  under  such  particular  obligations,  that  I  owe  him 
more  than  an  ordinary  acknowledgment. 

The  Natural  Orders  of  Jussieu  are  considered  of  high 
importance  in  the  study  of  vegetable  materia  medica,  as 
well  as  in  the  study  of  botanical  affinities  as  a  science.  I 
have  therefore  given  a  translation  of  their  characters,  as 
far  as  they  apply  to  our  district.  I  have  introduced  many 
improvements  from  De  Lamarck  and  De  Candolle,  and 
some  from  the  reflections  of  Nuttall,  Ives,  and  Rafmesque. 
But  1  have  retained  the  original  numbers  for  the  con- 
venience of  reference. 

Though  the  properties  of  the  Natural  Orders  are  given 
in  few  words,  the  student  in  vegetable  materia  medica 
will  derive  great  advantages  from  an  arrangement  of 
3iis  materials  according  to  Jussieu.  The  short  historical 
account  subjoined  to  some  of  tlie  most  important  natural 
orders,  were  derived  chiefly  from  Parkinson,  published 
in  the  year  1640,  in  English  ;  and  Tragus,  published  in 
1551,  in  German. 

The  language  throughout  this  work  is  strictly  my  own. 
I  acknowledge  there  is  a  kind  of  quaintness  in  the  style, 
calculated  to  furnish  a  good  subject  for  our  lilliputian 
reviewers.  Tiiis  is  absolutely  necessary  in  pursuance  of 
iTiy  design.  And  I  profess  to  have  saved  the  student 
more  than  three-fourths  of  the  labour  of  learning  our 
frightful  terminology,  by  adopting  an  uniform  set  of  ex- 
pressions. Elliott,  Torrey,  Barton,  and  others  among 
our  most  distinguished  botanists,  seem  inclined  to  adopt 
Nuttall's  genera  as  a  standard  for  American  plants.    1 


PREFACE.  Vll 

confess  I  follow  on  with  considerable  reluctance.  He  is 
certainly  too  fond  of  innovation.*  The  first  maxim  in 
the  Linnean  creed,  **  let  the  genus  give  the  character," 
seems  to  be  too  little  regarded  in  his  otherwise  excellent 
work.  I  have  followed  him  servilely  through  the  Um- 
belliferse  and  Orchideje  ;  excepting  that  I  have  arranged 
the  former  by  sections  upon  a  plan  of  my  own. 

I  have  made  free  use  of  all  the  approved  authorities 
within  Diy  reach.  And  I  have  not  thought  proper  to 
burden  the  work  with  such  a  multitude  of  references  as 
individual  credits  would  require.  I  have  consulted  Mi- 
chaux,  (the  elder  and  younger)  Pursh  and  Nuttall,  more 
than  any  other  authors.f 

Dr.  Hosack's  letter,  which  I  published  in  the  second 
edition,  has  been  so  highly  approbated  by  the  readers  of 
the  Manual,  that  I  again  take  the  liberty  to  publish  it. 

J\'eiv-York,  .August  30,  1810. 
Dear  Sir, 

I  received  yours  of  the  8th  instant,  and  am  happy  to  be  informed  of 
the  progress  of  the  Botanical  Institution  at  Catskill  under  your  direc- 
tion. You  have  set  an  example  that,  I  do  not  doubt,  will  be  followed 
by  many,  if  not  most  of  the  academies  throughout  the  state.  I  am  satis- 
fied, there  is  no  study  so  well  calculated  to  occupy  the  young  mind,  as 
the  study  of  natural  history-.  It  affords  an  agreeable  exercise  to  the 
memory ;  at  the  same  time,  it  teaches  us  the  habit  of  attentively  ob- 

*He  proposes  18  new  genera  for  our  district,  without  pretending  to  have  founded  but 
0176  on  a  new  discoverj-. 

t  The  following  authors  I  had  before  me.  in  addition  to  the  above,  while,  preparing  this 
edition :  Persoon's  Synopsis  Plantarum  and  Fungorum,  Tiirton"s  Linneus,  Muhlenburg's 
Catalogue  and  Grasses,  Torrey's  Caulogue  of  New-York  Plants,  Barton's  Flora  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, Bigelow'sBostsn  Flora,  De  Lamarck  and  De  CandoUe's  French  Flora.  Phelps' 
British  Plants,  Hosack's  Catalogue,  part  of  the  numbers  of  Elliott's  Botany,  Spreneel's 
Ci-v-ptogamia,  Bridel's  Mosses,  Agardh"s  Algae,  Acharius'  Lichens,  MS.  from  Hedwig's 
Mosses,  Rannesque's  Flora  Ludoviciana,  Smith  in  Rees'  Cyclopoedia,  Barton's  and  Bi- 
gelow's  Medical  Botany.  Several  periodical  works  were  consulted  also,  asSilliman's 
Journal  of  Science,  Is^w-York  Mqnthly  Magazina,  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  >'aturai 
Science,  iic.  kc 


VIU  PREFACE. 

serving  those  objects  which  otherwise  we  pass  by  with  careless  indif- 
ference. We  acquire  by  this  study  a  habit  of  analysis,  or  investigation, 
that  cannot  be  attained  by  those  pursuits  that  are  usually  made  the  ob- 
jects of  education  at  this  early  age. 

Since  my  acquaintance  with  the  principles  upon  which  the  subjects  of 
natural  history  are  arranged,  I  certainly  look  with  very  different  eyes 
upon  every  object  that  falls  under  my  view,  whether  it  be  the  produc- 
tion of  nature  or  of  art. 

In  early  life,  before  our  external  senses  are  completely  evolved ; 
when  we  are,  in  truth,  endeavouring  to  bring  them  into  exercise  and 
use  ;  it  has  always  appeared  to  me  a  very  absurd  practice  in  our  schools^ 
to  occupy  children  with  studies  of  an  abstract  nature,  and  which  re- 
quire faculties  to  comprehend  them  that  are  not  yet  unfolded. 

You  have  adopted,  in  my  opinion,  the  true  system  of  education  }  and 
very  properly  address  yourself  to  the  senses  and  to  the  memory,  in- 
stead of  the  faculties  of  judgment  and  of  reason,  which  are  comparative- 
ly of  slow  growth.  By  this  system  of  instruction,  their  minds  will  be 
stored  with  truths  that  cannot  fail  to  prove  useful ;  not  only  as  they 
exercise  their  faculties  in  acquiring  them,  but  from  the  information 
which  they  also  thereby  receive  upon  a  very  interesting  subject  of  hu- 
man learning. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  proportion  as  the  mind  attaches  itself  to  sub- 
jects of  this  sort,  it  is  diverted  from  those  vicious  propensities  and  pur- 
suits, Avhich  otherwise  attract  attention  at  this  early  period  of  life. 
Studies  of  this  nature,  too,  are  no  less  calculated  to  improve  the  morals 
of  youth  ;  inasmuch  as  the  mind  is  naturally  led  from  the  contemplation 
of  the  beauties  of  creation,  to  that  intelligence  and  power  which  gave 
them  birth;  thereby  improving  their  virtue,  as  well  a?  their  wisdom  : 
which  should  always  be  kept  in  view,  inasmuch  as  happiness  is  the 
great  end  of  all  our  pursuits. 

Lord  Kaimes,  in  his  Elements  of  Criticism,  has  very  properly  ob- 
served, that  "  among  the  many  branches  of  education,  that  which  tends 
"  to  make  deep  impressions  of  virtue,  ought  to  be  a  fundamental  ob- 
"  ject  in  a  well  regulated  government.  For  depravity  of  manners  will 
"  render  ineffectual  the  most  salutary  laws  ;  and  in  the  midst  of  opu- 
'*  lence,  what  other  means  to  prevent  such  depravity,  but  early  and 
"  virtuous  discipline  .•"' 

Such  is  the  systera  you  are  pursuing,  independent  of  the  wide  field 
to  which  you  will  hereafter  lead  your  pupils,  wherein  they  will  learn 


PREFACE.  IX 

ihe  uses  of  plants  as  articles  of  medicine,  of  figrlculture,  and  of  the  arts. 
At  the  same  time  they  will  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  nati%e  produc- 
tions of  our  own  soil  and  countiy,  which  are  yet  unexplored. 

The  state  of  New-York  having  passed  an  act  for  the  purchase  of  the 
botanic  garden  in  the  neighbourhood  of  this  city,  I  hope  to  see  among 
its  fruits  the  establishment  of  many  similar  institutions  throughout  the 
state,  as  so  many  scions  from  this  parent  stock.  By  the  dilfusion  of 
botanical  knowledge,  I  anticipate  the  discovery  of  many  valuable 
plants,  which  are  this  moment  trodden  under  foot,  as  unworthy  of  re- 
gard. 

To  your  pupils  and  their  teacher,  as  first  in  the  field,  much  praise  is 
<lue.  1  doubt  not  they  will  reap  both  pleasure  and  profit  as  the  reward 
of  their  enterprize.  If  I  can  contribute  to  either,  I  shall  be  happy  to  do 
it  in  any  manner  that  you  may  suggest. 

You  have  stated  to  me,  that  it  is  the  intention  o-f  the  trustees  of  your 
academy  to  set  apart  two  or  three  acres  for  the  cultivation  of  plants,  to 
be  made  the  subjects  of  instruction  y  and  to  erect  a  green-house  for  the 
more  valuable  exotics.  If  these  be  effected,  I  shall  have  it  in  my  power 
to  supply  you  with  the  necessaiy  plants  from  the  botanic  garden  here. 
Its  produce  will  be  suiBcient  in  a  short  time  to  furnish  plants  for  a  small 
garden,  connected  with  every  academy  tlii'oughout  the  state. 

I  sincerely  wish  your  example  may  be  followed.  Nothing  could  so 
effectually  tend  to  the  investigation  of  the  native  products  of  our 
country. 

1  am  yours,  respectfully, 

D.  HOSACK. 

.imos  Eaton,  Esq. 

The  recommendation  of  the  study  of  botany  to  the  at- 
tention of  ladies,  subscribed  by  the  late  Governor  Strong, 
of  Massachusetts,  and  others,  which  was  published  in  the 
second  edition,  is  unnecessary  at  this  day  ;  for  I  believe 
more  than  half  the  botanists  in  New-England  and  New- 
York  are  ladies. 

Troy,  fMw'ForkJ  Jan,  17ih,  182.^. 


TO  THE  FOURTH  EDITIOX 


The  reader  will  find  but  few  alterations  in  this  edition. 
Since  this  work  has  become  a  common  school  book,  it 
was  deemed  advisable  to  prefix  a  concise  grammar  of 
botany,  and  a  vocabulary  of  technical  terms,  so  as  to  en- 
able students  to  pursue  the  study  of  botany  without  the 
aid  of  any  other  book.  This  addition  will  increase  the 
expense  but  little,  and  save  considerable  to  the  purchaser. 
The  reader  is  not  to  understand  by  this,  that  the  study 
of  other  books  is  rendered  useless.  The  elementary 
works  of  Locke,  Sumner,  and  Smith,  are  particularly 
recommended,  as  well  as  the  Botanical  Dictionary  ;  but 
none  of  these  are  now  imdispensible,  as  heretofore,  in 
studying  plants  with  this  book. 

Troij,  C^'YO  1B25. 


sm^ittaiAm  %w  m<&WAm^^ 


General  Physiology  of  Plants, 

Phttology,  or  the  physiology  of  vegetables,  may 
properly  be  divided  into :  1st.  The  germination  and 
growth  of  plants  from  the  seed  ;  2d.  The  propugatioiL  of 
plants  ;  Sd.  The  increase  of  plants,  or  the  enlargement  of 
their  volume. 

1 .  The  germination  and  growth  of  Plants  from 
THE  Seed. 

V  If  a  seed  be  immersed  in  warm  water  for  a  considera- 
ble time,  and  then  subjected  to  a  high  magnifying  power, 
the  elementary  form  of  the  future  plant  may  be  seen.  In 
some  seeds  even  the  embryo  of  the  future  flt>\ver  becomes 
manifest.  Therefore  it  may  not  be  absurd  to  say,  that 
the  germination  and  growth  is  effected  by  the  develop- 
ment of  the  embryo  plant  contained  in  the  seed  ;  and 
that  this  development  goes  on  by  means  of  successive 
supplies  of  nutriment,  which  are  taken  into  an  organized 
structure  adapted  to  their  reception. 

But  where  shall  we  stop  in  our  views  of  these  element- 
ary forms  ?  Shall  we  say,  that  within  the  embryo  of  the 
future  flower  which  soiiketimes  becomes  manifest  under 
the  microscoj)e,  there  is  probably  another  seed  containing 
the  elementary  form  of  the  next  generation,  and  so  on  ad 
injiniium  ? 

\!^rtunately,  the  present  state  of  the  science  presents 
the  means  of  fixing  the  limit  in  the  most  satisfactory 
manner.  For  nothing  in  the  physiology  of  orgariized  be- 
ings is  better  established,  than  that  a  |)errect  future  seed 
cannot  be  produced  without  the  application  of  pollen  from 
a  stamen  to  the  pistil  of  a  stigma.  But  if  the  future 
seed  were  perfect  in  the  present  one,  such  an  operation 
would  not  be  necessary.  Thetefore,  by  the  aid  of  the 
microscope  and  this  established  law,  \\v  are  enabied  to 
inter,  that  a  seed  may  contain  the  elements  of  a  future 
plant  as  far  as  the  flower  and  empty  tegument  of  the  fu- 
ture seed,  and  no  farther. 

D.  H.  HILL  LIBRARY 


12  GRAMMAR    OF 

2.  The  propagation  of  Plants. 

There  are  two  methods  of*  propagating  plants.  FirsO 
by  reproduction  ;  second,  by  continuation. 

1.  A  plant  is  reproduced^  when  it  grows  immediately 
from  the  seed.  The  potatoe  is  reproduced,  when  the  seed 
is  taken  from  the  berry,  planted  and  grows.  Apple 
trees  are  reproduced  in  the  nurseries  from  seeds,  &c. 

2.  A  plant  is  continued,  when  parts  taken  from  its  roots, 
stem,  branches,  its  buds,  &c.  are  transferred  to  different 
places,  and  so  cultivated  as  to  continue  to  grow  in  several 
places  at  the  same  time.  The  living  branches  or  twigs 
of  the  same  apple  tree  may  continue  to  grow  from  the 
original  root,  and  from  hundreds  of  other  roots  in  differ- 
ent countries  at  the  same  time.  And  it  is  a  fact  now  well 
established,  that  those  twigs  or  grafts,  however  recently 
inserted,  feel  the  effects  of  age  in  the  same  degree  with 
the  twigs  remaining  on  the  original  tree  ;^  all  other  cir- 
cumstances beiiig  similar. 

The  roots  of  potatoes  continue  in  succession  in  their 
native  torrid  regions  year  after  year  for  a  limited  pe- 
riod, like  the  Malaxis  and  some  others  of  the  Orchis 
family  in  our  latitude.  Agriculturalists  and  gardeners 
aid  their  progress  here,  by  housing  the  roots  in  winter, 
and  setting  them  in  the  earth  again  in  the  spring  season. 
These  too  are  greatly  distributed  ;  so  that  tliis  plant  is 
vastly  extended  by  the  continuation  of  the  same  indivi- 
dual. But  in  due  time  the  effects  of  age  become  manifest 
to  the  cultivator,  and  he  finds  it  necessary  to  reproduce 
this  useful  plant  from  the  seed. 

The  Lombaidy  poplar  is  becoming  enfeebled  with  age 
in  our  country,  so  that  very  recent  shoots  will  hardly 
withstand  a  severe  winter.  The  reason  is  manifest. 
There  has  never  been  a  pistillate  tree  introduced  from 
Europe ;  consequently  this  tree  has  never  been  repro- 
duced here  from  the  seed.  We  therefore  sec  but  the 
feeble  limbs  of  an  exile  in  dotage,  though  yet  sustained 
in  a  thousand  localities. 

3.  The  increase  of  Plants,  or  the  enlargement 
OF  their  volume. 

After  the  first  season  of  growing,  all  woody  plants 

*  See  Smith's  Elements  of  Botany. 


BOTANY.  13 

continue  to  increase  llicirsizc,  if  no  accident  occurs,  un- 
til age  terminates  tiicir  vital  energies.  Their  volume  is 
not  enlarged  iVom  an  extension  of  eacli  fibie  or  pore  ; 
but  iVoni  the  annual  acquisition  of  new  ones.  These  new 
ones  are  always  deposited  between  the  bark  ajjd  Mood. 

In  the  spring  season  a  mucilage  is  formed  between  the 
bark  and  wood,  called  the  camb,  or  cambium.  Towards 
the  decline  of  the  year  it  becomes  considerably  indurated, 
and  separates  itself  into  two  concentric  hollow  cylinders 
of  very  different  thicknesses.  The  thinner  one  is  attach- 
ed to* the  bark,  and  forms  its  inner  membrane.  The 
thick  one  is  attached  to  the  wood,  and  becomes  the  outer 
layer  of  the  wood  for  the  next  year. 

It  is  on  this  account  that  those  trees  which  long  retain 
their  expanding  cuticles,  present  to  our  land  surveyors 
those  paradoxical  magic-like  marks.  A  beech  tree,  for 
example,  if  lettered  or  figured  with  a  board-marker,  will 
present  these  marks  twenty  or  thirty  years  afterwards, 
both  on  the  cuticle  and  on  the  wood,  of  the  year  when 
marked  ;  while  the  intervening  layers  are  sound  and 
without  a  scar.  These  interposed  woody  layers,  origin- 
ating in  mucilage  annually  deposited  between  the  bark 
and  wood,  gradually  separate  the  marked  bark  and  cu- 
ticle from  the  marked  wood,  while  they  grow  between 
these  marks  and  become  continuous. 

Elementary  Okgans. 

Every  plant  is  either  phenogamous  or  cryptogamous, 

Phenogamous  plants  have  tlieir  stamens  and  pistils 
sufRc  iently  manifest  for  examination. 

Cryptogamous  plar.ts  either  lose  the  staminate  organs 
before  they  become  manifest,  or  they  are  too  minute  for 
inspection. 

Tije  ClasseSf  Orders  and  Genera  of  the  Linnean  sys- 
tem, are  founded  v\  holly  on  the  seven  elementary  organs 
of  fructification. 

These  are, 

1.  Calijx.    The  outer  or  lower  part  of  the  flower,  gene- 
rally not  coloured  ^ 

*  In  the  language  of  Botany,  any  part  of  a  plant  is  not  coloured  when 
it  is  green  ;  as  tlie  calyx  of  the  apple  is  si'id  not  to  be  coloured,  because 
it  is  green  J  and  that  ot  the  nasturtion  is  coloured, because  it  is  not  green. 

B 


14  GRAMMAR    OF 

2.  CoroL  The  coloured  blossom,  within  or  above  the 
calyx. 

3.  Sfamens.  The  or.^ans  immediately  surrounding  or 
adjoinistg  the  central  one  ;  consisting  of  mealy  or  glu- 
tinous ksiobs,  either  sessile  or  supported  on  filaments. 

4.  Pistil.  The  central  organ  of  the  flower,  whose  base 
becomes  the  pericarp  and  seed 

5.  Fericnrp.  Tlie  covering  of  tlie  seed,  whether  pod, 
shell,  bag.  or  pulpy  substance. 

6.  Seed.  The  essential  part  containing  the  rudiment  of 
a  new  plant. 

r.  Heceptade.  The  base  which  sustains  the  other  six 
parts,  being  at  the  end  of  the  flower-stem. 

Subdivisions  or  the  Caitx. 

Every  calyx  is  either  monophyilons,  consisting  of  one 
leaf;  or  polyp  hy  lions,  consisting  of  more  than  one  leaf. 

1.  Ferianth.  That  calyx  which  adjoins  and  surrounds 
the  other  parts  of  the'tiower,  as  of  the  apple,  rose,  &c. 
About  two  thirds  of  all  plants  have  perianths. 

2.  Involucre.  That  calyx  which  comes  out  at  some  dis- 
tance below  the  flower,  and  never  encloses  it.  It  is 
commonly  at  ihe  origin  of  the  peduncles  of  umbels,  and 
sometimes  attached  \o  other  aggregate  flowers. 

Involucres  are  either  universal,  placed  at  the  origin 
of  the  uf)iversal  umbel,  as  in  caraway,  lovage,  &c. ;  or 
parfial,  placed  at  the  origin  of  a  particular  umbel,  as 
in  coriander  ;  or  proper,  placed  beneath  a  single  flower. 
S.  Spalhe.  A  kind  of  membrane,  which  at  first  encloses 
the  flower,  and  after  it  expands,  is  left  at  a  distance 
below  it,  as  daffodil,  onion,  Indian  turnip. 

4.  Glume.  That  kind  of  calyx  which  is  composed  of  one, 
iwo,  or  three  valves  or  scales,  commonly  transparent 
at  tJie  margin,  and  often  terminated  by  a  long  awn  or 
beard.     AJl  grasses  have  ghime  calyxes. 

5.  MienU  An  assemblage  of  flower-bearing  scales,  ar- 
ranged on  a  slender  thread  or  recepta(  le  ;  each  scale 
generally  constituting  the  lateral  cal>x  of  a  flower,  as 
in  the  willow,  chesnut,  pine,  &c. 

6.  Calyptre,  The  cap  or  hood  of  pistillate  mosses,  re- 
seml'.ling  in  form  and  position  an  extinguisher  set  on  a 
caudle.     Conspicuous  in  the  common  hair-cap  moss. 


BOTANY.  15 

r.  Volva.  The  ring  or  wrapper  at  first  ciiclosina:  tlic 
pilous  or  head  of  a  fungus  ;  and  which,  after  the  (»iant 
lias  arrived  to  maturity,  contracts  aud  remains  on  the 
stem  or  at  tlie  root. 

Subdivisions  or  the  Corol. 

Every  corol  is  citlier  monopetalous,  consisting  of  one 
petal  or  flower-leaf;  or  jjolypetabus,  consisting  of  more 
than  one. 

Jlonopdalous  Carols  are, 

1.  Bell-form.  Hfdlowed  out  within  the  hasc,  and  general- 
ly diverging  upwards,  as  Canterbury  hells,  gentian,  &c. 

2.  Funnel forrn^  With  a  tubular  base,  and  the  border 
opening  gradually  in  the  form  of  a  tunnel,  as  the  thorn- 
apple,  morning-glory. 

3.  Salver-form.  Having  a  flat  spreading  limb  or  bo-'^er, 
proceeding  from  the  top  of  a  tube,  as  lilac,  trailing  ar- 
butus, &c. 

4.  Wheel-form.  Having  a  spreading  border  without  a 
tube,  or  with  an  exceeding  short  one,  as  borage,  laurel. 

5.  Labiate.  A  labiate  corol  is  divided  into  two  general 
parts,  somewhat  resembling  the  lips  of  a  horse  or  other 
animal.  Labiate  corols  are  either  personate,  (with  the 
throat  muffled)  as  snap  dragon  ;  or  ringent,  (with  the 
thrrjat  open)  as  mint,  mother-wort,  catnip,  monkey- 
flower. 

Polijpeialous  Corols  are, 

1.  Cruciform'  Consisting  of  four  equal  petals  spreading 
out  in  the  form  of  across,  as  radish,  cabbage,  mustard, 
&c. 

2.  CaryophyUeous.  Having  five  single  petals,  each  ter- 
minating iii  a  long  claw,  enclosed  in  a  tubular  calyx, 
as  pink,  <  atch-fly,  cockle,  &c. 

3.  Liliaceous.  A  corol  with  six  petals,  spreading  gra- 
dually from  the  base,  so  as  altogether  to  exhibit  a  bcU- 
forni  appeai-ance,  as  tulip,  lily,  &c. 

4.  Rosaceous.  A  corol  foi'med  of  roundish  spreading 
petals  without  claws,  or  with  extremely  short  ones,  as 
rose,  apple,  strawberry,  &c. 

5.  Papilionaceous.  A  flover  which  consists  of  a  banner, 
two  wings  aud  a  keel,  as  pea,  clover,  &c. 


16  GRAMMAR    OF 

[f  II  rorol  f\2;rces  with  none  of  the  above  descriptions,  it 
is  called  anomalous. 

Subdivision  of  the  Stamen. 

1.  Jlnflier,  The  knob  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the 
poll'c;n  I  very  conspicuous  in  the  lily,  &r.  Never  wanting, 

2.  Fallen.  The  dusty,  mealy  or  glutinous  substance  con- 
tained in  the  anthers.     Never  wanting. 

5.  Filaimnt.  That  part  of  the  stamen  which  connects 
the  a^t^er  with  the  receptacle,  calyx  or  pistil.  Often 
wanting. 

Subdivisions  of  the  Pistil. 

1.  Sligma,  The  os'gan  which  terminates  the  pistil ;  very 
conspicuous  in  the  lily,  and  hardly  distinguishable  in 
the  Indian  corn.     Never  wanting. 

£.  Germ,  That  pait  of  the  pistil  which  in  maturity  be- 
comes the  peri<:arp  and  the  seed,  as  in  the  cherry, 
pompien.     Never  wanting. 

S.  Style.  That  part  of  the  pistil  which  connects  the 
stigma  and  tjje  germ  ;  very  conspicuous  in  the  lily, 
^'anting  in  the  tulip  and  some  other  flowers. 

Subdivisions  of  the  Peuicarp. 

1.  SUiqne,  That  kind  of  pod  which  has  a  longitudinal 
partition,  with  the  seeds  attached  alternately  to  its  op- 
p(;s)te  edges,  as  radish,  cabbage,  &c. 

2.  Legume-  A  pod  without  a  longitudinal  partition,  with 
the  seeds  attached  to  one  suture  only,  as  the  pea,  &c. 

3.  Capsule.  That  kind  of  pericarp  which  opens  by 
valves  or  pores,  and  becomes  dry  vvlien  ripe,  as  the 
poppy,  whicii  opens  by  pores,  and  the  mullein  by  valves. 

4.  Dvtipe.  That  kind  of  pericarp  Avhich  consists  of  a 
tlnck  fleshy  or  cartilaginous  coat  enclosing  a  nut  or 
stone,  as  in  the  cherry,  in  which  it  is  said  to  be  bernj- 
like  ;  and  in  the  walnut,  where  it  is  dry. 

5.  Pome,  A  pulpy  pericarp  without  valves,  which  con- 
tains within  it  a  capsule,  as  apples,  quinces,  &c. 

6.  Berry.  A  pulpy  pericarp  enclosing  seeds  without  any 
capsule,  as  cunant,  grape,  cucumber,  melon. 

7.  SfrobUe,  An  anient  with  woody  scales,  as  the  fruit  of 
the  pine. 


BOTANY,  17 

Subdivisions  of  the  Seed. 

i.  Cotyledon.  The  thirk  fleshy  lobes  of  seeds  ;  very 
manifest  in  heans,  whose  cotyledons  c^row  out  of  the 
ground  in  the  form  of  two  large  succulent  leaves.  Many 
plants,  as  Indian  corn,  wheat,  the  grasses,  &c.  have 
but  one  cotyledon  ;  mosses,  &c.  none. 

2.  Corde^  The  rudiment  of  the  future  plant,  always 
proceeding  from  the  cotyledon  ;  easily  distinguished 
in  chesnuts,  acorns,  &c. 

3.  Tegument,  The  skin  or  bark  of  seeds  ;  it  separates 
from  peas,  beans,  Indian  coin,  &c.  on  boiling. 

4.  Hilum.  The  extei-nal  mark  or  scar  on  seeds,  by 
whidi  they  were  affixed  to  their  pericarps.  In  beans, 
and  the  like,  it  is  called  the  eye. 

SUBSITISIONS  OF  THE    Re€EPTACLE. 

1.  Proper.     That  which  belongs  to  one  flower  only, 

2.  Common.  That  which  connects  several  distinct  flo- 
rets, as  in  the  sun-flovvci',  daisy,  teasel. 

3.  Rachis.  The  filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  flo- 
rets in  a  spike,  as  in  the  heads  of  wheat. 

4.  ColumeUa,  The  central  column  in  a  capsule,  to  which 
the  seeds  arc  attached. 

5.  Spailix.  An  elojigated  receptacle  proceeding  from  a 
spathe,  as  Indian  tui'nip. 

General  Divisions  of  Flowers. 

1.  Simple.  Having  a  single  flower  on  a  receptacle,  as 
in  the  quince,  tulip,  &c. 

2  A^grtgaie.  Havi?ig  on  the  same  receptacle  several 
fl;>weis,  whose  anthers  are  not  united, as  teasel,  button- 
bush.  &c. 

3.  Compound,  Having  several  florets  on  the  same  re- 
ceptacle, with  their  anthers  united,  as  sun-flower,  china- 
asier,  he. 

4.  Stamimite.  Having  stamens  only,  as  those  in  the 
tassels  of  Indian  coin. 

5.  Pistillate.  Having  pistils  only,  as  the  fertile  flower  of 
the  cucumber. 

6.  Perject.    Having  both  stamens  and  pistils, 

7.  Neutral.    Having  neither  slaniens  nor  pistils. 

B2 


18  GRAMMAR    OF 

Ijvflorescence. 

The  manner  in  which  Flowers  are  situated  on  Plants^ 

1.  Whorl,  In  which  the  flowers  grow  around  the  stem 
in  rings  one  above  another,  as  niotlier-wort,  catnip. 

2.  Raceme,  Having  the  florets  on  short  undivided  pedi- 
cels, arranged  ah)ng  a  general  peduncle,  as  currants. 

S.  Panicle,  Having  some  of  the  pedicels,  along  the  ge- 
neral peduncle  ot*  the  raceme,  divided,  as  in  oats.  A 
panicle  contracted  into  a  compact,  somewhat  ovate 
form,  as  in  lilac,  is  called  thyrse, 

4.  Spike.  Having  the  florets  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  on  the 
elongated  geneial  receptacle,  as  wheat,  mullein,  &c. 

5.  Umbel,  Having  the  flower-stems  diverging  from  one 
place,  like  the  braces  of  an  umbrella,  bearing  florets 
on  their  extremities,  as  carrot,  dill,  fennel.  &c. 

6.  Cyme,  It  agrees  with  the  umbel  in  having  its  general 
flower-stems  spring  from  one  centre,  but  dilTers  in  ha- 
ving those  stems  irregularly  subdivided,  as  eldei-,  &c. 

7.  Corymb.  In  the  corymb  the  peduncles  take  their  rise 
from  different  heights  along  tlie  main  stem  ;  but  the 
lower  ones  being  longer,  they  foi  m  nearly  a  level  or 
convex  top,  as  yarrow. 

8.  Fascicle.  In  general  external  appeai*ance  it  resembles 
the  umbel,  bur  the  foot- stalks  are  irregular  in  their 
origin  anci  subdivisions,  as  sweet-william. 

9.  Head,  In  this  the  flowers  are  heaped  together  in  a 
gl(»bular  form  without  peduncles,  or  with  very  short 
ones,  as  clover. 

Roots  and  Herbage. 

The  substance  of  Roofs  and  Herbage  consists  of: 

1.  Cuticle.  The  thin  outside  coat  of  the  bark,  which 
seems  to  be  without  life,  and  often  transparent.  Yevy 
conspicuous  on  some  kinds  of  birch,  cherry,  currant- 
bushes,  &c. 

2.  Cellular  integument.  The  parenchymous  substance 
between  the  cuticle  and  bark,  often  green.  Easily 
seen  in  the  elder,  &c.  after  removing  the  cuticle. 

3.  Bark.  The  inner  strong  fibrous  part  of  the  covering 
of  vegetables. 

4.  Camb.  The  mucilaginous  or  gelatinous  substance, 
woi;  h,  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  abounds  between  the 
baik  and  the  wood  of  trees. 


BOTANY.  19 

5.  Wood.  The  most  solid  part  of  tlie  trunks  and  roots  of 
herbs  and  trees. 

6.  Pith.  The  spongy  substance  in  the  centre  of  the 
stems  and  roots  of  most  ])lAnts.     Lai'ge  in  the  elder. 

Roots  are  tlie  descending  parts  of  vegetables,  and  are 
annual,  biennial,  or  perennial.  They  are  of  seven 
kinds. 

1.  Branching.  Having  the  whole  root  divided  into  parts 
as  it  proceeds  downwards,  as  the  oak,  apple-tree,  &c. 

2.  Fibrous.  The  whole  root  consisting  of  filiform  parts, 
originating  immediately  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  as 
many  of  the  grasses. 

3.  Creeping.  Extending  itself  horizontally,  and  sending 
out  fibrous  radicles,  as  gill-overground,  mint,  &c. 

4.  Spindle.  I'hick  at  the  top,  and  tapering  downward, 
as  carrot,  parsnip,  &c. 

5.  Tuberous.  Roots  which  are  thick  and  fleshy,  but  not 
of  any  regular  globular  form.  They  are  knobbed,  as 
the  potatoe ;  oval,  as  those  of  orchis ;  abrupt,  as  the 
birdsfoot-violet;  ov  fascicled,  as  asparagus. 

6.  Bulbous.  Fleshy  and  spherical.  They  are  either 
solidt  as  the  turnip  ;  coated,  as  the  onion  ;  or  scaly,  as 
the  garden  lily. 

7.  Granulated.  Consisting  of  several  little  knobs  in  the 
form  of  grains,  strung  together  along  the  sides  of  a 
filiform  radicle,  as  the  wood-sorrel. 

Herbage  is  all  the  plant  except  the  root  and  fructifica- 
tion.   It  includes  stems,  leaves  a.ni\  appendages. 

Stems. 

1.  Tidge.  or  proper  stem.  The  ascending  herbage-bear- 
ing tiunk  or  stem  of  all  phenogamous  plants,  except  the 
glasses,  as  the  trunk  of  the  oak,  the  grape  vine,  the 
mullein  stalk. 

2.  Culm.  The  stalk  or  stem  of  the  grasses,  as  wheat- 
straw,  sugar-cajie,  cScc- 

3.  Scape,  riiat  kind  of  flower-bearing  stem  which 
springs  immediately  from  the  root,  and  is  destitute  of 
leaves,  as  (iandelir)n. 

4.  Peduncle.  The  flower-bearing  stem  which  ?!prings 
from  any  part  of  the  stem  or  branches;  as  apple,  cu- 
cumber, &c. 


20  CJRAMMAR    OF 

5.  Petiole.    The  foot-stalk  of  the  leaf. 

6.  Frond.  A|)j)lie(l  entiiely  to  cryptogamous  plants.  It 
includes  the  hei'haceous,  leathery,  crustareous,  or  ge- 
latinous substance,  tVoni  which  the  fruit  is  produced. 

7.  Stipe,  The  stem  of  a  fern,  of  a  fungus,  of  compound 
eg?'et,  and  of  a  pericarp  when  elevated  fr«»m  the  recep- 
t^fle  ;  as  of  maiden-hair,  of  a  mushroom,  of  a  dande- 
lion, and  of  s])urge  caper. 

Leaves  are  evergreen  or  deciduous. 
Forms  of  Simple  Leaves. 

1.  Orbicular.  Nearly  circular,  as  the  leaves  of  red  clo- 
ver, of  cabbage,  &c. 

2,  Ovate,  Resembling  the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg, 
the  base  being  broader  than  the  extremity.  One  of 
the  most  common  forms  of  leaves. 

S.  Oval.  Differing  from  ovate  in  having  both  ends  equal 
in  breadth. 

4.  Oblong,  The  length  more  than  twice  the  breadtli, 
and  the  sides  somewhat  parallel. 

5.  Obovate,  Ovate  with  the  narrowest  end  towards  the 
stem,  as  those  of  red  clover. 

6.  Cordate.  Heart-shaped,  the  hind-lobes  being  rounded, 
as  lilac. 

7.  Obcordate,  Cordate,  with  the  apex  or  narrowest  end 
towards  the  stem,  as  of  wild  indigo. 

8.  Kidney -form.  Hollowed  in  at  the  base,  with  rounded 
lobes  and  rounded  ends,  as  mallows. 

9.  Lanceolate,  In  the  form  of  the  ancient  lance,  tapering 
from  near  the  base  to  the  apex,  and  of  some  length,  as 
the  leaves  of  most  of  the  willows,  of  ribwort,  &c. 

10.  Linear,  Continuingof  the  same  width  through  near- 
ly the  whole  length  ;  usually  pointed  at  one  or  both 
ends,  as  most  grasses. 

11.  Awljbrm.  Linear  at  the  base,  and  becoming  more  or 
less  curved  at  the  point. 

12.  Acuminate,  Any  kind  of  leaf  terminating  more  or 
less  suddenly  in  a  point  turned  towards  one  edge  of  the 
leaf. 

13.  Arrow  form.  Shaped  like  an  arrowhead  ;  uiffering 
from  cordate  in  having  the  hind-lobes  more  or  less 
acute. 


BOTANY.  21 

14.  Halbert-fornu  Hastate.  Shaped  like  an  Iialbert,  as 
field-sorrel,  creeping  snapdragon. 

15.  Guitar-form,  Oblong,  broadisli  near  the  base,  and 
contracted  at  the  sides. 

16.  Lobed.  Deeply  parted,  and  the  divisions  large,  with 
rounded  sides  or  ends,  as  the  white  oak. 

17.  Palmate,  Resembling  a  hand  with  the  fingers 
spread,  as  horse-chesnut. 

18.  Pedate.     Resembling  a  bird's  foot. 

19-  Sinuate.  Having  the  margin  hollowed  with  deep  si- 
nuses or  bays,  as  the  white  oak. 

£0.  Pinnatijid.  Divided  transversely  by  deep  incisions, 
not  extending  to  the  midrib. 

21.  Lyrate.  Pinnatifid,  with  the  largest  division  at  the 
apex,  and  diminishing  from  thence  to  the  base,  as 
liedge-mustard. 

22.  Runcinate.  Pinnatifid,  with  the  divisions  pointing 
backwards,  as  dandelion. 

Edges  of  Leaves. 

23.  Serrate.  Having  sharp  notches  resembling  saw- 
teeth along  the  margin,  and  pointing  towards  the  apex, 
as  those  of  chei'ry-trees,  roses,  &c.^ 

24.  Toothed.  Having  piojections  from  tlie  margin  of  its 
own  substance,  which  are  neither  serj'atures,  nor  crcn- 
atuies,  as  those  of  blue-bottle. 

25.  Crenate.  Having  uniform  notches  on  the  margin  of 
the  leaf,  which  incline  towards  the  apex,  or  the  base, 
or  neither,  as  gill-overground. 

Ends  or  Leaves. 

26.  Emarginate.  Notched  at  the  termination  of  the 
midrib. 

27.  Retuse.    Emarginate  with  a  shallow  sinus. 

28.  Obtuse.  Having  the  apex  of  the  leaf  more  or  less 
rounded. 

29.  Acute»  Terminating  in  an  angle  ;  that  is,  not  round- 
ed. 

Surfaces  of  Leaves. 

1.  Hairy,    Having  distinrt  strait  hairs. 

2.  Downy,     Covered  with  fine  cotton-like  down. 

3.  Silky,    Covered  with  soft  clo.se-pressed  hairi. 


22  GRAMMAR  OF 

4.  Bristly.     Set  with  stiff  hairs. 

5.  Ciliate,    Edj^pd  with  parallel  hairs  or  hristles,  resem- 
blijig  eje-lasiies. 

6.  JS*erved,    Furnished  with  midrib-like  fibres  running 
from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

7.  Veined.    Having  tendinous  fibres  variously  branched. 

Positions  of  Leaves. 

1.  Decurrenf,    When  two  edges  of  the  leaf  extend  along 
thf'  stem  below  the  place  ofinsertion. 

2.  Claspiug.     Sessile   with  the  base  more  or  less  heart- 
form,  so  jis  entirely  or  in  part  lo  suri'ouFid  the  stem. 

3.  Sheathing.     With  the  leaf  prolonged   down  the  stem, 
so  as  to  cover  it,  in  the  manner  of  the  grasses. 

4.  Perfoliate,     Having  the  stem  passing  through  the  leaf. 
5>  Connate,     Leaves  opposite,  with  their  bases  united. 

6.  Peltate.     With   the  foot-stalk   attached  to  the   lower 
side  of  the  leaf,  so  as  to  resemble  a  shield. 

7.  Opposite,     Standing  at  the  same  height    with  base 
against  base. 

8.  Whorled.    Surrounding  the  stem  in  horizontal  rings 
or  rows. 

9.  Imbricate.     Lying  over  each  other  like  shingles  on  a 
roof,  so  as  to  •»  break  joints." 

10.  Fascicled.     Growing  in  bunches  from  the  same  point. 

11.  Radical,     Proceeding  immediately  from  the  root. 

Compound  Leaves. 

L  Ternate,     Having  ihree  leafets  proceeding  from  the 
end  of  one  petiole. 

2.  Biternc'.le.    1  wice  ternate  ;  when  the  petiole  is  ter- 
nate, and  each  division  bears  three  Icafets. 

3.  Triternate.     Three  times  ter-nate. 

4.  Pinnate.     Wifli  distinct  leafets   arranged  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  same  petioles  as  locust. 

5.  Bipiunaft      Twi(  e  pinnate. 

6.  Tripinnate.     Tluire  pinnate. 

7.  Interrupfcdhj' pinnate.     Having  smaller  leafets  dispers- 
ed among  the  larger,  as  poratoe. 

Appendages. 

J.  Stipule,    A  leafet  or  scale  at  or  near  the  base  of  a  pe- 
tiole. 


BOTANY. 


23 


2.  Bract.    A  leaf  among  or  near  the  flowers,  different 
from  the  other  leaves  of  the  plant. 

3.  Thorn,    A  sharp  process  from  the  woody  part  of  a 
plant. 

4.  Prickle,    A  sliarp  process  from  the  hark,  as  those  on 
rasplierry  bushes,  &c. 

5.  Sting,     Hair-like  processes  mostly  from  the  leaves,  as 
nettles. 

6.  Gland.    A  roundish,  generally  minute,  appendage  to 
different  parts  of  plants. 

7.  Tendril.    Ihe  filiform  appendage  by  which  climbing 
plants  support  themselves  on  other  bodies. 


NUMERALS. 

The  Latin  and  Greek  numerals  are  so  frequently  com- 
pounded with  other  words  by  botanical  writers,  that  an 
English  student  ought  to  commit  them  to  memory,  as  here 
laid  down. 


XATIN. 

NOS 

;.                          GREEK. 

Unus 

1 

Monos                       single. 

Bis                 twice. 

2 

Dis                             twice. 

Tres 

3 

Treis                         thrice- 

Quatuor 

4 

Tet  tares 

fjMinque 

5 

Pente 

Stx 

6 

Ex  (pronounced  hex) 

Septcni 

7 

Epta  (pronounced  hepta) 

Octo 

8 

Okto 

Novem 

9 

Ennea 

Decern 

10 

Deka 

Underpin 

11 

Endeka 

Du'xUMcm 

12 

Dodrka 

Trc'erem 

IS 

Dokatreis 

Quatuordecim 

14 

Dekatettares 

Qtjindp.  im 

15 

Dekapente 

Sexder  im 

16 

Deka  ex 

Septendr-rim 

17 

Dekaepta 

0(  todei  im 

18 

Decaokto 

Novendccim 

19 

Beraennca 

Yiginti 

20 

Eikusi 

Muitus 

Many 

Polus 

24  GRAMMAR  OF 


LINNEAN  SYSTEM  OF  VEGETABLES. 

All  Vegetables  are  divided  into  twenty-two^  classes. 
These  classes  are  divided  into  ordeks.  Ordeks  are 
divided  into  gexbra.  Genesa  are  divided  into  spe- 
cies. Species  are  frequp«ily  changed  into  varieties. 
Varieties,  however,  are  more  jjroperly  within  the  pro- 
vince of  the  Gardener,  than  of  the  Botanist  5  at  least  the 
method  of  procuring  varieties. 

Wlien  a  Botanist  finds  a  plant  v/hich  he  never  saw  be- 
fore and  wishes  to  know  its  name  and  uses  ;  he  proceeds 
as  follows. 

1.  He  compares  the  stamens  of  the  unknown  flower 
with  the  description  of  each  class,  until  he  finds  the  class 
to  which  it  belongs. 

2.  He  then  goes  to  the  orders  of  that  class  and  finds  its 
order  in  the  same  way. 

3.  If  the  order  in  which  he  finds  his  plant  is  subdivid- 
cd  into  sections,  he  reads  the  characters  of  the  sections 
also. 

4.  Next  he  goes  to  the  genera  of  that  order  or  section, 
and  reads  their  descriptions,  until  he  tinds  the  genus  to 
which  it  belongs. 

5.  At  last  he  looks  over  the  species  of  that  genus,  until 
he  finds  the  exact  description  of  his  piaut. 

6.  If  he  is  desirous  to  compare  the  plant  with  its  na- 
tural associates  and  to  ascertain  its  general  properties, 
he  refers  it  to  the  natural  orders  of  Linueus  by  the  first 
number  next  to  the  generic  name  ^  or  to  that  of  Jussieu 
by  the  second  number. 

*  Linneus  divided  them  into  24  classes.  But  farther  discoveries, 
since  his  death,  have  proved  the  classes  Tolyadelphia  ai::d  Poly;i;amia 
to  be  too  uncertain  and  variable  to  be  any  longer  retained.  Persoon. 
therefore,  and  otber  eminent  botanists  have  rejected  them. 


BOTANY.  25 


LINNEAN  CLASSIFICATION. 

Plants  are  classified  upon  two  distinct  plans ;  the  Arti- 
ficial and  Natural.  The  object  of  the  Artificial  system 
is  merely  to  furnish  a  method  for  ascertaining  the  name 
of  a  plant.  The  object  of  the  Natural  system  is  to  brin.^ 
tosjether  into  small  .ejroups,  plants  which  resemble  each 
other  in  their  botanical  aifinities,  sensible  qualities  and 
medicinal  projierties.  The  Artificial  system  has  been 
very  aptly  compared  to  the  dictionary,  and  the  Natural 
to  the  grammar  of  a  language. 

Artificial  Classes. 

The  Linnean  Artificial  Classes  are  founded  upon  the 
four  following  cii'cumstances  of  the  stamens  :  number,  po- 
sition^ relative  length*  f\nd  connexion.  The  first  eleven 
classes  are  distinguished  by  the  number  of  stamens — the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  by  number  and  position — the  four- 
teenth ii\\(\ fifteenth  by  nusnber  and  relative  length — the 
sixteenth*  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  by  connexion — the 
nineteenth*  twentieth  and  twentiffrst  by  position.  The 
last,  or  twenty-second  class,  being  a  natural  one,  is  not 
distinguished  by  any  circumstance  of  the  stamens. 

The  first,  'hirieen  classes  are  named  by  prefixing  Greek 
numerals  expressive  of  the  number  of  stamens  to  andria  ; 
which  is  a  Greek  derivative,  used  hietajjhorically  for  sta- 
mens. 

1.  Monandria,  includes  those  plants  which  bear  per- 
fect flowers,  with  but  one  stamen  to  each.  As  the  blite 
and  san)j)biie.     Jt  is  a  \Gvy  small  class. 

2.  DiANDRiA.  includes  those  plants  wliicli  bear  perfect 
flowers,  with  two  stamens  to  each.  As  hedge-hyssop  and 
lilac.  Fart  of  this  class  of  plants  bears  naked  seeds,  and 
forms  a  natural  union  with  those  of  tiie  first  order  of  the 
fourteenth  class  ;  as  sage,  rosemary,  mountain  mint. 

3.  Triandria.  includes  those  plants  wiiich  bear  per- 
fect flowers,  witii  tlii'ee  stamens  to  each.  As  the  iris 
and  oats.  Most  of  the  grass-like  or  culmiferous  plants 
are  included  in  this  class.  The  rough  coarse  grasses,  as 
bog-rusii  and  cotton  grass,  which  have  closed' sheaths  or 
no  sheaths  to  the  leaves,  have  but  one  style  to  the  pistil* 

D.  H.  HIBL  LIBRARY 


26  GRAMMAR  OF 

But  the  finer  grasses,  as  timothy  grass  and  hlue  grass^ 
which  ha\e  open  sheaths  to  the  lea>es,  haxe  Inno  styles. 
4.  TtTRAKDKiA,  incUides  those  plants  ^^hi(h  bear 
perfect  flowers,  with  four  stamens  to  each.  As  plantain 
and  dogwood.  This  class  is  wholly  artificial,  conse- 
quently the  plants  included  in  it  are  easily  found  out. 

5.  Pentandria,  includes  those  plants,  which  bear 
perfect  flowers  with  five  stamens  to  each.  As  comfrey, 
mullein,  tobacco,  potatoe,  ginseng,  parsnip,  elder  and 
flax.  This  is  a  vei-y  extensive  class,  it  includes  a  na- 
tural assemblage  of  rough-leaved  plants,  as  the  borage — 
of  nauceous  narcotics,  as  tobacco  and  henbane — of  um- 
belliferous narcotics  and  stomachics,  as  poison  hemlock, 
water  parsnip  and  fennel — also  many  plants  which  great- 
ly disagree  in  botanical  affinities.  The  rough  leaved 
and  umbelliferous  plants  of  this  class  resemble  ea{  h  other 
so  nearly,  that  students  find  much  difticulty  in  distin- 
guishing the  genera. 

6.  Hexandria,  includes  those  plants,  which  bear  per- 
fect flowers  with  six  stamens  to  each.  As  the  lily,  tulip, 
dock  and  water  plantain. 

7.  Heptandria,  includes  those  plants,  which  bear 
perfect  flowers,  with  seven  stamens  to  each.  As  the 
chick  wintergreen  and  horse  chesnut.  This  is  a  \^ry 
small  class,  and  the  number  of  stamens  variable  in  most 
flowers  found  in  it. 

8.  Octandria,  includes  those  plants,  which  bear  per- 
fect flowers  with  eight  stamens  to  each  ;  as  the  marsh 
cranberry,  nasturtion  and  buckwheat. 

9.  Enneandria,  includes  those  plants  which  bear 
perfect  flowers  with  nine  stamens  to  each  ;  as  the  sassa- 
fras and  rhubarb.  It  is  a  very  small  class,  and  the  num- 
ber of  stamens  very  variable  in  all  the  flowers  found  in  it. 

10.  Decandria,  includes  those  plants  which  bear 
perfect  flowers  with  ten  stamens  to  each  ;  as  the  whortle- 
berry, pink,  cockle,  and  pokevveed.  Some  flowers  in  this 
class  have  but  half  the  number  of  stamens  required^  in 
part  of  the  species  of  a  genus. 

11.  DoDECANDRiA,  includes  those  plants  which  bear 
perfect  flowers,  generally  with  twelve  stamens  to  each  ; 
as  the  wild  ginger  or  white  snakeroot,  and  purslane.  If 
^he  number  of  stamens  is  more  than  twelve,  provided  it 
does  not  exceed  nineteen,  still  the  plant  belongs  to  this 


BOTANY.  27 

class  ;  as  the  apjrimony,  migiiancttc,  and  liouselcek.— 
This  class  has  been  abolished  by  some  botanists,  and  the 
plants  included  in  it  distributed  amonj^  other  classes. 

12.  IcosANDRiA,  includes  those  plants  which  bear  per- 
fect flowers  with  twenty  stamens  to  eacb,  growing  on  the 
calyx  ;  as  the  peach,  apple  and  thorn.  iTthc  number  of 
stamens  is  more  tlian  twenty,  provided  they  arc  placed 
on  the  calyx,  still  the  plant  belongs  to  this  ( lass  ;  as  the 
strawberry  and  rose.  Some  flowers  in  this  class  have 
but  hair  the  number  of  stamens  required  :  as  some  spe- 
cies of  thorn,  &c. 

13.  PoLYANDRiA,  iucludes  those  plants  which  bear 
perfect  flowers,  with  stamens  more  numerous  than  those 
of  any  other  class,  growing  on  the  receptacle  ;  as  the 
pond  lily,  and  common  St  John's  wort.  If  the  number 
of  stamens  does  not  exceed  twenty,  provided  they  are  not 
plated  on  the  calyx,  still  the  plant  belongs  to  this  class. 
This  is  an  extensive  class,  and  the  number  of  stamens  is 
more  variable  in  this  than  in  all  the  other  classes.  When 
several  flowers  on  the  same  plant  have  a  variable  num- 
ber of  stamens  placed  on  the  receptacle,  we  may  gener- 
ally presume  that  the  plant  belongs  to  this  class,  even  if 
none  are  found  with  so  many  as  twenty  stamens  ;  as  the 
American  cowslip. 

The  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  classes  are  named  by  prefix- 
ing the  Greek  numerats  expressive  of  the  number  of  long 
stamens,  to  dyxamia  ;  which  is  a  Greek  derivative,  sig- 
nifying power, — importing  that  the  longest  stamens  are 
most  powerful. 

14.  DiDYNAMiA,  includes  those  plants  which  bear  per- 
fect flowers  with  four  stamens  to  each,  two  of  which  are 
longest ;  as  savory,  skull-cap,  snapdragon.  This  class 
embraces  plants  of  two  very  natural  assemblages.  The 
first  order  contains  plants  with  naked  seeds  ;  none  of 
which  are  poisonous.  The  second  order  contains  plants 
with  seeds  in  capsules,  all  of  which  are  said  to  be  pois- 
onous.    Most  flowers  of  both  orders  have  labiate  corols. 

15.  Tetrad  YNAMiA,  includes  those  plants  which  bear 
perfect  flowers  with  six  stamens  to  each,  four  of  which 
are  longest ;  as  mustard,  cabbage  and  radish.  This  class 
embraces  a  very  natural  family  of  plants,  bearing  cruci- 
form flowers. 


28  GRAMMAR    or 

The  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  classes  are  named  by  pre- 
fixing G-reek  numerals,  expressive  of  the  number  of  par- 
cels into  which  the  stamens  are  united  by  their  filaments,  to 
the  word  adelpiiia  ;  which  is  a  Greek  derivative,  used 
to  signify  brotherhood. 

16.  MoNADELniiA,  includes  those  plants  wliich  bear 
flowers  wliose  stamens  are  united  laterally  by  tlieir  fila- 
ments in  one  group  or  set ;  as  the  hollyhock,  and  nial- 
iows.  But  if  the  flowers  are  pa])ilionaceous,  they  belong 
to  the  next  class,  even  if  the  stamens  are  so  united  ;  as  the 
lupine.  Some  species  of  genera  which  belong  to  this 
class,  have  the  stamens  broad  and  membranous  at  the 
base,  but  not  attached  at  all ;  as  some  species  of  gera- 
nium. They  generally  recede  from  the  base  of  the  pe- 
tals, by  approaching  the  pistil,  presenting  a  columnar 
form. 

17.  DiADELPHiA,  includes  those  plants  which  beai* 
perfect  flowers,  whose  stamens  are  united  laterally  by 
their  filaments  in  two  groups  or  sets  ;  as  the  pea,  bean, 
and  locust-tree.  In  most  cases  nine  stamens  are  united 
in  one  set,  and  one  stamen  stands  alone.  In  some  flowers 
the  stamens  are  all  united  in  one  set,  which  is  the  proper 
charactei*  of  the  preceding  class  ^  though  if  the  corol  is 
pa])ilionaceous,  it  belongs  here.  But  if  the  stamens  are 
not  united  at  all,  the  j)iant  does  not  belong  here,  even  if 
the  coH'l  is  papilionaceous  ;  as  the  cassia  and  wild  indigo 
belong  to  the  tenth  class.  Genera  of  the  tenth  order  in 
this  class  lesemble  each  other  so  nearly,  that  students 
find  considerable  difliculty  in  distinguishing  them. 

The  eighteenth  class  is  named  by  prefixing  syn,  fa 
Greek  derivative  from  sun.J  signifying  together,  to  ge- 
^'ESiA,  a  Greek  derivative,  signifying  produced  or  growing 
lip.  The  name  is  intended  to  signify  that  the  anthers  grow 
vp  together,  or  in  an  united  state. 

18.  Syngenesia,  includes  those  plants  which  bear 
perfect,  staminale,  pistillate,  or  neutial  florets,  in  which 
those  bearing  anthers  have  them  united  laterally,  so  as 
to  form  a  hollow  cylindei'.  To  this  definition  should  be 
added,  that  the  plants  of  this  class  all  bear  compound 
flowers,  as  the  sun-llower,  thistle,  and  dandelion,  to  ex- 
clude the  lobelia,  some  species  of  violet,  the  jewel-weed. 


BOTANY.  29 

&c.  wliich  belong  to  the  fifth  class,  though  their  anthers 
are  uuired.  This  is  a  \eiy  extensive  and  pertecll>  na- 
tural class. 

The  nineteenth  class  is  named  by  prefixing  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  GYNiA,  a  Greek  derivative  used  me  aphoricuUy  to 
signify  the  pistil,  to  axduia  ;  as  the  stamen  and  pistil  are 
united  in  this  class. 

19.  Gynandria,  includes  tho^e  plants  which  hear 
perfect  flowers,  with  the  stamens  slaJi'iing  on  the  j)istil  ; 
as  ladies-slipper,  and  orchis,  lo  this  definition  should 
be  added,  that  the  stamens  are  inserted  at  a  distance 
from  the  place  where  the  calyx  and  corol  are  inserted. 
For  the  stamens  are  inserted  on  the  germ  of  the  jnstil  in 
all  plants  of  the  class  syngenesia,  he  hut  they  are  in- 
serted in  connexion  with  the  corol. 

The  twentieth  and  twenty  first  classes  are  named  by  pre- 
fixing Greek  numerals  exprtssive  of  the  number  of  plants 
occupied  by  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  order  to  complete  a 
species,  to  cecia,  a  Greek  derivative  from  oikos,  a  house. 
Tiie  name  is  intended  to  signify^  that  the  stamens  ana  pis- 
tils  inhabit  the  name  or  different  tenements. 

20.  MoxcEciA,  includes  those  plants  which  bear  im- 
perfect flowers,  with  the  stauiinate  and  pistillate  flowers 
on  the  same  plant ;  as  the  oak,  chesnut,  and  Indian  corn. 

21.  DicECiA,  includes  those  plants  which  hear  imper- 
fect flowers,  with  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on 
separate  plants  ^  as  the  iiemj),  hop,  willow  and  poplar. 

Most  [daiits  of  these  two  last  classes  are  united  in  one 
class  by  Pursh,  called  Diclinia. 

The  twenty-second  class  is  named  by  prefixing  crypto, 
a  Greek  derivative  signifying  concealed,  to  gamia,  a 
Greek  derivative  used  metaphoncally  for  the  strewing  of 
pollen  from  the  anthers  upon  tlie  stigmas  of  pistils.  It  is 
intended  to  signifii,  thai  the  operation  of  strewing  thefer- 
tilizing  pollen  upon  stigmas^  so  manifest  in  lilies,  poplars, 
Jmlian  corn,  <^c.  is  conceaied  in  plants  of  this  class  ;  thongh 
it  is  probable  that  snch  operations  are  as  regularly  perform^ 
ed  in  cryptogamous  as  in  phenogamous  plants. 

C2 


30  GRAMMAR    OF 

22.  Cryptogamia,  includes  those  plants  whose  sta- 
mens are  not  manifest,  even  under  the  lens.  They  are 
known  by  habit,  oi*  natural  affinities  ;  as  ferns^  mosses, 
liver-worts,  sea-weeds,  lichens,  and  fungi. 


ARTIFICIAL  ORDERS. 

Each  class  is  subdivided  into  two  or  more  orders. 
These  subdivisions  are  founded  npofi  the  number  of 
styles  (or  stigmas  when  styles  are  wanting) — the  cover- 
ing or  nakedness  of  seeds — the  relative  lengths  of  pods — 
the  comparison  between  disk  and  ray  florets  of  compound 
flowers — and  the  characters  of  preceding  rlasses.  The 
orders  of  the  class  cryptogamia  are  distinguished  by  na- 
tural family  characters. 

The  orders  of  the  Jirst  thirteen  classes  are  distinguished 
hy  the  number  of  styles  ;  and  named  by  -prefixing  Greek 
numerals  expressive  of  the  number  of  styles,  to  gynia,  a 
Greek  derivative  used  metaphorically  for  style  or  sdgma. 
The  styles  are  numbered  at  their  origin  on  the  germ.  Their 
subdivisions  above  the  germ  are  not  taken  into  view  in  de- 
termining the  number  of  the  order.  Sometimes  the  style  is 
wanting,  leaving  the  stigma  to  sit  down  upon  the  germ  ; 
in  such  cases  the  stigmas  are  numbered  in  determining  the 
number  of  the  order. 

1.  MoNOGYNiA,  includes  those  plants,  in  any  of  the 
first  thirteen  classes,  which  bear  flowers  with  but  one 
style,  or  one  sessile  stigma  to  each  ;  as  the  samphire  in 
the  first  class,  the  lilac  in  the  second,  the  iris  in  the  third, 
the  plantain  in  the  fourth,  the  mullein  in  the  filth,  the 
lily  in  the  sixth,  the  horse-chesnut  in  the  seventh,  the 
scabish  in  the  eighth,  the  sassafias  in  the  ninth,  the 
prince's  pine  in  tlie  tenth,  the  purslane  in  the  eleventh, 
the  cherry  in  the  twelfth,  and  the  poppy  in  the  thirteenth. 

2.  DiGYNiA,  inc  ludes  those  plants  in  any  ot  the  first 
thirteen  classes,  which  bear  flowers  with  two  styles,  or 
two  sessile  stigmas  to  each  ;  as  limulhy  grass  iu  the 
third  class,  and  the  pink  in  the  tenth  class. 


BOTANY.  31 

S.  Trigynia,  includes  those  plants  in  any  of  the  first 
thirteen  classes,  \\l»ich  bear  flowers  with  three  styles,  or 
Ihiee  sessile  sti.a;mas  to  each  ;  as  the  elder  in  the  fifth 
class,  arid  the  hiu  kwheat  in  the  eighth  class. 

4.  Tetuagynia,  includes  those  plants  in  any  of  the 
first  thirteen  classes,  which  bear  flowers  with  four  styles 
or  four  sessile  stigmas  ;  as  the  holly  in  the  fourth  class, 
and  the  lizard's-tail  in  the  seventh  class. 

5.  Pentagyjsia,  includes  those  plants  in  any  of  the 
first  thirteen  classes,  which  bear  flowers  with  five  styles 
or  five  sessile  stigmas  to  each  ,•  as  spikenard  in  the  fifth 
class,  and  cor  kle  in  the  tenth  class. 

6.  Hexagynia.  We  have  no  plant  of  this  order  in 
our  district. 

7.  Heptagynia.  We  have  no  plant  of  this  order  in 
our  district. 

8.  OcTOGYNiA.  We  have  no  plant  of  this  order  in 
our  district. 

9.  Enneagynia.  No  plant  has  ever  been  found  with 
nine  styles. 

10.  Decagyxia,  W^e  have  no  plant  of  this  order  in 
our  district. 

13.  Polygyria,  includes  those  plants  in  any  of  the 
first  tliirteen  classes,  which  bear  flowers  with  any  num- 
ber of  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  above  ten  ;  as  the  house- 
leek  in  the  eleventh  class,  the  rose  in  the  twelfth,  and 
the  crow-foot  in  the  thirteenth. 

The  orders  of  the  fourteenth  andjifteenth  classes  are  but 
tivo  in  each.  Those  in  the  fourteenth  are  named  by  prefix- 
ing  GYMiso,  a  Greek  derivative  signifijing  naked,  or  an- 
Gio,  a  Greek  deiivative  signifying  bag  or  sack,  to  sper- 
MiA,  a  derivative  signifying  seed.  In  the  fifteenth  they 
are  named  by  using  a  derivative  from  the  Latin  siLiquA, 
a  pod  ;  and  from  the  diminntiveqf'the  same,  silicula. 

1.  Gi^MNOSPERMiA,  iucludcs  those  plants  of  the  four- 
teenth class,  which  bear  seeds  without  any  pericarp. 
They  generally  lie  naked  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  as 
of  mother-wort  and  hyssop. 

2.  AxGiosPERMiA,  includes  those  plants  of  the  four- 
teenth class,  which  bear  seeds  in  a  capsule  ,  as  the  fox- 
glove and  snapdragon. 


82  GRAMMAR    OF 

1.  SiLicuLOSA,  inrludes  those  plants  of  the  fiftepnth 
class  wliifh hear  siliqiip  pods,  vvitlithe  length  and  hieadth 
nearly  equal  ;  as  the  shepherd's-purse. 

2  BiLiquosA,  inrludrs  those  plarjts  of  the  fifteenth 
class  which  hear  silique  pods,  wiih  (he  length  ronsiiU'ra- 
bly  exceeding  the  breadth,  ahva>s  more  than  double  ;  as 
the  mustard. 

The  orders  of  the  sixteenth,  seventeenth,  nineteenth, 
twentieth^  and  twenty -first  classes,  are  distinguished  by  ihe 
chnracers  of  preceding  idusses^^and  assume  the  same  names. 
Therefore  when  a  plant  is  found  in  either  of  these  five 
classes,  we  inquire  which  nearest  preceding  class  it  would 
fall  into,  if  its  particular  classic  charac'er  were  wanting. 
The  answer  to  this  inquiry  gives  the  order. 

1.  MoNANDRiA,  whfn  used  for  an  order  in  the  16th, 
17th,  19th,  20th,  or  21st  class,  inrludes  those  plants  in 
eiiher  of  said  classes  which  hear  flowers  with  hut  one 
stamen  to  each  ;  as  orchis  in  the  nineteenth  class,  and 
sea  eel-grass  in  the  twentieth. 

2.  DiANDUiA,  when  used  for  an  order  in  the  l6fh,  17(h, 
19th,  20tli,  (u-  21st  class,  includes  those  plants  in  either 
of  said  classes  which  hear  flowers  with  two  stamens  to 
each  ;  as  ladies'-slipper  in  class  19,  duck-meat  in  class 
20,  and  wilhiw  in  class  21. 

3.  Triaadria,  when  used  for  an  order  in  the  16th, 
17ih,  19lh.  20th,  or  2lst  class,  im  ludes  those  jilants  in 
either  of  said  classes  which  heai'  flowers  with  three  sta- 
mens to  each  ;  as  hlue-e>ed  grass  in  class  16,  Indian 
corn  in  ilass  20,  and  the  fig  in  class  21. 

4.  Tetra.ndria,  whin  used  for  an  order  in  the  16th, 
17th,  I9'h,  20th,  or  21st  class,  includes  tht)se  plants  in 
either  of  said  classes  vvhi(  h  hea»*  flowers  with  four  sta- 
mens to  eadi  ;  as  the  nettle  in  the  20ih  class,  and  the 
bayherry  in  the  21st  dass. 

5.  Pextandria,  when  U'^ed  for  an  order  in  tlie  16th, 
17th,  I9th,  20fh.  «)r  21st  class,  in(  ludes  tliose  plants  in 
either  of  said  ciasses  wliuh  heai- flowers  with  five  sta- 
mens to  each  ;  as  the  passion-flower  in  the  16th  class, 
the  hog-w<'ed  in  the  20ih,  and  the  hemp  in  the  21st. 

6.  Uexavdria,  wIku  used  for  fin  order  in  the  16th, 
17'h,  I9ili,  ;i0tii,  or  21-.»  <  Ihss,  inclu«les  those  plitits  in 
either  of  &aid  classes  which  bear  flowers  with  six  stamens 


BOTANY.  33 

to  each  ;  as  water-oats  in  the  20th  class,  and  the  green- 
briar  ill  the  21st. 

7.  Heptandria,  when  used  for  an  order  in  the  IGth, 
.  17rh,  19th,  20th,  or  21st  class,  includes  those  plants  in 
either  of  said  classes  which  bear  flowers  with  seven  sta- 
mens to  each  ;  as  the  stork -i^erani urn  in  class  16. 

8  OcTANDRiA,  wlien  used  for  an  order  in  the  16th, 
irih,  19th,  20rh,  or  2lst  class,  includes  those  plants  in 
either  of  said  classes  which  bear  flowers  with  eiglit  sta- 
mens to  each;  as  the  seneca  snake-root  in  class  17,  and 
po|)lar  in  ( lass  21. 

10  Decandria,  when  used  for  an  order  in  the  16th, 
17th,  19t!i,  20th,  or  21st  class,  includes  those  i)lants  in 
either  of  said  classes  which  bear  flowers  with  teii  stamens 
to  each  j  as  the  geranium  in  class  16,  and  the  pea  in 
class  17- 

13.  PoLYANDRiA,  when  used  for  an  order  in  the  16th, 
17tii,  19th,  20th,  or  21st  class,  includes  those  plants  in 
either  of  said  classes  which  bear  Howers  with  more  than 
ten  stamens  to  each  ;  as  the  holl}hock  in  class  16,  the 
butternut  in  class  20,  and  the  moon-seed  iji  class  21. 

16.  MoNADELPHiA,  wlieu  uscd  foi-  an  order  in  the  20th 
or  21st  class,  (it  is  never  used  in  I6th,  17th,  or  19th,) 
includes  those  j)lants  in  either  of  said  classes  which  bear 
flowej's  with  the  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  in  one 
set  ,•  as  the  cucumber  in  class  20,  and  the  red  cedar  in 
class  21. 

The  four  first  orders  of  class  18  arc  distinguished  by 
comparivg  the  disk  and  ray  fiorets.  The  first,  second  and 
third  orders  have  perfect  fiorets  in  the  disk  ;  the  fourth  has 
staminate  fiorets  only  in  the  disk.  The  first  has  perfect 
florets  in  the  ray*  the  second  and  fourth  have  pistillate*  and 
the  third  has  neutral.  The  fifth  order  has  partial  perianth 
calyxes  to  all  the  fiorets  ;  whereas  none  of  the  other  orders 
have  any  but  the  general  calyx — the  egrets  when  present, 
being  a  hibsiitute  for  the  perianth.  The  orders  of  this  class 
are  named  by  joining  the  word  polygamia  to  an  appro- 
priate adjective.  Fclygamia  is  a  Greek  derivative,  used 
metaphoncally  to  signify  numerous  organs  for  carrying  on 
the  process  of  strewing  the  fertilizing  pollen  upon  stigmas. 
The  adjective  ^quALis  is  used  to  signify,  that  the  organs 
for  furnishing  pollen  are  equalized,  or  duly  proportioned  to 


g4  GRAMMAR    OF 

the  stigmas  to  he  fertilized ;  superflua,  that  the  pistillate 
Jlorels  in  the  margin  or  ray  are  superjiuous,  each  fertile 
Horet  of  the  disk  having  stamens  and  pistils  in  due  propor- 
tion; FRUSTRANEA,  that  the  ray  florets  are  empty  or  vain, 
having  no  stamens  or  pistils;  necessaria,  that  he  ray 
florets  are  necessary  to  the  produciion  of  seed ^  the  disk  flo- 
rets being  all  staminate  ;  segregata,  that  the  j'^orets  are 
disjoined^  or  separated  from  each  other  by  partial  calyxes. 

1.  PoLYGAMiA  ^Q,UALis,  incl»ides  tliosc  plants  of  tlic 
18th  class,  which  bear  flowers  with  perfect  floi-ets  in  both 
the  disk  and  ray  ;  as  the  dandelion,  thistle,  and  burdock. 

2.  PoLYGAMiA  SUPERFLUA,  Includes  those  plants  of 
the  1 8th  class,  whit  h  bear  flovvei's  with  perfect  florets  in 
the  disk,  and  pistillate  florets  in  the  ray  ;  as  ox-eyed 
daisy  and  yarrow. 

s/  PoLYGAMiA  FRUSTRANEA,  Includes  thosc  plants  of 
the  1 8th  class,  which  bear  flowers  with  perfect  florets  ill 
the  disk,  and  neutral  florets  in  the  ray  ;  as  the  sunflowei* 
and  blue-bottle. 

4.  PoLYGAMiA  NECESSARIA,  Includcs  thosc  plants  of 
the  18th  (lass,  which  bear  flowers  with  staminate  florets 
in  the  disk,  and  pistillate  florets  in  the  ray  ;  as  the  pot- 
inarygold,  and  hiijjh-vNater  shrub. 

5.  PoLYGAMiA  SEGREGATA,  includcs  thosc  plants  of 
the  18th  class,  vNhi(  h  bear  flowers  with  a  peiianth  to  each 
floret  5  as  the  globe-thistle,  and  elephant's-foot. 

The  orders  of  the  twenty  second  class  are  distinguished 
by  natural  family  characters^  this  class  embracing  six 
naturalfamilies. 

1.  FiLiCEs,  includes  all  the  ferns.  These  plants  bear 
fruit  on  the  back  of  the  leaves,  or  some  part  of  the  leases 
seem  as  it  were  metamorphosed  into  a  kind  of  fruit-bear- 
ing spike ;  as  the  brake,  and  maidenhair.  A  sub-order, 
which  may  be  denominated  ^pferes,  ov  Pteroides,  includes 
those  which  bear  fruit  in  a  peculiar  appendage,  as  a  spike 
or  protuberance  in  the  axils  or  at  the  base  of  the  leaves^ 
as  ground  pine,  scouring-rush,  and  quill- wort. 

2.  Musci,  includes  the  proper  mosses.  These  plants 
bear,  on  leafy  stems  and  branches,  one-celled  capsules 
opening  at  the  top,  where  they  are  crowned  by  a  peculiar 
lid.  The  capsules  do  not  open  by  valves,  and  are  gene- 
rally  elevated  on  stems  or  stipes ;  as  hair-cap  moss. 


BOtANY.  35 

3.  Hepatic-^,  includes  those  more  succulent  moss- 
like  plants,  \^hi^ll  are  called  liver-worts.  They  hear 
foiir-valved  capsules,  which  distinguishes  them  from 
mosses  ;  as  brook  liver-wort,  and  platted  moss. 

4.  Algjs,  includes  the  sea- weeds  and  frog- spittle. 
These  plants  bear  vesiculous  or  filamentous  fruit,  mostly 
in  gelatinous  fronds.  The  fruit  frequently  requires  a 
high  magnifying  power  to  be  rendered  visible^  as  com- 
mon sea- weed,  and  river  green-hair. 

5.  LiCHENEs,  includes  the  proper  lichens.  These 
plants  appear  in  somewhat  circular  patches  on  stones, 
trees,  and  old  fences ;  also  in  fibres  suspended  from 
branches,  &c.  They  are  generally  pale  green,  yellow, 
white,  or  black  ;  but  they  are  found  of  all  colours.  They 
bear  exceedingly  minute  fruit  in  receptacles  on  compact 
or  gelatinous  fronds.  These  receptacles  are  divided  into 
twelve  kinds,  translated  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Smith  into  clefts, 
spangles,  puffs,  buttons,  tubercles,  hollows,  cellules,  glo- 
bules, shields,  targets,  orbs,  and  knobs.  AH  of  these 
terms  are  separately  defined  in  the  Vocabulary. 

6.  Fungi,  includes  such  plants  as  the  mushroom, 
touch-wood,  mould,  blight,  kc.  They  are  destitute  of 
herbage,  consisting  of  a  spongy,  pulpy,  leathery,  or 
woody  substance ;  and  bear  fruit  in  a*  naked  dilated 
membrane,  or  within  the  substance  of  the  plant. 

Hemark.  For  a  more  full  account  of  these  orders,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  Natural  Orders  of  Jussieu. 

tV.  B,  When  a  star  (*)  is  placed  before  gerieric  names 
at  the  end  of  an  order,  it  is  to  be  understood,  that  though 
some  species  of  thes^e  genera  fall  here  by  the  rules  of  the 
artificial  system,  yet  that  as  no  natural  genus  must  be 
divided,  these  stragglers  must  be  referred  ba(k  to  their 
natural  genera  for  des(  riptions.  They  may  thus  be  re- 
ferred back  by  aid  of  the  alphabetical  arrangement  of 
generic  names,  where  the  species  are  described. 

J\^ote  2.  When  exercising  pupils  in  the  artificial  classes, 
the  Instructor  should  direct  them  to  begin  by  comparing 
the  stamens  of  the  plant  under  examination,  with  the 
characters  of  the  highest  numbered  class,  and  to  proceed 
dow nwaids  towards  the  first  class.  Because  the  charac- 
ters of  the  lower  classes  are  sometimes  included  in  the 
higher. 


M.of  J 
tameiis.  i 


36  GRAMMAR   OF 


SYNOPSIS  OF  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES, 

f  1.  Monandriaf  one  stamen  in  the  flower. 
I  2.  I9iandria,  2  stamens, 
i  3.  Triaiidria^  3  stamens. 

4.  Tetrandria,  4  stamens. 

5.  Pentandria,  5  stamens. 

6.  Hexandria,  6  stamens. 

7.  Heptandria^  7  stamens. 

8.  OctandriUf  8  stamens. 

9.  Enneandriat  9  stamens. 

10.  Decandria,  10  stamens. 
^11.  Dodecandrin,  12  to  19  stamens. 

rl2.  Icosandria,  about  20  or  more,  standing  on 
./Vo.  awfZ  J  the  calyx. 

position.   (_13.  Fohjandria,  always  20  or  more,  on  the 
receptacle. 

rl4.  DidtjnamiUi   4  stamens,  2  of  them  uni- 
JV*o.  ani/  J      ^      formly  the  longest. 
length.     1 15.  Tetradtjnamia,  6  stamens,  4  of  them  uni- 
formly the  longest. 

ri6.  Monadelphia,  stamens  united  by  theii'  fila- 

I  ments  in  one  set,  anthers    generally 

separate. 
ConneX'j  17.  DiudelpJmu  stamens  united  by  their  fihi- 
ion.  ^  ments  in  two  sets,   sometimes  in  one 

I  set,  with  papilionaceous  corols. 

I  18.  Sijngencsia^  stamens  5,   united   by  their 

L  antiiers  in  one  set,  flowers  compound. 

f  19.   Gynandria,  stamens  stand  on  the  germ, 

I  svyle  or  stigma,  separate  from  the  base 

I  of  the  calyx  and  corol. 

Position,^  20.  Mona^da,  stamens  and  pistils  in  separate 

I  flowers  on  the  same  plant. 

I  21.  DiocciUi  stamens  and  pistils  on  separate 

L  plants. 

r22.  Cryptogamia^  stamens  and  pistils  so  ob- 
^Yaiiiral.  )  scure  that  the  plants  can  only  be  class- 

j  cd  by  natural  families. 


BOTANY. 


37 


SYiVOPSrS  OF  ARTIFICIAL  ORDERS. 


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SB  GRAMMAR    OF 


NATURAL  ORDERS. 

Plants  of  ilie  same  Natural  (hder  y.g;\ep  in  habit,  and 
mostly  is)  n»e(!i(iMal  propcrlie  When  ihey  (iiffer  in 
thfso  properties,  the  differenre  is  indirated  by  the  odour. 

The  ISatiiral  Oi'ders  of  Linneus  are  retained  on  ac- 
count of  the  books  in  use  which  refer  to  them.  Jussieu 
lias  improved  upon  Linnrus  greatly.  Medi<  al  students 
ought  to  ai range  their  plants  according  to  Jussieu  in  the 
lierbariijm. 

Students  should  be  told,  that  many  plants  may  possess 
the  quaiities  of  the  orders  to  which  they  l)elong,  though 
in  a  vci'v  feeble  and  scarcely  perceptible  degree. 

NATURAL  ORDERS  OF  LINNEUS. 

1.  Palm-e.  Palms  and  their  relatives  ;  as  Cocoanut, 
Frog's  hit.     Farinaceous  diet 

2  PiPEEiT-E.  Pepper  and  its  relatives.  In  crowded 
spikes  ;  as  Indian  turnip,  Sweet-flag.  Tonics  and  Sto- 
machics. 

3.  Calamarije.  Reed  like  grasses,  with  culms  with- 
out joints  ;  as  Cat-tail,  Sedge.     Coarse  caWe fodder. 

4'  Grami.va.  The  pj'»per  grasses  with  Jointed  culms; 
as  NV  heat,  Rye,  Oats,  Timothy-grass,  Indian  corn.  Fa- 
rinaceous did,  and  cattle  fodder, 

5.  TRiPKTALoiDLiE.  Coiol  threc-pctalled,  or  calyx 
three-leaved  ;  as  Water  plantain,  Rush-grass,  Arrow- 
head.    Tonics*  and  rough  cattle  fodder. 

6.  Ensatjd.  Liliareous  plants  with  sword-form  leaves; 
as  Iris,  Blue  ay^il  grass,  Virginian  spider-wort.  »^nti- 
scorbutics  and  tonics. 

7.  Orchide^.  With  fleshy  roots,  stamens  on  the 
pistils,  pallen  glutinous,  flowers  of  singular  structure, 
^ith  the  germ  inferior  ;  as  Ladies-slipper,  Arethusa. 
Farinaceous  diet^  and  stomachics. 

8.  SciTAMiNii.K.  Liliaci'ous  corols,  stems  herbaceous, 
leaves  bi'oad,  germ  blunt-angular  ;  as  Ginger,  Turmeric. 
Warming  Stomacfiics. 

9.  Spathace.e.  Liliaceous  plants  with  spathes  ;  as 
Daftodil,  Onion,  Snow-drop.     Secernant  Stimulants.'^ 

*  Which  promote  the  secretion  of  perspirable  matter,  &,c.  &.c. 


BOTANY.  39 

10.  CoKONARiyE.  Lillaf  eons  plants  wlthouf  spatlies  ; 
aji  Lil.v,  Tulip,  Siar  jo'iass.  The  nauseous  s(  enteil  and 
h\ttti'' -An'  Antiscorbutic  iiui\  Cathartic^  the  others  Emol- 
lient. 

11.  Sarmextace^.  Liliaeous  roiols  with  very  weak 
stems  ;  as  Suiilax,  Aspaiat^us,  Bell-wort.  Tonics  and 
Secerudnf  Sfimnlants. 

12.  (Ileuace.e,  <»r  HoLERACE^.  Having  flowers 
destitute  of  l)eauiy,  at  hust  of  gay  colouring  ;  as  Beet, 
Blight.  Pigweed,  Dock.  Heppei-age.  If  nauseous,  Ca- 
thurtiv;  others,  mild  Sttnialunts  aud  J^ntrientics^ 

r3.  i5UccuLE]VT-G.  Flants  with  very  tliic  k  succulent 
leaves ;  as  IM.  kly-pear,  Houseleek,  Purslain.  Jinti- 
scorbniic  and  Emollient. 

14  Gruinales.  Corols  with  five  petals,  capsides 
beaked  ;  as  Flax,  Wood-sorrel,  Crane  bill.  Tonics  and 
Refrigerants 

\5.  Inundat.e.  Growing  under  water,  and  having 
flowers  destitute  of  beauty  ;  as  Hippuris,  Pond-weed. 
Jistringens. 

16  Calyciflor.e.  Plants  without  coi^ols,  vvith  the 
stamens  on  the  calyx  ;  as  Poet's  cassia,  Seed  buckthorn. 
Astringens^w^  Refngerants 

17.  Calycanthemje.  Calyx  on  the  germ,  or  growl- 
ing to  it,  flowers  beautiful ;  as  Willow-herb,  Ludwigia, 
tEnothera.     Tonics, 

18.  BicoRNEs.  Anthers  with  two  strait  horns  ;  as 
W  hortleberry,  Spicy  and  Bitter  Wintergreen,  Laurel. 
Astringents. 

19.  Hesperides.  Sweet-scented,  leaves  evergreen; 
as  Myrtle,  Cloves,  Mock  orange.  Astringent  and  Sto- 
muchic- 

20.  Rotace^.  Corols  wheel-form ;  as  St.  John's- 
woi't.     Tonics. 

21.  Precis.  Plants  with  early  spring  flowers  of  an 
elegant  specious  appearance  ;  as  Primrose.    Astringents, 

22.  Cartophyllejs.  Plants  vvith  caryophyllous  co- 
rols ;  as  Pink,  Cockle.  Astringents  and  Secernant  Sti- 
mulants. 

23.  Trihilat^.    Flowers  with  three  stigmas,  cap- 

*  Nutrientics  of  Darwin,  which  serve  as  nutriment  merely,  without 
producing  any  extraordinary  effects. 


40  GRAMMAR   OF 

sules  inflated  and  winged,  and  generally  tliree-seeded, 
with  distinrt  liilums ;  as  Nasturtion,  Horse  chesrmt. 
Tonics  and  *N*iitrientics. 

24.  CoRYDALEs.  Corols  spurred  or  anomalous  ;  as 
Fumitory,  'I'oucli-me-not.    JVarcotic  atid  Antiscorbutic. 

25.  PuTAMiNE^.  Plants  wliirh  bear  shell-fruit  ;  as 
Caper- bush.     Detergent  and  Jintiscorhutic, 

26.  MuiiTisiLi^u^.  Having  several  pod-form  cap- 
sules to  ea(  h  flower ;  as  Columbine,  Larkspur,  Rue, 
American  cowslip.     Cathartic,  J\*arcolic  and  Caustic- 

£7.  Rhceadeje.  Plants  with  caducous  calyxes,  and 
capsules  or  siliques  ;  as  Poppy,  Blood-root,  Celandine. 
Anodyne  and  Antiscorbutic. 

28.  LuRiD^.  Corols  lurid,  mostly  monopetalous  ; 
flowers  pentandrous  or  didynamous,  with  capsules  ;  as 
Tobacco,  Thorn-apple,  Nightshade,  Foxglove.  JVar- 
cotic  and  Antiscorbutic. 

29.  Campan  ACE^.  Having  hell-form  corols,  or  those 
whose  general  aspect  is  somewhat  bell-form  ;  as  Moin- 
ing-gloiy,  B.  !l-llower^  Violet,  Cardinal-flower.  Ca- 
t/iartics  and  Secernant  Stimutants» 

SO-  CoNToiiTiE.  Corols  twisted  or  contorted  ;  as 
Milk-weed,  Periwinkle,  Choke-dog.  Cathartics  and 
Antiscorbutics. 

31.  Vepuecul.e.  Having  monophyllous  calyxes,  co- 
loured like  corols  ;  as  Leather-wood,  Thesium.  Anti- 
scorbutic  and  Emetic- 
s'. Papilioxace^.  Having  papilionaceous  flowers  ; 
as  Peus»  Beans,  Locust-tree,  Clover.  Emollientf  Diu- 
retic, JS^atrientic. 

S3.  LoMENTACE.E.  Having  Icgumes  or  loments,  but 
not  perfect  papilionaceous  flowers  with  united  filaments  ; 
as  Cassia,  Sensitive  plant.  Emottient,  Astringent,  Ca- 
thartic. 

34.  CuctRBiTACEiE.  Fruit  pumpkin-like,  anthers 
mostly  united  .  as  Melons,  Cucumbers,  Passioji-tiower, 
Cathartic  and  Refrigerant. 

S5.  Sejvticosje.  Prickly  or  hairy,  with  polypetalou3 
cor<ds,  and  a  number  of  seeds  either  naked  oi*  slightly 
covered  ;  as  Rose,  Raspberry,  Strawberry.  Astringent 
and  Refrigerant. 


BOTANY.  4i 

3G.  P0MACE.E.  Havini^  many  stamens  on  the  calyx, 
and  drupaceous  or  pomaceons  fruit ;  as  Pear,  Currant, 
Cherry,  Peach.     Refngernnfs. 

37.  CoLUMNiFEiiiE.  Stamcns  united  in  the  form  of  a 
cohimn  ;  as  Hollyhock,  MaUows,  Cotton.     Emollient, 

38.  Tricocc^.  Havin,^  three-cclIcd  capsules  ;  as 
Castor-oil  plant.  Spurge,  Box.     Cut/mrtic, 

39.  SiLK^uos^.  Having  silique  pods;  as  Cabbage, 
Mustard,  Shepherd's-purse.  Diuretic*  dntiscorhntic,  JV^u- 
irientic- 

40.  Personat.e.  Having  personate  corols  ;  as  Snap- 
dragon, Monkey-flower,     beobstriients  and  Caihariics, 

41.  AsPERiFOLiiE.  Corols  monopetalous,  with  five 
stamens,  seeds  five,  naked,  leaves  rough ;  as  ComlVey, 
Stone-seed, (lithospermum.)  Jistnngents  and  Deobstnients, 

42.  VerticilLxITA.  Having  labiate  flowers  ,•  as 
Sage,  Thyme,  Catmint,  Mother-wort.  Stomachics  and 
Astringents. 

43.  DuMosiE.  Bushy  pithy  plants  with  small  flowers, 
petals  in  four  or  five  divisions  ;  as  Sumach,  Eidej*,  Holly. 
^Tonic  and  Cathartic. 

44.  Sepiari^.  Having  mostly  tubular  divided  co- 
rols, with  few  stamens — being  oinamentai  shriibs  ;  as 
Lilac,  Jasmine.     Astringent. 

45.  Umbellate.  Flowers  in  umbels,  with  five  pe- 
talied  corols,  stamens  five,  styles  two,  and  two  naked 
serds ;  as  FeniH^l,  Dill,  Carrot,  Poison  hemlock.  Sto- 
viachic  and  JS^arcotic- 

46.  HE13ERACE.E.  Corols  five-cleft,  stamei:s  five  to 
ten,  fruit  berry-like  on  a  coinpound  raceme  ,•  as  Gmpe, 
Ginseng,  Spikenard.     Tonics  and  Refrigerants. 

47.  Stellate.  Corols  four-cleft,  stamens  four,  seeds 
two,  naked,  leaves  mosriy  whorled  ;  as  Bed-straw,  Dog- 
wood, Venus'  pride.     Tonics  and  Deob-frnents. 

48.  Aggregat.e.  Having  aggregate  flowers  ;  as 
Bntton-bu.Hh,  xMarsh  rosemary.  Tonics  and  Secernant 
Stimulants. 

49.  Composite.  All  the  compound  flowers  ;  as  Sun- 
flowe!',  Boneset,  Tansey,  Thistle.  Tonics  and  Secernant 
Stimulants. 

50.  Amentace^.  Bearing  pendant  aments  ;  as  Ha- 
zle,  Oak,  Chesnut,  Willow.    Jistringenis. 

D2 


42  GRAMMAR  OF 

51.  Conifers.  Bearin.e;  strobiles  ;  as  Pine,  Juniper, 
Cedar.     Tonics  and  Stomachics. 

52  CoADUNAT^.  Several  berry-like  pericarps,  which 
are  adnatp  ;  Tulip-tree,  Magnolia.     Tonics, 

53.  ScABRTD/E.  Leaves  rough,  flowei's  destitute  of 
beauty  ;  as  Nettle,  Hemp,  Hop,  Elm.     Astringents, 

54.  Miscellanea.  Plants  not  arranged  by  any  par- 
ticular character;  as  Pond-lily,  Poke-weed,  Amaranth. 
Their  qualities  are  various  ;  but  see  Jussieu's  orders. 

55.  FiLicEs.  All  ferns  ;  as  Brakes,  Maidenhair. 
Secernant  8  imnlanls, 

5Q>.  Musci.  All  mosses  ;  as  Polytrichum.  Cathar- 
tics and  Secernant  Stimulanis, 

57.  Alga.  All  liverworts,  lichens,  and  sea-weeds  ;  as 
Juugei'mannia,  Fucus,  Usnea.     Tonics, 

58  FujNGi.  All  funguses  ;  as  Mushroom,  Toadstool, 
Puff-ball,  Touch-wood,  Mould.     Tonics  and  Cathanics. 


NATURAL  ORDERS  OF  JUSSIEU. 

First  Division. 

ACOTYLEDONS, 

OR  PLANTS  WITH  C0NGTL0T7S  SEEDS. 

Order  I,    Fungi, 

Plants  of  this  order  are  never  strictly  aquatic,  though 
some  of  tliem  grow  in  water  and  in  both  liamp  and  dry 
j)l:i(  es  indifferently.  Thev  never  exhibit  the  verdure  of 
gr(en  heil»?.ge;  but  are  generally  corky,  fleshy  or  mould- 
like. 'i'h»  V  vary  mu(  li  in  form  atid  colour:  being  spher- 
ical, hemisphei'ic,  columnar,  ( lavate,  filameutous,  la- 
inr liar,  ( iipsular,  pulverulent  ;  wliitc,  vellow,  red,  black, 
gteeuish,  &c.  Ihe  fruii  of  some  is  external,  of  others 
in.'  .nal,  of  others  its  place  can  hardly  be  demonstrated. 
No  [)'  ut  of  this  order  gives  off  oxygen  gas  by  the  action 
of  light. 


BOTANY.  43 

Generic  names  Sphaeria,  Stilbospora,  Hysteriiim, 
Xylijina,  Naeinaspora,  rubercularia.  Sclerotium,  Tuber, 
Geasti-uni,  Bovista,  Tulostoma,  Lycoperdoii,  Srleroder- 
ma,  Lj^cogala,  Fuligo,  Pli>sarum,  rrichia,  Arcyria, 
Sternoiiitis,  Tubulina,  Mik  or,  Ony.8;ena,  Aec  idium,  Ure- 
do,  PHcrinia,  Tricboderma,  Conoplea,  Cyatbus,  Pballiis, 
Armanita,  Agaricus,  Meruliiis,  Dedalius,  Boletus,  Sisto- 
treina,  Hyduuiii,  Thelepbora,  Merisiiia,  Clavaj-ia,  Geo- 
glossum,  S[iatbularia.  Leotia,  Helvella,  Morcbella.  J  re- 
mella,  Feziza,  Aegeiita,  Isaria,  Motjila,  Deinatiura, 
Erineum,  Racodiuiii,  Uiinantia,  Meseiitcii -a. 

Properties.  Tonics  \f(iry  or  corky ^  ca>kartics  and  naV' 
eotics  ij  juicy.    Jin  alkaline  juice  exndesfrom  some. 

Order  II.    Mgae. 

First  division.  The  pi-oper  algae  are  mostly  aquatics. 
Tbey  are  tilamentousor  inembranouSj  and  nearly  similar 
in  all  tbeir  parts.  Tbey  absorb  circulating  fluids  through 
their  immersed  parts  only,  which  are  not  transfused 
through  other  paits.  They  are  generally  green  or  led- 
dish,  and  give  offoxvgen  gas  from  the  parts  under  water 
which  are  exposed  to  the  sun 

Generic  names.  Fucus,  Chordaria,  Laminaria,  De« 
lesseiia,  Spliaerococcus,  Hahnienia,  Ulva,  Vauche- 
ria.  Hutcbinsia,  Ceiamium,  Lemania,  Conferva,  Zvgen- 
ema.  Oscillatoria,  Batrachospermum.  Rivularia,  Nostoc. 

Second  Division.  The  proper  lichens 'die  \arious  in 
texture,  form  and  colour.  They  are  Jeaihery,  woody, 
IaM«ellated,  leaf  like,  Hlamentous,  white,  yellow,  greenish, 
bla'k.  &c.  Often  they  appear  like  green  heibage,  espe- 
cially if  wet.  Some  appear  like  leprous  spots  on  stones 
and  trees,  speckled  with  black,  v\hite,  or  yellow  dots. 
Others  in  greenish  or  bluish  patches  ofi  old  fences  and 
walls  ;  and  others  in  stn)ng  light  green  filaments,  sus- 
pemied  from  branches  of  trees,  which  are  falsely  called 
mosses. 

They  absorb  circulating  fluids,\^hich  are  transfused 
throjigh  every  part  of  their  substance.  Their  frucfifica- 
tion  is  in  the  form  of  clefts,  spangles,  puffs,  buttons,  tu- 
bercles, hollows,  cellules,  globules,  shields,  targets,  orbs, 
or  knobs. 


44  GRAMMAR    OF 

Generic  names,  Spiloma,  Arthonia,  Gyalecta,  Leci- 
dea,  Calicium,  Gyropliora,  Opegrapha,  Graphis,  Verru- 
caria,  Endcx aipon,  Porina,  Pyrenula,  Variolarm,  Ur- 
ceolaria,  lit'canora,  Parmelia,  Borrcra,  Cetraria,  Sticta, 
Peltidea,  Nephrofna,  E  .ernia,  Cenomyce,  Baeomyces, 
Isidium,  Stereorauloii,  Rhizomorplia,  Alectoria,  Rama- 
lina,  Collema,  Cornicuiaria,  Usnea,  Lepraiia. 

Properties.  Tonics — some  contain  useful  colouring  mat- 
ter,  and  some  are  nutridvc. 

Order  III.    Hepaticae. 

Plants  of  this  order  have  green  or  greenish  fronds^ 
some  resembling  the  fronds  of  lichens,  others  those  of 
mosseSi  but  more  succulent  and  celiular.  They  are  always 
lnonoecii>us  or  dioecious.  The  barren  orstaminate  flow- 
ers contain  globides,  aggregated  together  in  a  liind  of 
calyx,  filled  with  a  liquni  analagous  to  pollen.  The  fer- 
tile or  pistillate  flowers  have  germs  or  capsules,  either 
naked  or  surrounded  with  pericheths,  which  are  mostly 
peduncled.  The  seeds  generally  adhere  to  spirally 
twisted  fibres.  The  capsules  are  always  4-celled  and 
destitute  of  lids  j  which  characters  distinguish  this  order 
from  the  next. 

Generic  names*  Riccia,  Anthoceros,  Marchantia,  Jun- 
geriiiannia. 

Properties,    Tonics  and  refrigerants. 

Order  IV.    Musci. 

Plants  of  this  order  are  monoecious,  dioecious  or  per- 
fect. The  flowers  are  lateral  or  terminal,  mostly  elevat- 
ed on  peduncles.  In  early  flowers  Sptengel  says,  that  by 
the  help  of  a  magnifying  glass,  **  organs  'may  be  distinct- 
<<  ly  seen,  which  consist  partly  in  ohlong  bud-lik*  gem- 
*<  mae,  supposed  formerly  to  be  anthers  ;  and  jjartly  in 
*^  an  aggregation  of  pistils,  intermixed  with  succulent 
*'  filaments.'' 

Their  capsules  are  always  1 -celled,  and  open  at  top  by 
operculi,  or  lids.  Over  the  lids,  calyptres  are  generally 
placed.  Under  the  lids  and  surrounding  the  niou  hs  may 
be  seen  a  kind  of  filamentous  or  denticulate  fringe  or 
edging,  called  teeth. 


BOTANY.  45 

The  seeds  are  very  numerous,  re-^emblin.^fine  dust  ad- 
hering to  the  inner  surfaces  of  the  capsules.  The  herb- 
age is  green  and  perennial;  the  leaves  ai'e  minute  and 
generall)'  imbricated.  Mosses  flourish  most  in  damp 
shady  situations  ;  and  mostly  flower  early  in  the  spring 
or  late  in  aJitumn. 

Genenc  names.  Spliagnum,  Fhascum.  Gynmostonuini, 
Schistidium.  Aiioectangium,  Tetraphis,  Grimmia,  Ueis- 
sia,  Trematodon,  Ui(  ranum,  Campy lopus,  Pi.-omitrum, 
Trichostomum,  Barbula,  S}  ntrirhia.  Didj^mofion^Splach- 
num,  Ornithotrirhum,  Ulota,  Bvirtramia,  Bryum,  Ar- 
rhenopterum,  Mnium*  Timmia,  Diplocomium,  Meesia, 
Diphyscium,  Buxbaumia,  Funaria,  Pterigynainirum, 
Lasia,  Leucodon,  Npckera,  Cryphaea,  Pilotrirhuin,  Cli- 
macium.  Leskia.  Fterig ophyllum.  Hypimm,  Fontinalis, 
Fissidens.  Polytricbum.  Catbarinaea. 

Properties,  Mosilif  secernant  stimulants^  somefexv  ar& 
cathartic. 

Order  V.     Filices.^ 

Plants  of  this  order  are  herbaceous  and  take  root  in  the 
earth  ;  but  bear  numerous  minute  dust-like  seeds,  like 
other  cryptogamous  plants. 

Fist  division.  The  pterous  feruH  bear  s|>!jerical  or 
reniform  1 -celled  capsules  on  the  back  of  winged  fronds 
or  on  v\hat  appears  like  leaves  metamorphosed  into  fruit- 
bearing  spikes.  The  leaves  are  sub-iadical,  with  alter- 
nate leafets,  or  alternate  divisions  or  indentations.  They 
ai'e  mostly  coiled,  or  more  or  less  rolled  in  at  their  tips, 
when  they  first  spring  from  the  earth. 

Generic  names.  Acrostichura,  Polypodium,  Onoclea, 
Blechnum,  Pteris,  Asplenium.  Scolopendrium,  Wood- 
wardia,  Adiantum,  Aspidium,  Athyriutn,  Dicksonia, 
Woodsia,  Cheilanthes,  vSchizaea,  Osmunda,  Lycopodium, 
Botrychium,  Ophioglossum, 

Second  division.  The  Apteres  bear  fi'uit  on  spikes,  in 
the  axils  of  leaves,  or  in  the  substance  of  the  frond,  hav- 
ing no  proper  winged  frond.  They  are  either  very  leafy 
or  totally  leafless.  IN  either  the  leaves  nor  any  other  parts 
of  apterous  ferns  are  ever  coiled. 

*De  Lamarck  and  De  Candolle  place  this  order  and  tlie  next,  among 
the  Monocotyledons. 


46  GRAMMAR  OF 

Generic  names,    Lycopndium,  Equisetum,  Isoetes. 
Properties.     Secernanl  stimulnnls* 

Order  VI.     JSTaiades.^ 

Plants  of  this  ordpr  are  teivler  aquatics,  with  few  axil- 
Ian  fl  jwers  coiitaiiiirijo;  few  sniniit*^  stainpiis 

Generic  names.  Caulitiia,  Chara,  Najas,  Saururus, 
PodosttMiiuin,  L'lnna. 

Properties,    Jstringent. 

Second  Division. 
MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

OR  PLANTS  WITH  1-LOBED  SEEDS, 

CLASS  FIRST.    Stamens  below  the  pistil. 
Order  VII.     ^roideae. 

Plants  of  this  order  all  bear  monoecious  flowers,  which 
are  sessile  on  a  spa(iix,aiKl  destitJite  of  perianth  calyxes. 
Siamensaiid  pistils  are  intermixed  and  stand  on  the  spa- 
dix.  Fruit  a  roundish  berry.  They  are  almost  stemless, 
with  sub-radical  leaves  ;  and  support  the  flowers  on 
scapes  or  scape-like  stalks. 

Generic  names.  Ictodes,  Calla,  Zostera,  Arum,  Or- 
ontium. 

Properties*  Warming  stomachics ;  if  nauseous,  antis- 
pasmodics. 

Order  VIIL     Typhae. 

Plants  of  this  order  bear  monoecious  flowers  with  3- 
leaved  perianths.  Stamens  3  and  styles  one.  Fruit  1- 
seeded,  seed  fleshy  or  ferinaceous.  They  are  always 
aquatics,  stems  jointless,  and  leaves  somewhat  sheathing. 

Generic  names.     Typha,  Spaiganium. 

Properties.     Weak  tonics. 

*De  Lamarck  and  De  Candolle  say  that  this  order  is  artificial  and 
ought  to  be  abolished. 


BOTANY.  47 


Order  TX,      Cyperoideae, 

Flowers  glumaceous,  in  spikes  or  spikelets,  glumes  1- 
vahed.  The  flowers  have  no  proper  perianth  ral3'xes; 
stamens  3,  st>le  l,uith  two  or  three  stigjni as  ;  seeds  sin- 
gle, tarinareous,  without  pericarp.  Plants  grassy,  pe- 
rennial, of  a  coarse  texture  ;  culm  triangular  or  cylin- 
dric  ;  leaves  with  dosed  sheaths  or  destitute  ot  sht^aths. 

Generic  names  Kyllingia,  Schoenus,  Rhyn(  hospora, 
C>perus,  Mariscus,  Dulichium.  Sciipus,  Eriophorum, 
Tiicophorum,  Fuirena,  Liuinetis,  Carex,  Scleria. 

Properties,     Tonics,     Used  for  coarse  cattte  fodder. 

Order  X     Gramineae, 

Flowers  glumareous,  generally  in  spikes  or  spikelets, 
but  sometimes  solitary.  Outer  glumes  generally  2-valv- 
ed,  whi(  h  serve  as  calyxes  to  spikelets,  or  to  single 
flowers  when  solitary.  Stamens  3 ;  stigmas  2,  plumose 
or  capillary.  Seeds  single,  farinaceous,  without  peri- 
carps. Culms  cylindric,  jointed  ;  leaves  alternate,  with 
sheaths  always  cleft  throughout  tht-ir  whole  extent,  on 
the  side  opposite  to  the  direction  of  the  leaf. 

Generic  names.  Ciima,  Anthoxanthum,  Cenchrus, 
Oryzopsis,  Panicum,  Digitaria,  Cynodon,  Paspalum, 
Aristida,  Stipa,  Alopecurus,  Phalaris,  Crypsis,  Horde- 
iim,  Milium,  Agrostis,  Saccharum,  Muhlenhergia,  Leer- 
sia,  Trichodium,  Phleum,  Aira,  Uralepsis  Elymus, 
Melica,  Eleusine,  Sec  ale,  Triticum,  Lolium,  Atheropo- 
gon,  Uniola,  Briza,  Sorghum,  Dactylis,  Poa,  W  indso- 
ria,  Festuca,  Bromus,  Avena,  Danthonia,  Arund(»,  An- 
dropogon,  Uolcus,  Oryza,  Zea,  Tripsacum,  Coix,  Zi- 
zania,  Hierochloa. 

Properties.  Feeble  tonics  The  herbage  furnishes  the 
best  of  cai  tie  fodder  ;  and  the  largest  seeds  are  used  for  fa- 
rinaceous  diet, 

CLASS  SECOND.  Stamens  surrounding  the  pistil, 
and  standing  on  the  calyx  or  corol.  Sometimes  they 
are  merely  attached  at  the  base. 

Order  XL      Palmae, 
AVe  have  no  plants  of  this  order  in  the  Northern  States. 


48  GRAMMAR    OF 

The  coroanut,  palm,  and  several  other  tropical   plants 
bel^>njj;  to  this  order. 
Properties,     Weak  ionics,  and  yield  farinaceous  diet. 

Order  XIL     Mpar&gi, 

Flowers  with  petaloid  periantlis,  .2;eiierally  6-parted  or 
6-rleft.  Stamens  adhei  iJii^  to  the  sa.-iie  base  with  the  ro- 
ral  or  ralvx.  Berry  3o»'4  (elled,  1  to  S-seeded.  Leaves 
often  alternate,  rarely  wiiorled,  never  slieathiug. 

Generic  navies,  A.spar.igus,  Convallai'ia,  Dracaena, 
Gyromia,  Smilax.  Trillium. 

Properties.     Mild  tonics  and  secernant  stimulants. 

Order  XIII.     Janci, 

Plants  of  this  order  generally  hear  flowers  with  small 
spathes,  or  spathelike  bracts,  and  free  6-parted  peri- 
anths. 

First  division.  The  proper  J*inci  resemble  the  Cype- 
roidrae  in  habit  ,*  having  hheatlung  leaves  and  ^luniare- 
ous  spathes  or  bracts.  The  flowers  are  in  panicies  or 
corymbs  ;  stamens  3  or  6,  and  each  flower  has  but  a  sin- 
gle  germ- 

deneric  names.  3  uncus,  Xyris  Arorus,  Trades-^antia, 
Commelina,  Helonias,  Xerophyllum,  Veratrum,  'ioficl- 
dia.* 

Second  division.  The  Alismaceae  are  all  aquatics,  and 
earh  flower  contains  more  than  one  germ. 

Generic  names-  Aiisina,  Sagittaria,  Tiighxhin, 
Schciichzer'ia,  Eriocaidou.  Fotamngftou.  Zrirri^hejiia. 

Properties.  Generally  secernant  siiiuulanis.  The 
sweet-scented  are  warming  stomachics,  and  the  nauseous 
are  antiscorbutics. 

Order  XIV.    Liliaccae, 

Plants  of  this  order  have  no  n^^'ianrbs.  They  have  6- 
petalled  corols  olthe  llliareojis  ft»rm.  StaniPhs  6.  stand- 
ing against  the  di\i»i(»ns  of  the  corol  and  often  aitari-ed 
to  it  SrOe  ].  v,tign!Hs  3,  or  3-lobpd.  Germs  fret.  (  rtp- 
sules  S-celled,  3-Nalved,  \\ith  transverse  partitions;  seeds 
JIat.     Lea\e.s  g-Mierally  with  simple  ner\es. 

*The  two  last  are  placed  in  a  distinct  order  by  De  Lamarck  and 
De  Candolle. 


BOTANY.  49 

Genenc  names.  Lilimn,  Tulipa,  Fritillaria,  Erythro- 
nium,  Uvularia,  Stiept  )|)ms. 

Properties.      Emollients  and  weak  secernant  stimulants. 

Order  XV,     Bromeliae, 

We  have  no  plants  of  tliis  order,  exceptinj^  rare  exot- 
ics, growing  in  tlip  Northern  States.  The  pine  apple 
(Bromelia  ananas)  belongs  here. 

Properties,    Bejrigerants, 

Order  XVL     Asphodeli, 

No  perianths,  bnt  some  have  spathes.  Corols  6-part- 
ed  or  6-cieft.  Stamens  6,  standing  against  the  di\isions 
of  the  corol  and  attached  to  it.  Germs  free  5  seeds  round 
or  angled. 

Generic  names.  Aspliodelus,  Hemerocallis,  Ornithog- 
ahim.  Allium,  Alotris.  Narthei  ium,  Hja(  inthus. 

Properties.  Expectorants  and  demulcents.  The  strong- 
scentea  are  secernant  stimulants,  and  the  hitler  are  tonic  and 
cathartic. 

Order  XVII,     JSTarcissi. 

No  perianths,  but  most  have  spathes.  Corols  6-part- 
ed  or  6-petalled.  Stamens  6,  standing  against  the  divis- 
i-ons  of  the  corol  and  attached  to  it.  Germ  attached  to  the 
eorol,  and  generally  supporting  it. 

Generic  names,  ]Sar<  issus,  Amaryllis,  Galatithus,  Po- 
lyanihes,  Agave,  Hypoxis,  Leptanthus,  Pontederia,  He- 
teranthera 

Properties.     Weak  tonics  and  emollients. 

Order  XVIIL    Irides. 

Corol  6-rleft  or  6-parted  :  stamens  3  :  style  1,  with  1 
or  3  stigmas  :  germ  attac  hed  to  the  corol.  Leaves  ensi- 
forni  or  linear.     Roots  bulbous  or  tuberous. 

Generi:  names.  Iris,  Ixia,  Crocus,  Dilatris,  Sisyrin- 
chiuu). 

Properties,    Antiscorbutics  and  tonics. 


50  GRAMMAR    OF 

CLASS  THIRD.     Stamens  standing  on  the  pistil. 

Order  XIX,      Musae. 

Wc  Ijave  no  plants  of  this  order  in  the  Northern  States. 
The  bread  tree  (Artocarpus  incisa  belongs  here. 

Froperties,     Tonics. 

Order  XX.      Cannae, 

No  plants  of  this  order  in  our  district.     Ginger  (xlmo- 
iTiuni)  is  placed  here. 
Froperties,     TFarming  stomachics. 

Order  XXL     Orchideae. 

Plants  of  this  order  have  superior,  5-petalled  corols,  3 
external  and  2  internal  Fhere  is  also  in  each  corol  a 
petal-like  orjjan,  called  the  lip,  various  in  foim  and  di- 
rection Anfhers  always  1  or  2,  and  from  1  to  4-celled, 
sessile  upon  the  side  or  apex  of  the  style.  The  pollen  is 
easily  removed  IVom  the  cells  in  agglutinated  masses. 
Styles  simpk%  with  viscous  stigmas  of  various  forms  and 
])ositions.  Caj)sules  l-i  elled,  3-valved,  3-keeled.  Seeds 
numerous,  dust-like.  Leaves  entire,  and  generally  ner- 
ved and  clasping.  Flowers  more  or  less  spiked  and 
brae  ted. 

Generic  names.  Orchis,  Goodyera,  Neottia,  Listera, 
Pogonia,  Triphora,  Cymhidi'.jm.  Arethusa,  Tipularia, 
Malaxis,  Microstyius,  Corallorhiza,  Cypripedium. 

Froperties.  EmoUienis,  and  tiie  ronfs  of  some  are  stoma- 
chic. Dioscorides,  Galen,  and  Pliny,  sj)eak  of  the  roots 
as  affording  excellent  farinaceous  diet,  and  as  of  great 
use  in  discussing  svvellings  aiid  cleansing  ulcers. 

Order  XXII,     Hijdrocharides. 

Plants  of  this  order  are  all  aquatics.  Germs  simple  ; 
stigtuas  3  to  6,  bifid.  Capsules  1  or  6-celled,  many  seed- 
ed.    Rather  ar*  artificial  order. 

Generic  names,    Proserpinaca,  Floerkea,  Vallisnerio. 

Properties.     Weak  tonics. 


BOTANY.  51 

Third  Divisioif. 
DICOTYLEDONS, 

OR  PLANTS  WITH  2-LOBED  SEEDS.' 

CLASS  FIRST.     Flowers  without   petals,  andtlie  sta- 
mens standing  on  the  germ. 

Order  XXIII,    Jristolochiae. 

Perianth  1 -leaved  adhering  to  the  germ.  Stamens  nu- 
merous, (6  or  J 2)  definite,  attai  hed  to  tfie  germ.  St^Ie 
short,  stigma  divided.  Capsule  many-celled  (generally 
6)  many -seeded. 

Generic  names.     Asariim,  Aristolochia. 

Fropc'ities,  irarming  stomachics  and  active  tonics,  Ga- 
len set  a  high  value  on  the  tonic  powers  of  this  order  of 
plants. 

CLASS  SECOND.  Flowers  without  petals  ;  and  the 
stamens  surrounding  the  germ,  being  attached  to  the 
calyx. 

Order  XXIV,    Jeleogni. 

Calyx  adheres  to  the  germ,  monoj)hylloiis,  tubular^ 
generally  leafy  outside  and  corol-like  within.  Stamens 
stand  towards  the  top  of  the  calyx,  and  are  equal  to  the 
number  of  its  division  or  double  that  number.  Fruit 
1-seeded. 

Generic  names.    Thesium,  Nyssa,  Hippophae. 

Fropenies.     JVeak  tonics. 

Order  XXV,     Thymelae, 

Calyx  free,  1-leaved,  4  or  5-lobed,  coloured.  Stamens 
inserted  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  ( alyx  and  are 
double  the  number  of  its  divisions.  Fruit  1-seeded.  Stems 
woody  ;  leaves  simple,  entire  and  alternate. 

Generic  names      Oirca,  Daphne. 

Properties.    Mild  emetics  anil  antiscorbutics. 


52  GRAMMAR    OF 

Order  XXV J.     Protae. 

No  plants  of  this  order  grow  in  our  district.    The  sil- 
Ter-trcr  (Protea)  is  plared  here. 
Properties.     Weak  tonics. 

Order  XXVII.    Kauri. 

Calyx  free,  monophyllous,  permanent,  4  to  6-cleft,  or 
6paited.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  bottom  of  the  divis- 
ions of  the  ralyx,  sometimes  6  in  a  single  row,  some- 
times 12  in  two  rows,  generally  varying  in  number  ;  an- 
thers adnate  to  the  filaments,  dehiscent  from  their  bases 
to  their  apexes.  Germ  1,  style  1,  stigma  simple,  or  di- 
vided. Drupe  or  berry  l-celled,  1-seeded.  Stems  woody, 
leaves  alternate. 

Generic  name.     Laurus. 

Properties.  fFarming  stomachics  and  active  secernUnt 
stimulants. 

Order  XXVIII.    Polygoneae. 

Calyx  free,  monopliyllous,  divided,  often  coloured.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  anthers  2-cell- 
ed  and  4  groved,  laterally  dehiscent  into  a  double  chink. 
Germ  1,  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  several ;  seed  single, 
farinaceous,  naked,  with  Hie  ( orcle  inside. 

Generic  names.     Polygonum,  Rumex,  Rheum. 

Properties.  Mild  cathartics  and  demulcents.  The  strong 
scented  are  antiscorbutic  and  discussient. 

Order  XXIX.     Mriplices. 

Calyx  free,  monophyllous,  parted.  Stamens  inserted  on 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  and  equalling  the  nuniber  of  its 
di\isions.  Germ  1,  style  1  or  several.  Seed  often  fari- 
na* eojjs,  vvithcorcles  outside  of  it.  Leaves  alternate,  sim- 
ple, destitute  of  stipules  or  sheathes.  Flowers  small, 
greenish,  and  of  adidi  appearance. 

Generic  names.  Salirornia,  Blitum,  Salsola,  Chenopo- 
diun>.  Beta,  Afriplex,  Spina(  ia,  A<  nida,  Phytolacca. 

Properties.  The  strong  scented  are  active  cathartics^ 
The  others  are  mildly  aperient. 


BOTANY.  53 

CLASS  TEHRD.     Flowers   without  petals,   and  the 
stamens  standing  below  the  germ. 

Order  XXX.     Jimarantht 

Calyx  free,  pernfianent,  divided,  often  coloured.  Sta- 
mens 3  or  5.  Germ  1,  capsule  1 -celled.  Seed  farina- 
ceous.    Flowers  small. 

Generic  names,     Amaranthus,  Gomphrena. 

Froperties.     Secernant  siimulants  ami  weak  tonics* 

Order  XXXI.    Plantagines. 

Calyx  double,  outer  one  4-parted,  inner  one  tubular. 
(Rather,  the  outer  is  a  pi'oper  calyx,  and  the  inner  a  dull 
membranaceous  ( orol.)  Stamens  4,  adhering  to  the  inner 
calyx,  exsert.  Germ  simple,  style  I.  Capsule  opening 
transversely.  2  to  4-celled.  Seed  corneous  Flowersin 
spikes-     Leaves  nerved  and  generally  radical. 

Generic  name.      Flantago. 

Froperties.    Emollients. 

Order  XXXII,    JS^yetagines. 

Involucre  perianth-like,  monophyllous  ;  perianth  mo- 
nophyllous,  colouied,  permanent,  contracted  above  the 
germ  sit  as  to  appear  altogether  like  a  corol  standing  on 
the  germ.  Staaiens  atrached  to  the  gland-like  base  of  the 
inner  calyx,  (corol  ?)  which  encloses  the  germ.  Style 
\,  capitate.     Seed  i'ai-inaceous. 

Generic  names.     Mirabilis. 

Froperties.     Emetics  and  cathartics. 

Order  XXXIII,    Flumbagines. 

Calyx  double,  permanent;  outer  one  monophyllous, 
tubular  ;  inrjer  of. e  (rather  the  corol)  coloured,  1  or  many- 
petalled.  Stamens  5,  adheringto  the  inner  calyx  (corol  ?) 
Genn  simple,  fi  ee,  styles  many,  or  one  with  many  stig- 
mas.    Capsule  1 -seeded.     Seed  farinaceous.''^ 

Gmeric  name.     Statice. 

Froperties.     Cathartic  and  tonic, 

*  Here  in  the  three  last  orders  we  see,  that  the  advocates  for  the  na- 
tural arrangement  are  compelled  to  force  a  corol  to  become  a  calyx. 
But  the  Linnean  artificial  system  will  guide  the  student  to  the  true  ge- 
nus, thence  to  the  natural  order,  and  thus  secure  to  him  its  advantages. 

E2 


54  GRAMMAR    OF 

CLASS    FOURTH.      Flowers  with  monopetalous 
coi'ols  inserted  below  the  germs. 

Order  XXX TF,     Lysimachiae» 

Ciilyx  monophyllous,  permanent,  4  or  5  lobed.  Corel 
with  the  limb  dixided,  and  bearing  the  stamens  opi)osite, 
and  equal  in  number,  to  the  divisions.  Germ  free,  st>Ic 
1,  stigma  simple.  Capsule  1 -relied,  many  seeded,  seeds 
attached  to  a  tree  columella,  the  corcle  strait  and  within 
the  fleshy  seed.     Leaves  simple. 

Generic  names.  Lysimachia,  Anagallis,  Trientalis, 
Prinnda,  Dodecatheon,  Samolus,  Hottonia,  Buchnera. 

Froperiies,     Tonics  and  weak  secernant  stiinnlants. 

Order  XXX F.     Pedicular es. 

Calyx  divided,  permanent, often  tubular.  Corol  irreg- 
ular, often  ringent.  Stamens  2  or  4,  inserted  on,  or  at- 
tached to,  therorol;  when  4,  two  are  shr)rter.  Germ 
free,  style  simple  ;  capsule  2-valved.  Seed  with  semi- 
terete  cotyledons.     Flowers  bracted. 

Generic  names.  Pcd>gala,  Veronica,  Callistachia, 
Bartsia,  Rhinanthus,  Obolaiia,  Euphrasia,  Melampy- 
rum,  Ei'inus,  l*edi(  ulares,  Orobam  he,  Epiphcgus.  [11»e 
two  last  have  been  placed  in  a  sub-order,  and  distinguish- 
ed by  their  ca[)sules  l)eing  1 -celled,  and  bearing  seeds  on 
a  longitudinal  nei've.l 

Properties.  Deobstruents,  caihariics  and  mild  ionics. 
Ancient  authors,  as  L)ios(  orides,  IMiny  and  oiheis,  valu- 
ed most  plants  of  this  order  for  tiieir  eificacy  in  healing 
wounds,  by  external  application. 

Order  XXX VL     Acanthi. 


Calyx  divided,  permanent,  often  bracted.  Corol  irre- 
gular. Stamrns  2  or  4.  Genu  free,  style  1,  stigma  2- 
lobt'd.  Capsule  2-celled.  ^eed  with  loliaceous  cotyle- 
dons. 

Generic  names.    Justicia,  Ruellia. 

Properties.     Emollients. 

Order  XXXVII,    Jesmineae. 
Calyx  tubular.     Corol  tubular,  except  in  Fraxiiius. 


BOTANY.  55 

Stamens  2,  exreptin.a:  Fraxinus,  inserted  in,  or  attached 
to,  {he  rorol.     Seed  T/itli  i»  fliit  rnicle.     Slerns  woody. 

Generic  names,  Jasniinum,  Ligustrum,  Syringa,  Chi- 
onaitlies.  Fraxinus. 

Properties.  Mid  tonics  and  secerjiant  stimulants.  Pe- 
tals of  the  :!>yringii  ronlain  prussii  acid. 

Order  XXX  III.     Vitices. 

Calyx  tubular.  Corol  tuhidar.  Stamens  4,  2  of  them 
shoi  ter — rarely  2  or  6.  Germ  free,  style  K  stigma  sim- 
ple or  2  lobed.  Corcle  of  the  seed  strait.  Leaves  oppo- 
site. 

Generic  name.     Verbena. 

Properties.  Deobstrnents  and  secernant  stimulants, 
Parkinson,  and  the  older  authors,  considered  them  as  an- 
ti(hites  to  the  poison  of  serpents,  &:r. ;  but  tlie  moderns 
do  not  ascribe  to  them  any  xeiy  active  powers. 

Order  XXXIX,    Labiatae. 

Calyx  tubidar,  5-(  left  or  2-lipped.  Corol  tubular,  ir- 
regtdar,  often  2-lipp<'(i,  the  upper  lip  mostly  2-cleft.  and 
the  lower  one  3  (lett  Stamens  sometimes  2,  mostlv  4, 
wiih  two  of  them  shorter  ;  they  are  always  inserted'mi- 
der  the  upper  lip  of  the  corol.  Gern>  free,4-lobed  ;  each 
lobe  becoming  a  nuked  seed  at  the  bottom  of  the  calvx, 
with  a  strait  corcle  and  liat  cotyledons.  Style  1,  sti.Cma 
2-cleft.  Stems  g<Mierall} ,  or  perhaps  always  4-sided  ; 
leaxes  opposite.  Flowers  often  whorled,  and  sometimes 
spiked. 

Generic  names*  Lycopus,  Monarda,  Rosmaiinus,  Sal- 
via, Collnisonia,  Teucriuni.  Isanthus.  Lavandula,  Larni- 
um.  Pycna  itliemum,  Nepeta.  Hyssopus,  Mentha,  Stachys, 
Galeopsis,  Satureja,  Leonurus,  Marrubium,  Ballota, 
Cmiila,  Hedetnna,  Giechoma,  Melissa,  Trie  hostema, 
Ocynium,  Scijtellhria.  Origanum,  rbymus,Clinopodiimi, 
Prmiella,  i'hryma,  Mohiiflla. 

Properties.  Very  active  sccernnn'  stimulants,  embracing 
all  the  most  vainuote  smor^fics.  The  swcef-scenten  are 
warming  stomachics,  ana  Lne  bUter  ones  are  tonics.  An- 
cieui  pli^sidruirt  >e«Mi  t"  lja\r  drawn  a  I.Mi/v  j>ropf>rtion 
of  iIh  ir  vegeia^jie  muteria  medica  tVoni  tins  order,  i  hey 
esiabiisheU  the  meuiciiial  virtues  of  these  plants  very 


56  GRAMMAR    OF 

nearly  as  they  are  now  understood.  To  those  virtues 
asrribed  to  them  by  modern  physicians,  thev  added,  how- 
ever, that  they  are  efficient  as  xeimifiis^es,  and  in  the 
cure  of  epilepsy,  hcmorrhagy,  bites  ot*  serpents,  and 
stings  ot*  scorpions. 

Parkinson,  who  wrote  almost  two  centuries  ago,  cites 
as  authorities  for  the  above,  tlie  trials  and  practice  of 
Theophrastus,  Dioscoiides,  Galen  and  Pliny  among  the 
ancients  ;  and  Matthiolus,  Clusius,  Camerarius,  Agrippa, 
Dodoneus,  and  many  others  among  the  oldest  of  the 
moderns. 

Order  XL,    Scrophularia. 

Calyx  divided,  ofteti  permanent.  Corol  irregular, 
limb  divided.  Stamens  rarely  2,  mostly  4,  with  two  of 
them  shorter,  inserted  on  the  corol  Germ  free,  stvie  1, 
stigma  simple  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  1  or  2-celle'd,  2- 
vaived,  valves  concave.  Seeds  numeious,  affixed  to  the 
middle  of  the  partition,  wilh  a  strait  corcle  and  semi- 
cylindric  cotyl«Mlons.     Flowers  bracted. 

Generic  names.  Ctricularia,  Gratiola,  Lindernia,  He- 
niianthiis,  Erinus,  Dracocephalum,  Schwalbea,  Limo- 
sclla,  Zai)ania,  Scrophularia,  Antirrhinum,  Collinsia, 
Gerardia,  Digitalis,  Mimulus. 

Properties.  IJeobstruents^  absorbents,  and  mild  narco- 
tics. Ancient  physicians  applied  them  to  the  woujuis  ex- 
ternally. Parkinson  used  the  Digitalis  in  the  epilepsy 
two  centuries  ago  with  great  success. 

Order  XLI.     Solaneae. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  often  permanent.  Corol  re- 
gulai*,  5-(  left,  mostly  r»f  a  lurid  hue.  Stamens  5,  attach- 
ed to  the  ba^e  of  the  corol,  and  alternating  with  its  l(»bes. 
Germ  free,  style  1,  stigma  simple  or  sub-  left.  Fruit  2- 
celled,  many-seeded,  either  a  2-vaived  capsule  or  a  berry. 
Seeds  with  spiral  corcles  and  semi-terete  cot^ledims. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Generic  names.  Lycium,  Datura,  Nicotiana,  Verbas- 
cum,  Att{>|«a,  Phacelia,  Hjoscjanms,  Solanum,  Physalis, 
Capsicum 

Properties.  Cathartic,  discussientn  emeticn  and  amU 
scorifutic*  Tne  naustous-scerUed  are  very  strong  narcotics  ; 


BOTANY.  57 

pungent-scented  are  warming  and  deohstruent.  Several 
centuries  a.ajo  they  were  imich  used,  externally  and  in- 
ternally, ill  gouts  and  rheumatisms. 

Order  XL II.    Boragineae, 

Calyx  5-lobed,  permanent.  Corol  5-Iobed,  mostly  re- 
gular, having  a  border  and  a  tube,  witli  the  upper  en- 
trance of  the  tube,  railed  the  throat,  naked  and  oj)en,  or 
more  or  less  choked  up  with  scales.  Stamens  5,  attach- 
ed to  the  tube  of  the  corol.  Germ  free,  witii  4  lobes, 
whicii  become  4  naked  vseeds  ;  style  simple,  permanent, 
spiinging  up  from  among  the  lobes  of  the  germ  ;  stigma 
entire,  or  2-lobed.  Seeds  attached  laterally  to  the  style; 
corcle  strait,  cotyledons  foliaceous.  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  scabrous. 

Generic  names.  Pulmonaria,  Cerinthe,  Lithospermum, 
Cynoglossum.  Batsrhia,  Anchusa,  Myosotis,  HeiiDtro- 
pium,  Unosmodinm,  Borago,  Symphitura,  Echium,  Hy- 
drophyllum. 

Properties,     Astringent  and  vulnerary. 

Order  XL  11 1,     Convolvuli, 

Calyx  5-lobed.  permanent.  Corol  regular,  5-lobed. 
Staniens  5,  attached  to  the  corol,  and  alternating  with 
its  divisions.  Germ  free,  having  one  or  matjy  styles. 
Capsule  generally  3-valved  and  3-t  elh  d,  sometimes  2  to 
4-celie(l  and  2  to  4  valved  ;  columella  central,  3-corner- 
ed.  Seed  bony,  cotyledons  folded  together.  Leaves  al- 
ternate.    Stem  often  twining  or  climbing. 

Generic  names.  Convolvulus,  Diapensia,  Ipomaea, 
Pyxidanthera,  Cuscuta. 

Froperties.     Cathartics,  mostly  very  mild. 

Order  XL IV,    Polemonia, 

Calyx  divided.  Corol  regular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5, 
attached  to  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  corol,  alt.rtia- 
ting  w ith  the  divisions.  Germ  fiee. style  simple,  stigmas 
generally  3,    or  3-cleft.     Capsule  surrounded   with   the 

f)ermanent  cal\x,  3-celled,  3-\alved,  many -seeded  ;  co- 
unieila  central,  3-cornered.     Seed    vvith  a  strait  corcle^ 
and  oval  foiiaceoits  cotyledons.    Leaves  opposite. 


58  GRAMMAR    OF 

Generic  names.    Phlox,  Polernontura. 

Properties.    Feeble  tonics. 

Order  XLV,     Bignoniae. 

Calyx  (livided.  Coi ol  iiipgidar,  ringent  and  inflated. 
Stamens  iai'ei>  2,  all  <>tiiers4,  with  tvv!>  of  thcra  shorier  ; 
an  odd  r.Iament-lik*^  oi  i^an  accotijpanies  them.  Capsule 
2  or  4  .  elled,  2-valved. 

Generic  nnmes  Bignonia,  Cataipa,  Marty nia,  Pent- 
stenion,  (/htlone. 

Froperties.    Mild  narcotics^  deobstruents  and  cathartics. 

Order  XL  FI.     Gentiana. 

Calyx  monophylloiis,  divided,  permanent.  Corol  re- 
gular,'often  marcvsseut  ;  limb  equally  di-ided  into  a 
number  of  parrs  equal  to  tliose  of  tlie  calyx  and  of  the 
stamens  whirh  are  mostly  5.  Siamens  attached  to  the 
corol.  Germ  fret',  style  1  or  2,  sti2:mas  simple  or  2-iobed. 
Capsulf  I  or  ^-celled,  2-valved,  mauy -seeded  ;  seeds  in- 
serted on  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.  Herbage 
glabrous,  hitler  ;  leaves  opj)osite. 

Generic  names.  Gentiana,  Sjigclia,  Swertia,  Frasera, 
Salfbatia.  Menyautlies,  Villarsia. 

Froperties.  Tonics  and  mild  cathartics.  The  Spigelia 
is  considered  as  a  vermifuge.  Dioscorides,  Galen,  and 
other  ancient  physicians  cofisidered  the  Gentiana  as  a 
vermifuge  and  an  antidote  to  poison. 

Order  XLVIL    Jipocyneae. 

Calyx  5-lobed.  Corol  5-lobed,  legular  ;  often  fur- 
ni-  hed  witi*.  5  nect&j'irerous  appendages.  Stamens  5,  in- 
serted  in  the  bottossi  of  the  corol,  or  suspended  from  the 
angles  of  the  stigma.*     Germs  free,  double,  style  1  or 

*  The  celebrated  Robert  Brown  says,  that  in  the  young  state  the  an- 
thers of  the  Asclepias  syriacus  are  not  attached  to  the  stigmas.  The 
reader  is  requested  to  examine  the  anthers  at  all  stag-es  from  the  first 
swellin;':  of  the  flower-bud.  He  will  find  that  although  the  aiithers  or 
masses  of  pollen  adhere  to  their  cases,  they  may  be  separated  without 
lacerating  the  cuticle  of  any  orfcan  ;  but  that  thty  cannol  be  separated 
from  the  stigma  in  any  >ta;  e  without  rupUirlMji  capillan'  fibres  or  ves- 
sels. Therefore  the  aisth-rs  Ci^rta-nH'  lOW  cn\  the  stigma  only.  A 
magnifying  power  of  at  least  one  hundred  is  required  for  this  examina- 
tion. 


BOTANY.  59 

none,  stigma  capitate.  Follicles  elongated,  generally  in 
pairs,  l-celled.  Seed  atta*  lied  to  tin-  (oiigit'udinal  iiiar- 
gliis  of  the  follicle.     Herbage  generally  iiiiiky. 

Generic    names.      Apocynum,    As(  lepias,   Pcriploca, 
Vinca,  Neriuni,  Gonololuis, 

Properties-  Active  deohstrnents,  cathartics,  antiscorbu- 
tics,  and  narcotics.  Ancient  physicians  used  the  Ascle- 
pias,  Apocynum,  &c.  as  counter  poisons. 

Order  XL  VIII.     Sapoiae. 

No  plants  of  this  order  grow  in  our   district.     The 
southern  ironwood  (Bnmelia)  is  placed  here. 
Properties.     Feeble  antispasmodics  and  cathartics, 

CLASS  FIFTH.  Flowers  with  monapetalous  corols 
surrounding  the  germ,  and  generally  inserted  on  the 
calyx. 

Order  XLIX,    Guaiacanae, 

No  plants  of  this  order  grow  in  this  district.    The  lig- 
num vitse  and  benjamin  tree  are  placed  here. 
Properties.     Very  active  tonics  and  warming  stomachics. 

Order  L.    Rhododendra, 

Calyx  4  or  5  lobed,  permanent.  Corol  inserted  in  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  4  or  5-parted.  Stamens  definite,  dis- 
tinct. Germ  free,  style  1,  stigma  1.  Capsule  4  or  5- 
celled,  4  or  5-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  minute,  corcle 
stiait.     Stems  woody  ;  leaves  alternate. 

Generic  names.  Azalia,  Itea,  Menziesia,  Rhodora, 
Rhododendron,  Kalmia,  Ledum,  Leiophyllum,  Disospy- 

I'OS. 

Properties,     Tonic.    Kalmia  is  said  to  be  narcotic. 

Order  LI.     Erica e.  V 

Calyx  permanent,  4  or  5-parted,  often  free.  Corol  4 
or  5  parted  or  cleft,  inserted  on  the  calyx  or  calycine 
gland,  often  marrescent  and  permanent.  Stamens  defi- 
nite, distinct,  instated  on  the  bottom  of  the  corol  or  caly- 
cine gland  ;  antla^rs  often  2-horned.  Germ  often  free  ; 
st}le  1,  sti.ema  1.  Fruit  ma)iy-celled,  many-seeded  ; 
berries  or  many-valved  capsules.     Seeds  minute,  with 


60  6RAMMAR    OF 

strait  corrles  anrl  fleshy  cotyledons.  Stems  more  or  less 
woody  ;  leaves  often  evergi'een. 

Generic  names.  Oxyrocnis,  Erica,  Clethra,  Pyiola, 
Cbimaphila,  Arbutus,  Gaultlieria,  Epigaea,  Vaccineum, 
Empetrum,  Andromeda. 

Sub  order.  Destitute  otMeaves  or  green  herbage  ;  be- 
ing ivory  white,  yellowish  white,  or  reddish. 

Generic  names.     Pterospora,  Hypopithis,  Monotropa. 

Properties.  Valuable  astringents.  Some  bear  refrige- 
rant berries.  Gerard,  and  other  old  physicians,  particu- 
larly the  old  Germans,  applied  plants  of  this  order  to 
cancerous  ulcers  and  in  hemorrhagy,  two  centuries  ago. 

Order  LIT.     Campanulaceae. 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  germ,  limb  divided,  Corol  in- 
serted near  the  top  of  the\  alyx,  often  marcescent.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  calyx  below  the  corol,  often  5.  al- 
ternating with  the  divisions  of  the  corol  ;  anthers  either 
distinct,  united,  or  as  thickened  as  to  press  against  each 
other.  Germ  glandular  above,  style  1,  stigma  simple  or 
divided.  Capsule  2  to  6  celled,  many-seeded,  laieially 
dehiscent.  Seeds  affixed  to  the  inner  angles  of  the  cells  ; 
con  le  strait-     Leaves  alternate. 

Generic  names.     Campanula,  Lobelia. 

Properties.  The  nan seous  scented  are  cathartic^  emetic, 
deobstruent  and  narcotic;  the  others  are  mitdtif  aperient* 

CLASS  SIXTH  Flowers  with  monopetalous  corols 
standing  on  the  top  of  the  germ.  Stamens  with  united 
anthers. 

This  class  includes  all  plants  with  Compound  Ftow- 
EKs,  and  corresponds  witb  the  class  l;?yNG(i.vEsiA  of 
Linnens.  The  flowers  hnve  broad  re(  eptack'>,  lic*i  or 
coMvex,  naked  (vvhen  tiie  florets  are  removed)  'H-  s  hatfy, 
suj>poitiiig  many  florets  Egret  gen<»rally  supplies  liie 
pi  v(  e  (>f  the  ralyx  to  each  floi*et,  and  is  insciied  on  (he 
top  of  the  germ.  The  coiol  is  tubular  or  ligulate.  often 
5-toorhed.  Germ  *<imple,  style  1,  stiicnias  generally  2. 
Seed  single,  naked  ;  corcle  strait,  cotvledons  flat. 

This  class  is  divided  into  three  orders. 


BOTANY.  61 

Order  LIIL     Cichoraceae, 

Florets  all  ligulate  and  perfect.  Leaves  alternate ; 
juice  ill  most  is  milky.  Corols  mostly  yellow  ^  rarely 
blue. 

Generic  names.  Troxiinon,  Apargia,  Leontodon,  Kri- 
girt,  Preiiaritlies,  Lactuca,  Hieracium,  Sonchus,  Hyo- 
seris,  Ci(  liorium. 

Froperties.    Mid  aperients,  and  weak  anodynes* 

Order  LIV,     Cinarocephalae, 

Corols  all  tubular.  Receptacles  fleshy  and  chaffy. 
Stigma,  above  the  style,  articulated.  Egret  somev\  hat 
rigid.    Leaves  alternate,  often  spinose.  Flowers  capitate. 

Generic  names.  Ech>nops,  Cynara,  Liatris,  Cnicus, 
Carthanms.  Onopordon,  Carduus,  Arctium,  Centaurea, 

Froperties.     Tonics  ;  the  nauseous-scented  are  cathartic. 

Order  LV.     Corijmblferae. 

Florets  tubular  and  ligulate,  mostly  radiate.  Recep- 
tacle scarcely  fleshy.  Stigma,  above  the  style,  not  ar- 
ti(  ulated.     Inflorescence  often  a  corymb. 

Generif^  names.  Scorzonera,  Picris,  Tolpis,  Scholy- 
mus.  Vernonia,  Sparganop!iorus,  Bidens,  Kuhnia,  Eu- 
patorium,  >iikania.  Chrysocoma,  Cacalia,  Balsamitai 
Bhc(  haris.Conyzrt.  Gnaphaliuni,  Artemisia,  Tanacetum, 
Chrysautheinum,  Zinnia,  Tagetes,  Bellis,  Pyrethrum, 
DMi-onicuni,  Inula,  Erigeron,  Scdidago,  Senecio,  Tussi- 
lago,  Ci!iei'aria,  Aster.  Heliopsis,  Buphthalmum,  Hele- 
niuni,  Boltonia,  Matri(  aria.  Authemis,  Achillea,  Verbe- 
sina,  Rudbe(  kia,  lielianthus,  Coreopsis,  Silphium,  Po- 
lyinnia.  Calendula,  Iva,  Ebphantopos. 

Properties.  Most  valuable  tonics  and  secernant  stimu' 
lants.  Two  ov  thrive  centuries  ago,  the  physicians  con- 
sidered plants  of  this  order  as  the  most  sovereign  reme- 
dies tor  flesh  wounds.  Parkinson  makes  a  class  of  them, 
whii  h  he  denominates  Vulnerary  or  Wound  Herbs. 
D'Mscorides  ami  Galen  deemed  them  very  efficacious  in 
pulmonary  complaints. 


62  6RAMMAR  OF 

CLASS  SEVENTH.  Flowers  with  monopetalous  co- 
I'ols  siaii»:iri;;  above  the  germs.  Stamens  with  anthers 
disiinct,  and  with  filaments  attached  to  the  corol. 

Order  L  VI.    Vipsaceae, 

F'owers  a.e:.2:rp,i^ate(I  on  a  common  receptacle,  and  sur- 
round«'d  bv  a  manv  leaved  invohicre.  Calyx  double, 
outer  one  noT  a'lhei  in.g;  to  the  ij:erm  ;  the  inner  membra- 
i)a<eons  <*r  pappose  calyx  closely  coritracting  around  its 
apex.  Coprl  iiist'i-ted  on  the  tap  of  the  inner  calyx. 
Stan)ens  3  to  5.  atia.  heil  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube  of  the 
corol,  and  alternatiiijs;  with  its  divisions.  Seed  with  a 
strai'  c?av  le  an^i  ooloiii^  cotyledons.     Leaves  opposite. 

Generic  names.  Valeriana,  Fedia,  Dipsacus,  Scabiosa, 
Cephalanthus. 

Froperdes.     Weak  tonics. 

Order  LVIL    Rubiaceae. 

Calyx  adhf rin,g  to  the  j^erm,  4  or  5-lobed.  Corol  re- 
gular, inseited  on  the  germ. 4  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  4  or 
5,  inserted  on  the  coroK  Style  1,  stigmas  2.  Seeds 
generally  2.  corcle  strait,  cotyledons  foliaceous.  Leaves 
entire,  Ah'U'led. 

Generic  names.    Galium,  Rubia,  Houstonia,  Mitchella. 

P  npertjes  Jperients  and  tonics ;  some  abound  in  co- 
louring matter. 

Order  L  VIII.     Capnfolia, 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  germ,  often  2-bracted  at  the 
base.  Cond  regular,  4  or  5-cleft,  or  4  or  5-petalled  with 
the  petals  broader  at  the  base.  Stamens  equalling  the 
number  of  divisions  of  the  corol.  Style  1  or  none,  stig- 
mas 1  to  3.  Berry  or  capsule  often  crowned  with  the 
permanetit  calyx.  Stems  mostly  woody  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, and  sometimes  connate. 

Generic  names.  Lonicera,  Xylosteum,  Symphoria, 
Diervilla,  Viburnum,  Sambucus,  Cornus,  Hedera,  Lin- 
njea.  Trit>steum. 

Properties,  Tonics ;  and  the  strong-scented  are  cathartic. 


BOTANY.  68 

CLASS   EIGHTH.      Flowers  polypotalous.     Stamens 
standing  on  the  gei'm,  and  alternating  with  the  petals. 

Order  LIX.    Jr aline. 

Calyx  superior,  5 -toothed,  permanent.  Stamens  5, 
st}'les*2  to  5.  Fruit  a  berry.  Inflorescence  an  umhel. 
Leaves  compound. 

Generic  names.     Panax,  Aralia. 

Properties.     Valnahlt  tonics  and  expectorants. 

Order  LX.     Uinbellijerae. 

Calyx  attached  to  the  germ.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the 
germ,  or  on  a  gland  covering  the  top  of  the  germ.  Sta- 
mens 5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Styles  2,  often  per- 
manent. Fruit  bipartible,  becoming  2  seeds,  offen  ribbed 
or  grooved  on  their  outsides,  and  on  their  joining  sides, 
(the  commissure.)  Stems  herbaceous.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, ofte»i  compound.  Inflorescent  e  an  umbel,  with  the 
radiating  peduncles  often  surrounded  at  their  origin  and 
sub-divisions  with  involucres. 

Generic  names.  Erytigimn,  Hydrocotyle,  Crantzia, 
Daucus,  Ammi,  Conium,  Selinum,  Imperatoria,  Ht  ;a- 
cleum,  Pastiatiaca,  Ligusticnm,  Angelica,  Sium,  Eri- 
genia,  Cicuta,  Myrrhis.  Uraspermum,  Chserophyllum, 
Smyinium,  Thaspiuin,  CEnanthe,  Carum,  Apium,  Ane- 
thum.  * 

Properties.  Deohstrnenfs  and  narcotics  ;  excepting  the 
sweet  scented^  which  are  stomachics.  In  the  time  of  Di- 
oscorides,  Pliny  and  Galen,  (during  the  first  and  second 
centuries)  the  sweet-scented  plants  of  this  order  vveie  in 
common  use  as  remedies  in  cases  of  dyspepsia,  flatulency, 
cholic  and  epilepsy  ;  and  the  narcotic  kinds*  were  used 
as  antidotes  to  poison,  and  as  remedies  in  liver  com- 
plaints, gouts  and  rheumatisms,  and  by  way  of  external 
application  in  the  resolution  of  inflamed  tumors. 

*  The  root  of  the  cicuta  maculata  is  a  most  deadly  poison  early  in 
the  spring.  Oa  the  10th  of  April,  1820,  Asa  H.  Man'ley  and  Amos 
Rarasdell,  of  Rutland,  Vermont,  ate  a  small  quantity  of  the  root  of  this 
plant.  The  former  died  in  two  hours,  the  latter  in  36.  They  were 
both  under  ten  years  of  age.  I  exaniined  the  plsiit  in  the  ensuing 
summer,  and  took  specin>ens  which  grew  from  the  remainder  of  the 
same  root ;  and  was  particular  in  questioning  the  parents  and  neigh- 
i>ours  respecting  the  above  facts  at  the  same  time. 


64  GRAMMAR    OF 

CLASS  NINTH.    Flowers  polypetalous.      Stamens  in^ 
serted  below  the  germ. 

Order  LXI,    Ranunculaceae, 

Calyx  many-leaved,  or  none.  Petals  many,  often  in- 
definite. Stamens  often  indefinite  in  number.  Germs 
often  numerous,  rarely  solitary,  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle, each  having  a  single  style.  Seed  with  a  minute 
coirle  at  the  apex  or  base  of  a  corneous  albumen. 

Generic  vames.  Zanthorrhiza,  Actjea,  Macrotys,  Po- 
do|jhylliim,  Delphinium,  Aconitum.  Aquilegia,  Nigella^ 
Hydrastis,  Clematis.  Atragene,  Thalictrum,  Caulophyl- 
lum.  Helleborus,  Anemone,  Hepatic  a,  Nelumbium,  Ra- 
nunculus, Trollius,  Adonis,  Hydropeltis,  Caltha,  Pjeoniay 
Coptis, 

Properties.  Deobstruenii  cathartic^  caustic  and  narcotic. 
The  two  tast  genera  have  astringent  roots. 

Order  LXII,    Fapaveraceae, 

Calyx  free,  often  2-leaved  and  caducous  ;  sometimes 
about  5-leaved.  Stamens  many.  Germ  single;  style 
often  wanting ;  stigma  divided  or  lobed,  permanent 
Fruit  a  capsule  or  pod,  1  celled,  many-seeded  ;  seeds  at- 
tached to  lateral  columellas  ;  albumen  fleshy  ;  corcle 
strait. 

Generic  names.  Chelidonium,  Papaver,  Sanguinaria, 
Argemone,  Nymphjea,  Nuphar,  Sarracenia  I  Fumaria, 
Corydalis. 

Properties,  Deobstrnentt  cathartic,  caustic^  antiscorhu- 
He,  narcotic,  and  anodyne.  The  papaver  was  in  use  as 
an  anodyne  in  the  time  of  Theophraslus,  between  three 
and  four  hundred  years  before  the  Christian  era.  Dios- 
corides  used  the  fumaria  and  chelidonium  as  antiscorbu- 
tics. 

Order  LXIII.     Cruci/erae. 

Calyx  4-leaved.  Petals  4,  disposed  in  the  form  of  a 
cross  and  alternating  with  the  leaves  of  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 6,  two  of  them  outer  and  shorter.  Germ  single, 
silting  on  the  disk-like  receptacle  which  supports  the 
stamens  ;  style  1  or  none,  stigmas  1  or  2.  Fruit  a  sil- 
ique  or  silicle.  Seeds  with  incurved  corcles.  Stems  her- 
baceous: leaves  alternate^ 


\iOTANY.  65 

Generic  names.  Cakile,  Draba,  Alyssuni,  Lepidium, 
Thiaspi,  Lunaria,  Cochlcaiia,  Iberis,  Isatis,  Deiitaria, 
Cardamine,  Barbarea,  Sisymbrium,  Erysimum,  Clieir- 
anthus,  Hesperis,  Arabis,  Turritis,  Raphanus,  Brassi- 
ca,  Sinapis. 

Properties,  Aperient ^  diuretic^  antiscorbutic^  nutnen^ 
tic  and  emollient.  Plants  of  this  ordt^r  have  been  used 
as  etiioUients  and  diuretics,  aud  as  remedies  iu  tiie  Jaun- 
dice, for  several  centuries. 

Order  L  XI F.     Cuppa  rides. 

Calyx  polyphyllous,  or  monophyllous  and  parted.  Pe- 
tals 4  or  5.  Stamens  often  iiulefini'te.  Ge;  m  stiped,  style 
short  or  none,  sti.^ma  simple.  Pod  or  berry  many  seed- 
ed.    Corcle  of  the  seed  incurved. 

Generic  names.     Reseda,  Parnassia,  Cleome. 

Properties  Feeble  aperients  ;  excepting  the  Cleome^ 
which  is  an  active  cathartic  and  emetic,  and  considerably 
narcotic. 

Order  LXV.    Sapindi. 

We  have  no  plants  of  this  order  in  our  district.    The 
soap-berry  of  tlie  Southern  States  is  placed  here. 
Properties.    Emollient. 

Order  LXVL    Jicera. 

Calyx  Monophyllous,  permanent,  5  cleft  Petals  5  (or 
none)  with  clav\s,  itiserted  on  a  disk  l»elow  the  germ  and 
alternating  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Slamens  dis- 
tinct and  inserted  on  the  disk  with  the  corol.  Germ 
free.  Stigmas  I  or  2.  Capsidcs  2  or  S-celled,  1-seeded. 
Stems  woody  ;  lea\es  opposite. 

Generic  names.     Acer,  Aescnlus. 

Properties.    Aperient. 

Order  LXVIL    Malpighiae. 

We  have  no  plants  of  this  order  in  our  district. 

Properties.    Aperient. 

Order  LXVIII.     Hyperica. 

Calyx  monophyllous,  4  or  5-parted.  Petals  4  or  5. 
Stamens  numerous,  sometimes  united  by  their  filaments 
in  several  parcels.      Germ   single,  free;  styles  S  to  5. 

F  2 


66  GRAMMAR  OF 

Capsule  1  to  S-celled,  3  to  5-valved  with  inflexed  nrar- 
gins,  many-seeded.  Seed  without  Albumen,  corcle  strait. 
Leaves  opposite,  often  glandular ;  flowers  yellow  or  yel- 
lowish. 

Generic  names,  Hypericum,  Ascyrum,  Dionaea,  Dro- 
sera.* 

Froperties.     Tonic  and  vulnerary. 

Order  LXIX.     Guttiferae. 

We  have  no  plants  of  this  order  in  our  district. 
Froperties,    Expectorants  and  secernant  stimulants. 

Order  LXX.      Jiurantia, 

Calyx  monophyllous.  Petals  4  or  5  f  stamens  often  uni- 
ted by  their  filaments  in  several  parcels.  Berty  many- 
seeded.     Corcle  strait     Stems  woody  ^  leaves  glandular. 

Generic  name.     Citrus. 

Froperties.     Tonics  and  refrigerants. 

Order  LXXL     Melia. 

Calyx  monophyllous.  Petals  4  to  9,  often  adhering 
at  the  base.  Stamens  sometimes  adhering  by  their  fila- 
ments, equal  in  number  to  the  petals  or  double.  Germ 
single,  free;  style  1.  Berry  or  capsule  many-ceiled. 
Seed  without  albumen,  corcle  strait.  Stems  woody  j  leaves 
alternate. 

Generic  names,     Melia,  Tliea. 

Froperties,    Astringent  and  feebly  narcotic. 

Order  LXXII.    Vites. 

Calyx  monophyllous,  short,  subentire.  Petals  4  to  6, 
broader  at  the  base.  Stamens  equal  in  number,  and  op- 
posite to  the  petals,  and  inserted  on  a  disk  beneath  ihe 
germ.  Germ  single,  free  ;  style  1  or  none.  Berry  one- 
orman.v -celled,  oi»»-or  many-seeded.  Seed  bony  and 
destitute  of  albumen,  corcle  strait,  cotyledons  Hat.  Stems 
"Wood^  and  climbing  ;  leaves  alternate  5  tendrils  opposite 
to  tht-  lea\es. 

Generc  names.     Vitis,  Ampelopsis. 

Froperties,     Tonics  and  rtjngerants, 

*  See  Nuttall.  page  279. 


BOTANY*  67 

Order  LXXJ/I.     Gerania. 

Calyx  permanent,  5-parfe(J  or  5-leaved.  Petals  5, 
^ith  f  Iwws,  .ejfrierally  unequal  or  iiiej^ular.  Stamens 
5  lo  10;  fiianicnts  often  unequal,  sometimes  united  at 
the  base.  Germ  single,  free,  often  5-angled,  sometimes 
surrouniled  b\  a  gland  ;  st}  le  1,  stigmas  often  5  Seed 
Avitlioiit  alUunjeii,  corcle  incurved.  Stems  herbaceous  ; 
leaves  often  stipuled. 

Generic  names.  Geranium,  Palargonium,  Erodium. 
Gerdmoids.     Oxalis,  Impatiens,  TVupoeolum. 

Properties.      Tonics^  refrigerants  arid  feeble  narcotics* 

The  geranioids  ought  to  be  disposed  t»i   diflferently. 

Order  LXXIV,      Malvaceae, 

Calyx  often  double  v\ith  the  inner  one  monophyllous. 
Petals  5,  regular,  generally  adhering  to  the  base  of  the 
filaments.  Stamens  iimumerable,  united  by  their  fila- 
ments. Germ  free,  sinq>le,  often  lobed,  stigmas  many. 
Fi  uit  many -capsuled  or  many -celled.  Seed  viitiiout  albu- 
men ;  core  le  lobed,  incurved  and  wrinkled.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, simple,  stipuled. 

Generic  names  Gordonia,  ^lapaea,  Side,  Hibiscus^ 
Mal\a.  Ahhaea,  Lavatera,  Gossipium. 

Properties.  Emollient  and  aperient.  Plants  of  this  or- 
der were  usi  t(  as  aperients  and  for  sheathing  the  stomach 
when  any  at  rid  substance  had  been  taken  into  it,  by  Di- 
oscoridcs  and  .»ther  an<  ient  physicians;  and  Hippocrates 
Taiued  them  highly  for  their  vulnerary  qualities. 

Order  LXXV.    Magnoliae. 

Calyx  S-leaved  Petals  6  or  9.  Stamens  many,  not 
united.  Geinis  many,  arraiiged  on  an  elongated  recepta- 
cle in  the  form  of  a  C(me.  Capsules  many,  I  or  S-seeded. 
Seed  with  fleshy  albumen  and  strait  corcle.  Stems 
woody  ;  leaves  alternate,  having  cadu-ous  stipules. 

Generic  names      Magnolia,  Liriodendron. 

Properties.      Tonics, 

Order  LXXVL    Annonae. 

Calyx  S-leaved.  Petals  6.  Stamens  many.  Germs  2 
or  more.  Benies  or  capsules  2  or  more.  1 -seeded. 
Set^d  compiessei!,  ( i»r(le  r5;inute,  albumen  solid.  Stems 
shrubby  j  leaves  alternate  and  destitute  of  stipules. 


68  GRAMMAR    OF 

Generic  name.    Porcelia. 
Properties.     Tonics. 

Order  LXXVIL    Menisperma. 

Calyx  4  or  6  leaved.  Corol  none  or  more  than  5-pet- 
alled.  Floweis  dioecioujs — stamens  adnate — germs  and 
styles  3  to  6.  Diupcs  or  berries  1 -seeded.  Seed  with 
fleshy  albumen,  corcle  at  the  summit.  Stems  woody, 
mostly  twining  or  climbing.  Leaves  alternate,  simple, 
destitute  of  stipules. 

Generic  name.     Menispermum. 

Properties,     Weak  narcotics. 

Order  LXXVIIL     Berherides. 

Calyx  polyphyllous  or  deeply  parted.  Petals  equalling 
the  divisions  ot'the  calyx  in  number.  Stamens  equalling 
the  petals  in  number  and  opposite  to  them.  Germ  simple, 
free:  style  1  or  none.  Fruit  1-celled,  often  many -seed- 
ed. Seed  affixed  to  the  bottom  of  the  cell  ;  albumen 
fleshy,  corcle  strait.  Stems  woody  ;  leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Generic  /lames.     Berberis,  Hamamelis. 

Properties,    Astringents  and  refrigerants. 

Order  LXXIX.     Tiliaceae. 

Calyx  polyphyllous  or  many  parted.  Petals  alterna- 
ting with  the  divisions  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  innumer- 
able. Germ  simple,  free.  Berry  or  capsule  1-  or  many- 
celled,  1-  or  many-seeded.  Seed  with  fleshy  albumen  ; 
corcle  subincurved,  flat.  Stems  woody  5  leaves  alternate, 
simple,  stipwled. 

Generic  name.    Tilia. 

Properties.    Emotticnt  and  aperient. 

Order  LXXX,    Clsii. 

Calyx  Sparted.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5  or  more.  Germ 
single,  free  ;  style  I.  Capsule  with  many  seeds  attach- 
ed to  the  middle  of  the  valves  or  base  of  the  cells.  Albu- 
men flesiiy  or  corneous.     Leaves  siipuled. 

First  division.  Petals  equal.  Stamens  more  than  5. 
Seed  with  a  curved  or  spiral  corcle. 


BOTANY.  69 

Generic  7iames,     Cistus,  Uiidsniiia.*' 
Second  division.     Petals  unequal.     Stamens  5.     Seed 
wit!)  a  strait  corcle. 
Generic  name.     Viola. 

Order  LXXXI.     Rntaceae. 

Calyx  monopli}ll()us,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  alternating 
with  the  lobes  of  ihe  calyx.  Stamens  10  or  15  Uenn 
simple,  free  ;  style  1.  Fruit  many-capsuled  or  many- 
celled.     Seed  with  Hat  cotyledons  and  strait  corcle. 

Generic,  name.     Ruta. 

Froperties,     Caustic  and  cathartic. 

Order  LXXXIL     Caryop/ujlleae. 

Calyx  often  permanent,  4  or  54oothed,  or  4  or  5-leav- 
ed.  Petals  4  or  5  (sometimes  wanting)  with  clavvs,  alter- 
nating with  the  divisions  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  often 
double  the  number  of  the  petals  ;  sometimes  equal  and 
alternating  with  them.  Germ  simple,  sometinies  s*ib- 
stiped  ;  styles  3  to  5.  Capsul-^  many-valved,  dehiscent 
at  the  top.  Seeds  affixeil  to  the  centre  of  the  base  of  the 
capside  ;  albumen  faiinaceous  ;  con  le  involute.  Stems 
with  joints  ;  leaves  opposite,  entire. 

Generic  names.  Dianthus,  Saponaria,  Lychnis,  Agros- 
emnm,  Silene,  Cucubalus,  Ceraslium,  Areuaiia,  Sper- 
gula,  Linunj,  Sarothra,  Sagina,  Lechea,  Mollugo,  Que- 
ria,  Stellaria. 

Properties.  Emollient  and  aperient.  This  order  com- 
prises those  plants  which  are  called  pinks,  chirkweeds 
and  llax.  Flax-seed  has  been  used  as  an  emollient  and 
aperient  more  than  two  thousand  years. 

CLASS  TENTH.  Flowers  polypetalous.  Stamens 
surrounding  the  germ  and  attached  to  a  monophyllous 
calyx. 

Order  LXXXI  1 1,     Sempervivae. 

Calyx  free,  parted.  Corol  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
calyx  ;  petals  (or  the  deep  divisions)  equalling  in  num- 
ber the  divisions  of  the  calyx.     Stamens  equal  or  double 

See  Nuttall,vol.  2,,  p.  4. 


7Q  GRAMMAK    OF 

the  number  of  petals.  Germs  equalling  the  number  of 
petaK,  (w  lia\  in,!;^  an  eqfial  number  of  lobes.  Capstiles  (or 
foIlK  les)  I  celled,  opening  on  one  side  lon.gitudinally, 
inan.\  -seeded.  Seed  wirb  a  slender,  fleshy  albumen,  and 
stiaii  corcle.  Stems  herbaceous  ;  leaves  mostly  fleshy ; 
inttoresrrnce  a  ryme. 

Generic  names.  Sedum,  Sempervivum,  Penthorum, 
Tillaea. 

Properties,    Emollient  and  vulnerary. 

Order  LXXXIi^.     Saxifragae. 

Calyx  adhering,  rarely  free,  limbs  5-lobed  Petals  4 
or  5,  (sometimes  wanting)  inserted  at  the  toji  of  the  ca- 
lyx, and  alternating  with  its  divisions.  Stamens  inser- 
ted with  the  peials,  and  are  equal  or  double  in  number. 
Styles  2.  pernranent.  Capsule  2  beaked,  2-valved,  1  or 
2-celle(l,  dehiscent  by  a  terminal  pore.  Seeds  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  capsule  or  the  inflexed  edges  of  the 
valves  ;  albumen  fleshy,  corde  strait. 

Generic  names.  Heurhei*a,  Hedyotis,  Saxifraga,  Ti- 
arella,  Mitclla,  Chrysosplenium,  Hydrangea?  Horten- 
sia  ? 

Properties,     Tonics^ 

Order  LXXXV,     Cacti, 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  germ,  5-cleft.  Petals  inserted 
on  the  calyx.  Style  1,  stigma  cleft.  Berry  1-celled, 
many-seeded. 

First  division.  Petals  indefinite.  Stamens  indefinite. 
Style  tubulose,  stigma  many -cleft.  Berry  umbilicatc 
Seed  without  albumen,  corols  incurved. 

Generic  names.     Cactus. 

Second  division.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Style  2-cleft. 
Berry  globose.  Seed  with  corneous  albumen,  corcle 
strait. 

Generic  names,     Ribes. 

Properties.    Refrigerants  and  emollients. 

Order  LXXXVL    Portulacceae, 

Calyx  divided  at  the  top.  Corol  inserted  on  the  ca* 
lyx,  1  or  5-petalled  (rarely  wanting.)  Stamens  inserted 
on  the  corol.  Germ  free  or  adhering  at  the  base  ;  style 
l  to  3,  or  none.    Capsule  1  or  many-ceUed,  1  or  many- 


BOTANY.  71 

seeded.  Seed  with  an  inrurvpd  or  rinp^  like  corcle,  sur- 
roimdirij^  a  fari!  a(  eons  albumen. 

Generic  names,  Portulacca,  Claytoiiia,  Scleranthus, 
Cnpta. 

Properties.    Emollient 

Order  LXXXVIL    Ficoideae, 

Calyx  parted,  free  or  adhering  to  the  germ.  Petals 
inserted  on  the  top  of  the  ralyx.  sometimes  adhering  a 
little  at  the  base.  Stamens  indefinite  in  number,  insert- 
ed with  the  petals.  St\les  many.  Capsule  or  drupe 
many-relied.  Seed  affixed  to  the  inner  a»igles  of  ihe 
cells.  Corrle  incurved,  and  surrounding  a  farinaceous 
albumefi.     Leaves  <iucrulent. 

Generic  name.     Mesembryanthemum. 

Properties.     Refrigerant  and  emollient. 

Order  LXXXVIII,     Onagrae. 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  germ,  tubular,  divided  at  the 
top.  Petals  generally  4,  (rarely  none)  inserted  on  the 
top  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  petals, 
equalling  or  double  their  number.  Germs  many;  style 
1.  Fruit  many  celled,  many-seeded;  seeds  affixed' to 
the  top  of  the  cells  ;  albumen  wanting,  corcle strait,  ros- 
tel  superior  and  longer  than  the  cotyledons. 

Generic  names.  Circaea,  Ludwigia,  Isnardia,  Gaura, 
Epilobium,  Oenothera,  Myriophvllum.  Serpicula.  Ona- 
graoids,  with  single  germs,     Callitriche,  Hippuris. 

Properties.     Tonics  and  aperients. 

Order  LXXXIX,     Myrti. 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  germ,  permanent,  divided.  Pe- 
tals generally  5,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 20  or  more,  inserted  on  the  calyx  under  the  petals. 
Style  1.  Fruit  many-seeded,  1  or  many -celled.  Seed 
without  albumen,  corcle  strait  or  curved  ;  cotyledons 
flat.  Stems  woody  ;  leaves  generally  opposite,  and  often 
with  pellucid  punctures. 

Generic  names.     Philadelphus,  Myrtus, 

Properties,     Tonics. 

Order  XC.    Melastomae, 
Calyx  tubular,  4  or  5-cleft.    Petals  equal  in  number  t« 


72  GRAMMAR    OF 

the  divisions  of  the  calyx  and  alternating  with  them,  in- 
serted on  the  top  of  it.  Stamrns  doubJe  the  nunibei-  of 
petals.  Germ  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  Seed  vvithouf  al- 
bumen, coirle  incurved.  Stems  herbaceous  ^  leaves  op- 
posite, simple,  nerve<l. 

Generic  name.     Rhexia. 

Froperiies.    Feebly  tonic. 

Order  XCI.    SoMcariae. 

Calyx  free,  tubular,  permanent.  Petals  inserted  at  the 
top  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  inserted 
in  the  middle  of  the  calyx,  equailin,g,  or  double,  the  num- 
ber of  divisions.  Germ  single,  style  1.  Capsule  cover- 
ed liy  the  calyx,  1  or  many-celled  Seeds  numerous, 
affixed  to  a  central  columella;  without  albumen,  corcle 
strait,  rostel  inferior.     Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Generic    names.      Lythrum,   Glaux,  Ceratophyllum, 
Amuiannia,  Cuphea. 

Properties,    Dcobstrnent  and  cathartic. 

Order  XCII,    Rosaceae. 

Calyx  mostly  permanent,  divided,  covering  the  germ, 
either  adhering  or  free.  Petals  inserted  on  the  to|)  cd'the 
calyx,  geneially  .5.  alternating  with  the  divisions  of  the 
calyx.  Stamens  indefinite  in  number.  Germs  single  or 
many.  Fruit  various.  Seed  wifh  a  lateral  hihim  under 
the  apex,  towhirh  thefunicule  isat(ached  springing  from 
the  bottom  of  the  peric  arp  ;  albumen  none,  corcle  strait. 
Stedis  woody  or  herbaceous;  leaves  alternate. 

First  division,  Fomaceae.  Calyx  5-celled.  Petals  5. 
Germ  single,  adheiing  to  the  ckIvx.  Styles  many.  Pome 
umiiilicate,  crowned  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  many- 
celled.  Seed  \Nith  the  rostel  inferior.  Stems  woody. 
Flowers  complete  and  perfect.     Stamens  about  20. 

Generic  names.  Pyrus,  Aronia,  Punica,  Crataegus, 
Mespiliis,  Sorbus. 

Second  division,  Rosae,  Germs  many,  1 -seeded,  con- 
cealed within  the  calyx  which  is  contracted  at  the  neck; 
style  1  to  eac  h  germ.  Rostel  of  the  seed  superior.  Stem 
woody.  Flowers  complete  and  perfect.  Stamens  abcmt  20. 
Leaves  pinnate,  with  stipules  adhering  to  the  petioles. 

Generic  name,     Rosa. 

Third  division,  Jigrimoniae.    Germs  generally  2,  each 


BOTANY.  73 

with  1  sfyle,  and  1  seeded,  concealed  within  the  urceo- 
lalo  calyx.  Rostel  of  the  seed  supeiioi*.  Stems  herba- 
ceous or  woody.  Flowei-s  sometimes  a[)etalous  and  mo- 
noeceous.     Leaves  pinnate  or  digitate. 

Generic  names.     Poierium,   Sciiiguisorba,  Agrimonia. 

Fourth  division,  Bryaueae-  Germs  many;  each  l- 
seeded,  free,  inserted  on  a  general  receptacle,  style  1  to 
ea<  h.  Rostel  of  the  seed  superior.  Stems  herbaceous, 
or  sutfriiticose.     Stamens  about  20. 

Generic  names-  Potentilla,  Fragaria,  Dalibarda,  Co- 
marian,  Geiim,  Ruhns,  Calycanthus. 

Fifth  division,  Vlmariae.  Germs  many,  free,  each 
having  1  style.  Capsules  equal  in  number  to  the  germs, 
1  or  niany -seeded.  Rostel  ol  the  seed  superior.  Flow- 
ers mostly  complete  and  perfect.  Stamens  indefinite  in 
number. 

Generic  names.     Spirjea,  Gillenia. 

Sixth  division^  Drnpuceue.  Germ  single,  free,  style  i. 
Drupe  with  a  1  or  2-seeded  nucleus  ;  infernal  membrane 
of  the  seed  somewhat  fleshy  and  tumid.  Rostel  superior. 
Stems  woody.  Flowers  complete  and  perfect.  Stamens 
indefinite  in  number.  Leaves  simple,  having  glandular 
bases  or  petioles      Calyx  5-lobed  :  petals  5 

Generic  names.     Piumus.  Armeniaca,  Amygdalus. 

Properties*     Refrigerants,  tonics  and  astringenls. 

Order  XCIII.    Leginninosae. 

Calyx  often  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corol  5-petalled,  in- 
serted on  the  calyx,  consisting  of  a  banner,  two  wings 
and  a  keel.  Stainens  generally  10,  mostly  united  in 
two  sets,  9  and  I  ;  sometimes  in  one  set,  and  sometimes 
they  are  free.  Germ  ftee,  style  I.  Legume  generally 
2-valved,  1 -celled  ;  sonutimes  iran*^versely  divided  into 
several  cells.  Seeds  affixed  to  the  suture  of  one  side  ; 
without  albumen  ;  cotyledons  tliick.  Stem  woody  or 
herbaceous;  leavrs  alternate,  often  compound  ;  stipules 
axillary — leafets  often  dose  up  at  evening. 

First  division.     Stamens  all  distinct. 

Generic  names.     Cassia,  Cercis,  Baptisia. 

Second  division.  Stamens  united  by  their  filaments  in 
one  set. 

Generic  names.  Ulex,  Mimosa,  Genista,  Crotolaria, 
Arachis,  Amorpha,  Lupinus,  Spartium. 

G 


74 


GRAMMAR    or 


Third  division.  Stamens  united,  9  in  one  set,  and  one 
separate.  Le.i^uine  Irelled.  Cotylrdnns  alwavs  rise  up 
out  of  the  eai'tli  wlien  the  plant  commences  its  growth, 
and  heroine  succulent  leaves.  Leaves  teinate  or  pinnate, 
>vith  a  terminal  leafet 

Generic  names  I'l-ifolium,  Melilotus,  Medicago,  Tri- 
gonella,  Phaseolus.  Glycine,  Galactia,  Yexillaria,  Gly- 
cyrrhiza,  Galega,  Indigot'era,  Rohinea,  Colutea. 

Fourth  division.  Stamens  united,  9  in  one  set.  and  1 
separate.  Legume  jjartly  divided  by  an  imperfect  lon- 
gitudinal partition. 

Generic  names.     Astragalus,  Dolichns  ? 

Fifth  division.  Stamens  united,  9  in  one  set,  and  one 
separate.  Legumes  1 -celled.  Cotyledons  do  not  rise 
out  of  the  ground,  noi-  become  leaves  Leaves  pinnate, 
without  a  terminal  leafet  ;  but  the  general  |)etiole  termi- 
nates in  a  tendril  or  filatnent 

Generic  names.     Lath}  rus,  Pisum,  Vicia,  Ervum. 

i^ixth  division.  Stamens  united,  9  in  one  set,  and  one 
separate  Legume  tiansversely  divi(!ed  into  many  cells, 
ea(  h  cell  1 -seeded,  not  dehiscent  spontaneously. 

Generic  names.  Coionilla,  Gleditschia,  Hedysarum, 
Lespedeza,  Stylosanthes,  ^schynonsene. 

Froperlies.  Einoilient,  diuretic  and  aperient.  In  the 
time  of  Dioscorides  and  Galen,  the  same  properties  were 
ascribed  to  this  order  of  plants  as  at  this  day. 

Order  XCIV,     Terelintaccae. 

Calyx  fjften  free,  parted.  Petals  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  calyx,  ami  aliernating  wilji  its  divisions,  (often 
wanting.)  Stamer.s  inserted  with  the  petals,  equal  or 
double  in  number.  Fruit  various.  Seed  witlmut  albu- 
men, rostel  itlkxed  into  lobes.  Stems  woody  ;  leaves 
alternate.    [This  oiMJir  is  not  satisfactorily  defined.] 

Generic  names.     Rhus.  Juglans,  Carya,  Zanthoxylum. 

Froperlies,     Cathartic,  emetic  and  narcotic. 

Order  XCV,    Bhumni, 

Calyx  divided.  Coi'ol  many-petallcd,  (sometimes 
none,  and  sometimes  deeply  divided,)  inserted  on  the  ca- 
lyx, and  equallirjg  the  divisions  of  the  calyx  in  number. 
Stamens  of  the  same  number.  Germs  single,  free,  sur- 
rounded by  the  calyx.    Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule,  many- 


BOTANY 


75 


cellrd.  Seed  with  fleshy  alhumcn,  rorrlc  strait,  rostel 
infei  ior.     Stotns  wootlv  :  leaves  stipuled. 

Generic  names.  Stapli>lea,  Eiionymiis,  Hex,  Ceano- 
thus,  Rhainniis,  Prinos. 

Froperties,     Cathartic,  and  somewhat  tonic. 

CLASS  ELEVENTH.  Flowers  generally  without  pe- 
tals ;  stamens  and  pistils  mostly  indifferent  flowers. 
[An  imperfect  definition  ;  for  many  phmts  of  this  class 
have  petals.] 

Order  XCVL    Euphorheac. 

Flowers  solitary,  spiked,  or  encircled  hy  involucres. 
Perianth  (or  corol)  many-parted  ;  sometimes  wantin,^  in. 
the  pistillate.  Stamens  inserted  on  tlie  recejjtacle,  flla- 
ments  often  articulated  in  the  middle.  Germ  free,  often 
stiped  ;  styles  I  to  3,  2-cieft  Capsules  2  or  3-seeded  ; 
valves  elastically  dehiscent.  Seeds  arilled,  affixed  at 
the  top  of  a  central  columella  ;  corcle  flat,  involved  in  a 
fleshy  albumen  ;  rostel  superior. 

Generic  names.  Ricinus,  Euphorhia,  Phyllanthus, 
Acalyplia,  Buxus. 

Properties.  Cathartics,  and  mild  emetics.  The  seeds 
of  the  Ricinus  communis  had  heen  long  in  use  as  a  ca- 
thartic, before  the  time  of  Dioscorides  in  the  first  cen- 
tury. 

Order  XCVII^    CucurUtaceae* 

Calyx  adhering  to  the  germ,  contracted  above,  and 
then  dilated  into  a  5-cleft  limb.  Corol  bell-form,  insert- 
ed on  the  top  of  the  germ,  5-Iobed,  at  length  withering 
and  permanent.  Stamens  3  to  5,  inserted  on  the  con- 
tracted part  of  the  calyx,  often  united  ;  anthers  I -relied, 
oblong,  attached  to  the  top  of  the  filament ;  the  staminate 
flowers  have  abortive  germs.  Germ  single.  Fruit  a 
berry,  with  a  solid  bark,  which  is  often  corneous.  Seeds 
many,  without  albumen  ;  corcle  strait ;  cotyledons  flat. 
Stems  herbaceous,  mostly  climbing  ;  leaves  petioled,  al- 
ternate, broad  ;  tendrils  are  often  inserted  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves. 

Generic  names.  Passiflora,  Momordica,  Sycios,  Cu- 
curbita,  Cucumis,  Melothria. 


76  GRAMMAR    OF 

Properties.  The  fruit  is  mostly  refrigerant ;  the  herbage 
and  nauseous  fruit  are  emetic  and  cathartic. 

Order  XCVIIT.     Urticae. 

Flowers  small,  greenish,  solitary,  in  aments,  or  sur- 
rounded by  involucres.  Cal>x(or  rorol)  l-leaved,l()bed. 
Stamens  inserted  oti  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Germ  single, 
free  ;  styles  1  or  2-cleft.     Leaves  mostly  hispid. 

First  division,  Jirtocarpae.  Flowers  aggregated,  sit- 
ting on  a  general  receptacle.  Fruit  fleshy.  Seed  having 
flesliy  albumen  and  curved  corcle. 

Generic  names,     P'icus,  Morns. 

Second  division,  Urticeae,  Flowers  solitary,  on  aments 
or  spikes.  Fruit  never  fleshy.  Seed  without  albumen  j 
corcle  often  stiait. 

Generic  noAnes.  Urtica,  Boehmeria,  Parietaria,  Can- 
nabis, Humulus,  Ambrosia,  Xanthium.* 

Froperties,     Tonics. 

Order  XCIX,    Jlmentaceae. 

Staminate  flowers  in  aments,  furnished  with  scales  on 
which  the  stamens  are  inserted.  Pistillate  flowers  have 
scales  or  perianths  ;  germs  free  ;  stigmas  many.  Fruit 
b(my  or  membranaceous.  Seed  without  albumen  ;  corcle 
strait,  flat.  Stems  woody  ;  leaves  alternate  and  cadu- 
cous. [This  description  is  defective  in  its  application  to 
Ceitis  and  Ulmus.] 

First  division.     Flowers  dioecious. 

Generic  names.     Salix,  Populus,  Myrica, 

Second  division.    Flowers  monoecious. 

Generic  names.  Betula,  AInus,  Carpinus,  Ostrya, 
Fagus,  Castanea,  Corylus,  Quercus,  Platanus,  Lique- 
dambar,  Comptonia. 

Third  division.    Flowers  perfect. 

Generic  names,    Fothergillia,  Ceitis,  Ulmus. 

Froperties,     Tonics  and  astringents. 

Order  C,    Conifer ae, 
Staminate  flowers  in  aments,  each  furnished  with  a 

""  Some  botanists  place  the  two  last  genera  in  the  order  corymbiferae, 
also  in  the  Linnean  class  syngenesia.  I  see  no  good  reason  for  these 
wiuovations.     See  De  Lamarck  and  De  Candolle,  p.  183. 


BOTANY.  77 

vscale  or  perianth  supporting  the  stamens.  Pistillate 
flowers  in  strobiles,  eacli  furnished  with  a  hard  scale. 
Fruit  bony  or  membranaceous.  Seed  with  a  cylindric 
corcle  in  the  centre  of  fleshy  albumen.  Stems  woody  ; 
leaves  evergreen  ;  juice  resinous. 

Generic  names.     Finns,  Cupressus,  Thuja. 

Sub-order^  Jiiniperi,    Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 

Generic  names.    Juniperus,  Taxus. 

Properties.  Secernant  stimulants  and  expectorants. 
The  resinous  juice  obtained  from  these  plants  has  been 
applied  as  a  remedy  to  wounds  and  old  ulcers  for  more 
than  two  thousand  years.  Various  preparations,  as  tar- 
water,  decoctions  of  the  bark,  &c.  have  been  used  with 
various  success  from  the  time  of  Dioscorides,  and  pro- 
bably much  earlier,  in  pulmonary  complaints. 

General  Rules  tor  avoidixg  Poisons. 

Plants  not  poisonous. 

1.  Plants  with  a  glume  calyx,  nevor  poisonous.  As 
Wheat,  Indian  corn,  Foxtail  grass,  Sedge  grass,  Oats. 
Linneiis. 

2.  Plants  whose  stamens  stand  on  the  calyx,  never  poi- 
sonous. As  Currant,  Apple,  Peach,  Strawberry,  Thorn. 
Smith,  p.  392. 

3.  Plants  with  cruciform  flowers,  rarely  if  ever  poi- 
sonous. As  Mustard,  Cabbage,  Water-cress,  Turnip. 
Smith,  p.  487. 

4.  Plants  with  papilionaceous  flowers,  rarely  if  ever 
poisonous.  As  Pea,  Bean,  Locust  tree.  Wild  indigo. 
Clover.     Smith,  p.  446. 

5.  Plants  with  labiate  corols,  bearing  seeds  without 
pericarps,  never  poisonous.  As  Catmint,  Hyssop,  Mint, 
Mother-wort,  Marjoram.     Smith,  p.  434. 

6.  Plants  with  compound  flowers,  rarely  poisonous.  As 
Sunflower,  Dandelion,  Lettuce,  Burdock.    Milne, 

Poisonous  Plants. 

1.  Plants  with  5  stamens  and  one  pistil,  with  a  dull- 
coloured  Lurid  corol,  and  of  a  nauseous  sickly  smell,  al- 

G2 


78  GRAMMAR^    &€. 

ways  poisonous.  As  Tobacco,  Thorn-apple,  Henbane, 
Nightshade.  The  degree  of  poison  is  diminished  where 
the  flower  is  brighter  coloured  and  the  smell  is  less  nau- 
seous. As  potatoe  is  less  poisonous,  though  of  the  same 
genus  with  niglitshade.  Smith,  \),  415. 
.  2.  Umbelliferous  plants  of  tiie  aquatic  kind,  and  of  a 
nauseous  scent,  are  always  poisonous.  As  Water  hem- 
lock. Cow-parsley.  But  if  the  smell  be  pleasant,  and 
they  grow  in  dry  land,  they  are  not  poisonous.  As 
Fennel,  Dill,  Coriander,  Sweet  cicely.     Smith,  p.  416. 

3.  Plants  with  labiate  corols  and  seeds  in  capsules, 
frequently  poisonous.  As  Snapdragon,  Foxglove.  Smith, 

4.  Plants  from  which  issues  a  milky  juice  on  being 
broken,  are  poisonous,  unless  they  bear  compound  flow- 
ers. As  Milkweed,  Dogbane,  Milne's  Contortse  and 
Lactescentia. 

5.  Plants  having  any  appendage  to  the  calyx  or  corol, 
and  twelve  or  more  stamens,  generally  poisonous.  As 
Columbine,  Crowfoot.    Linneus, 

Most  general  Bide* 

Plants  with  few^  stamens,  not  frequently  poisonous, 
except  the  number  be  five  ;  but  if  the  number  be  twelve 
or  more,  and  the  smell  nauseous,  heavy  and  sickly,  the 
plants  are  generally  poisonous.  Milne's  Multisiliquse 
and  Sapor. 

JV'oie.  Many  plants  possess  some  degree  of  the  narcotic 
principle,  which  are  still  by  no  means  hurtful. 


{     79     ) 


** 


Abrupt  leaf.     A  pinnate  leaf,  which  has  not  an  odd  or  terminal  leafet. 

Accessory.  Additional.  Annexed,  and  of  a  different  kind  when  ap- 
plied to  the  border,  fcc.  of  the  receptacle  of  a  lichen. 

AciNACiFORM  leaf.  Sabre-form.  One  edge  sharp  and  convex,  the 
other  thicker  and  strait  or  concave.     Cutlass-form. 

AciNE.  One  of  the  little  globules  constituting  a  compound  berry ;  as 
the  raspberry. 

Acuminate,  20.     Acute,  21. 

Adnate.  Adhering.  Any  two  or  more  parts  of  the  plant  being  at- 
tached to  each  other. 

Aggregate,  17. 

Aigrette,  Egret.  The  flying,  feathery  or  haiiy  crown  of  seeds  ;  as 
the  down  of  thistles  and  dandelions. '  It  includes  whatever  remains 
on  the  top  of  the  seed  after  the  corol  is  removed. 

stiped  (stipulatus)  when  it  is  supported  on  afoot-stem. 

simple  (simplex)  when  it  consists  of  a  bundle  of  simple  hairs,  with- 
out branches. 

plumose  (plumosus)  when  each  hair  has  other  little  hairs  arranged 

along  its  sides,  like  the  beards  on  a  feather. 

membranous,  thin  transparent  leaves. 

Alternate.  Branches,  leaves,  flowers,  kc.  are  alternate,  Avhen  ar- 
ranged upon  opposite  sides  of  the  stem,  or  whatever  supports  them  ; 
beginning  at  different  distances  from  its  base,  and  continuing  in  near- 
ly equal  series.     Sometimes  they  are  in  three  series. 

Ament,  14. 

Angular.  By  means  of  intervening  grooves,  the  stems,  calyxes,  cap- 
sules, k,c.  have  ridges  running  lengthwise. 

Annual.     Which  springs  up,  perfects  fruit,  and  dies  in  the  same  year. 

Anodynes.     Substances  which  promote  sleep. 

Anomalous.  Whatever  forms  an  exception  to  the  assumed  rules  or 
systems. 

Anther,  16. 

Antiscorbutics.     Substances  which  cure  eruptions. 

Apetalous.     a  flower  without  a  corol. 

Apex.     The  tip  or  top  end. 

Apophysis.     A  process  from  the  base  of  the  capsule  of  a  moss. 

Appendage,  22. 

Aq,uatic.     Growing  most  naturally  in  or  near  water. 

Arachnoideus.     Resembling  a  spider-web. 

Aril,  Jlrillus.  The  outer  coat  of  a  seed,  which,  not  contracting  witk 
it  in  ripening,  falls  off. 

Arroav-form,  20. 

*  Wonis  which  are  defined  in  the  Grammar  are  not  ag:ain  defined  in  this  Vocabulary; 
but  a  reference  to  the  page  of  the  Grammar  is  annexed  to  the  word  in  the  Vocabulary. 
Wlieo  two  or  wore  sucU  words  happen  together,  thty  are  put  in  the  same  line. 


80  CAR 

Ascending.    Rising  gradually  between  a  horizontal  and  vertical  posi- 

AsTRivGENTS.  Substances  which  condense  the  fibres  and  consolidate 
relaxed  parts.  They  brace  up  debilitated  intestines,  and  applied  ex- 
ternally, restrain  bleeding  wounds,  6ic.  ,      ,      ,  1- 

AucTUs  CALYX.     Having  an  outer  row  of  leafets  ;  as  the  dandelion. 

Awl-form,  20. 

Awl-pointed.     Acuminate.  ,.      r        .u    * 

Awn.  a  short  slender  process  or  stiff  beard,  proceeding  from  the  top  or 
back  of  glumes  or  chaff.  .,  i    r  i 

Axil  The  arm-pit.  Applied  to  vegetables,  it  means  the  angle  forme<l 
by  the  meeting  of  a  leaf  or  petiole  with  the  stem,  or  of  a  branch  with 
the  main  stem. 

Axillary.     Any  thing  growing  from  the  axils. 

Banner.     The  upper  petal  in  a  papilionaceous  flower. 

Basis'.  Base.  The  part  of  a  stem,  leaf,  flower,  fcc.  nearest  to  the  place 
through  which  it  derives  its  nutriment. 

Beaked.     Terminated  by  a  process  formed  like  a  bird's  bill. 

Bell-form,  15.     Berry,  16. 

Biennial.  Springing  up  one  summer,  flowering  and  dying  the  next,  as 
wheat. 

Bifurcate.     Forked  twice. 

Bipinnate,  22. 

BiPiNNATiFiD.  Doubly  pinnatifid.  When  the  divisions  of  a  pinnatifid 
leaf  are  cut  in,  or  pinnatifid  again. 

Biternate,  22. 

Boat-form.  Hollow  one  side,  with  a  compressed  longitudinal  ridge  on 
the  opposite  side. 

Border  in  Lichens.  The  edging  of  their  receptacles,  (apothecium.) 
It  is  wro;;er,  when  of  the  same  substance  and  colour  of  the  receptacle. 
It  is  acessory,  when  of  a  different  substance  or  colour  from  the  disk  of 
the  receptacle. 

Bract,  23.     Branching,  19. 

Bristle-form.     Resembling  a  bristle. 

Bristly,  22.     Bulbous  root,  19. 

Buttons,  Tricce.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens  which,  when  mag- 
nified, resembles  a  coiled  horse-hair.  They  are  roundish,  sessile,  un- 
expanding,  compact,  black  and  solid  ;  continued  along  their  whole 
surface.  Upper  side  they  are  in  concentric,  or  coiled,  plaited,  and 
twisted  folds ;  covered  every  where  with  the  same  membrane  ;  con- 
taining; seeds  without  cells  or  cases.     Smith. 

Caducous.     Any  part  of  a  plant  is  caducous,  Avhich  falls  off  earlier, 
compared  with  other  parts  of  the  same  plant,  than  is  usual  for  similar 
parts  in  most  plants ;  as  the  calyx  oiihe poppy  falls  oft"  before  the  co- 
rd is  hardly  expanded. 
C/EspiTosE.  '  Turfy.     Several  plants  growing  together,   or  from  the 

same  root,  forming  a  turf. 
Calycled.     See  auctus. 
Calyptra,  14.     Calyx,  13.     Camb,  18. 
Capillary.     Hair-form;  longer  than  bristle-form,  in  proportion  to  its 

thickness. 
Capitate.    Head-form;  growing  in  heads. 
Capsule,  16. 
Carixate.    See  keeled. 


CON  81 

Cartilaginous.  Hard  and  somewhat  flexible.  It  applies  to  a  leaf, 
when  it  is  bound  around  with  a  strong  margin,  different  from  the  disk 
of  the  leaf. 

CvRVOPHYLLEOUS,    15. 

Catkin.     See  anient,  14. 

Cathartics.  Substances  which  stimulate  the  intestines  so  as  to  hasten 
and  increase  evacuations. 

Cauline.     Growing  on  the  main  stem. 

Caustics.  Substances  which  corrode,  burn  or  dissolve  the  part  with 
which  they  come  in  contact. 

Cell.  The  hollow  part  or  cavity  of  a  pericai*p  or  anther.  It  is  more 
generally  applied  to  the  cavities  of  pericai-ps,  where  seeds  are  lodged. 
According  to  the  numbers  of  these,  the  pericarps  are  called  one-celled, 
txvo-celled,  k,c. 

Cellular  integument,  18. 

Cellules,  cislula;.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens  which  is  globose, 
terminal,  and  formed  of  the  substances  of  the  frond.  It  is  filled  with 
uncoated  seeds,  intermixed  with  fibres  ;  at  length  it  bursts  irregularly. 
Smith. 

Cespitose.     See  coespitose. 

Channelled.  Hollowed  out  longitudinally  with  a  rounded  groove  of 
considerable  depth. 

Ciliate,  22.     Clasping,  22. 

Clavate.     Club-form.     Growing  larger  towards  the  end. 

Claw.  The  lower  narrow  part  of  a  petal,  by  which  it  is  fixed  on  the 
calyx  or  receptacle.     It  can  exist  only  in  polypetalous  corols. 

Cleft.  Split  down,  not  exceeding  half  way  to  the  base  ;  with  nearly 
strait  edges  on  both  sides  of  the  fissure.  The  parts  into  which  it  is 
split  are  numbered  in  descriptions ;  as  once  split,  making  two  divi- 
sions, is  called  2-cleft ;  two  splits,  3-cleft,  <Si:c. 

Clefts,  Urellce.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  open, 
elongated,  sessile,  black,  very  narrow  or  linear,  with  a  somewhat 
spongy  disk  ;  the  border  is  parallel  on  each  side,  and  proper.  Some- 
times it  has  an  accessory  border  from  the  crust  besides.  The  clefts 
are  either  simple  and  solitary,  or  aggregate,  confluent  and  branched. 
Smith. 

Climbing.  Ascending  by  means  of  tendrils,  as  grapes  ;  by  leaf-stalks, 
as  virgin's  bower }  by  cauline  radicles,  or  rootlets,  as  the  creeping 
American  ivy,  (rhus  radicans.)     It  differs  from  twining,^  which  see. 

Club-form.     See  clavate.     Cobwebbed.     See  arachnoideus. 

Cochleate.     Coiled  spirally  like  a  snail-shell. 

Coiled.  Twisted  like  a  rope,  or  rather  resembling  the  form  of  one 
thread  of  a  rope  after  the  other  threads  are  removed. 

Coloured,  13.     Columella,  17. 

Commissure.     The  joining  sides  of  pairs  ;  as  of  fennel  seeds. 

Common.  Any  part  is  common,  which  serves  to  include  or  sustain  se- 
veral parts,  similar  among  themselves. 

perianth.     Including  several  florets  ;  as  in  the  thistle. 

involucre.     Surrounding  the  base  of  the  peduncles  in  an  umbel, 

which  are  subdivided  above. 

This  term  is  often  used  for  frequent  also. 

Complete.     Having  both  calyx  and  corol. 

Compound,  17. 

Cohic.    With  a  broad  base,  and  approaching  a  point  towards  the  top. 


S2  DID 

Connate,  22. 

CoNTRAKV.     See  partition. 

Converging.     Approaching  or  bending  towards  each  other. 

Convex.     Swelling  out  in  a  roundish  form. 

CoRCLE,  17.     Cordate,  20. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery,  or  parchment-like. 

Cornered.  Having  angles  or  cornei-s.  Three-cornered.four-cornered, 
k.c.  is  often  expressed  trigonus,  &lc. 

CoROL,  14.     Corymb,  18.     Cotyledon,  17. 

Cowled.  When  the  edges  meet  below  and  expand  above,  and  gene- 
rally separate  ;  as  the  spathe  of  the  arum,  Indian  turnip. 

Creeping,  19.     Chen  ate,  21. 

Crested.  Having  an  appendage  somewhat  resembling  a  cock's  comb 
in  form. 

Cruciform,  15.     Cryptogamous,  13.     Culm,  19. 

CuLMiFEROus.     Having  culms. 

Cup-form.     Hollow  within,  resembling  a  little  cup. 

Cuspidate.  Having  a  shaqiened  point,  and  that  tipped  w'ith  a  bristle, 
a  prickle,  or  lengthened  apex,  not  curved.  See  raucronate,  and  ob- 
serve the  distinction  ;  also  acuminate. 

Cuticle,  18.  — 

CvATHiFORM.  Wiueglass-form.  Cylindric,  widening  gradually  up- 
wards, margin  not  revolute. 

Cylindric  A  circular  shaft,  of  nearly  equal  dimensions  throughout 
its  whole  extent. 

Cyme,  18. 

Deciduous.  Falling  off  in  the  usual  season  for  similar  parts  to  fall ;  as 
leaves  falling  at  the  decline  of  the  year ;  corols  falling  off  at  the  time 
the  stamens  fall,  &.c.     See  caducous  and  permanent. 

Decumbent.  When  the  base  is  erect,  and  the  remainder  lies  on  the 
ground.     It  applies  to  stems,  stamens,  k,c. 

Decurrent,  22. 

Decussate.  When  leaves  or  branches  are  opposite  in  pairs,  and  each 
pair  stands  at  right  angles  with  the  next  pair  above  or  below  on  the 
same  stem. 

Deflected.     Bending  doAvn  archwise. 

Dehiscent.     The  natural  opening  of  capsules  in  the  proper  season. 

Deltoid.  A  leaf  with  four  corners  ;  that  is,  one  at  the  stem,  one  at  the 
apex,  and  one  each  side  ;  but  the  side  ones  are  nearer  to  the  base  than 
to  the  apex.  When  the  side  angles  are  about  as  near  to  the  apex  as  to 
the  base,  it  is  called  a  rhomboid  leaf.  Both  kinds  are  called  diamond- 
form  in  English. 

Dense.  Close,  compact.  A  panicle  with  abundance  of  flowers  very 
close,  is  dense.     See  thyrse. 

Dentate.     Toothed. 

Denticulate.     Having  very  small  teeth. 

Deobstruents.     Substances  Avhich  remove  obstructions. 

Detergents.     Substances  calculated  for  cleansing. 

Diaphoretics.  Those  secernant  stimulants  which  promote  perspira- 
tion more  particularly 

Dichotomous.  Forked.  Stem,  fcc.  parted  in  pairs,  each  branch  part- 
ed in  pairs  again,  and  so  on.  When  it  is  parted  but  once,  it  is  more 
properly  called  forked. 

Pjdynamous.    Belonging  to,  or  varying  into  the  class  didynaraia. 


E  X  O    >  83 

Diffused.     Spreading.     Expanded  in  an  open  loose  manner. 

Digitate.  Fingered.  When  the  base  of  several  ieafets  rest  on  the 
end  of  one  petiole  ;  as  the  strawberry  and  fivefinger. 

Dilated.     Expanded,  widened. 

DicEcious.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into  the  class  dmcia. 

Discoid.     Having  a  disk  without  rays. 

Disk.  The  whole  surface  of  a  leaf,  or  of  the  top  of  a  compound  flovr- 
er,  as  opposed  to  its  edge  or  periphery.  This  term  is  also  applied  to 
the  aggregate  florets  of  an  umbel. 

DissiLiEST.  A  pericarp  is  dissilient,whenitbursts  open  with  a  spring, 
as  the  touch-me-not,  (impatiens.) 

Diuretics.  Those  secernant  stimulants  which  increase  urine  more 
particularly. 

Divaricate.  Branches  spreading  out  from  the  stem  so  far,  as  to  form 
more  than  a  right  angle  with  it  above. 

Diverging.  Branches  spreading  out  from  the  stem  so  far,  as  to  form 
almost  a  right  angle  with  it. 

Dorsal.  Fixed  to  the  back.  Awns  are  dorsal,  Avhen  proceeding froM 
the  outside  of  a  glume,  and  not  from  the  tip. 

Down  or  Downy,  21.     Drupe,  16. 

Drupaceous.     Bearing  drupes,  or  fruit  resembling  them. 

Eared.  This  term  applies,  1st,  to  the  round  extended,  or  appendaged 
lobes  of  a  heart-form  leaf  ;  2d,  to  the  side  lobes  near  the  base  of 
some  leaves  ;  and  3d,  to  twisted  parts,  in  some  ferns  and  some  liv- 
erworts, which  are  supposed  toresemble  the  conchus,  or  passage  in- 
to the  outer  ear. 

Echinate.     Hedge-hog-like.     Beset  with  erect  prickles. 

Eggform.     See  ovate. 

Egret.     See  aigrette. 

Elastic     See  dissilient. 

Eliptic.  Longer  than  wide,  rounded  at  or  near  both  ends,  and  near- 
ly equalin  breadth  towards  both  base  and  apex. 

Elongated.  Lengthened  out,  as  if  extended  beyond  what  is  usual  in 
similar  parts. 

Emahginate,  j21. 

Emetics.     Substances  which  excite  vomiting. 

Emollients.  Substances  which  soften  tumors  or  any  hardness  or 
diyness  of  the  skin. 

Ensiform.  Sword-form.  T^vo-edged,  tapering  from  base  to  apex 
mostly,  and  a  little  arching  towards  one  edge  ;  as  flag  and  cat-tail, 
(Iris  and  Typha.) 

Entire.  Continued  without  interruption.  A  margin  of  a  leaf,  calyx, 
corol,  &:c.  is  entire,  when  it  is  neither  serrate,  toothed,  notched,  nor 
in  any  manner  indented. 

Equal.  Similar  parts  equal  among  themselves.  The  calyx,  corol, 
ioc.  are  equal,  wlien  the  Ieafets,  petals,  or  subdivisions,  are  similar 
in  form,  size  and  direction.     Opposed  to  unequal. 

Erect.     Upright. 

Erose.  Gnawed.  Unequally  sinuated,  as  if  the  sinuses  had  been  eat- 
en by  insects. 

Evergreens.  Such  plants  as  retain  their  leaves  throughout  the  year 
as  white  pine,  laurel,  k.c.  ' 

Exotic.  Plants  not  growing  spontaneously  in  a  wild  state  in  that  par- 
ticular country,  or  section  of  a  country. 


84  G  L  A 

ExsERT.  Standing  out.  Stamens  are  essert  when  protruded  out  of 
the  corols. 

Factitious  character.     Added  to  more  essential  distinctions. 

Families.     See  gentes. 

Fascicle,  18.     A  bundle. 

Fascicled,  19. 

Fastigiate.     Level-topped,  or  a  little  convex. 

Faux.  Jaws.  The  throat  or  opening  into  a  corol.  That  precise  spot, 
where  the  tubular  part  of  a  ringent  corol  begins  to  separate  or  ex- 
pands into  lips  or  mouth,  is  the  faux. 

Fibre.     Any  thread-form  part.     Fibrous,  19.     Filament,  16. 

Filiform.     Thread-like. 

Fissure.     A  cleft  or  slitted  aperture. 

Flexuose.     Bending  and  frequently  changing  direction. 

Floret.  Little  flower.  Whether  the  flower  is  large  or  small,  it  is  a 
floret,  if  it  is  one  of  a  number,  all  of  which  constitute  au  a.^gregate 
or  compound. 

Follicle.  A  pericarp  with  one  valve,  which  opens  lengthwise  on 
one  side  only;  as  milk-wted,  (asclepias.) 

Footstalk.     See  ptdunch:  •oM&pcilole.  it  is  put  for  both. 

Forked.     See  dichotomoiis.     Frond,  20. 

Fructification.  "The  temporary  part  of  vegetables,  which  is  desti- 
ned for  the  reproduction  of  the  species,  terminating  the  old  individ- 
ual and  beginning  the  );ew." 

Fruit-dots.     Assemblages  of  capsules  on  the  backs  cf  ferns. 

Fugacious.     Soon  disappearing.     Flying  off. 

FuNNEL-FORM,  15.     FuRRowED.     See  sulcate. 

Fusiform.     Spindle-form,  19. 

Galls.  Excrescences  produced  by  the  stings  of  insects.  The  balls 
found  on  oaks,  which  are  used  in  dyeing,  the  comraon  large  green 
oak-balis,  the  singular  green  lumps  found  on  the  wild  honey-suckle, 
&:c.  are  examples. 

Gashed.     See  incised.     General.     See  partial. 

Generic  name.     The  name  of  a  genus. 

Geniculate.  Kneed.  Forming  a  very  obtuse  angle,  like  a  moderate 
bending  of  the  knee. 

<jrENTEs.  Natious.  Liuneus  divided  plants  into  nine  great  natural 
tribes  or  casts.  1.  Palms  (palmae  ;)  as  the  date  and  cocoa-nut.  2. 
Grasses  (gramina  ;)  as  wheat,  Indian-corn,  sngfar-cane,  rice,  timo- 
thy-grass, &,c.  3.  Lillies  (lilia  ;)  as  lily,  tulip,  daffodil,  &c.  4. 
Herps  (herbas  ;)  as  thistles,  nettles,  peas,  mint,  potatoes,  hemp, 
plantain,  beets,  and  all  ether  herbaceous  plants  except  the  above. 
5.  Trees  (arbores  ;)  as  oak,  chesnut,  pine,  willow,  dogwood,  cur- 
rants, lilac,  whortleberry,  cranberry,  and  all  other  plants  with  a  avoo- 
dy  stem.  6.  Ferns (filices  ;)  as  brake, polypod.  m.aidenhair,  e;round 
pine,  and  all  other  plants  of  this  order,  which  see.  7.  Mosses  (m.us- 
ci.)  See  the  order.  8.  Alg.t..  This  tribe  includes  the  plants  of  the 
orders,  hepatictE,  ulgm  and  lichenes,  which  see.  9.  Fungi.  As 
musin-oom,  toadstool,  puff-ball,  mould,  blight,  k.c. 

Genus,  (plural  genera.)  A  number  of  plants  which  agree  with  one 
another  in  the  habit  and  structure  of  the  flower  and  fruit. 

Gerbi,  16. 

Glabrous.     Sleek.    Having  no  pubescence. 


IN  V  85 

'Gland,  23.  .,       ,,    , 

<Jlaucous.  Clothedwith  a  seagreen  mealiness,  which  is  easily  rubbed 
off.     It  is  sometimes  put  for  a  greenish-grey  colour. 

Globose.     Spherical,  round  on  all  sides  like  a  ball. 

Globules.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  globose,  sol- 
id and  cruslaceous,  formed  of  the  substance  of  the  frond,  and  termi- 
nating its  points  orbranches  ;  from  whence  they  fall  off  entire,  leav- 
ing a  pit  or  cavity.  They  are  supposed  to  be  covered  all  over  with 
a  coloured  seed-bearing  membrane.     Smith. 

Glume,  14. 

Gldtinous.    Having  on  some  part  more  or  less  of  adhesive  moisture. 

Gnawed.     See  erose.     Granulate,  19. 

Grooved.     See  sulcate.     Guitar-form,  21. 

Habitat.  The  native  residence  of  plants  ;  or  the  situation  wherein 
they  grow  most  naturally. 

Habit.  The  external  appearance  of  a  plant,  by  a  general  view  of 
which  we  know  it  without  attendingto  any  of  its  essential  characters. 
A  knowledge  of  the  habit  of  plants  is  to  be  acquired,  by  first  seeing 
them  in  a  growing  state,  and  then  by  repeatedly  reviewing  them  ia 
a  herbarium. 

Halbert-form,  21.     Hastate,  21.     Head,  18. 

Herbaceous.     Not  w^oody.     Herbage,  19. 

Herbarium.     A  collection  of  dried  plants. 

Hexagonal.     Six-cornered.     Hilum,  17. 

Hirsute.     Rough-haired. 

Hispid.     Bristly.     Beset  with  stiff  hairs. 

Hollows,  (thalamia.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is 
spherical,  nearly  closed,  lodged  in  the  substance  of  the  frond,  lined 
with  its  proper  coat,  under  which  are  cells  2  or  4-seeded.  Each 
hollow^  finally  opens  by  an  orifice  in  the  surface  of  the  frond  above. 
Smith. 

Hooded.     See  cowied. 

Horizontal.  Parallel  to  the  horizon.  Leaves  are  horizontal,  when 
they  form  right  angles  w  ith  erect  stems. 

Horn.     See  spur. 

Imbricate,  22.     Imperfect.     Wanting  the  stamen  or  pistil. 

Incised.     Cut  in  like  a  gash  with  a  knife. 

Incurved.     Bent  inwards. 

Indigenous.  Plants,  growing  naturally  and  originally  in  a  country,  are 
indigenous  to  that  country. 

Indurated.     Becoming  hard,  tough,  or  leathery. 

Inferior.  Below.  A  calyx  or  corol  is  inferior  when  it  comes  out 
below  the  germ.     See  germ. 

Inflated.     Appearing  as  if  blown  up  with  wind. 

Inflexed.     The  same  as  incurved. 

Inflorescence,  18.     Interruptedly  pinnate,  22. 

Introduced.  Not  originally  native.  Brought  from  some  other  coun- 
try. 

Involucre,  14. 

Involucres  of  ferns  generally  lie  on  the  tops  of  the  capsules,  like  a 
piece  of  linen  spread  out  to"dr\^  They  are  said  to  open  inwards, 
when  they  separate  from  the  frond  so  as  to  leave  the  capsules  naked 
on  the  side  next  the  midrib. 

Involute.    Rolled  inw  ards. 

H 


86  -  M  O  N 

Irregular.  Differing  iu  figure,  size,  or  proportion  of  parts,  among 
themselves. 

Keel,  15. 

Keeled.    Having  a  ridge  resembling  the  keel  of  a  boat  or  ship. 

Kidney-form,  20. 

Kneed.     See  geniculate. 

Knobs.  (Cephalodia.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is 
convex,  more  or  less  globular,  covered  externally  with  a  coloured 
seed-bearing  crust,  and  placed  generally  at  the  extremities  of  stalks, 
originating  from  the  frond,  permanent  ;  rarely  sessile.  Sometimes 
they  are  at  first  spangles  on  filamentous  lichens,  and  afterwards  be- 
come convex  irregular  knobs.  They  are  simple,  compound  or  con- 
glomerate.    Smith. 

Labiate,  15. 

Lacerated.  Torn.  Cut,  or  apparently  torn  into  irregular  seg- 
ments. 

Lacunose.     Pitted. 

Lamina.  Thin  plate.  The  broad  upper  part  of  the  petal  of  a  poly- 
petalous  corol. 

Lanceolate,  20. 

Lance-ovate,  &ic.  Partaking  of  the  lanceolate  form,  and  of  that  with 
which  it  is  compounded. 

Lateral.     On  one  side. 

Leafet,  or  Leaflet.  One  of  the  lesser  leaves,  which,  with  others, 
constitute  a  compound  leaf.  A  simple  leaf  is  never  a  leafet,  however 
small. 

Legume,  16. 

Ligulate.  That  kind  of  floret,  in  some  compound  flowers,  which  con- 
sists of  a  single-strap-like  petal,  which  becomes  tubular  at  the  base  on- 
ly ;  as  all  the  florets  in  a  dandelion,  and  the  ray  florets  in  a  sunflower. 

Liliaceous,  15. 

Limb.     The  broad  spreading  part  of  the  petal  of  a  monopetalous  corol. 

Linear,  20. 

LioN-TOOTHED.     See  ruucinatc,  21. 

Lobe.  Divisions,  which  are  rounded,  or  parted  by  rounded  or  curved 
incisions. 

LOBED,  21. 

LoMENT.     A  legume  pod  with  transverse  partitions. 

Lurid.  Of  a  palish,  dull,  deathly  colour.  Most  plants  with  lurid 
petals  are  more  or  less  poisonous  j  as  tobacco,  henbane,  thorn-apple. 

LVRATE,  21. 

Lyrate-pinnate.     Pinnate  with  the  odd  terminal  leafet  largest. 
Many.     Whenever  there  are  more  than  are  usually  numbered;  as  we 

say,  1-seeded,  2-seeded,  3-seeded,  4-seeded,  many-seeded. 
Marcescent.     See  Withering. 
Marginated.     Having  a  margin  different  in  some  measure  from  the 

disk. 
Mature.     Full-grown,  but  not  entered  upon  a  state  of  decay. 
Membranaceous   or  Membrane.      Made  up,  apparently,  of  the  two 

plates  of  the  cuticle,  without  any  cellular  integument  between  them. 

Nearly  transparent,  very  thin  and  often  colourless. 
Midrib.     The  main  or  middle  rib  of  a  leaf  running  from  the  stem  to 

the  apex. 
MoNCECious.    Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  moncecia. 


PAP  87 

MONOPETALOUS,  15.   MoNOPHYLLOUS,  14, 

MoNSTKous.  Plants  producing  any  part  different  from  the  same  part? 
when  growing  wild.  As  the  rose  has  but  five  petals  in  a  wild  state  ; 
but  by  rich  cultivation  in  gardens,  the  stamens  are  mostly  changed 
to  petals.  Carnations  and  peony  are  examples  also.  These  are  all 
monsters. 

MucRONATE.  Having  a  rounded  end,  tipped  with  a  prickle ;  which 
often  appears  rather  an  extension  of  the  midrib. 

MuRicATE,  Armed  with  sharp  spines.  Covered  with  subulate  prick- 
les. 

Naked.  Wanting  a  covering analagous  to  that  of  most  plants.  Asa 
stem  without  leaves,  leaves  without  pubescence,  corol  without  a 
calyx,  seed  without  a  pericarp,  receptacle  without  chaft',  pubes- 
ceus,  ^c. 

Narcotics.  Those  poisons  which,  in  small  doses,  stimulate  at  first  and 
promote  secretions  ;  afterwards  induce  dulness  and  sleep.  But  in 
large  doses  produce  delirium,  convulsions  and  death.  Some  narco- 
tics inflame  the  stomach. 

Natant.     Floating. 

Nectary.  That  part  of  a  flower,  Avhich  secretes  honey.  It  is  either 
a  distinct  horn,  gland,  spur,  scale,  cup,  kc.  or  the  claw  or  some 
other  part  of  the  corol  secreting  honey.  This  name  is  applied  to  any 
appendage  to  the  flower,  which  has  no  other  name. 

Nerved,  22.     Neutral,  17. 

Nodding.     See  nutant. 

Nucleus.  Nut  or  kernel.  The  inner  seed  or  kernel  is  properly  the 
nucleus  ;  and  its  hard  shell  is  the  putamen.  But  the  whole  including 
both  putamen  and  nucleus,  is  the  nut,  nux. 

Nut.     See  nucleus. 

Nutant.  Nodding.  When  above  half  of  whatever  it  is  applied  to, 
droops  or  hangs  doAvn. 

Nutrientics.     Substances  which  serv'e  for  food. 

Obcordate,  20. 

Oblanceolate.     Lanceolate  with  the  base  narrowest. 

Oblique.  A  position  between  horizontal  aud  vertical,  or  between 
the  peipendicular  and  the  plane  of  the  base.  It  is  also  applied  to 
leaves,  petals,  calyxes,  kc.  which  are,  as  it  were,  cut  obliquely  ;  or 
whose  bases  are  shorter  on  one  side  than  on  the  other. 

Oblong,  20.     Obovate,  20. 

Obsolete.  When  teeth,  notches,  serratures,  &,c.  are  obscure  and  ap- 
pear as  if  worn  out. 

Obtuse,  21. 

Officinalis.  Such  plants  as  are  sold  in  the  shops  for  some  use, either 
in  medicine  or  the  arts. 

Opposite,  22.     Orbicular,  20. 

Orbs.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  flat,  orbicular  and 
dilated,  of  the  substance  of  the  frond,  terminal,  peltate,  without  a 
border,  but  often  surrounded  with  radiating  shoots.  The  membrane, 
or  disk  under  which  the  seeds  are  lodged,  is  smooth,  nearly  of  the 
colour  of  the  frond.  Spurious  orbs  bordered  like  shields  or  span- 
gles when  young,  are  sometimes  found  in  the  genus  cornicularia. 
Smith. 

Oval,  20.     Ovate,  20.    Palmate,  21.     Panicle,  18. 

Papilionaceous,  15. 


88  POD 

Papilla.    A  fleshy  process  or  point. 

Papillose.     Furnished  or  covered  with  fleshy  points. 

Parallel.  Two  lines  or  opposite  sides,  running  nearly  equal  distao' 
ces  from  each  other. 

Parasitic.  Drawing  support  from  another  plant.  Growing  out  of 
another ;  as  the  dodder. 

Partial.  Particular  not  general.  The  perianth,  involucre,  petiole, 
&,c.  of  one  floret,  or  of  a  separate  part  of  all  the  florets,  which  with 
others  constitute  a  compound  or  aggregate. 

Partition.  The  membrane,  &ic.  which  divides  pericarps  into  cells. 
It  is  j9ara/Ze/,  when  it  unites  with  the  valves,  where  they  unite  with 
each  other.  It  is  contrary  or  transverse,  when  it  meets  a  valve  in  the 
middle,  or  in  any  part  not  at  its  suture,or  juncture  with  another. 

Parted.     Deeply  divided,  almost  to  the  base. 

Pedate,  21. 

Pedicel.     A  partial  peduncle,  or  other  partial  stem. 

Peduncle,  19.     Peltate,  22. 

Pendulous.     When  the  whole  of  the  part  droops  or  hangs  dowu. 

Perennial.     Continuing  more  than  two  years. 

Perfect  Flower,  17.     Perfoliate,  22. 

Perforate.     Having  holes  as  if  pricked  through,  or  lucid  dots. 

Perianth,  14.     Pericarp,  14. 

Periciieth.  Involucre-like  leaves  surrounding  the  base  of  the  pe- 
duncle of  a  moss. 

Peristome.  The  fringe,  teeth,  or  membrane,  around  the  mouth  of  the 
capsules  of  mosses,  under  the  lid. 

Permanent  or  persistent.  Any  part  of  a  plant  is  permanent,  which 
remains  longer  compared  with  other  parts  of  the  same  plant,  than  is 
usual  for  similar  parts  in  most  plants.  Asthe  calyx  of  the  quince  re-* 
mains  on  the  end  of  the  fruit,  till  it  ripens. 

Personate,  15. 

Petal.  The  coloured  leaf  orleaves  of  the  corol.  The  petal  of  a  mono- 
petal  ous  corol  is  divided  into  the  tube  and  limb.  Each  petal  of  a 
polypetalous  corol  is  divided  into  the  claiv  and  lamina. 

Petal-form.     Resembling  a  petal  in  shape. 

Petiole,  20.    Phanerogamous,  Ph(Enogamous,  13. 

Pileus.     The  hat  of  a  fungus. 

Pilose.     Hairy. 

Pinnate,  22.    Pinnatifid,  21.    Pistillate  flower,  17.    Pistil,  14. 

PiTCHER-FORM.     See  urceolate. 

Pith,  19. 

Pits,  (cyphellas.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  consists 
of  open,  cup-like,  naked,  white  or  yellow  little  spots,  on  the  under 
side  of  the  frond ;  which  is  generally  downy.  They  are  at  first 
immersed,  globose,  minute  dots,  which  at  length  burst  with  an  ir- 
regular margin,  and  discharge  a  powder. 

Plaited.     Folded  somewhat  like  a  fan,  when  nearly  full  spread. 

Plant.  Any  substance  growing  from  seed.  As  trees,  ^rass,  puflF-ball, 
mould. 

Plicate.     Plaited. 

Plumose.     Feather-like. 

Plumose  es^rf^  Feather-like  down.  When  a  hair  of  egret  has  other 
hairs  arranged  on  opposite  sides  of  it. 

Per.    That  kind  of  pericarp  which  is  composed  of  two  \'alves  with  1,h« 


RAD  89 

seeds  attached  to  one  or  hoth  sutures,  or  a  longitudinal  partition  at 
the  edges  immediately  adjoining  the  sutures.  The  pod  is  either  a 
legume  or  silique. 

Pollen,  16. 

PoLYADELPHiA.  (Poliis,  many  ;  aclelphos,  brother.)  Many  brother- 
hoods. The  name  of  the  abolished  eighteenth  classs  as  first  estab- 
lished by  Linneus.  Tliis  class  includes  all  plants  with  perfect 
flowers,  whose  stamens  are  united  by  their  filaments  in  three  or 
more  sets  or  brotherhoods. 

Polyadelphous.  Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  polyadel- 
phia. 

PoLYGAMiA.  The  name  of  the  twenty-third  class  as  established  by 
Linneus.  It  comprises  all  plants,  which  have  some  perfect  flowers, 
and  others  which  are  staminate  and  pistillate,  or  both  kinds.  This 
class  is  divided  into  three  orders.  1.  Moiicecia,  having  perfect  flow- 
ers and  either  staminate  or  pistillate  ones  or  both  on  the  same  plants. 
2.  Dicecia,  having  perfect  flowers  on  some  plants,  and  either  stami- 
nate or  pistillate  flowers  on  others  of  the  same  species.  3.  Triceciaj 
having  perfect  flowers  on  some  plants,  staminate  on  others,  and  pis- 
tillate on  others  of  the  same  species.  This  class  like  the  18th,  is 
abolished  by  Persoon  and  others,  and  the  plants  under  it  distributed 
among  the  other  classes. 

Polygamous.     Varying  into,  or  inclining  to,  the  c}ass polygamia. 

PoLYPETALous,   15.     Pqlyphyllous,  14.     PoME,  16.     Prickle,  23. 

Prismatic.  Linear  with  several  flatish  sides.  A  cylinder  with  flat 
sides. 

Process.     A  projecting  part. 

Procumbent.     Lying  on  the  ground. 

Proliferous.  Putting  forth  branches  or  flowers  from  the  centre  of 
the  top  of  a  preceding  one. 

Proper,  17. 

Pubescent.     Hairy,  having  hairs,  wool,  down,  glandular  hairs,  &:c. 

Puffs,  (pilidia.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  consists  of 
little  round  bordered  knobs,  whose  disk  finally  turns  to  powder.  It 
is  at  first  covered  with  a  membrane  and  often  clothed  with  a  fine  grey 
hoariness.  These  receptacles  are  elongated'  below  into  a  stalk  iixed 
to  the  crust,  but  totally  difterent  from  it. 

Punctate.  Dotted  or  sprinkled  with  coloured,  generally  diaphanous 
specks.     See  perforated.  ' 

Putamen.     Nut-shell.     See  nucleus. 

Qualities  of  plants.  Richard  says  that  plants  of  the  same  taste  and 
odour,  are  generally  possessed  of  similar  qualities.  Also  that  the 
smell  and  taste  are  always  the  same.  He  divides  the  odours  of 
the  plants  into,  1.  Fragrant.  2.  Aromatic.  3.  Ambrosiac  (resembling- 
amber.)  4.  Alliaceous  (resembling  garlic.)  5.  Fetid  (as  asafcetida^ 
&.C.)  6.  JVauseous  (causing  the  stomach  to  heave.)  As  the  fragrant' 
the  aromatic  and  ambrosiac,  are  always  free  from  all  hurtful  quali- 
ties, and  as  the  fetid  and  nauseous  are  generally  poisonous,  it  seems 
that  mankind  have  in  some  measure  an  instinctive  principle  by 
which  food  is  to  be  selected. 

Raceme,  18.    Rachis,  17. 

Radiate.  The  spreading  florets  around  the  margin  of  a  compound 
flower.    As  the  Sunflower. 

Radical,  22. 

H2 


90  SHI 

Radicle.     The  little  fibrous  branches  proceeding  from  the  main  root. 

Ray.     The  outer  margin  or  circumference  of  a  compound  flower. 

Receptaclk,  14. 

Recurved.     Curved  downwards. 

Reflexed.     Bent  back,  nearly  or  quite  to  touch  the  stem  or  peduncle. 

Refrigerants.     Substances  which  directly  reduce  the  heat  of  the  body. 

Regular.     See  equal. 

Reniform.     See  kidney-form. 

Resupinate.     Upside  down. 

Reticulate.  Netted.  Having  veins  crossing  each  other  like  net-work. 

Retuse,  21. 

Rib.     a  nerve-like  support  to  a  leaf. 

Rigid.     Stiff,  inflexible,  or  not  pliable. 

Ring.     The  band  around  the  capsules  of  ferns  which  is  elastic. 

RiNGENT,    15. 

Root,  19.     Rosaceous,  15. 
Rotate.     See  wheel-form,  15. 

Rough.     Covered  w  ith  dots,  w  hich  are  harsh  to  the  touch. 
Rugose.     Wrinkled  or  humped.     Veins  more  contracted  than  the  disk; 
so  that  the  intermediate  pyrenchyma  rises  up  between  them. 

RuNCINATE,    21. 

Sabre-form.     See  acinaciform. 
Sagitate.     See  arrows-form.     20. 
Salver-form,  15. 

Samara.      A  winged   pericarp   not  opening  by  valves;  as   the  Maple. 
Saucer-form.     Shaped  like  a  common  tea-saucer. 
Scabrous.     Rough. 

Scaly.     Covered  more  or  less  Avith  scaly  appendages,  as  Fern  roots  ; 
or  consisting  of  substances,  in  some  measure  resembling  coarse  fish- 
scales;  as  the  scales  of  Lily  roots. 
Scape,  19. 

ScARious.     Dry  and  membranous,  generally  transparent. 
Scattered.     Standing  without  any  regular  order. 
Scrobiculate.     Deep  round  pits  on  the  receptacle  gives  it  this  name. 
Secernant  stimulants.      Substances  which  encrease  perspiration,  or 
promote  the   secretion    of  other  substances  w^hich  it  is   desirable  to 
have  evacuated  from  the  system. 
Segment.     The  parts  into  which  a  calyx,  corol,  leaf,  kc.  is  divided  or 

cut. 
Sericeus.     See  silky,  21. 
Serrate,  21. 

Serrulate.     When  a  serrate  leaf  has  the  teeth  serrate  again. 
Sessile.     Sitting  down.     When  a  leaf,  flower,  seed-down,  pileus  of  a 
fungus,  receptacle  of  a  lichen,  k.c.  are  destitute  of  a  petiole,  peduncle, 
stipe,  sic. 
Setaceous.     Bristle-form, 
Setose.     Bristly. 
Sharp.     Tapering  to  a  point. 

Sheath.     The  lengthening  of  a  leaf  dov/n  the  stem,  which  it  encloses. 
Sheathing,  22. 

Shields,  scutella:.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens  which  is  open, 
orbicular,  saucer-like.  The  under  side  and  border  are  of  the  sub- 
stance and  colour  of  the  frond.  The  disk  is  of  a  different  colour  and 
substance  from  the  border  aiid  froiidjContainhig  the  seeds  in  extreme- 


S  U  T  91 

\y  minute  vertical  cells.     The  shields  are  thick  and  tumid  when  they 
are  sessile,  and  membranous  when  stalked  or  elevated.     Very  rarely 
they  are  perforated  in  the  centre.     Smith. 
SiLicLE.     A  little  silique,  whose  length  and  breadth  are  nearly  equal. 

SlLIQ,UE,    16. 

SiLiQUE-FORM.     Shaped  like  a  silique,  without  its  essential  character. 

SiLKV,  21.     Simple,  17.     Sinuate,  21. 

Sinuate-serrate.     Having  serratures  hollowed  out. 

Solitary.  Standing  alone,  or  very  distant  from  others  of  the  same 
kind. 

Somewhat.  Used  as  a  diminutive  ;  implying  in  some  degree,  not  fully. 
President  Smith  translates  sub  by  somewhat,  when  combined  with  an 
adjective  ;  as  subtrifidus,  somewhat  three-cleft. 

Spadix,  17. 

Spangles,  patellulcE.  Open  and  orbicular,  like  shields,  but  sessile,  and 
not  formed  of  any  part  of  the  crust,  from  which  they  differ  in  colour, 
being  most  usually  black.  The  seeds  are  lodged  beneath  the  mem- 
brane that  covers  their  disk,  as  in  the  former  ;  and  the  disk  is  sur- 
rounded by  apro;jer  bord*^r.  Their  seeds  are  observed  to  be  naked  in 
the  cellular  substance  of  the  disk,  not  enclosed  in  cases.  Disk  some- 
times concave  or  flat,  oftener  convex,  and  even  globose,  without  any 
apparent  border  when  in  an  advanced  state. 

Spathe,  14. 

Spatulate.  Roundish,  and  diminishing  into  a  long,  narrow,  linear 
base. 

Spherules.     Small  globular  masses. 

Spike,  18. 

Spikelet.     One  of  the  subdivisions  of  a  spike. 

Spindle-form,  19. 

Spinose.     Thorny. 

Spiral.     Twisted  like  a  screw. 

Spur.  An  elongated  process  from  the  base,  or  from  near  the  base  of 
the  calyx  or  corol  or  nectary,  somewhat  resembling  a  horn  or  cock's 
spur. 

Squarrose.  Ragged.  When  the  points  of  scales,  &c.  bend,  outwards 
so  as  to  make  a  ragged  appearance.  It  is  also  used  for  scurfy,  or 
when  covered  with  a  bran-like  scurf. 

Stamen,  14.     Staminate,  17. 

Stellate.  Spreading  out  in  a  radiate  manner.  Leaves  are  stellate 
w  hen  three  or  more  surround  the  stem  in  a  whorl. 

Stem.     The  main  base  or  supporter  of  the  fructification  and  herbage. 

Stigma,  16.     Sting,  23.     Stipe,  20.     Stipule,  22. 

Stomachics.  Substances  which  directly  excite  and  strengthen  the  ac- 
tion of  the  stomach. 

Stfiate,  streaked.     Marked  or  grooved  with  slender  lines. 

Strigose.  Armed  with  small,  close,  rigid  bristles,  which  are  thickest 
below. 

Strobile,  16.     Style,  16. 

Sub.     Used  in  combination  as  a  diminutive  for  somewhat. 

Subulate.     See  awl-form,  20. 

Sulcate,  sukafiis.     Furrowed;  marked  with  deep  lines. 

Superior.  A  calyx  or  corol  is  superior  when  it  proceeds  from  the 
upper  part  of  the  germ. 

Suture.  A  seam-like  appearance  at  the  meeting  of  two  parts  ;  as  the 
valves  of  pea-pods. 


n  V  E  N 

Sword-form.     See  ensiform. 

Tegument,  17.     Tendril,  23. 

Terete.  Round,  columnar,  and  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  other 
end. 

Terminal.  Proceeding  from,  or  occupying  the  end  of  a  stem,  branch, 
style,  &ic. 

Ternate,  22.     Tfiorn,  or  spine^  23, 

Throat.     See  faux. 

Thyrse,  18.     Tidge,  19, 

Tomentose.  Covered  with  fine  downy  or  cottony  substance,  matted 
together. 

Tonics.  Substances  which  give  strength  to  the  system.  They  are 
stimulants  which  are  permanent  in  their  operation. 

Toothed,  21. 

ToRDLosE.  With  sw^elling  ridges  or  humps,  like  the  musk-melon  or 
horse-radish  pod. 

Translucent.     Transmitting  light  faintly. 

Transverse.     Ci'osswise. 

Triangular.  Having  three  angles  or  corners.  It  is  applied  to  a  leaf 
with  three  points  or  corners. 

Tripinnate,  22. 

Tripinnatifid.  a  pinnatifid  leaf,  with  the  divisions  pinnatifid,  and 
those  latter  divisions  pinnatifid  again. 

Triternate,  22. 

Truncate.     The  end  appearing  as  if  cut  off. 

Tube.     The  lower  hollow  cylinder  of  a  monopetalous  corol. 

Tubercles.  That  kind  of  receptacles  of  lichens,  which  is  spherical  or 
slightly  conic,  nearly  closed,  crustaceous,  black  ;  more  or  less  im- 
mersed in  the  surface  of  the  crustaceous  frond,  which  it  elevates  ;  or 
sometimes  it  is  exposed,  being  merely  sessile.  Each  contains  a  ball 
or  mass  of  connected  seeds,  destitute  of  cells,  enveloped  in  a  common 
membrane.  The  whole  mass  of  seeds  is  at  length  discharged  togethe? 
by  an  orifice  at  the  top  of  the  tubercle.  We  often  find  these  tubercles 
after  the  seeds  are  discharged. 

Tuberous,  19. 

TuBULous,  tubulose.  That  corol  of  a  compound  flower  which  forms 
a  whole  tube,  not  a  ligulate  floret.  It  is  also  applied  to  a  perianth,  if 
the  whole  or  the  lower  part  is  a  hollow  cylindei". 

Turbinate.     Top-form. 

Turgid.     Thickened,  swollen,  but  not  inflated. 

Twining.     Ascending  spirally. 

Valve.  The  several  pieces  of  a  pericarp  which  separate  naturally  on 
ripening,  are  called  valves ;  also  the  leaves  or  chatfs  of  a  glume. 
Each  piece  is  called  a  valve.  This  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  the 
scales  which  close  the  tube  in  some  corols. 

Variety.  The  changes  produced  among  plants  of  the  same  species  by 
accidental  causes  ;  as  by  soil,  situation,  culture,  climate,  kc.  These 
changes  respect  magnitude,  fulness  of  flowers,  cris]nngo{\edi\es,  colour  ^ 
taste  and  smell.  If  the  same  kind  of  plant  can  possibly  be  produced 
from  the  seed  of  other  kinds,  these  are  but  varieties  of  the  same  spe- 
cies.    All  apples  are  but  varieties  of  the  same  species. 

Vaulted.     Arched  over  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

Veined,  22. 

Ventricose.    Swelling  out  as  if  blown  up  with  wind. 


Z  I  G  9S 

Vertical.  Standing  or  hanging  up  and  down  at  right  angles  with  the 
horizon  ;  or  parallel  to  the  stem. 

Vesicular.     Containing  or  consisting  of  a  cellular  substance. 

ViLLosE.     Having  a  superficial  covering  of  long,  soft,  whitish  hairs. 

Viscid.     Covered  superficially  with  a  sticky  juice. 

Umbel,  18. 

Umbelliferous.     Bearing  umbels  ;  as  carrot,  dill,  fennel. 

Umeilicate.  Having  a  kind  of  central  roundish  hollow  or  protube- 
rance, as  on  the  end  of  an  apple,  or  of  apompion. 

Unarmed.     Having  no  thorns  nor  prickles. 

Undulate.     Wavy. 

Unequal.     The  parts  not  corresponding  in  size,  form  and  duration. 

VOLVA,    15. 

Urceolate.     Swelling  out  like  a  pitcher,  and  not  contracting  much  at 

top. 
Urn-form.     Swelling  in  the  middle,  and  contracting  at  the  top ;  as  the 

calyx  of  the  rose. 
Utricles.     The  little  bag-like  reservoirs  for  sap. 
Utriculus.     a  little  bladder. 
Wkdge-form.     Obovate  with  straitish  sides. 
Wheel-form,  15. 
Whorled.     Surrounding  the   stem  in  numbers  at  intervals ;  as  the 

leaves  of  bedstraw,  and  the  flowers  of  motherwort. 
Wings.     The  two  side  petals  in  a  papilionaceous  corol. 
Withering.     Having  a  shrivelled  and  decaying  appearance,  thougk 

not  actually  in  a  state  of  decay  ;  as  the  flowers  of  elm. 
Wood,  19. 
Zigzag.    See  flexuose. 


(     94     ) 


EXPLANATIONS  OF  THE  CHARACTERS  ANN:EXED  TO  f  HE 
GENERIC  DESCRIPTIONS. 

The  first  numher  following  the  generic  description,  is  the  number  of  ' 
the  natural  order  of  Linneus  to  which  the  genus  belongs  ;  the  second 
numher  is  that  of  Jussieu.     By  referring  to  the  natural  orders,  the  qua- 
lities of  plants  may  be  so  far  ascertained  as  they  depend  on  botanical 
affinities,  especially  those  of  Jussieu. 

FOR  THE  SPECIFIC  DESCRIPTIONS. 

To  be  included  in  Parenthesis. 
Localities. 

H.  Common  in  high  or  considerably  elevated  districts.  As  in  the 
Gatskill  mountain  rane-e,  including  its  various  spurrs ;  the  Green  moun- 
tain range,  and  other  elevated  parts  of  New-England,  k,c. 

L.  Litus.  Common  in  maritime  districts,  at  and  near  the  sea-shore. 
As  at  Boston,  New-Haven,  New-York,  kc. 

Y.  Yale  college.     Plants  which  grow  in  the  vicinity  of  New-Haven. 

C.  Columbia  college.     Plants  which  grow  about  New-York. 

W.  Williams  college.  Plants  which  grow  in  the  vicinity  of  that  col- 
lege. 

N.  Northampton.  Plants  which  grow  along  Connecticut  river  from 
Northampton  to  Deerfield. 

T.  Troy  Lyceum.  Plants  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  Albany  and  Troy. 

V.  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine.  Plants  growing  between  the 
Green  mountains  and  Hudson  river,  in  the  adjoining  counties  of  Rut- 
land, Vt.  and  of  Washington  and  Essex,  N.  Y.  near  the  centre  of  which. 
is  the  medical  school. 

P.  Pennsylvania. 

D.  Delaware.  Plants  growing  betv/een  the  Delaware  river  and 
New-York. 

O.  Omnibus  locis.  Plants  more  or  less  common  to  all  the  above 
places. 

E.  Exotics. 

Colours  of  Corols. 

r.  red — p.  purple — y.  yellow — w.  white — b.  blue — g.  green. 

Time  of  Flowering. 

Ap.  April — M.  May — J.  June — Ju.  July — Au.  August — S,  Septem- 
ber— Oc.  October. 

Duration,  &lc. 

%  annual — $  biennial — U,  perennial — ^  woody. 

It  is  not  to  be  understood  by  students,  that  plants  referred  to  any  of 
the  above  places  may  not  be  found  in  places  very  distant  from  them. 
But  it  will  be  useful  in  collecting  plants,  to  know  Avhat  species  have 
been  found  in  localities  resembling  those  where  plants  are  sought,  in. 
elevation,  latitude,  &c. 


ABBREVIATIONS.  95 

The  first  number  on  the  left  of  the  generic  name,  is  the  number  of 
the  artificial  class  to  which  it  belongs ;  the  second,  of  the  artificial  or- 
der Tile  first  on  the  right,  of  the  natural  order  of  Linneus  ;  the  second, 
of  Jussieu. 

Abbreviations  for  Authors. 

JYot  to  be  included  in  Parenthesis. 

A.  Alton — B.  Barton — Bl.  Bridel — Bw.  Bigelow — Br.  RobertBrown — 
C.  Curtis— D.  Desfontaines— Dc.  De  Candolle— E.  Elliott— Eh.  Ehr- 
hart — G.  Gronovius — H.  Hedwig — Hn.  Hoffman — Hr.  L'Heritier — J. 
Jussieu — Jn  Jacquin — L.  Linneus* — Lb.  Lambert — Lk.  Lamarck — 
M.  Muhlenberg — Mx.  Michaux — Mn.  Moenchausen — Mr.  Murray — N 
Nuttall— P.  Persoon— Ph.  Pursh— Pt.  Poiret— Pb.  Palisot  de  Beauvois 
— R.  Rafinesque — Rs.  Roemer  and  Shultes — Rd.  Richard — S.  Smith— 
Sy.  Salisbury — Sr.  Schreber — SI.  Sprengel — Sw.  Swartz — Sh.  Schkuhr- 
•Sp.  Sibthorp— T.  Tournefort— Tr.  Turton— V.  Ventenat— W.  Wilde- 
now — Wr.  Walter — Wm.  Wangenheim. 

*  But  the  L.  is  generally  omitted-,  therefore  those  without  any  name  or  abbreviation 
are  to  be  understood  as  Linnean  names,  excepting  that  fungi  without  abbreviations  are 
to  be  understood  as  of  Persoon  ;  algae,  of  Agardhj  lichenes,  ©f  Aetiarius;  mu8(4,'%s 
adopted  by  Bridel;  hepaticse,  as  byLamarcko 


(     97     ) 


^Ts^am  mw  '^mmmMA% 


FOR 


THE   NORTHERN  AND  MIDDLE  STATES 
OF  AMERICA. 


CLASS  I.    MONANDRIA. 
Order  I.    Monogynia. 

Salicornia.    Calyx  inflated,  entire,  3  or  4-sided  :  corol  o  :  seed  1, 
«nclosed  in  the  calyx.     12.  29 — (samphire.) 

HiPPURis.     Calyx  superior,  obsolete,  with  a  2-lobed  margin  :  corol 

o  :  seed  1  :  stigma  simple  :  style  in  a  groove  of  the  anther.     15.  88 

(marestail.) 

*  Scirpus,  C}7)erus. 

Order  II,    Digyma. 
Callitrtche.     Calyx  inferior,  2-leaved :  capsule  membranaceous 
■and  margined :  seeds  4,  naked,  compressed ;  (flowers  sometimes  mo- 
noecious, and  by  some  the  calyx  is  called  the  corol.)     12.  88 — (water- 
starwort.) 

Blitum.     Calyx  3-cleft,  or  3-parted,  berry-like :  corol  o  :  seed  1. 
12.  29— (blite.) 

CiNNA.     Calyx  1-flowered  glume,  2-valved :  corol  a  2-valved  glume  : 
linear,  short-stiped,  naked  at  the  base  ;  one  valve  including  th«  other, 
and  having  a  small  awn  near  the  summit :  seed  1.    4.  10, 
*Uniola;  Saccharum. 

I 


98  CLASS    II.       ORDER    i. 

CLASS  II.     DIANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 

A.     Corol  inferior,  l-petalled,  regular:  border,  except  i7i  Jawiiaum,  4' 
parted. 

Jasminum.  Corol  salver-form,  5  to  8-cleft :  berry  2-seeded,  each 
seed  solitary,  aril  led.     44.37 — (jasmine.)     Exotic. 

LiGUSTRUM.  Calyx  4-toothed  :  corol  with  ovate  divisions  :  berry  1- 
celled,  2  to  4-seeded.    44.  37 — (prim.) 

Chionajjthus.  Corol  4-parted,  with  very  long  divisions  :  nucleus  of 
the  drupe  striate-fibrous.     44.  37 — (fringe  tree.) 

Syri>-ga.  Corol  salver-form  :  capsule  2-celled.  44.  37 — (lilac.) — 
Exotic. 

B.     Corol  inferior,  \-peialled,  irregular  ;  fruit  capsular. 

Utricularia.  Calyx  2-leaved  or  2-parted,  equal :  corol  ringent; 
ivith  a  subcordate  palate,  the  upper  lip  >  earing  the  stamens,  spurred  : 
capsule  1-celled,  globular.     24.  40— (bladder-AVort.) 

Catalpa.  Corol  5-cleft,  somewhat  bell-form  :  calyx  2-leaved  :  cap- 
sule 2-celled.     40.  45— (catalpa  tree.) 

JusTiciA.  Calyx  simple  or  double,  5-parted  :  corol  ringent,  or  near- 
ly equal :  capsule  2-celled,  bursting  with  an  elastic  claw  :  partitions 
transverse.     40.  36 — (malabar  nut.)     Exotic. 

Gratiola.  Calyx  5-leaved,  sometimes  with  a  2-leaved  calycle  : 
corol  2-lipped,  reversed,  tubular,  sometimes  4  or  5-cleft :  stamens  4,  (2 
of  them  barren:)  stigma  2-lipped  :  capsule  2-celled.  40.  40 — (hedge- 
Lyssop.) 

LiNDERNiA.  Calyx  5-parted,  equal :  corol  tubular,  ringent,  the  upper 
lip  very  short,  the  lower  one  3-cleft,  2-keeled  at  the  base  :  anthers  co- 
hering by  pairs :  stigma  bilamellate  :  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  the 
partition  parallel  to  the  valves.     40.  40. 

Hemiakthcs.  Calyx  tubular,  border  4-tootbed,  cleft  on  the  under 
side  :  corol  with  the  upper  lip  obsolete,  lower  one  3-parted,  with  the 
middle  segment  linear,or  strap-like  and  truncate, long,  closely  incurved  : 
stamens  w  ith  2-cleft  filaments,  bearing  the  anthers  on  the  lateral  branch- 
es :  capsules  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded :  seeds  ovate,  shining. 
40.  40. 

Veronica.  Calyx  4-parted:  corol  4-cleft,  lower  division  smaller: 
capsule  obcordate,  few-seeded,  2-celled.    4C».  35 — (speedwell.) 


CLASS    II.       ORDER    II.  99 

Leptandra*  Calyx  5-parted :  corol  tubular,  4-cleft,  with  one  di- 
vision smaller:  capsule  ovate,  2-celled.     40.  35— (Culver's  physic.) 

C.     Corol  Inferior,  \-peta\hd  irregular:  seeds  naked. 

Lvcopus.  CaJyx  tubular,  o-cleft  or  5-toothed  :  corol  tubular,  4-cleri, 
nearly  equal,  1  division  broader  and  emar^inate  :  stamens  distant :  seeds 
4,  retnse.    42.  S9 — (water  hore-liourid.) 

Mo.vAiiDA.  Calyx  cylindiic,  striated,  5-toothed  :  corol  ringent,  tubu- 
lar, upper  lip  lance-linear,  involving  the  filaments.  42.  39 — (Oswego 
tea,  mountaia-miiit.) 

Rosmarinus.  Corol  ringent,  upper  lip  2-parted  :  filaments  long,  cur- 
ved, simple,  with  a  tooth.     42.  39 — (rosemary.) 

Salvia.  Calyx  tubular,  striated,  2-lipped,  under  lir>  '-'-too^^hed  :  cr>rol 
j'ingent :  filaments  transversely  or  laterally  affixed  to  a  pedicel.  42.  39 
—(sage.) 

Collinsoxia.  Calyx  tubular,  2-lipped:  corol  funnel-form,  unequal, 
underlip  many-cleft,  capillary  :  one  perfect  seed.    42.  39 — (horse-balm.) 

D.     Corol  superior. 

CiRCAEA.  Calyx  2-leaved  or  2-parted  :  corol  2-petalled  :  capsule 
hispid,  2-celled,  not  gaping  ;  cells  1-seeded.  48.  88 — (enchanters 
nightshade.) 

^  Cunlla,  Schoenus,  Scirpus,  Verbena. 

Order  II.     Digy>'ia. 

Anthoxanthum.  Calyx,  glume  2-valved,  1-flovvered  :  corol  glume 
2-valved,  acuminate,  awned  nearer  the  base.  4.  10 — (sweet  vernal 
grass.) 

Crypta.  Calyx  2-leaved,  inferior:  corol  2  or  3-petalled,  closed: 
styles  none  ;  stigmas  2  or  3,  very  minute:  capsule  2  or  3-celled,  2or3- 
valved  J  cells  4  or  5-seeded  ;  seeds  subcylindric,  striate,  incurved.  13- 
86 — (mud  purslane.)  The  corol  appears  like  a  capsule  with  an  aperture 
at  the  top,  when  examined  without  a  lens. 
*  Holcus,  Festuca,  Saccharum. 

*  Taken  from  the  genus  veronica  hy  Rafinesque,  and  called  the  callistachia.  Hut 
Mr  R.  says  thai  an  tafciern  plai.i  is  called  by  the  same  name}  1  have  therefore  adopted 
Jkuttall's  name. 


lOQ  CLASS    III.       ORDER    I. 

CLASS  in.     TRIANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Monogynia. 
A.     Carol  or  perianth  superior. 

Valebiaha.  Calyx  0,  or  with  an  extremely  small  margin  ;  corol  I- 
petalled,  5-cleft,  base  gibbous:  seed  1:  stamens  1,  2,  3  and  4,  exsert, 
48.  56 — (valerian.)     Exotic. 

Fedia.  Calyx3  to6-toothed  :  corol  tubular,  5-cleft  or  5-parted  :  nut 
2  or  3-celled  :  seed  naked,  or  crowned  with  a  tooth.  48,  56 — (lamb  let- 
tuce.) 

Crocus.  Spathe  radical :  carol  funnel-form,  with  a  long  slendep 
tube:  stigma  deep-gashed,  crested.     6.  18 — (saffron.)     Exotic. 

IxiA.  Spathe  2  or3-valved,  ovate,  short  :  corol  6-parted  or  6-petall- 
ed;  sometimes  tubular :  stamens  strait  or  incurved  :  stigmas  subfiliform. 
6.  18.     Exotic. 

Iris.  Calyx  spathe  2  or  3-valved:  corol  6-parted,  divisions  alter- 
nately reflected:  stigmas  3,  petal-like.  6.  18 — (flower-de-luce,  iris  or 
flag.) 

DiLATRis.  Perianth  petal-like,  hirsute  outside,  permanent :  the  third 
filament  less  than  the  rest :  stigma  simple  :  capsule  globose,  3-celled. 
6.  18. 

B.     Corol  inferior. 

CoMMELiNA.  Calyx,  spathe  cordate  ;  perianth  3-leaved  :  corol  3- 
petalled :  nectaries  3,  cross-form,  inserted  on  peculiar  filaments :  cap- 
sule sub-globose,  3-celled.     6.  13 — (day-flower.) 

Leptanthus.  Calyx,  spathe  1-flowered  :  corol  long-tubular  ;  border 
6-parted,  with  the  stamens  on  the  divisions,  anthers  uniform,  filaments 
equal :  capsule  3-celled,  many  seeded,  gaping  at  the  angles.     6.  17. 

Heteranthera.  Calyx,  spathe  2  or  3-flowered:  corol  membranace- 
ous with  a  long  slender  tube,  border  4  to  6-parted  :  2  anthers  attached  ta 
the  divisions  01  the  corol,  and  a  third  (much  larger)  attached  to  the  top 
of  the  style:  stigma  sub-capitate,  one-sided:  capsules  3-celled,  many- 
seeded,  dehiscent  at  the  angles.     6.  17 — (slime  plantain.) 

Xyris.  Calyx  2  or  3-valved,  in  a  head:  corol  3-petalled,  equal,  cre- 
nate  :  capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded.     6.  13 — (yellow-eyed-grass.) 

C.     Flowers  grassy  :  valves  of  the  calyx  glume-like. 
KvLLiNGiA.     Spike  (or  araent)  roundish-oblong,  imbricate,  sessile,  or 
umbel-like:  calyx  of  2  unequalleaves,  or  vftlves;  1-flowered    corgi  2^ 


CLASS    III.       ORDER    I.  101 

valved  or  2-leaved,  greater  than  the  calyx  :  sted  3-sided,  (stamens  and 
stigmas  vary  from  1  to  ■<.)     3.  9 — (false  bog-rush.) 

ScHOENus.  Spikelets  sub-convolute,  acute;  scales  heaped  in  fasci- 
cles, outer  ones  dry,  shining,  empty  :  corol  0:  seed  1.  roundish,  naked; 
style  caducous.    3.  9 — (bog-rush.) 

Rhyncospora.  Scales  of  the  calyx  fascicled  into  a  spike,  lower  ones 
empty:  corol  0:  styles  permanent  at  the  base  :  bristles  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  seed.     3.  9. 

CvPERUs.  Corol  0  :  calyx  scales  imbricated  2-ways  :  seed  single, 
beardless  :  spikelets  compressed.     3.  9. 

Mariscus.  Flowers  distinct,  subimbricate  in  a  feAv-fiowered  spike  : 
calyx  2-valved,  3  to  8-flowered  :  corols  1-valved,  the  lower  corol  em- 
bracing the  upper  :  style  3-cleft.     3.  9. 

DuLicHirM.  Spikes  sub-racemed,  proceeding  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  ;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  sub-compressed  :  scales  somew"hat 
2-ranked,  closely  embracing  :  styles  very  long,  2-cleft :  germ  Avith 
small  bristles  rough  backwards.     3.  9 — (galingale.) 

SciRPUs.  Glume  chaffy,  scales  imbricated  every  way  :  styles  filiform, 
caducous  :  corol  0 :  seed  single,  naked,  or  surrounded  with  hairs  or 
bristles.     3.  9 — (club-rush.) 

Eriophorum.  Glume  chaffy,  imbricated  every  way  :  corol  0  :  seed 
beset  round  with  very  long  dense  woolly  hairs.     3.  9. — (cotton-^rass.) 

Trichophorum.  Calyx,  scales  imbricated  every  way  :  seed  beset 
with  capillaiy  bristles,  which  at  length  project  out,  and  present  a  woolly 
or  hairy  appearance  as  the  seed  ripens  ;  always  6  in  number  :  spikelets 
ovatish.     3.  9. — (clump-head.) 

Fuirena.  Scales  of  the  calyx  mucronate,  everywhere  imbricate  in 
a  spike  :  corol  o  :  seed  beset  round  with  broad  chaff-like  scales,  some* 
times  awned.     3.  9. 

LiMNETis.  Calyx  2-valved,  compressed,  cie  of  them  keeled  and  lon^- 
ger  than  the  other :  corol  2-valved  :  floweis  in  unilaterc  1  spikes,  some- 
what  imbricated  in  2  rows.     3.  9 — (salt-grass.) 

Cenchrus.  Involucre  divided,  echinate,  3  or  4-flowered  :  2;l!:mes2- 
valved,  2-flowered,  one  flower  barren:  corol  2-valved,  awnlc'ss  :  style 
2-cleft.     4.  10 — (hedge-hog-grass.) 

"  Juncus.  Galium;  Oiyzopsis,  Queria. 

I   9. 


102  CLASS    III.       ORDER    11, 

Order  II.    Digynia. 

The  proper  Grasses. 

A.     Glume  l-Jlowered. 

OryzopsiS.  Calyx  2-valved,  lax,  obovate :  eorol  coriaceous,  cyllii 
dric-ovate,  surrounded  with  hairs  at  the  base  ;  valves  2,  outer  one  awn 
ed  at  the  tip  :  seed  with  2  linear  appendages,  or  one  2-parted  :  styles 
often  united  in  one,  with  2  diverging  or  reflexed  stigmas.  4.  10 — 
(mountain  rice.) 

Panicum.  Calyx  3-valved,  the  third  valve  dorsal  and  very  minute, 
with  a  second  neutral  floret :  corcle  2-valved,  sub-membranous  and 
permanent :  inflorescence  a  panicle.  4.  10 — (cockfoot-grass,  panic- 
grass.) 

Pennisetum.*  Calyx  2-valved,  sometimes  with  a  second  staminate 
or  neutral  floret :  inflorescence  a  spike,  with  a  many-bristled  involucre. 
4.  10 — (bristled  panic.) 

DiGiTARiA.  Calyx  2  or  3-valved,  concave  ;  the  outer  one  very  small 
or  none ;  the  inmost  one  of  the  length  of  the  corol :  corol  2-valved, 
oblong-ovate,  awnless  :  style  very  long  ;  spikes  digitate,  linear :  flowers 
in  pairs.    4.  10 — (finger-grass.) 

CYNODON.t  Calyx  2-valved,  lanceolate,  spreading :  corol  2-valved, 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  the  outer  valve  larger,  and  somewhat  oval  ; 
nectary  truncate  :  spikes  digitate :  flowers  solitary.  4.  10 — (dwarf 
finger-grass.) 

Paspalum.  Calyx  2-valved,  valves  roundish,  of  the  form  of  the  co- 
rol: flowers  unilateral.     4.  10 — (paspalon.) 

ARiSTiPA.  Calyx  2-valved  :  corol  1-valved,  with  3  awns  at  the  tip. 
4.  10 — (beard-grass.) 

Stipa.  Calyx  2-vaIved :  corol  2-valved,  shorter  than  the  calyx ; 
valves  involute  truncate  ;  awn  terminal,  very  long,  caducou?,  twisted 
at  the  base.     4.  10 — (feather-grass.) 

Alopecurus.  Calyx  2-valved ;  corol  1-valved,  simple  at  the  tip ; 
sometimes  awned  at  the  base.    4.  10 — (foxtail-grass.) 

Phalaris.  Calyx  2-valved,  valves  keeled,  nerved,  equal  in  length, 
including  the  2-valved  pilose  corol.  4.  10 — (ribbon-grass,  canaiy- 
grass.) 

Crvpsis.|:  Calyx  2-valved,  oblong,  1-flowered :  corol  2-valved, 
longer  than  the  calyx :  stamens  sometimes  but  2 :  (the  spike  is  sur- 

*  raoicum,  2d  Ed.  t  DigUaria,  2a  Ed,  J  Agrostis,  2(1  Ed. 


GLASS    III.       ORDER    II.  103 

isounded  at  the  base  by  the  sheath  of  the  leaf,  or  the  flowers  are  in  a 
leafy  head.)     4.  10— (false  timothy.) 

HoRDEUM.  Calyx  lateral,  2-valved,  1  or  2-flowered  :  florets  in  threes, 
the  middle  one  sessile,  lateral  ones  often  barren  :  corol  2-valved,  acute, 
outer  valve  awned.    4.  10 — (barley.) 

Milium.  Calyx  2-valved,  l-flowered,  ventricose  :  corol  2-valved, 
very  short :  stigmas  villose.    4.  10 — (millet.) 

Agrostis.  Calyx  2-valved,  l-flowered,  valves  acute  a  little  1- ss 
than  the  corol :  corol  2-valved  :  stigmas  longitudinally  hispid  or  plu- 
mose, florets  spreading.     4.  10 — (redtop.) 

Saccharum.  Calyx  involucred  with  long  wool  at  the  base,  2-valv- 
ed :  corol  1  or  2-valved  :  stamens  1  to  3.    4.  10 — (sugarcane.)  Exotic. 

Andropogon.  Calyx  glume  2-valved :  corol  3-valved :  flow^ers  in 
pairs,  one  sessile,  perfect ;  the  other  peduncled,  staminate,  awnless — 
rarely  neutral.     4.  10 — (beard-grass.) 

MuHLESBERGiA.  Calyx  1  or  2-valved,  very  minute  :  corol  2-valved, 
base  hairy,  outer  valve  awned  at  the  tip  :  seed  1,  oblong  acuminate  : 
flowers  panicled.    4.  10 — (dropseed-grass.) 

Leersia.  Calyx  0 :  corol  2-valved,  closed :  valves  compressed, 
boat-form,  awnless  :  stamens  1  to  6.     4.  10 — (cut-grass.) 

Trichodium.  Calyx  2-valved,  valves  nearly  equal,  acute  :  fceel  vrith 
small  spines :  corol  1-valved,  awnless,  shorter  than  calyx  :  stigmas 
nearly  sessile,  sub-hispid,  panicled.     4.  10 — (thin-grass.) 

Phleum.  Calyx  hard,  2-valved, sessile,  linear,  truncate,  bicuspidate  : 
corol  enclosed.    4.  10 — (timothy-grass.) 

B.     Glumes  2  or  ^-flowered,  panicled. 

AiRA.  Calyx  glossy,  2-valved,  2-flowered  :  corol  2-valved,  awnless, 
or  awned  at  the  base.    4.  10 — (hair-grass.) 

Uralepsis.  Calyx  scariose,  2-valved,  2  or  3-flowered  :  corol  2- 
valved,  stiped  ;  outer  valve  with  hairy  nerves,  much  longer  than  the 
calyx,  and  tricuspidate,  with  the  middle  cusp  longest,  and  terminated 
with  an  awn  ;  inner  valve  short  and  arched :  seed  arilled :  florets  al- 
ternate and  distinct,  both  flowers  and  culm  purple.  4.  10 — (purple 
hair-grass.) 

HoLcus,  Calyx  glume  2-valved,  opake,  nerved  :  corol  smaller  than 
the  calyx,  2-valved  j  the  outer  one  awned  under  the  tip ;  nectary  li- 
near, 2-parted  :  stigma  sub-sessile.  4.  10— (sweet  seneca,  or  soft-grass.) 

Hierochloa.  Calyx  valves  membranaceous,  almost  of  the  length 
of  the  florets ;  in  staminate  ones  which  are  lateral,  corol  2-valved; 


104  CLASS    III.       ORDER    II. 

lower  one  mucronate,  upper  one  bifid-toothed ;  the  intermediate  per- 
fect ones  often  have  but  2  stamens  :  nectaries  sub-orbiculate  :  germ 
beaked.    4.  10. 

Anthofogon.  Calyx  with  2  rigid,  subulate,  unequal  valves,  2-flow- 
ered ;  one  flower  barren,  consisting  of  a  minute  pedicelled  valve  ter- 
minating in  an  awn ;  the  fertile  flower  2-valved,  outer  valve  with  a 
long  strait  awn  :  panicle  composed  of  setaceous  spikes.     4.  10. 

C.     Glumes  2-Jloivered  or  more,  close-spiked. 

Elymus.  General  calyx  involucre-like,  generally  4-leaved,  with, 
^pikelets  in  pairs  ;  partial  calyx  lateral,  2-valved,  many-flowered.  4. 
10— (lime-grass,  wild  rye.) 

Melica.  Calyx  2-valved,  unequal,  coloured,  obtuse  :  corol  smaller, 
2-valved,  ventricose  ;  it  has  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower.  4.  10 — 
(melic-grass.) 

Eleusine,  Calyx  awnless,  keeled,  5  to  9-nerved,  many-flowered  : 
inflorescence  an  unilateral  digitate  spike  :  corol  2-valved,  awnless.  4. 
10. — (dogtail-grass.) 

Secale.  Calyx  2-valved,  2  or  many-flowered,  oppasite,  solitary  : 
glumes  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  or  channelled  on  both  sides.  4.  10 
— (rye.)    Exotic. 

Triticum.  Calyx  2-valved,  about  3-flowered,  alternate  ;  florets  ob- 
tusish  and  pointed  :  glumes  beardless,  or  interruptedly  bearded  :  spike- 
lets  shortish.     4.  10 — (wheat.) 

LoLiuM.  Calyx  1-leafed,  permanent,  many-flowered :  florets  in  a 
2-rowed  simple  spike.     4.  10 — (darnel-grass.) 

Atheropogon.  Calyx  1-valved,  2-flowered,  and  an  inner  bristle- 
form  valve  :  corol  2-valved,  Avith  the  outer  valve  3,  and  the  inner 
Talve  2-toothed  or  awned :  generally  a  neutral  1-valved  corol.  4,  10 
— (hairy  beard.) 

D.     Glumes  many-flowered,  in  panicles. 

Uniola.  Spikelets  flat,  2-edged,  ovate  :  calyx  3  to  5-glumed  :  corol 
2-valved,  awnless,  inner  one  smallest :  stamens  1  to  3  :  appendages  2, 
somewhat  2-borned.     4.  10 — (sea  rush-grass.) 

Briza.  Calyx  2-valved,  many-flowered :  spikelets  of  the  panicle  2- 
ranked  :  valvelets  inflated,  heart-form,  obtuse  ;  inner  one  minute.  4. 
10 — (quake-grass.) 

Sorghum.  Florets  in  pairs,  one  perfect,  with  a  3-valved  corol,  and 
sessile;  the  other  stamijiate  or  neutral;  and  pedicelled.  4,  10 — (broom- 
corn.)    Exotic. 


CLASS    III.       ORDER    III.  105 

Dactylis.  Calyx  2-valved,  keeled,  compressed,  somewhat  awned, 
one  valve  smaller :  corol  2-valved,  awnless,  compressed,  carinate  : 
style  long :  panicles  strait :  spikelets  imbricate,  with  lateral  florets. 
4.  10 — (orchard-grass.) 

PoA.  Calyx  2-valved,  many-flowered  :  corol  ovate  :  valve  2-colour- 
ed,  acutish,  scarious  at  their  margins  :  spikelets  of  the  panicle  ovate, 
awnless.     4.  10 — (meadow-grass,  blue-grass.) 

WiNDsoRiA.  Calyx  2-valved,  keeled,  1-nerved,  scariose,  acute  or 
cuspidate  :  corols  2-valved ;  outer  valves  having  nerves  with  mucro- 
nate  points,  teeth  between  the  points,  and  ciliate  below  ;  inner  valves 
mostly  naked,  emarginate  :  flowers  closely  imbricated  2-\vays  in  a 
thick  spike.    4.  10. 

Danthonia.  Calyx  2-valved,  longer  than  the  included  spikelet : 
eorol  2-valved,  outer  one  split  at  the  tip,  wnth  a  tw  isted  awn  on  the 
back.    4.  10 — (wild  oats.) 

Festuca.  Calyx  2-valved,  many-flowered  ;  spikelets  compressed- 
teretish,  or  diverging  when  mature,  awnless,  or  furnished  Avith  a  ter- 
minal awn  :  seed  growing  to  the  corol.     4.  10 — (fescue-grass.) 

Bromus.  Calyx  2-valved ;  spikelets  terete-2-ranked :  corol,  outer 
valves  awned  below  the  tip ;  inner  valve  pectinate-ciliate.  4.  10 — 
(chess,  broom-grass.) 

AvENA.  Calyx  2-valved,  2, 3,  or  many-flowered  :  corol,  valves  with 
a  twisted  awn  on  the  back :  glumes  membranaceous,  and  soraew  hat 
follicle-like.    4.  10— (oats.) 

Arukdo.  Calyx  2-valved,  1  or  many-flowered,  glabrous :  florets 
heaped  togetlier  :  corol  surrounded  with  wool.    4.  10 — (reed.) 

*  Stellaria. 

Order  III.     Trigynia. 

Lechea.  Calyx  3-leaved :  petals  3,  linear :  stigmas  3,  plumose : 
capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  3  inner  valvelets :  seed  1.  22.  82 — 
(pinweed.) 

MoLLUGO.  Calyx  5-leaved,  inferior,  coloured  inside  :  corol  o  :  cap- 
sule 3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.     22.  82— (carpet-weed.) 

Queria.  Calyx  5-leaved  or  5-parted,  segments  oblong,  inferior ; 
capsule  1-celled :  seed  1 :  stigmas  sub-capitate :  corol  0 :  the  capsule 
is  bladder-like,  and  the  seed  somewhat  reniform.  22.  82 — (fork  chick- 
weed.) 

Proserpinaca.  Calyx  8-parted  superior:  corol  0:  nut  3-sidedj  3^ 
celled,  crowned  by  the  calyx.     15.  22 — (mermaid  weed.) 

*  Zanthoxylon,  Stellaria,  Eriocaulon. 


106  CLASS    IV.       ORDER    I. 

CLASS  IV.     TETRANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 
A.     Floicers  1-petalled,  inferior  ;  calyx  4-cleft. 

Spermacoce.  Calyx  4-toothecl :  corol  funnel-form,  4-cleft :  seeds 
2,  2-toothecl.    48.  57. 

Plantago.  Corol  4-cleft  reflexed  :  capsule  2-celled,  opening  trans- 
versely :  stamens  exsert  veiy  long.     54.  31 — (plantain,  ribwort.) 

LyciuiM.  Corol  tubular,  having  the  throat  closed  by  the  beards  of  the 
filaments :  stamens  often  5 :  berry  2-celled,  many-seeded.  28.  41 — 
(matrimony.) 

Frasera.  Corol  4-parted,  spreading  ;  segments  with  bearded  glands 
in  the  middle :  capsule  compressed,  sub-margined,  2-valved :  seeds 
few,  imbricated.     41.  46 — (pyramid  flower.) 

Bartonia.  Corol  4-cleft  or  4-parted,  bell-form,  permanent :  stigma 
thick,  glaudulous,  sub-bifid:  capsule  1-cell-ed,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 
20.  46— (screw-stem.) 

HousTONiA.  Calyx  half  superior:  corol  salver-form:  capsule  2- 
celled,  2-seeded.     47.  57 — (Venus'  pride.) 

B.     Flowers  l-petalled,  superior. 

MiTCHELLA.  Calyx  4-toothed:  corols  2  on  each  germ,  tubular: 
berry  double,  4-seeded  :  stigmas  4.  48.  57 — (partridge  berry,  checker 
berry.) 

Cephalanthus.  Inflorescence  in  a  head :  general  calyx  none : 
proper  calyx  superior  :  corol  funnel-form  :  receptacle  globular,  hairy : 
capsules  2  to  4-partible  :  seed  solitary,  oblong.     48.  56 — (button-bush.) 

LiNSiEA.  Calyx  double  ;  that  of  the  fruit  2-leaved,  inferior;  that  of 
the  flower  5-parted :  corol  bell-form,  5-lobed  :  stamens  somewhat  di- 
dynamous  :  berry  3-celled,  dry.     48.  58  —(twin  flower.) 

Hediotis.*  Calyx  4-toothed:  corol  funnel-form  :  capsule  2-celled, 
many  seeded  ;  receptacle  adnate  to  the  partition.  13.  84. 

RuBiA.  Calyx  4-toothed  :  corol  4  or  5-cleft,  bell-form  :  berries  2, 
one-seeded,  (stamens  4-5  ;  leaves  stellate.)  47.  57 — (madder.)    Exotic. 

ScABiosA.  Common  calyx  many-leaved  ;  proper  one  double,  superi- 
or: receptacle  chafty  or  naked.  (Flowers  aggregate.)  47.  56 — (scabi- 
ous.)    Exotic. 

*  Oldenlandia,  2d  Ed. 


Class  iv.     order  iv.  107 

Galium.  Calyx  4-toothed  :  corolflat:  fruit  dr>-:  seeds  2.  roundish  ; 
(leaves  stellate.)  47.  57 — (bedstraw.) 

DipsAcus.  Common  calyx  many-leaved;  proper  calyx  1-leaved  su- 
perior :  receptacle  chaffy:  seed  1,  crowned:  inflorescence  an  ovate 
head.  48.  56 — (teasel.) 

C.  Flowers  4-petalled,  inferior. 

A.MMANNiA.  Calyx  tubular,  plaited,  8-toothed  :  petals  4,  or  none,  on 
the  calyx  :  capsule  4-celled — (sometimes  2-celled  andS-stamened.)  17. 
yi— (tooth-cup.) 

D.  Flowers  4-petalled,  superior. 

CoRNUS.  Calyx  4-toothed:  drupe  with  a  2-celled  nut.  Some  spe- 
cies have  a  4-leaved  involucre.  45.  58. — (dogwood,  false  box.) 

LuDwiGiA.  Calyx  4-parted,  the  divisions  long,  permanent :  capsule 
4-cornered,  4-celled,  perforated  at  the  top,  many-seeded — (petals  some- 
limes  wanting.).   17.  88 — (seed  box.) 

I  E.      Flowers  not  complete. 

IcTODES.f  General  calyx  a  spathe  :  perianth  o  :  spadix  simple,  co- 
vered with  flowers  :  corol  4-petalled  or  deeply  4-parted,  permanent,  be- 
coming thick  and  spons:}' :  berries  globose,  2-seeded,  inclosed  in  the 
spongy  spadix  receptacle.  2.  7 — (skunk-cabbage.) 

IsNARDiA.  Calyx  bell-form,  4-parted,  superior:  corol  o:  capsule  4- 
celled,  4-cornered,  many-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx.  17.  88 — (wa- 
ter purslane.) 

^  Convallaria,  Cardamine,  Prinos. 

Order  II.     Digv^ia. 
Sanguisorba.     Calyx  inferior,  2-leaved,  bract-like  :  corol  superior, 
4-parted  :  capsule  between  the  calyx  and  corol.     Flowers  in  spikes  or 
oblong  heads.     54.  92 — (burnet  saxifrage.) 

Hamamelis.     Involucre  3-leaved  :  perianth  4-leaved,  4-cleft :  petals 
4,  very  long,  linear  :  nut  2-celled,  2-horned.  54.  78 — (witch  hazel.) 
Flowers  in  autumn,  and  perfects  its  seed  the  following  spring. 
*  Cuscuta,  Swertia,  Oldenlandia,  Gentiana. 

Order  IY.     Tetragynia. 
Ilex.     Ct^yx  minute,  5-toothed  ;   corol  4-parted,  wheel-form  ;  style 
o  ;  berry  4-celled,  cells  1-seeded.  43.  95 — (holly.) 

Rupia.     Calyx  o  :  corol  0  :  seeds  4;  pedicelled.  15.  13. 

^Potbos,2dEa. 


108  CLASS   V.        ORDER  I. 

Sagina.  Calyx  4-leaved  ;  petals  4,  often  caducous  ;  capsules 4-ccl- 
led,4-valved,  many-seeded.  22.  82— (pearl-wort.) 

TiLLAEA.  Calyx  3  or  4-parted  :  petals  3  or  4,  equal  :  capsules  3  or  4, 
two  or  many-seeded.     13.  83— (pigmy-weed.) 

PoTAMOGETON.  Calyx  4-leaved:  petals o:  style  o  :  seeds  4.  1&.  13 
—(pond-weed.) 

CLASS  V.    PENTANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Mosogyma. 

A.    Flowers  l-petalled,  inferior  ;  having  4  naked  seeds. 
Rough-leaved  plants. 

Pulmonaria.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled :  corol  funnel-form,  with 
an  open  throat :  stigma  emarginate  :  seeds  roundish,  obtuse.  41.  42 — 
(lung-wort.) 

LiTHosPERMUM.  Calyx  5-parted :  corol  funnel-form,  with  an  open 
throat  :  stigma  2-cleft :  seeds  ovate,  pointed,  stony  :  stamens  and  pis- 
tils inclosed.  41.  42— (stone-seed  or  gromwell.) 

Cymoglossum.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  funnel-form,  vaulted,  throat 
closed  by  5  converging  convex  processes  :  seeds  depressed,  affixed  lat- 
erally to  the  style.  41.  42 — (hound-tongue.) 

Batschia.  Calyx  about  5-cleft :  corol  salver-form,  with  a  strait  tube 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  having  a  bearded  ring  within  at  the  base  ;  throat 
naked,  or  partly  closed,  with  rounded  divisions:  seeds  hard  and  shining. 
41.  42 — (false  bu gloss.) 

Anchusa.  '  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  funnel-form,  vaulted,  throat  clos- 
ed :  seeds  marked  at  the  base,  and  their  surface  generally  veined.  41. 
42 — (bugloss.)     Exotic. 

Myosotis.  Calyx  half  5-cleft :  corol  salver-form,  cui-ved,  5-cleft, 
vaulted,  the  lobes  slightly  emarginate  ;  throat  closed  with  5  convex 
converging  scales :  seeds  smooth  or  echinate.  41.  42 — (scorpion-grass.) 
Heliotropium.  Calyx  tubular^  5-toothed:  corol  salver-form,  5- 
cleft,  with  teeth  or  folds  betw^een  the  divisions;  throat  open.  (Spikes 
recurved,  involute.)  41.  42 — (turnsol.) 

Onosmodium.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted  :  corol  oblong,  somewhat  bell- 
form,  with  the  acute  divisions  converging,  the  upper  part  of  the  corol 
being  ventricose  and  half  S-cleft,  throat  open  :  anthers  sessile  enclosed  ? 
styles  exsert.    (spikes  revolute.)  41.  42 — (false  grow w^ell.) 


CLASS    ^.      ORDER    I.  109 

BoRAGO.  Corol  wheel-form,  the  throat  closed  with  rays.  41.  4£— 
(borage.)     Exotic. 

SvMPHiTCM.  Limb,  or  upper  part  of  the  corol,  tubular-swelling,  the 
throat  closed  with  subulate  rays.  4L  42— (comfrey.) 

EcHiuM.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  bell-form,  obliquely  and  unequally 
5-lobed,  tube  short,  throat  naked:  stigma  cleft.  41.  42— (viper's  bug- 
loss.) 

B.     Flowers  l-petalled,  inferior  :  seeds  covered  .-  calyx  generally  5-par- 
ted or  6-toothed. 
(Capsules  l-c(il:d.) 

Hydrophyllum.  Corol  bell-form,  S-cleft,  with  5  longitudinal  honey 
bearing  groves  inside  :  capsule  globose,  2-v8lved  :  stamens  f^xsert,  fila- 
ments bearded  in  the  middle  :  stigma  2-cleft.  41.  42— (water  leaf,  buiT- 
flower.) 

Sabbatia.*  Calyx  5  to  12-parted  :  corol  wheel-form,  5  to  12-parted: 
stigmas  2,  spiral  or  coiled:  anthers  becoming  revolute :  capsule  2- 
valved,  many-seeded.  47.  46 — (centaury.)  • 

Anagallis.  Corol  wheel-form,  deeply  5-parted:  capsule  opening 
transversely:  stamens  hairy.  20.  34 — (scarlet pimpernel.) 

Lysimachia.  Corol  Avheel-form  :  capsule  globular,  5  or  10-vaIved, 
mucronate  :  stigma  obtuse.  (In  some  species  the  filaments  are  united 
at  the  base.)  20.  34— (loose-strife.) 

Dodecatheon.  Corol  wheel-form,  reflexed  :  capsule  oblong  :  sta- 
mens on  the  inside  of  the  tube  :  stigma  obtuse.  20.  34 — (false-cowslip.) 

Menyanthes.  Corol  hairy,  funnel-form  :  capsule  ovate  :  stigma  2- 
cleft.    47.  4<5 — (buck  bean.) 

Villarsia.  Capsule  1-celled,  valveless:  corol  wheel-form  ;  divisions 
bearded  at  the  base,  margin  indexed.  47.  46 — (spur-stem,  bean  water- 
shield.) 

Primula.  Umbellets  involucred  :  tube  of  corol  cylindric, throat  open, 
divisions  of  corol  emarginate  :  capsule  1-celled  vrith  a  lO-cleft  mouih  : 
stigma  globular.  21.  34 — (primrose  cowslip.) 

HoTTONiA.  Corol  salver-form  :  stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corol  ■ 
stigma  globular :  capsule  1-celled,  globose,  acuminate.  21.  34.— (teath- 
er-leaf.) 

(Capsules  2-celled.) 

SpioELiA.     Corol  funnel-form,  border  equally  5-cleft :  anthers  coH' 
*  Chii-onia,  2d  Ed. 


no  CLASS    V.       ORDER    I. 

verging  :  twin  capsule  4-valved,  2-ceiled  :  stigma  simple  :  seeds  many. 
47.  40 — (pink-root.) 

Convolvulus.  Corol  funnel-form,  plaited:  stigma  2-cleft  or  doub- 
le :  cells  of  the  capsule  2  or  3  ;  each  2-seeded.  29.  43 — (bind-weed.) 

Datura.  Calyx  tubular,  angled,  caducous:  corol  funnel-form,  plai- 
ted }  capsule  4-valved,  2-celled,  and  each  cell  half  divided  ;  generally 
thorny.     28.  41— (thorn-apple.) 

NicoTiANA.  Calyx  urceolate  :  corol  funnel-form,  limb  plaited  :  stig- 
ma notche<-? :  stamens  inclined  :  capsules  2-ctlled,  2  to  4-valved.  28- 
41 — (tobacco.)     I.xotic. 

VzRBAscuM.  Corol  wheel-form,  5-1  obed,  somewhat  irregular:  sta- 
mens declined,  hairy :  capsules  2-celled,  2-valved  ;  valves  inflexed, 
when  ripened  :   many-seeded.     28.  41 — (mullein.) 

Atkopa.  Ccrol  bell-form  :  stamens  distant  :  berry  globular,  2-cel- 
led, sitting  on  the  calyx.     28.41 — (deadly  nightshade.)     Exotic. 

Phacelia.  Corol  somewhat  bell-form,  3-cleft,  with  5  longitudinal 
honey-bearing  grooves  inside  :  styles  filiform,  stigmas  2  :  stamens  ex- 
sert  :  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded.     28.  41. 

HvoscYAMUS.  Calyx  tubular  :  corol  funnel-form,  obtuse,  irregular: 
stamens  inclined  :  capsule  2-celled,  covered  with  a  lid.  28.  41 — (hen- 
bane.)    Exotic. 

(Capsules  S-celled.) 

DiAPENsiA.  Calyx  imbricated  with  leafets  ;  corol  salver-form  ;  limb 
flat,  .5-cleft:  stamens  crowning  the  tube  of  the  corol :  stigmas  3  :  cap- 
sule 3-valved,  many-seeded.     21.  43 — (mountain  box.) 

Phlox.  Calyx  prismatic  :  corol  salver-form,  with  a  tube  somewhat 
curved:  filaments  unequal  in  length:  stigmas  3-cleft:  cells  1-seedcd. 
20.  44— (lichnedia.) 

PoLEMONiuai.  Calyx  half  5-cleft :  corol  wheel-form,  5-parted  :  sta- 
mens on  5  valves,  closiiig  the  bottom  of  the  tube  :  stigma  3-cleft.  29. 
44 — (Greek  valerian,  false  Jacob's  ladder.) 

Ipomj:a.  Corol  funnel  or  bell-form,  with  5  folds :  stigma  globe- 
headed,  papillose  :  capsule  ^2  or  3-celled,  many-seeded.  29.  43 — (cy- 
press vine,  morning  glory.) 

(Capsules  5-ceUed.) 
Azalea.     Corol  tubular,  half  5-cleft,  somewhat  oblique  ;  stamens  on 
the  receptacle,  declined  ;  stigma  declined,  obtsue,  usually  ending  with 
5  short  papillce.     IS.  50 — (wild  honey.suckle.) 


CLASS    V.       ORDER    I.  Ill 

ViNCA.  Corol  salver-form,  twisted,  border  5-cleft,  with  oblique  di- 
visions ;  throat  5-angled  :  seed  naked,  oblong  :  follicles  2,  erect,  terete, 
narrow.     30.  47 — (periwinkle.) 

(Berry  2-ceUed,  juicy  or  dry.) 

SoLANUM.  Calyx  permanent:  corol  bell  or  wheel-form,  5-lobed, 
plaited :  anthers  thickened,  partly  united,  with  two  pores  at  the  top  : 
berry  containing  many  seeds.  -S.  41 — (potatoe,  nightshade,  bitter- 
sweet.) 

Physalis.  Corol  bell  or  wheel-form  ;  tube  with  5  concave  impres- 
5ions:  anthers  converging:  berries  contained  in  an  inflated  calyx: 
seeds  numerous.     28.  41 — (winter  cheiry.) 

Capsicum.  Corol  wheel-form :  berry  juiceless,  inflated :  anthers 
converging :  calyx  angular.     28.41 — (red  pepper.)     Exotic. 

C.     Flowers  l-petalkd  superior :  calyx  5-cleft. 
(Stems  woody.) 

LbNiCERA.  Corol  tubular,  5-cleft,  unequal:  berry  2  or  3-celled: 
seeds  many.     48.  58 — (trumpet  honeysuckle.) 

XvLosTEUM.  Corol  tubular,  border  5-parted,  nearly  equal :  berries 
in  pairs,  united  at  their  bases,  or  combined  in  one  ;  2-celled.  48.  58 — 
(fly  honeysuckle,  twin-berry.) 

Symphoria.  Calyx  small,  4-toothed,  bracted  at  the  base  :  corol  tu- 
bular, short,  5-cleft,  sub-equal :  stigma  globose  ;  berry  ovate,  small, 
crowned  with  the  permanent  caly.\,4-celled,4-seeded  ;  (sometimes  two 
of  the  cells  are  abortive.)     48.  68. 

DiERViLLA.     Calyx  oblong,  with  2  bracts  :  corol  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  funnel-fonn  :  border  5-cleft,  spreading  :  capsule  oblong,  4-cell- 
ed,  many-seeded.     48.  58 — (bush  honeysuckle.) 
(Stems  not  woody.) 

Campanula.  Corol  bell-form^  closed  at  the  bottom  by  valves  bear- 
ing the  stamens :  stigma  3  to  5-cleft :  capsules  3  to  5-celled,  opening  by 
lateral  pores.     29.  62 — (bell-flower.) 

Lobelia.  Corol  irregular,  often  irregularly  slitted  :  anthers  coher- 
ing, and  somewhat  curved:  stigma  2-lobed:  capsule  2  or  3-celled. 
29.  52 — (cardinal  flower,  wild  tobacco.) 

MiRABiLis.  Corol  funnel-form,  coarctate  (compressed  or  narrowed) 
below  ;  calyx  inferior :  germ  between  the  calyx  and  corol  ;  stigma 
globular.  &4,  32 — (four  o'clock.)     Exotic. 


112  CLASS    V.       ORDER    I. 

TiixcsTEUM.  Calyx  permanent,  of  the  length  of  the  eorol :  corol 
tubular,  6-iobed :  stigma  capitate,  sub-5-lobed  :  berry  3-celledj  3-seeded. 
48.  53 — (faverwort,  hor^e  ginseng.) 

Sam>lus.  Calyx  half  superior,  permanent:  corol  salver-forin,  5- 
lobcd,  v.'jth  5  iiitermediate  scales  fencing  up  the  stamens  between  them  : 
capsule  1-celled,  5-toothed,  many-seeded.    21.  34 — (brookweed.) 

D.     Flowers  5-petalled,  inferior. 
(Stems  woody.) 

Rhamnus.  Calyx  cup-form,  4  or  5-cleft :  corol  consists  of  scales 
fencing  in  the  stamens,  and  inserted  on  the  calyx,  (sometimes  wanting:) 
stigma  either  simple,  2  or  4-eleft ;  berry  3  or  4-seeded,  (sometimes  po- 
lygamous or  dio5cions.)     43.  95 — (buckthorn,  dwarf  alder.) 

Ceanothus.  Petals  scale-1'ke,  vaulted  ;  claws  long,  standing  in  the 
cup-form  calyx  ;  stigmas  3  ;  berry  or  capsule  dry,  3-grained.  43.  95 — 
(r^ew- Jersey  tea.) 

Celastrus.  Calj'^x  flat :  corol  spreading  :  capsule  3-angled,  3-cell- 
ed,  berrjMike  :  stamens  standing  around  a  glandular  5-toothed  disk  : 
style  thick  .  stigma  3-cleft :  seeds  calyptred.  43.  95 — (staff  tree,  false 
bittersweet.) 

EuoNYMDS.  Calyx  5-parted,  flat :  corol  flat,  inserted  on  the  outer 
margin  of  a  glandular  disk  :  capsule  6-angled,  5-celled,  5-valved,  co- 
loured :  seeds  calyptred.     43.  95 — (spindle  tree.) 

ViTis.  Calyx  5-toothed  :  petals  cohering  at  the  tip,  hood-like,  with- 
ering :  style  o  .  stigma  capitate  :  berry  5-seeded,  globular,  (often  dics- 
ciou?.)     46    72 — (grape  vine.) 

Ampelopsis.  Calyx  5-toothed  :  petals  reflexed,  spreading :  germs 
surrounded  with  a  glandular  disk  :  berry  2-celled,  2  to  4-seeded.  46. 
72 — (false  grape,  creeper.) 

,Itea.  Calyx  5-cleft,  bearing  the  4  long  linear  reflexed  petals  :  stig- 
ma capitate,  2-lobed :  capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded;  the  valves 
bearing  the  seeds,  and  having  inflexed  margins.     18.  50. 

(Stt7ns  not  woody.) 

Gomphrena.  Calyx  5-leaved,  coloured ;  exterior  one  3-leaved ; 
two  leafets  converging,  keeled  •  petals  6,  villose,  (or  rather  no  corol ;) 
nectary  cylindric,  5-toothed  :  capsule  opening  transversely,  1-seeded  ; 
style  semi-bifid.     55.  30 — (bachelor's  buttons.)     Exotic. 

Imfatiess.    Calyx  2-leaved :  corol  irregular,  spurred ;  anthers  co- 


CLASS    V.       ORDER    II,  113 

hering:  capsule  elastic,  5-valved.  24.  73— (jewel  weed,  touch-me- 
not,  or  balsam  weed.) 

Viola.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  irregular,  with  a  horn  behind  (some- 
times the  horn  ,is  Avanting:)  anthers  attached  by  a  membranous  tip: 
capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.     29.  80— (violet.) 

Claytonia.  Calyx  2-leaved  or2-parted,  the  leaves  valve-like  :  stig- 
ma 3-cleft :  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  3-seeded.  13,  86 — (spring 
beauty.) 

Drosera.  Calyx  5-cl  eft,  permanent:  petals  marcescent :  style  1, 
deeply  divided  ;  stigmas  3  to  5  :  capsule  round,  1-celIed,  many-seeded 
valves  equalling  the  number  of  stigmas.  20.  6S — (sundew.)  The  leaves 
of  all  the  species  are  beset  with  glandulai'  hairs  resembling  dew. 

E.     Flowers  o-petalleJ,  superior. 

RiBEs.  Corol  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx  :  style  2-cleft : 
berry  many  seeded.     36.  85 — (currant,  gooseberry.) 

Hedeua.  Petals  oblong  :  beriy  5-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx ; 
style  simple.    46.  58 — (European  ivy.)     Exotic. 

F.     Carols  wanting, 

Glacx.  Calyx  inferior,  5-lobed,  coloured  :  capsule  1-celled,  5-valv- 
ed, 5-seeded,  smTOunded  by  the  calyx :  receptacle  rounded  and  punc 
tured.     17.  91 — (sea  milkwort.) 

Thesium.     Calyx   superior,   half  5-cleft,   with  petal-like  edging  at- 
tached to  icS  margin  :  anthers  adhering  to  the  edging  by  means  of  fila- 
mentous tufts :  nut  or  capsule  1-seeded,  covered  with  the  permanent 
calyx.    31.  24— (false  toad-flax.) 
*  Queria,  Lycium,  Rubia. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 
A.     Follicles  2  :  corol  \-petalled,  icith  a  ^-parted  border. 
Neritm.     Calyx  5-parted,   small,    permanent :  corol   funnel-form  ; 
throat  with  a  lacerated  crown  :  follicles  converging,  long,  acuminate. 
3l'.  47 — (oleander.)     Exotic. 

Periploca.  Nectary  pitcher-form,  5-cleft,  putting  out  5  threads, 
surrounding  the  stamens  .  corol  wheel-form  :  stigma  capitate,  5-cor» 
nered.    30.  47 — (milk  vine.) 

Apocyntjm.     Corol  bell-form  :  stamens  with  converging  anthers,  ad- 
hering to  the  stigma,  alternating  with  5  nectaries :  stigma  thick,alraost 
sessile  :  follicles  long-linear.    30.  47— (dogbane,  Indian  hemp  ") 
K2 


114  CLASS    V.       ORDER    II. 

B.     Capsules  1  or  2-cdled,  2-valved  :  corol  l-pelalled :  calyx  ^'chft,Of 
5-parted. 

SwERTiA.  Calyx  4  or  5-parted  :  corol  wheel-form,  with  nectarifer- 
ous pores  at  the  base  of  the  divisions  :  germ  tapering  to  a  point,  termi- 
nating in  2  stigmas  :  capsule  1-celled.    47.  46 — (false  gentian.) 

Gentiana.  Corol  with  a  tubular  base,  bell-form,  without  pores  : 
capsule  1-celled,  oblong  ;  columellas  2,  longitudinal.  47.  46 — (gentian.) 

CuscuTA.  Corol  4  or  5-cleft ;  capsules  2-cell8d,  dividing  transverse^ 
ly  at  the  base  :  seeds  binate.     29.  43 — (dodder.) 

C.     Corol  6-peialled. 
'    Heuchera._    Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft ;  corol   on  the  calyx  ;  capsule 
2-beaked,  2-celled.     13.  84— (alum  root.) 

Panax.  Polygamous.  Umbelled.  Involucre  many-leaved  ;  calyx 
5-toothed,  superior;  berry  heart-form,  2  or  3-seeded  ;  calyx,  in  the 
staminate  flowers,  entire.    46.  59 — (ginseng.) 

*  D.     Corol  o. 

(Stem  herbaceous,  except  Alriplex  halimus.) 

Salsola.  Calyx  5-parted,  with  a  capsular  base  :  capsule  l-celled. 
with  a  spiral  seed.     12.  29 — (saltwort.) 

Chenopodium.  Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  inferior  :  seed  1,  lens-like, 
invested  by  the  calyx.     12.  29 — (pigweed,  oak  of  Jerusalem.) 

Beta.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  seed  kidney-form  within  the  fleshy  substance 
of  the  base  of  the  calyx.     12.  29 — (beet.)     Exotic. 

Atriplex.  Calyx  5-leaved,  or  5-parted,  inferior  ',  style  2-parted  : 
seed  1,  depressed.  Pistillate  flowers  are  intermixed,  in  which  the  ca- 
lyx is  2-leaved.     12.  29— (orach.) 

(Stems  icoody.) 

Ulmus.  Calyx  bell -form,  withering,  border  4  or  5-cleft :  seed  1,  en- 
closed in  a  flat  membranaceous  samara.  (Stamens  vary  from  4  to  8.) 
53.  99— (elm.) 

Celtis.  Polygamous.  Calyx  5-parted :  styles  thickish,  spreading  '. 
drupe  1-seeded :  staminate  flowers  beneath  the  perfect  ones,  Avith  6- 
parted  calyxes,  stamens  6.     53.  99 — (nettle-tree.) 

E.    Plants  UMBELLIFEROUS.    Flowcrs  5-petalled,  superior,  2-seeded. 

( Seeds  prickly  or  hispid.) 
Sasicula.    Seeds  hispid  with  hooked  prickles  :  calyx  5-parted :  pe- 


CLASS   V.      ORDER    11.  115 

{als  entire,  petals  and  stamens  inflexed:  umbels  at  first  capitate,  becom- 
ing somewhat  expanded.     45.  60 — (sanicle.) 

Daocus.  Seeds  striate  on  their  joining  sides;  outer  sides  conveX; 
having  hispid  ribs  :  involucre  pinnatifid.     45.  60 — (carrot.) 

Uraspermum.  Seeds  sub-linear,  solid,  acute-angled,  not  striate  ; 
angles  a  little  furrowed,  hispid  ;  the  joining  sides  furrowed,  and  at- 
tached to  a  2-cleft  columella-like  receptacle  :  style  subulate,  perma- 
nent, rendering  the  seed  caudate  :  involucre  none.  45.  60 — (sweet 
cicely.) 

Eryngium.  Fruit  oval-oblong,  with  chaff-like  scales,  often  hispid  : 
calyx  5-parted,  permanent  :  petals  oblong,  inflexed  at  the  apex  and 
adnate  at  the  base  :  flowers  sessile,  capitate,  intermixed  with  chaflF : 
involucre  many-leaved.    45.  60 — (sea  holly.) 

(Seeds  winged,  or  wilh  wide  lateral  ribs  of  a  icing-like  appearance.) 

Selinum.  Seeds  5-ribbed,  the  2  lateral  ones  a  little  prominent  or 
sub-alated ;  germ  roundish,  emarginate  base,  glabrous  :  general  and 
partial  involucres  many-leared.     45.  60 — (milk  parsley.) 

Imperatoria.     Seeds  3-ribbed,  and  having  winged  margins  ;  germ 

roundish-oval,   emarginate   base :  general  involucre  none.    45.  60 

(masterwort.) 

Heracleum.  Seeds  with  winged  margins  and  three  grooves  on 
their  outer  sides,  with  the  intervals  dotted  half  way  down  ;  joining 
sides  flat,  with  2  dots ;  germ  oval,  emarginate  at  the  apex  .-  petals 
emarginate,  inflexed  :  partial  involucre  3  to  7-leaved.  45.  60 (cow- 
parsley.) 

Angelica.  Seeds  with  3  ribs  on  their  backs  and  winged  margins  ; 
intervals  between  the  ribs  grooved  :  germ  oval,  corticate  :  general  in- 
volucre none.     45.  60 — (angelica.) 

Thaspium.  Seeds  convex,  with  5  wing-like  ridges  ;  wings  nearly 
equal  with  grooved  intervals  between  them  :  germ  somewhat  oval :  ge- 
neral involucre  none  ;  partial  ones  about  3-leaved,  one-sided  in  most. 
45.  60 — (false  parsnip.) 

Pastinaca.  Seeds  emarginate  at  the  apex,  somewhat  winged,  ribs 
3  besides  the  wings,  intervals  striate,  joining  sides  2-striate  -.  germ 
oval,  compressed  :  perianth  calyx  entire  ••  petals  entire,  incurved,  sub- 
equal  :  involucres  none.     45.  60 — (parsnip.) 

Anethum.  Seeds  flat  or  convex,  5-ribbed  :  germ  lenticular,  com- 
pressed  •  calyx  and  petals  entire  ;  involucres  none.  45.  60~(fennel 
dill.)    Exotic.  ' 


116  CLASS    V.       ORDER    II. 

(Seeds  with  3  nearly  equal  ribs.) 

Hydrocotvle.  Seeds  3-ribbed,  flat,  dorsal  rib  sometimes  obsolete  ; 
joining  sides  flat,  linear  :  germ  sub-orbicular  or  reniforra,  compressed 
laterally  ;  styles  short,  stigmas  capitate  :  perianth  none  :  petals  entire, 
spreading  :  involucres  various.     45.  60 — (pennywort.) 

Crantzia.  Seeds  enequal  in  size,  each  with  3  raarginated  dorsal  ribs, 
and  4  obtuse-angled  grooves  ;  joining  sides  excavated  :  germ  sub-glo- 
bose ;  styles  minute  ;  stigmas  obtuse  :  perianth  none  :  petals  entire, 
roundish,  obtuse  :  umbel  simple  :  involucre  about  5-leaved.     45,  60. 

Erigenia.  Seeds  convex-gibbous,  3-striate,  joining  sides  narrow, 
flat  :  germ  oval,  somewhat  compressed  laterally  ;  styles  permanent,  su- 
bulate, very  long  ;  perianth  none  :  petals  obovate,  entire,  spreading  ; 
general  involucre  none.    45.  60. 

Smyrnium.  Seeds  convex-gibbous,  marked  with  3  angular  eleva- 
tions :  germ  roundish  and  solid,  somewhat  compressed  laterally  :  pe- 
rianth obsolete  :  petals  acuminate,  incurved.     45.  60 — (alexanders.) 

Carum.  Seeds  oblong-ovate,  striate  :  petals  carinate,  emarginate, 
inflexed  :  involucre  about  1 -leaved.     45.  60 — (caraway.)     Exotic. 

Oenanthe.  Seeds  3-ribbed  (rarely  5-ribbed)  j  styles  permanent: 
germ  oblong-ovate,  corticate,  solid,  apex  denticulate  :  perianth  slender- 
ly 5-toothed  :  petals  of  the  disk  florets  of  the  umbal  cordate-inflexed,. 
sub-equal ;  those  of  the  ray  florets  large  and  deformed  :  general  involu- 
cre mostly  wanting.     45.  60. — (water  dropwort.) 

(Seeds  with  5  ribs  or  none.) 

CoNiuM.  Seeds  5-ribbed  :  ribs  at  first  crenate  with  flat  intervals  be- 
tween them  :  germ  ovate,  gibbous ;  perianth  entire  :  petals  unequal, 
cordate,  inflexed  :  general  involucre  about  3  to  5-leaved  ;  partial  ones 
mostly  3-leaved,  unilateral.    45.  60 — (poison  hemlock.) 

SiuM.  Seeds  ovate,  gibbous-convex,  5-ribbed  Avith  4  interAening 
grooves  :  germ  oblong-ovate,  glabrous,  compressed  laterally  :  perianth 
obsolete  :  petals  cordate  inflexed ;  involucres  many-leaved.  45.  60 — 
(Avater  parsnip.) 

CicuTA.  Seeds  gibbous-convex  :  ribs  5,  obtuse,  converging,  Avith  4 
interA'^ening  tuberculate  grooves  ;  joining  sides  flat :  germ  sub-globose, 
corticate;  compressed  laterally  :  calyx  obsolete,  5-toothed  :  petals  cor- 
date-inflexed :  partial  iuA'olucres  6  or  6-leaved.  45.  60 — (water  hem- 
lock.) 

^MMi.    Seeds  S-ribbed  ;  ribs  obtuse  with  convex  intervals ;  germ 


CLASS    V.      ORDER   III.  117 

small,  round-oblong,  glabrous,  corticate  :  perianth  entire  :  petals  cor- 
date-inflexed  ;  equal  in  the  disk  florets  of  the  umbel,  unequal  in  the  ray  -. 
involucre  pinnatifid.    46.  60 — (bishop's  weed.) 

Myrrhis.  Seeds  with  acutish  ribs  :  germ  sub-linear,  solid  ;  apex  at- 
tenuated or  crowned  with  the  style  :  general  involucre  wanting.  45.  60 
— (mock  sanicle,  honewort.) 

Chaerophyllum.  Seeds  without  ribs,  joining  sides  furi'owed  :  germ 
linear-oblong,  terete,  glabrous  :  general  involucre  wanting.  45.  60 — 
(chervil.) 

LiGusTicuM.  Seeds  with  5  acute  ribs  and  4  grooves :  germ  oblong, 
corticate  :  general  and  partial  Involucres  many-leaved.  45.  60 — (lov- 
age.) 

Apium.  Seeds  convex  externally;  ribs  5,  small,  a  little  prominent : 
germ  sub-globose  :  perianth  entire  :  petals  equal,  roundish,  inflexedat 
the  apex ;  involucre  1  to  3  leaved  or  wanting.  45.  60 — (celeiy,  parsley.) 
Exotic. 

CoRiANDRUM.      Seeds  sub-spherical :    germ   spherical :  perianth   5- 
toothed  :  petals  cordate-inflexed,   outer  ones  largest :  involucre  l-leav- 
ed,  or  wanting.     45   60 — (coriander.)     Exotic. 
*  Polygonum,  Sclei'authus. 

[Asclepias  and  Gonolobus,  are  usually  placed  here  ;  but  they  ai'e 
carried  to  the  19th  class  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Smith.] 

Order  III.     Trigynia. 

A.     Carols  superior,  5-cleft. 

Viburnum.  Calyx  5-parted  :  coro!  bell-form  :  berry  or  drupe  1-seed- 
ed.     43.  58 — (snowball,  sheep-berry,  high  cranberry.) 

Sambucus.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  sub-urceolate :  berry  3-seeded. 
43.  58— (elder) 

B.     Carols  inferior,  b-pet ailed. 

Staphylea.  Calyx  5-parted  :  capsules  inflated,  connate  ;  nuts  glo. 
bular,  having  a  cicatrice.    23.  95 — (bladder  nut.) 

Rhus.  Calyx  5-parted:  berry  1-seeded.  43.  94 — (sumach,  poison 
ivy.) 

Sarothra.     Calyx  5-parted  :  petals  linear  :  capsule  l-celled;  3-valv-j 
cd,  coloured.     20.  82— (pine-weed.) 
*  Euphorbia;  Panax,  Queria. 


118  GLASS    VI.       ORDER    I, 

Order  IV.     Tetragynia. 
Parnassia.     Calyx  5-parted :  corol   S-petalled:    nectaries  5,  witk 
stamen-like  divisions,  globular  tips  :  capsule  4-valved,  S-celled  :  seed 
membranaceous-margined.     14.  64 — (parnassus  grass,  false  plantain.) 

Order  V.     Pentagynia. 
Aralia.     Umbellets  involucred ;  perianth  5-toothed,  superior :  pe- 
tals 5  :  berry  crowned,  5-celled  :  cells    1-seeded.     46.  59 — (spikenard, 
wild  sarsaparilla.) 

LiNUM.  Calyx  5-leaved  or  5-parted  :  corol  5-petalled,  inferior  :  cap- 
sule 5  or  lO-valved,  10-celled:  seeds  solitary:  filaments  thickening  at 
the  base.     14.  73— (flax.) 

Statice.     Calyx    1-leaved,  entire,  plaited,  scarious,  inferior:  corol 
5-petalled  :  seed  1.    48.  33 — (marsh  rosemaiy.) 
*  Spergula,  Cerastium. 

Order  XIII.     Polvgynia. 
Zanthorrhiza.     Calyx   o  :  petals  5  :  nectaries  5,   pedicelled  :  cap- 
sules 1-seeded,  about  5  in  number.    26.  61 — (yellow-root-) 

CLASS  VI.     HEXANDRIA. 
Order  I.    Monogynia. 

A.    Flower  with  a  perianth  and  corol,  without  a  spathe. 

Tradescantia.  Calyx  inferior,  3-leaved :  corol  3-petalled  :  fila- 
ments with  jointed  beards  :  capsules  3-celled.     6.  13 — (spider-wort.) 

Bereeris.  Calyx  inferior,  6-leaved  :  petals  6,  with  2  glands  at  the 
claw  of  each  :  style  o  :  berry  1-celled,  2  or  4-seeded  :  (stigma  umbili- 
cate  :  stamens  spring  up  on  being  irritated.)     64.  78 — (barberry.) 

Caulophvllum.  Calyx  inferior,  3  to  6.1eaved:  petals  6,  opposite  to 
the  leaves  of  the  calyx  :  nectaries  6,  sub-reniform,  fleshy,  glutinous  at 
the  margin,  attached  to  the  claws  of  the  petals  :  drupe  stiped,  1-seed- 
ed :  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  margin.   24.  61 — (pappoos  root.) 

Prinos.  Calyx  inferior,  6.cleft,  small :  corol  wheel-form,  6-cleft : 
berry  6-seeded  :  seeds  nut-like.     43.  95 — (winter-berry.) 

Cleome.  Calyx  4.1eaved,  inferior:  petals  4,  ascending  to  one  side  • 
glands  3,  one  at  each  sinuate  division  of  the  calyx  except  the  lowest : 
stamens  from  6  to  20,  or  more  :  capsule  stiped,  silique-like,  often  1-cell- 
ed, 2.valved.     Telradynamous.     25.  64 — (false  mustard.) 

Flcerkea.     Calyx  3-leaved,  inferior  :  corol  3-petalled,  shorter:  style 
2-cleft :  capsule  bladder-like,  2  or  3-grained.    15.  22 — (false  mermaid.) 


CLASS    VI.       ORDER    I.  119 

B.     Flowers  uiih  a  fj)afhc  or  glume,  without  a  jterianth. 

Amaryllis.  Corol  superior,  6-petalled,  unequal :  filaments  unequal 
in  proportion  or  directiouj  declined,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  tube. 
D.  17 — (atamask  lily.) 

Hypoxxs.  Glume-like  spathe,  2-valved :  corol  superior,  6-parted, 
permanent ;  capsule  elongated,  narrow  at  the  base,  S-celled,  many- 
seeded  ;  seed  roundish.     10.  17 — (star-grass) 

Allium.  Spathe  many-flowered :  corol  inferior,  6-p?.rted,  very 
deeply  divided j  divisions  ovate,  spreading:  capsule  3-celled, 3-valved, 
many-seeded:  (flowers  in  close  umbels  or  heads.)  9.  16 — (leek,  garlic, 
onion,  cives.) 

Galaxtiius.  Petals  3,  concave,  superior  :  nectaries  (or  inner  petals) 
3,  small,  emarginate  :  stigma  simple      6.  17 — (snowdrop.)     Exotic. 

Narcissus.  Corol  bell-form,  spreading,  6-parted  or  6-petalled, equal, 
superior:  nectary  bell-form,  l-leafed,  enclosing  the  stamens.  9.  17 — 
(jonquil,  dafibdij.;     Exotic. 

PoNTEDERiA.  Carol  inferior,  €-cleft,  2-lipped,  v/ith  3  longitudinal 
perforations  below  :  capsule  fleshy,  S-celled,  many-seeded  :  3  stamens 
commonly  inserted  on  the  tip,  and  three  on  the  tube  of  the  corol.  6. 
1 7 — (pickerel-weed.) 

C.     Flowers  witlwut^s]^athc,  perianth  or  glume. 

Agave.  Corol  erect,  superior,  tubular,  or  funnel-form:  filaments 
erect,  longer  than  the  corol :  capsule  triangular,  many-seeded.  10.  17 
—(agave.) 

Aletris.  Corol  superior,  funnel-form,  wrinkled,  somewhat  6-cleft, 
■with  the  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  its  divisions  :  style  3-sided,  3' 
partible  :  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  half  inferior  Avhen  mature, 
10.  16— (false  aloe.) 

Hemerocallis..  Corol  6-parted,  tubular  funnel-form  :  stamens  de- 
clined :  stigma  small,  simple.     10.  16 — (day-lily)     Exotic. 

DkacjEna.  Corol  inferior,  6-petalled,  cohering  at  the  base :  fila- 
ments somewhat  thickened  in  the  middle,  and  attached  to  the  base  of 
the  petals :  berr>^  with  three  1 -seeded  cells.     11.  12 — (dragoncss  plant.) 

CoNosTYLis.  Corel  more  than  half  inferior,  6-cleft,  peroianent,  with 
branching  hairs  :  anthers  erect :  s-.yle  conic,  3-parted  :  stigma  simple  :- 
capsule  opening  at  top,  3-celled,  many-seeded.     10.  17. 

EuYTHRONiUM.  Corol  liliac'3ou3,  inferior,  6-petalied  :  petals  reflex- 
ed,  having  two  tubercle-form  nectaries  at  the  base  of  the  three  inner  al- 
ternate petals.     11.  14— (dog-tooth  violet,  or  adder-tongue.) 


120  CLASS    VI.       ORDER    I. 

Asparagus.  Corol  inferior,  6-parted,  erect ;  the  three  inner  divi-^ 
sions  reflexed  at  the  apex :  style  very  short :  stigmas  3 :  berry  3-celled, 
^any-seeded.     11.  12— (asparagus.)     Exotic. 

PoLyANTHES.  Corol  funnel-form,  incurved:  filaments  inserted  in 
the  throat:  stigma  3-cleft :  germ  within  the  bottom  of  the  corol.  10. 
17 — (tuberose.)     Exotic. 

Hyacinthus.  Corol  roundish  or  bell-form,  equal,  6-cleft:  three 
nectariferous  pores  at  the  top  of  the  germ :  stamens  inserted  in  the 
middle  of  the  corol:  cells  somewhat  2-seeded.  10.  16— (hyacinth.) 
Exotic. 

LiLiUM.  Corol  inferior,  liliaceous,  6-petalled:  petals  with  a  longitu- 
dinal line  from  the  middle  to  the  base  :  stamens  shorter  than  the  style  : 
stigma  undivided :  capsule  with  the  valves  connected  by  hairs  crossing 
as  in  a  sieve.     10.  14 — (lily.) 

TuLiPA.  Corol  6-petalled,  liliaceous:  style  none:  stigma  thick: 
capsule  oblong,  3-sided.     10.  14 — (tulip.)     Exotic. 

Fritillaria.  Corol  6-petalled,  bell-form,  with  a  nectariferous  ca- 
vity above  the  claw  of  each  :  stamens  of  the  length  of  the  corol :  seeds 
flat.     10.  14 — (crown  imperial.)     Exotic. 

CoNVALLARiA.  Corol  inferior,  6-cleft,  bell-funnel-form  :  stamens  in- 
serted on,  or  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corol : 
berry  8-celled,  spotted  before  ripenl^.     11.  12 — (solomon  seal.) 

UvuLARiA.  Corol  inferior,  6-petalled,  with  a  nectariferous  hollow 
at  the  base  of  each  petal :  filaments  very  short,  growing  to  the  anthers : 
stigmas  reflexed  :  capsule  3-cornered,  3-celled,  3-valved  ;  with  trans- 
verse partitions  :  seeds  many,  sub-globose,  arilled  at  the  hilum.  11. 
14_(bellwort.) 

Stheptopus.  Corol  inferior,  6-petalled,  sub-campanulate  :  stigma 
rery  short :  berry  sub-globo?e,  smooth,  3-celled  :  seeds  few,  not  arilled 
at  the  hilum.     11.  14— (rose  bell  wort.) 

Orontium.  Receptacle  spadix-like,  cylindric,  covered  wiih  florets  : 
5pathe  0 :  corol  6-petalled,  naked  :  style  0 :  capsule  bladder-like,  1- 
seeded.    2.  7 — (floating  arum) 

Narthecicm.  Corol  6-petalled,  inferior,  spreading,  permanent : 
filaments  thread-form,  hairy  :  capsule  prismatic,  3-celled  :  seed  many, 
appendaged  at  both  ends.     10.  16 — (false  asphodel.) 

Ornithogalkm.  Corel  6-petalled,  inierior,  erect,  permanent,  spread- 
ing above  the  middle  :  filaments  oilated,  '^r  s  ibulate  at  the  base  :  cap- 
sule roundish,  angled,  3-celled:  seed  roundish,  naked.  10.  16 — (star 
of  Bethlehem.)     Exotic. 


CLASS    VI.      ORDER    IH.  121 

AspHODELUs.  Corol  6-parted,  spreading :  nectary  covering  the  germ 
^vith  6  valves.     10.  16-^(king's  spear,  or  asphodel.)     Exotic. 

AcoRus.  Receptacle  spadix-like,  cylindric,  covered  with  florets  : 
calyx  6-parted  :  corol  o  ;  (or  calyx  none,  corol  6-parted  or6-petalled  ;) 
style  none  ;  stigma  a  mere  point :  capsule  3-celled>  3-seeded.  2.  13-^ 
^svveet  flag.) 

D.     Flowers  without  corol. 

JuNcus.  Glume  2-valved  :  perianth  inferior,  C-leaved^  permanent : 
stigmas  3 :  capsules  1  or  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  6.  13— • 
(rush-grass,  bulrush.) 

*  Trientalis,  Polygonum,  Laurus,  Corydalis,  Acer,  Lythrum. 

Order  IL    t)iGy»iA. 

Oryza.  Calyx,  glume  2-valvedj  l-flowered :  corol  2-valvcd,  adhep* 
ing  to  the  seed.    4.  10-=^(rice.)    Exotic. 

*  Ulmus. 

Order  III.    Trigynia. 

GyrobIia.  Calyx  0  :  corol  deeply  6-=parted,  revolute  :  anthers 
slightly  attached  to  the  filaments  :  styles  o  :  stigmas  3,  long-linear,  re- 
volute-spreading,  slightly  united  at  the  base  :  berry  3-celled,  cells  5  or 
6-seeded  :  seeds  compressed,  3-sided.     11.  12 — (Indian  cucumber.) 

MelanthiuM.  Polygamous  Calyx  o  :  corol  wheel-form,  6-parted 
or  6-petalledj  each  part  with  2  glands  at  the  base  :  stamens  from  the 
lengthened  claws  of  the  petals ;  capsule  ovatish,  somewhat  3-cleft  at, 
the  apex,  3-celled )  seeds  membrane-wingedj  numerous.  10.  13— 
(black-flower.) 

Veratrum.  Polygamotis  oi*  dioecious.  Cah'x  o  :  corol  6-parted  or 
6-petalled,  spreading,  without  glands  ;  capsules  3,  adnate,  many-seed- 
ed. (The  staminate  flowers  have  the  rudiment  of  a  pistil.)  10.  13— 
(itchweed,  or  swamp  hellebore;) 

Helonias.  Calyx  o  :  corol  6-parted  or  6-petalled  :  styles  distinct  y 
capsules  3-ceiled,  3ihorned,  few  seeded.     10.   13 — (helonias.) 

XerophyLlum.  Corol  Wheel-form  :  filaments  contiguous  to  the 
base  :  stigmas  3-,  revolute,  sub-connate  at  the  base  :  capsule  sub-glo- 
bose, opening  at  the  top  into  three  fissures,  3*celled,  each  2-seeded, 
10.  13. 

ToFiELDA.  Calyx  3-cleft,  inferior  :  petals  6  :  capsules  3,  joined  at 
Ihe  base,  many-seeded.    10.  13. 


122  CLASS    VIII.       ORDER    I. 

ScHEUCHZERiA.  Calyx  6-parted,  inferior  :  corol  o  :  (or  corol  6- 
parted  and  calyx  o)  anthers  linear :  stigmas  sessile,  lateral  :  capsulee 
3,  inflated,  1  or  2.seeded.     5.  13— (less  flowering  rush.) 

ZiGADENUs.  Calyx  6-leaved,  spreading,  with  2  glands  above  the 
narrow  base  of  each  leaf  ;  stamens  inserted  in  contact  with  the  germ  : 
capsules  membranaceous,  3-celled,  many-seeded.  (Sometimes  the  ca- 
lyx is  taken  for  a  corol)— (zigadene.) 

Trillium.  Calyx  3-leaved,  inferior,  spreading  :  corol  3-petalled  : 
etyles  o,  stigmas  3  :  berry  ?-celled,  many-seeded.  U.  12 — (false  wake 
robin.) 

Triglochin.  Calyx  S-leaved,  inferior ;  corol  3-petalled,  resembling 
the  calyx  :  (or  a  double  calyx  with  3  outer  and  3  inner  leaves)  stamens 
3  or  6  :  styles  o  :  stigmas  3  or  6,  hairy  :  capsules  3  or  6,  united  above 
and  separate  at  their  bases.    5.  13 — (arrow-grass.) 

RuMEX.     Calyx  3-leaved :  petals  3,  converging  :  stigmas  many-cleft : 
seed  1,  naked,  three-sided.     12.  28 — (dock,  field  sorrel.) 
Order  XIII.    Polygynia. 

Alisma.  Calyx  3-leaved:  petals  3  ;  capsules  numerous,  l-seeded. 
5.  13 — (water-plantain.) 

CLASS  VII.     HEPTANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 

Trientalis.  Calyx  T^-leaved  :  corol  7-parted,  equal,  flat;  beny 
Juiceless  :  1-celled,  many-seeded  :  number  of  stamens  Variable.  20.  34 
— (chick-wintergreen.) 

^sculus.  Calyx  inflated,  4  or  5-toothed  :  corol  4  orS-petalled,  in- 
serted on  the  calyx,  unequal,  pubescent :  capsule  3-celled  :  seeds  large, 
chesnut-forra.    23.  66 — (horse-chesnut.)     Southern  states. 

Order  IV.     Tetragynia. 

Saururus.  Calyx  an  ament  with  l^flowered  scales  :  corol  o :  germ* 
4:  berries  or  capsules  4,  1-seeded  .-  stamens  6,  7>  8  or  more.  2.  6 — 
(lizard-tail ) 

'^  PolygODHm  orientale. 

CLASS  VIU.    OCTANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Monogynia. 
A.     Flowers  superior. 
fjjjrcoccus.    Calyx  superior,  4-todthed:  corol  4-p«frted,  the  divis- 


GLASS    VIII.       ORDER    I.  .     128 

ions  nearly  linear,  revolute  :  filaments  converging,  anthers  tubular,  2- 
parted  :  berry  many-seeded.     18.  51 — (cranberry.) 

Gaura.  Calyx 4-cleft,  tubular:  corol  4-petalled,  ascending  towards 
the  upper  side  ;  nut  4-cornered,  1-seeded.  17.  88 — (Virginian  loose- 
strife.) 

Epilobium.  Calyx  4.cleft,  tubular  :  corol  4-petalled  :  capsule  ob- 
long and  of  great  length  :  seeds  feathered.     17.  88 — (willow-herb.) 

Fuchsia.  Calyx  funneUform,  coloured,  superior,  caducous:  petals 
(or  nectaries)  4,  sitting  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  alternating  with  its 
divisions  :  stigma  4-sided-capitate  :  berry  oblong,  4.celled  :  seeds  nu- 
merous.    17.  88— (ear-drop.)     Exotic. 

Oenothera.     Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular,  caducous,  divisions  deflected  : 
petals  4,  inserted  on  the  calyx  :  stigma  4-cleft :  capsule   4-celled,   4- 
valved;  seeds  not  feathered.     17.  88 — (scabish,  or  tree-primrose.) 
B.  Flowers  inferior. 

Rhexia.  Calyx  pitcher-form,  4  or  5-cleft  :  petals  4,  oblique,  insert- 
ed on  the  calyx  :  anthers  declined  :  capsule  4-celled,  within  the  calyx, 
setose  :  seeds  numerous,  cochleate.     17.  90 — (deer-grass.) 

Acer.  Polygamous.  Sometimes  hexandrous.  Calyx  5-cleft  :  co- 
rol 4  or  5-petalled,  or  wanting  :  samaras  2,  united  at  the  base,  1-seeded. 
23.  66 — (maple.) 

Jefeersonia.  Calyx  5-leaved,  coloured,  caducous  :  corol  8-petall- 
ed  :  capsule  obovate,  sub-stiped,  1-celled,  dehiscent  below  :  seeds  ma- 
nv,  oblong,  arilled  at  the  base.     27.  62 — (twin-leaf.) 

Menziesia.  Calyx  monophyllous  :  corol  monopetalous,  ovate  :  fil- 
aments inserted  on  the  receptacle  ;  capsules  4-celled,  the  partitions  froia 
the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves:  seeds  many,  oblong.     18.  50. 

Erica.  Calyx  4-leaved,  permanent :  corol  4-cleft%  permanent  :  fila- 
ments inserted  on  tlie  receptacle  :  anthers  biHd  :  capsules  membrana- 
eeous,  4  to  S-celled,  the  partitions  from  the  margins  of  the  valves  :  seeds 
many  in  each  cell.     18.  51 — (heath.)     Exotic. 

DiRCA.  Calyx  o  :  corol  tubular,  limb  obsolete,  unequal ;  stamens 
longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corol  :  style  filiform :  berry  or  drupe  1- 
seeded.  (The  corol  may  be  taken  for  a  coloured  calyx.)  31.25 — 
(leather-wood.) 

Daph.ve.  Calyx  o  :  corol  4-cleft,  withering,  including  the  stamens ; 
drupe  1-seeded.     31.  25 — (mezereon.)     Exotic. 

Tkopaeolum.  Calyx  4  or  5-cleft,  coloured,  spurred  :  petals  4  or  9*, 
unequal :  nuts  leathery,  sulcate.     23.  73 — (nasturtion.)     Exotic, 


134  CLASS    X.      ORDER    I. 

Order  II.    Dyginia, 

Chrysospu:nium.    Calyx  superior,  4  or  5-cleft,  coloured  :  corol  o  :- 

capsule  2-beaked,  1-celled,  many-seeded.     (The  terminal  flowers  in  the 

European  specimens  are  decandrous.)     13.  84 — (golden  saxifrage,  wa* 

ter-carpet.) 

Order  III.    Trigynia. 

Polygonum.  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted,  coloured :  corol  o;  seed  1^ 
angular,  covered  with  the  calyx.  Stamens  and  pistils  vary  in  number, 
The  calyx  in  some  species  might  be  taken  for  a  corol.  12,  28 — (knot* 
grass,  water-pepper,  buckwheat,  hearts-ease.) 

CLASS  IX.    ENNEANDRIA. 

Order  I.    Monogykia. 

Lacrus.     Calyx  4  to  6-parted  :  corol  o  :  nectaries  3,  each  a  2-brist- 

led  or  2-lobed  gland,  surrounding  the  germ  :  drupe  1-seeded.     (Stamens 

vary  from  3  to  14— often  dioecious.    The  calyx  may  be  taken  for  a  co- 

Jol.)     12.  27 — (sassafras,  spice-bush.) 

Order  III.    Trigynia. 

Rhecm.  Calyx  none  :  corol  6-cleft,  permanent:  seed  1,  3-sided. 
12.  28— (rhubarb.)    Exotic. 

CLASS  X.    DECANDRIA. 
Order  I.    Monogynia. 
A,  Flowers  with  a  calyx  andmany-petalled,  irregular. 
Baptisia.^*     Calyx  4  or  5-cleft  half-way,  (sometimes  4-toothed)  some* 
>vhat  2-Hpped  :  corol  papilionaceous,  wings  of  the  length  of  the  ban- 
ner ;     stamens   caducous :    legume  inflated,  smooth,   many-seeded. 

32.  93— (v/ild  indigo.) 

Gercis.  Calyx  5-toothed,  gibbous  below:  corol  papilionaceous^ 
wings  longer  thac  the  banner,  keel  2-petaned  :  legume  compressed  r 
seed-bearing  suture  margined  :  seeds  obovate.    33.  93 — (judas-tree.) 

Cassia.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  5-petalled :  anthers,  3  lower  ones 
beaked,  and  on  longer  incurved  filaments  ;  legume  membranaceous, 

33.  93— (cassia.) 

Rhodora.  Calyx  5-toothed,  corol  3-petalled;  or  2-petalled,  with 
the  upper  one  deeply  parted  :  stamens  declined  :  capsule  6-celled.  18. 
60 — (rhodora.) 

*Podalyria,  2d.  Ed. 


CLASS    X.       ORDER    I.  125 

B.     Fhivers  with  a  calyx  and  5-pet ailed,  regular. 
Ci.ETHRA.     Calyx  5-partcd,   permanent  :  style  permanent :  stigma 
3-cleft :  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.     (Spiked.) 
18.  51 — (sweet  pepper-bush.) 

Pyrola.  Calyx  5-parted :  anthers  with  3  pores  at  the  base  before, 
and  the  top  after  the  opening  of  the  flower  :  style  exsert  :  capsule  5- 
celled,  dehiscent  at  the  angles  near  the  base.     18.  51 — (shin-leaf.) 

Chimaphila.  Calyx  5-parted  :  anthers  with  2  pores  at  the  base  be- 
fore, and  at  the  top  after  the  opening  of  the  flower  :  stigma  sessile, 
thick,  orbiculate  ;  style  immersed  in  the  germ  :  capsule  5-celled,  de- 
hiscent at  the  angles  near  the  summit.  18.  51 — (prince's  pine,  pipsissi- 
wa.) 

RuTA.  Calyx  5-parted  :  petals  concave  :  receptacle  surrounded  by 
10  nectariferous  dots :  capsule  lobed.  (Petals  sometimes  4,  and  sta- 
mens 8.)     26.  81 — (rue.)     Exotic. 

Melia.  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  petals  5  :  nectary  cylindric,  10-toothed, 
bearing  the  anthers  in  the  throat :  style  cylindric  ;  stigma  5-rayed  :- 
drupe  with  a  5-celled  nut.    54.  71 — (bead-tree.)     Southern  states. 

DioNAEA.  Calyx  5-leaved  or  5-parted:  stigma  fringed  :  capsule  1*' 
celled,  gibbous  :  seeds  numerous.  (Petals  sometimes  6.)  20.  68 — (Ve> 
nus'  fly  trap.) 

C.     Flowers  with  a  calyx,  and  \-petalled. 

Andromeda.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-toothed,  inferior:  corol  ovate, 
roundish,  or  sub-cylindric,  smooth  or  hairy,  with  a  5-cleft reflexed 
mouth  :  capsule  5-celled,  with  partitions  contraiy.  (Stamens  some- 
times 8.)    18.  51 — (whitebush,  leather-leaf.) 

Rhododendron.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  somewhat  funnel-form  and 
oblique:  stamens  declining :  capsule?  5-celled.     18.  50 — (rosebay.) 

Kalmia.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  wheel-salver-foi'm,  with  10  horns 
beneath  and  10  cavities  within,  con- aining  the  anthers  until  thepoUen 
is  mature  :  capsule  5-celled.     18.  50 — (laurel.) 

Vaccinium.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-parted  :  corol  bell  or  pitcher- 
prm, 5-cleft,  the  divisions  reflected:  filaments  inserted  on  the  germ 
with  the  corol:  berry  4  or  5-celled,  many-seeded.  (The  foreign  spe- 
cies are  sometimes  octandrous.)     18.  51 — (wiiortleberry.) 

Epigaea.  Calyx  double,  outer  3-leaved,  inner  5-parted  :  corol  sal- 
ver-forra  ;  capsule  .'-elled,  many-seeded.      18.  51 — (trailing  arbutus.) 

Gaultheria.    Calyx  inferior,  double,  outer  2-leaved,  inner  o-cleft- 


126  CLASS    X.       OllDtR    II. 

corol  ovate  :  filaments  hirsute  :  capsule  5-cellecl,  invested  with  the  in* 
ner,  berried,  calyx:  nectary  10-pointed.     18.  5\ — (spicy  winter-green.) 

Arbutus.  Calyx  inferior,  o-parted  :  corol  ovate,  pellucid  at  the 
base,  border  small,  5-cleft,  revolute  ;  berry  5-ceiled.  18,  51 — (bear- 
berry.) 

Ledum.  Calyx  small,  5-toothed  :  corol  flat,  5-parted  ;  capsule  5- 
celled,  dehiscent  at  the  base.  (Stamens  sometimes  5,  leaves  downy.) 
18.  60— (labrador-tea.) 

Leiophyllum.  Calyx  S-parted,  coral  fiat,  5-parted  or  5-petalled  : 
capsule  5-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  top  (leaves  always  glabrous.)  18.  50 
— (sleek-leaf.) 

J).     Flowers  wit'iout  a  cali/x,  and  the  plants  destitute  of  green  herbage,. 

MoNOTRopA.  Corol  confusedly  polypetalous,  permanent  ;  petals 
about  5,  with  nectariferous  hollows  at  their  bases  :  anthers  reniform, 
sub-peltate,  1-celled,  giving  out  pollen  by  2  holes  near  the  middle  :  stig- 
ma orbicular,  not  bearded  .-  ca})sule  5-celled,  5-valved.  IS.  51 — (birds' 
nest.) 

HvpoFiTHis.  Corol  confusedly  polypetalous,  permanent;  inner 4 
•cr  5-petals  W'ith  nectariferous  hollow  sat  their  bases,  outer  ones  with- 
out the  hollows  :  anthers  siib-pcltate,  1-celled,  opening  their  whole 
length:  stigma  ori)icnlar  with  a  bearded  margin:  capsule  5-celled,  5» 
valved.     18.  51' — (false  beech-drops.) 

Pterospora.     Corol  5-parted     neetaiy  ovate  with  a  5-toothed  re- 
flexed  margin  enclosing  the  stamens  :  anthers  2-celled,  2-bristled,  subr 
peltate,  filaments   flat  :  style  short,    stigma  capitate  :  capsule  sub-glo- 
])0se,  5-celled.     IS.  51 — (Albany  beech  drops.) 
*  Geranium,  Rhexia,  Portulacca,  Lythrum. 

Order  II.     Digynia, 

Hydrangea.  Calyx  5-toothed.  superior :  corol  5-petalled:  capsn?e 
2-celled,  i-beaked;  dehiscent  between  the  beaks.  13.  84 — (hydrangea.) 
Vid.  Hortensia. 

Saxifraga.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  5-petalled:  capsule  l-celled,  2- 
beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks;  many-seeded.  13.  S4 — (saxifrage.) 

Tiarella.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  inserted  on  the  calyx,  5-petalied, 
petals  entire  :  capsule  l-celh-d,  2-va!ved,  one  valve  larger.  13.  84 — 
(mitre-wort.) 

MiTEi x  -v.  Calyx  5-cleft :  petals  5  on  the  calyx,  pinnatifid  :  capsule 
1-celled,  2.vEjvcdj  valvc«  e<}uai.     13,    84— (false  sanicle,  currapt  leaf.) 


CLASS    X.       ORDER    V.  127 

DiANTHUs.  Calyx  inferior,  cylindrical,  1 -leafed,  with  4  to  8  scales  at 
the  base  :  petals  5  with  claws  :  capsule  cylindrical,  1-celled,  dehiscent 
at 'he  top.    22.82 — (pink,  sweet-william.)     Exotic. 

Saponaria.  Calyx  inferior,  1-leafed,  tubular,  without  scales  :  petals 
5,  with  claws:  capsule  oblong,  1-celled.     22.  82 — (soap-wort.) 

ScLERANTHUs.  Calyx  inferior,  1-leafed  :  corol  o  :  seeds  1  or  2,  en- 
closed in  the  calyx  :  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.  22.  86 — (knawell.) 
*  Chrysospleniura. 

Order  III.     Trigv5ia. 

Arenaria.  Calyx  inferior,  spi*eading,  5-leaved .  petals  5,  entire:, 
capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded.     22.  82 — (sandwort.) 

Stellarfa.  Calyx  5-leaved,  inferior,  spreading ;  petals  5,  deeply 
cleft,  mostly  to  the  claw,  spreading :  capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  many- 
j^eeded,  6-toothed  at  the  top.     22.  82 — (starwort.) 

SiLENE.  Calyx  1-leafed,  inferior,  cylindric,  prismatic  or  conic  :  pe- 
tals 5,  with  claws  appendaged  at  the  mouth  :  capsule  imperfectly  3- 
celled.     22.  82— (catch-fly.) 

CucuBALUs.  Calyx  inferior,  1-leafed,  bell-form,  infiated  :  petals  5, 
with  claws,  not  much  appendaged  at  the  mouth :  capsule  3-celled. 
22.  82 — (bladder-campion.) 

HoRTENsiA.  Flowers  deformed  :  florets  solitary  :  calyx  5-toothed, 
minute  :  corol  5-petalled  :  the  gay  flowers  composing  the  cyme  have  a 
large  coloured,  permanent,  petal-like,  5-leaved  calyx,  and  a  minute  ca- 
ducous, 4  or  5-petalled  corol:  stamens  8,  10  or  11.  13.  84 — (change- 
able hydrangea.)     Exotic. 

Order  IV.     TETRAGv?fiA. 

MiCROPETALUM.  Calyx  o-leaved,  spreading:  petals 5,  entire,  minute 
or  none  :  capsule  ovate,  4-valved.     22.  82 — (blind  starwort.) 

Order  V.     Pentagynia. 

Sedum.  Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft :  petals  5  :  5  nectariferous  scales  at 
the  base  of  the  germ:  capsule  5.  13.  83 — (iive-forever,  or  orpine, 
stor.ecrop.)     Exotic. 

Penthorum.  Calyx  5  to  l(;-cleft :  petals  5  or  0 :  capsule  5-cuspidate, 
5-celled.     13.  83 — (Virginian  orpine.) 

OxALis.  Calyx  5-leaved,  inferior  :  petals  5,  cohering  by  the  claws ; 
capsule  5-celied,  5-cornered,  dehiscent  at  the  corners:  stamens  with  5 
shorter,  outer  ones  adhering  at  their  bases.     14.  73— (wood  sorrel.) 


128  CLASS    XT.       ORDER    I. 

Spergula.  Calyx  5-leaved,  inferior :  petals  5,  entire  :  capsule  Ovate, 
1-celled,  5-valved  ;  (stamens  often  5.)     22.  82— (spurry.) 

Agkostemma.  Calyx  1-leaved,  prismatic  or  tubular,  coriaceous; 
petals  5  with  claws  :  border  Obtuse,  entire  :  capsule  1-celled,  many- 
seeded.     22.  82— (cockle.) 

Cerastium.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  petals  5,  2-cleft,  or  emarginate  :  cap- 
sule 1-celled,  dehiscent  at  top,  10-toothed.  22.  82 — (mouse-ear  chick- 
weed.) 

Lychnis.     Calyx  1-leaved,  oblong,  5-toothed  :  petals  5,  with  claws  : 
the  limb   somewhat  2-cleft :  capsule   1  or  5-celled,  with  a  5-toothcd 
.opening.     22.  82 — (campion.)     Exotic. 
*  Phytolacca,  Crataggus. 

Order  X.     Decagvnia. 

Phytolacca.  Calyx  o  :  corol  5-petalle'.',  calyx-like,  inferior  :  berry 
10-celled,  10-seeded.    54.  29— (poke-weed.) 

CLASS  XL     DODECANDmA. 
Order  L     Monogynia. 

AsARUM.  Calyx  3  or  4-Gleft,  superior :  corol  o  :  stigma  6-cleft :  cap. 
sule  coriaceous,  6-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  11.  23 — (wild  gin- 
ger, or  white  snake-root.) 

HuDsoNiA.  Calyx  tubular,  inferior,  unequally  5-parted  ;  two  of  the 
divisions  obsolete,  coloured  :  corol  5-petalled  :  stamens  about  15  :  cap* 
sule  1-celled,  3-valved,  1  to  3-seeded.     18.  80— (false  heath.) 

PoRTULACcA.  Calyx  2-cleft,  inferior :  corol  5-petalled:  cdpsule  1- 
celled,  opening  transversely  :  columella  5,  filiform.  13.  86 — (purslane.) 

Lythrum.  Calyx  6,  3,  10  or  12-toothed,  inferior :  petals  5  or  6  on. 
the  calyx:  capsule  2 to 4-celled, many-seeded,  covered.  17.  91 — (milk 
willow-herb.) 

Taliuum.  Calyx  inferior,  2  or  5-leaved  :  corol  5-petalled  :  capsule 
1-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded  :  seeds  arillate  :  columella  globose— 
(taliny.) 

CupiiEA.  Calyx tubular-ventricose,  6  to  12-toothed,  unequal  :  petals 
6,  mostly  unequal,  inserted  on  the  calyx  :  capsule  1-celled,  dekiscent 
longitudiually  with  the  calyx  :  follicle  3-sided  :  seeds  lenticular.  54. 
91^ — (wax-bush.) 


CLASS  XII.      ORDER  I.  129 

Order  II.    Digvnia^ 
Agrimonia.     Calyx  5-toothed,  invested  with  an  outer  one  ;  petals  5  x 
seeds  2,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.    35.  92 — (agrimony.) 

*  Delphinium. 

Order  III.     Trigykia. 

Euphorbia.  Calyx  1-leaved,  inflated  :  petals  4  or  5,  standing  on  the 
calyx  :  stamens  with  articulated  filaments  :  germ  stiped  ;  styles  2-cleft : 
capsule  3-grained.    38,  96 — (spurge,  caper.) 

Reseda.  Calyx  1-leafed,  4  to  6-parted  :  petals  in  many  divisions  r 
capsule  1-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  top  :  seed  reniform  ;  (stamens  11  to 
15:  styles  3,  5,  or  none.)     64.  64— (mignonette,  dyer's  weed.) 

Order  XIII.    Polygynia. 

Sempervivum.  Calyx  9  to  12-parted  :  petals  8  to  12  :  capsules  12^ 
many-seeded  ,  (stamens  16  or  20.)     13.  83 — (house-leek.)    Exotic. 

CLASS  XII.    ICOSANDRIA. 

Order  I.    Monogynia. 

Philadelphus.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  superior  :  corol  4  or  5-petalled  : 
style  4-cleft :  capsule  4-5-celled,  many-seeded  ;  seed  arilled.  19.  89 — 
(false  syringa,  or  mock  orange.) 

Prunus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior :  corol  S.petalled  ;  nut  of  the  drupe 
smooth,  with  prominent  seams  at  tke  sutures.    36.  92 — (cherry,  plum.) 

Armeniaca.  Flowers  sessile:  calyx  6-cleft,  inferior:  petals  5: 
drupe  fleshy,  pubescent :  nut  with  one  margin  acute  and  the  other  ob- 
tuse, furrowed  both  sides.    36.  92 — (apricot.)     Exotic. 

Cactus.  Calyx  superior,  many-cleft,  imbricate  :  petals  numerous, 
in  many  series,  the  inner  ones  larger :  stigma  many-cleft ;  berry  1-cell- 
ed, many-seeded,  umbilicate.     13.  85 — (prickly  pear.) 

Myrtus.  Calyx  superior,  5-cleft:  petals  5:  berry  2  or  3-celled, 
many-seeded.     19.  89 — (myrtle.)     Exotic. 

PuNicA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  superior:  petals  5:  pome  or  berry  many- 
celled,  many-seeded  :  receptacle  parietal :  seed  berried.  36.  92 — 
(pomegranate.)     Exotic. 

Amygdalus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior :  petals  5  :  drupe  Avith  a  nuf 
perforated  with  pores :  flowers  sessile.    36.  92— (peach.)     Exotif. 

*  Lvthrum. 


130  CLASS    XII.       ORDER   XIII. 

From  Order  II.  Digynia,  to  Order  V.  Pentagynia,  ixclusivt:. 

FoTHERGiLLA.  Calyx  inferior,  truncate,  cbsoletely  crenate  :  corol 
0  :  germ  2-cleft :  styles  2 :  capsule  2-lobed,  2-celled  :  seeds  solitary, 
bony.     50.  99 — (witch-alder.) 

Crat^gus.  Calyx  superior,  5-cleft :  petals  5  :  styles  1  to  5  :  berry 
mealy  :  seeds  2  to  5,  bony.     36.  92 — (thorn-bush.) 

SoftTsus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  superior:  petals  5:  styles  2  to  3 :  berry 
pomaceous  :  seeds  2  or  3,  cartilaginous.     36.  92 — (mountain  ash.) 

Aronia.  Calyx  5-toothed  :  petals  5 :  fruit  pomaceous :  berry  5  or 
10-celled  ;  cells  1  or  2-seedeu  ;  seeds  cartilaginous.  36.  92 — (shad- 
Jlower,  choak-berry.) 

Mespilus.  Calyx  5-cIeft,  superior,  divisions  generally  foliaceous, 
ferrate  :  corol  5-petalled  :  styles  2-5  :  drupe  or  beriy  -with  from  2  to  5 
bony  seeds.     36.  92 — (medlar.)     Exotic. 

Pyrus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  superior :  corol  5-petalled  :  pome  5-celled, 
many-seeded.     36.  92 — (pear,  apple,  quince.) 

Spiraea.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior,  spreading  :  corol  5-petalled,  petals 
equal,  roundish  :  stamens  uumerous,  exsert  :  capsules  3  to  12,  2-valved 
within,  each  1  to  3-seeded.     36.  92 — (steeple-bush,  hard-hack.) 

GiLLKNiA.  Calyx  sub-campanulate,  border  5-toothed  :  corol  partly 
unequal ;  petals  5,  lanceolate,  alternate,  coarctate  at  the  claws  :  sta- 
mens included  :  styles  5,  contiguous  :  stigmas  capitate  ;  capsules  with 
5,  2-seeded  cells.     36.  92 — (Indian  physic.) 

Mesembryanthemum.  Calyx  superior,  5-cleft  .  petals  numerous, 
linear,  cohering  at  the  base :  capsule  fleshy,  many-seeded,  turbinate. 
13.  87— (ice-plant.)     Exotic. 

Order  XIII.     Polygyma. 

Rosa.  Calyx  urn-form,  inferior,  5-cleft,  fleshy,  contracted  towards 
the  top  :  petals  5 :  seeds  numerous,  bristly,  fixed  to  the  sides  of  the  ca- 
lyx within.     35.  92 — (rose.) 

RuBus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior  :  corol  5-petalIed  :  pistils  numerous  : 
berry  composed  of  many  juicy,  1-seeded  acines.  35,  92 — (raspberry, 
blackberry.) 

Dalibarda.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior  :  corol  5-petalled:  styles  long, 
caducous,  5  to  8  3  berry  composed  of  diy  granulations.  35.  92 — (dry 
strawberry.) 

Fragaria.  Calyx  inferior,  lO-cleft  ;  5  alternate  divisions  smaller  : 
corol  5-petalled  :  receptacle  ovate,  berry-like,  caducous.  35,  92— 
(strawberry.) 


CLASS    XIII.       ORDER    1.  131 

FoTENTiLLA.  Calyx  inferior,  10-cleft,  5  alternate  divisions  smaller  : 
cx)rol  5-pctalled  :  seeds  awnless,  roundish,  rugose,  fixed  to  a  dry  small 
receptacle.     35.  92 — (five-finger,  cinquefoil.) 

Geum.  Calyx  inferior,  10-cleft,  6  alternate  divisions  smaller  :  corol 
6-petalIed  :  seeds  with  a  bent  awn  :  receptacle  columnar,  villous.  35. 
92 — (avens,  or  herb  bennet) 

CoMARUM.  Calyx  inferior,  10-cleft,  5-alternate  divisions  smaller  : 
petals  6,  smaller  than  the  calyx  :  receptacle  ovate,  spongy,  permanent, 
villous.     35.  92 — (marsh  five-finger.) 

Calycanthus.  Calyx  1-leafed,  pitcher-shaped,  scurfy,  with  coloured 
divisions :  corol  none  ;  styles  many,  with  glandular  stigmas  :  seeds 
many  in  the  succulent  calyx.  35.  92 — (Carolina  allspice.)  Southern 
states.  "^ 

CLASS  Xin.    POLYANDRIA. 
Order  I.    Monogynia. 

Chet.tdoniiim.  Calyx  2-leaved,  caducous :  coral  4-petalled :  sili- 
que-like  capsule  1-celled,  linear :  seeds  crested,  many.  27.  62 — (celan- 
dine.) 

AcTAEA  Calyx  4-leaved,  caducous  :  corol  4-petalled  :  berry  1 -cel- 
led :  seeds  half  orbicular.     26.  61-^(necklace  weed,  bane-berry.) 

Macuotvs.  Calyx  about  4-leaved,  becoming  coloured  before  ex- 
panding, caducous  :  corol  o  :  stigma  simple,  sessile,  curving  towards 
the  gibbous  side  of  the  germ  :  capsule  2-s  alved,  dehiscent  at  its  strait 
suture.*  26.  61 — (cohosh,  black  snake-root,  bug-bane.) 

CisTus.  Calyx  5-leaved,  2  of  them  smaller,  corol  5-petalled  :  cap- 
sule 3-valved,  opening  at  the  top.     20.  80 — (rock-rose,  frost-plant.) 

Sarracehia.  Calyx  double,  3  and  5-leaved  :  corol  5-petalled,  ca- 
ducous: stigma  peltate,  covering  the  stamens:  capsule  5-celled.  54, 
62 — (side  saddle  flower.) 

The  A.  Calyx  5  or  6-leaved  :  corol  6  orQpftalled:  capsule  3-seed- 
ed.     54.  71— (tea.)     Exotic. 

Citrus.  Calyx  5-cleft  :  petals  5,  oblong  :  filaments  dilated  at  the 
base,  in  several  parcels :  berry  9  to  18  celled — Polyadelphpus.  18. 
70 — (orange,  lemon.)     Exotic. 

Papaver.      Calyx   2-leaved,   caducous:    corol  4-petalIed ;    stigma 

*  I  drew  up  this  description  for  the  Cimlcifufa  in  th«»  vooris  rear  Hudson,  whileT 
had  l>UBdreds  of  specimens  before  me.  f  have  sinr  e  c'ctermine d  to  attach  it  to  Mr. 
►Rain.-  .|ue's  name  ;  for  it  appears  to  be  very  different  ft'ora  the  descriptions  o(  the  Ci 
miciluga  and  Actaea  of  author;. 


132  CLASS   Xni.      ORDERS   II.  V. 

with  radiating  lines  t  capsule  1 -celled,  dehiscent  by  pores  under  the 
permanent  stigma.    27.  62— (poppy.) 

TiLiA.  Calyx  6  of  6-parted,  inferior,  caducous  :  corol  5  or  6-petal- 
led  :  capsule  6  or  6-celled,  globular,  coriaceous,  dehiscent  at  the  base, 
a-seeded.    37.  79— (bass-wood.) 

Sanguinaria,  Calyx  caducous,  2-leaved  :  corol  about  8-petalled  ; 
stigma  sessile,  2-grooved  :  capsule  pod-like,  ovate,  1-celled.  27.  62-^ 
(blood.root.) 

PoDOPHVLLUM.  Calyx  3-leaved,  minute  :  corol  about  9-petalled  ; 
berry  1-celled,  crowned  with  the  stigma.    27.  61-^(wild  mandrake.) 

NiMPHAEA.  Calyx  4  to  7-leaved,  corol  many-petalled,  petals  about 
equalling  the  length  of  the  cal3^x  leaves,  attached  to  the  germ  beneath 
the  stamens  :  stigma  marked  Avith  radiated  lines  :  berry  many-celled, 
tnany-seeded.     13.  62 — (pond-lily.) 

NuPHAR.  Calyx  6  or  6-leaved,  petals  many,  minute,  inserted  on 
the  receptacle  with  the  stamens,  nectariferous  on  their  backs  :  stigma 
•with  radiate  furrows,  seissile :  berry  many-celled,  many-seeded.  13i. 
62 — (water-lily,  or  yellow  pond-lily.) 

Argemonk.  Calyx  8-leaved,  caducous  •  oorol  6-petalled :  stigma 
sessile, capitate,  lobed :  capsule  semi»valved.  27,  62-^(horned  poppy.) 
*  Cleome. 

From  Order  II.  Digvnia,  Td  Order  V.  Pentagynia,  inciusite. 

Paeonia.  Calyx  5*leaved  :  petals  5  :  styles  o  ;  stigmas  2  or  3  :  cap- 
sules pod-like,  manj'-seeded.    26.  61 — (peony.)     Exotic. 

Ascvrum.  Calyx  4-leaved  ;  2  interior  leafets  cordate,  larger  :  corol 
4'-petalled  :  stamens  with  the  filaments  disposed  in  4-parcels  :  capsule 
oblong,  1-celled,  2-valvedj  included  in  the  calyx  leaves.  20.  68 — (St. 
Peter's  wort.) 

Hypericum.  Calyx  ^-parted,  divisions  subovate  :  corol  6-petalled  : 
filaments  often  united  at  the  base  in  3  or  5  sets :  styles  2  to5  :  capsules 
roundish,  with  a  number  of  cells  equal  to  the  number  of  styles.  20.  68 
-^(St.  John's  wort.) 

Delphinium.  Calyx  0:  corol  5-petalled,  unequal  .-  nectary  2-cleft^ 
horned  behind ;  capsules  1  or  3,  pod-like.    26.  61 — (larkspur.)     Exotic. 

AcoNiTUM.  Calyx  0  :  petals  5,  upper  one  vaulted :  nectaries  2,  hood- 
ed, peduncled,  recurved  :  capsuleB  3  or  5,  pod-like  26.  61— (monk's 
hood.)     Exotic. 

A^uiLEGiAa    Calyx  0  :  petals  5  :  nectaries  5,  alternating  with  th« 


CLASS    Xlll.       ORDER    XIII.  133 

petals   and  ending  in  horns  beneath  ;  capsules  5,  distinct.     26.  61 — 
(columbine.) 

jNigella.     Calyx  none  ;  petals  5  :  nectaries  5,  three-cleft,  within 
the  corol  :  capsules  5,  convex.     26.  61 — (fennel-flower.)     Exotic. 
*  Reseda,  Ascyrum,  Caltha,  Helleborus,  Anemone,  Hepatica. 

Order  XIII.     Polygvnia. 
A.     Calyx  none. 

Hydrastis.  Petals  3  :  berry  composed  of  1-seeded  aclnes.  26.  61 
— (orange-root.) 

Clematis.  Petals  3,  4,  5  or  6  ;  seeds  compressed  :  styles  perma- 
iient,  becoming  long  tails  (Some  species  are  dioecious.)  26.  61 — 
(virgin's  bower.) 

Atragene.  Corol  double,  many-petalled.  outer  ones  largest  :  seeds 
with  pilose  (or  plumose)  tails  :  (or  petals  4  to  6,  with  spatulate  necta- 
ries alternating  with  the  petals  ;  and  the  outer  fdaments  dilated.)  26. 
61 — (false  virgin's  bower.) 

Thalictrum.  Petals  4  or  5  :  filaments  very  long  :  seeds  without 
tails,  striate-  terete.  (Some  species  are  dioecious.)  26.  61 — (meadow 
rue.) 

Trollius.  Petals  5  to  8,  caducous  :  nectaries  5  to  8,  linear  :  cap- 
sules numerous,  ovate,  sessile,  many-seeded.     26.  61 — (globe  flower.) 

Helleborus.  Petals  5  or  more  :  nectary  2-lipped,  tubular :  cap- 
sules 5  or  6,  many-seeded,  erectish,  compressed.  26.  61 — (hellebore.) 
Exotic. 

Coptis.  Petals  5  or  6,  caducous  :  nectaries  5  or  6,  cowled  :  capsules 
5  to  8,  stiped,  stellate,  ])eaked,  many-seeded.     26.  61 — (gold-thread.) 

Caltha.  Petals  5  to  9:  capsules  numerous,  many-seeded:  necta- 
ries 0  :  (pistils  variable  in  number.)     26.  61 — (American  cowslip.) 

Anemone.  Petals  5  to  9  :  seeds  numerous,  naked.  26.  61 — (wind- 
flower,  rue  anemone.) 

B.     Calyx  2  to  6  leaved. 

Hvdropeltis.  Calyx  6-leaved,  somewhat  converging,  3  inner  leaves 
longest :  corol  o  :  stamens  equalling  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  capsules 
oblong,  somewhat  fleshy,  numerous,  2wcelied,  1  or  2-seeded.  26.  61 — 
(water-shield.) 

Hepatica.     Calyx  3-leaved :  petals  6  lo  9:  seeds  naked.     26.  61 

(liverleaf.) 

Porcelia.     Calyx   3-leaved:  petals  6,  inner  ones  largest:    germ< 

M 


184  GLASS    XIV.       ORDER    I. 

many;  stigmas  sessile,  obtuse:  berry  (1  or  many)  cylindric  or  ovate, 
manv-oeeded  :  seed  connected  to  an  internal  suture,  arilled.  52.  16 — 
^custard  apple.)     Southern  states. 

LiRiODE.NDRON.  Cdlvx  3-leaved  :  corol  6  or  9.petalled.  liliaceous-: 
seeds  in  a  samara,  imbricate  on  a  strobile-like  spike.  52.  75 — (tulip 
tree,  or  wliitewood.) 

Magnolia.  Calyx  3-leaved :  corol  6  to  9-petalled:  capsules  nu- 
merous, imbricate  on  a  strobik'-like  spike,  2-valved  :  seeds  arilled, 
.pendulous.    52.  75 — (magnolia,  or  beaver  tree.) 

Nelumbium.  Calyx  4  or  5-leaved  :  petals  5  or  more  :  nuts  half  im- 
mersed in  a  Irniicate  receptacle,  and  crowned  with  the  permanent 
style.     26.  61— (nelumbo.) 

Ranunculus.  Calyx  c-^eaved:  petals  5,  with  claws,  and  a  nectari- 
ferous pore  or  scale  on  the  inside  of  each  ;  seeds  naked,  numerous, 
26.  61 — (crow-foot.) 

Adonis.  Calyx  4-5-leaved  :  petals  5  or  more,  without  nectariferous 
pores:  seeds  swuless.    26.  61 — (pheasant's eye.)     Exotic. 

CLASS  XIV.     DID  YX  AMI  A. 

Order  I.     GysiN.osPERMiA. 
A.     Cc  I IX  o-cleft,  with  the  diviswis  or  teeth  nearly  equal. 

Teucriuai.  Corol  deep-cleft  on  the  upper  side,  and  without  an  upper 
lip  ;  lower  lip  3-cleft,  the  middle  division  rounded  :  stamens  and  pistils 
incurved  ;  stamens  exsert  through  the  cleavage  on  the  upper  side. 
42.  39 — (wood  sage,  wild  germander.) 

IsANTHUs.  Calyx  somewhat  bei;-''orm  :  corol  5-parted,  tube  strait, 
Barrow  ;  divisions  ovate  equal :  stamens  nearly  equal :  stigma  linear, 
recurved.    42.  39 — (blue  gentiaji.) 

Verbena.  Corol  funnel-form,  with  a  curved  tube,  border  5-cleft. 
nearly  equal ;  seeds  2  or  4 :  sometimes  but  2  stamens,  or  2  barren 
ones.    42.  3S — (vervain.) 

Lavandula.  Calyx  ovate,  sub-dentate,  bracts  under-studded  :  corol 
resupinate  :  stamens  in  the  tube.     42.  39 — (lavender.)     Exotic. 

Lamium.  Segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  spreading :  corol  with 
the  upper  lip  entire,  vaulted  ;  under  lip  2-lobed  :  thi^oat  with  a  tooth 
at  each  margin.     42.  39 — (dead  nettle.) 

Pycnanthemum.  Involucre  bract-like,  raany-ieaved,  under  small 
heads  of  llower.=  :  calyx  tubular,  striate  :  corol  with  the  upper  lip  sub- 
jnlircj  lower  lip  3-cleft,  middle  segment  longer:  stamens  distant,  near- 


GLASS    XIV.       OIlDEll    I.  -135- 

ly  et]'aal :  cells  of  the  anthers  parallel.     42.  39 — (wild  basil,  mountain, 
mint.) 

ISepeta.  Calyx  diy,  striated :  corol  with  a  ionp:ish  tube,  under  Irp 
with  the  middle  division  crenate,  throat  with  a  reflected  margin  :  sta- 
mens approximate.     42.39 — (catmint.) 

IIVssoptTs.  Corol-with  the  under  lip  3-parted,  its  intermediate  di- 
vision sub-crenate  :  stamens  strait,  distant.     42.  89 — (hyssop.) 

JNIentha.  Corol  nearly  equal,  4-cleft ;  broadest  division  emargin- 
ate  :  stamens  erect,  distant.    42.  39 — (spearmint,  peppern^int.) 

Stachys.  Calyx  with  its  divisions  aw-ned  :  corol  with  the  upper  lip 
'i^ulted,  the  loAver  lip  refiexed  at  the  sides,  the  middle  division  largest, 
emarginate  :  stamens  reflexed  towards  the  sides  after  discharging  the 
pollen.     42.  39 — (wound-Avort,  hedge  nettle.) 

Galeofsis.  Calyx  aAvned :  corol  with  the  upper  lip  sub-crenate, 
vaulted  ;  lower  lip  unequally  3-lobed,  havusg  2  teeth  on  its  upper  side 
near  the  margin  of  the  orifice,  and  opposite  to  the  sinuses  dividing  the 
lobes.     42.  39 — (flowering  nettle.) 

Satureja.  Culyx  tubular,  striate :  corol  AVJth  divisions  nearly- 
equal  :  stamens  distant.     42.  39 — (savory.)     Exotic. 

Molucella.  Calyx  very  largef  bell  or  shell-forr:  ,  margin  repand- 
spinose:  corol  much  smaller,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  42.  39 — 
(shell-flower,  raolucca  balm.)     Exotic. 

LeoxNurus.  Calyx  5-angled,  5-toot!:ed  :  corol  with  the  upper  lip 
villose,  flat,  entire  ;  lower  lip  3-parted,  middle  division  undivided  ; 
lobes  of  t'ie  anthers  parallel.     42.  39 — (mother- wort.) 

Marrubium.  Calyx  salver-form,  rigid,  marked  with  10  lines :  corol 
with  the  upper  lip  2-cIeft,  linear,  strait.     42.  39— (horehound.) 

Ballota.  Calyx  salver-form,  5-toothed,  10-striate  :  corol  with  tli« 
upper  lip  concave,  crenate  :  seed  ovate,  3-sided.  42.  39— (false  mo- 
ther-wort.)     Naturalized. 

Cf NiLA.  Calyx  cylindric,  10-strlate,  5-toothed,  throat  villose  :  corol 
ringeut :  upper  lip  erect,  fiat,  emarginate  :  2  of  the  stamens  usually  bar- 
ren :  stigma  unequally  bifid.     42.  39— (dittany.) 

Hedeoma.     Calyx  2-lipped,  gibbose  at  the  base  ;  upper  lip  3-tooth- 

ed,  lower  one  2 :  corol  ringent :  2  of  the  stamens  barren.     42".  39 

(pennyroyal.) 

Geechoma.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  double  the  length  of  the  calyx  : 
upper  lip  2-cleft :  lower  lip  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  segment  emargin- 
ate :  each  pair  of  anthers  approaching  so  as  to  exhibit  the  form  of  a 
cross.     42.  39— (ground  ivy,  gill-overground.) 


136  CLASS    XIV.       ORDER    11. 

B.     Calyxes  2-lipped. 

Melissa.  Calyx  dry,  flattish  above,  with  the  upper  lip  sub-fastigiate  : 
corol  with  the  upper  lip  somewhat  vaulted,  2-cleft;  lower  lip  with 
the  middle  lobe  cordate.    42.  39 — (balm.) 

Trichostema.  Calyx  resupinate  :  carol  w  ith  the  upper  lip  falcate  ; 
the  under  lip  3-parted,  with  the  middle  division  small,  oblong:  fila- 
ments very  long-cxsert,  incurved.     42.  39 — (blue-curls.) 

Dracocephalum.  Calyx  sub-equal  5-cleft :  corol  with  the  throat 
inflated  ;  the  upj^er  lip  concave,  the  middle  division  of  the  lower  lip 
roundish,  notched.     4<>.  40 — (dragon-head.) 

Ocv?.ieM.  Calvx  with  the  upper  lip  orbiculate,  the  lower  one  4-cleft ; 
corol  resupinate  ;  one  lip  4-cleft,  the  other  undivided  :  outer  filaments 
sending  out  a  process  from  the  base.    42.  39 — (sweet  basif.)     Exotic. 

Scutellaria.  Calyx  with  an  entire  mouth,  which  is  closed  with  a 
helmet-form  lid  after  the  corol  falls  out :  tube  of  the  corol  bent.  42, 
39— (scull-cap.) 

Origanum.  Calyxes  collected  into  a  4-sided  strobile-like  cone,  with 
broad  intervening  bracts  :  corol  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat ;  under 
lip  3-paried,  divisions  nearly  equal.     42.  39 — (marjoram.) 

Thymus,  Calyx  sub-campanulate,  with  the  throat  closed  with  hairs  : 
coro!  with  the  upper  lip  flat,  emarginate  ;  lower  lip  longer.  42.  39 — 
(tiiynie.)     Exotic. 

Clijcipodium.  Involucre  many-bristled,  bract-like,  under  head-form 
whorls :  perianth  2-lipped  :  corol  with  the  upper  lip  flat,  obcordate, 
strait.     42.  39— (field  thyme.) 

Prunella.  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  dilated  :  filam.ents  2-forked, 
with  an  anther  on  one  of  the  points  :  stigma  2-cleft.  42.  39 — (selfi- 
heal,  or  heal-all.) 

Phryma.  Cdlyx  cylindric,  upper  lip  longer,  3-clcft ;  lower  lip  2- 
toothed  ;  corol  with  the  upper  lip  emarginate  ;  lower  lip  much  larger  ; 
seed  single.     40.  39 — (lopseed.) 

Order  II.     Angiospermia.! 
A.     Calyxes  2-clefi  or  2-leaved,  hract-like, 

Obolaria.  Corol  4-cleft,  bell-form :  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved, 
many-seeded  :  stamens  from  the  divisions  of  the  corol  nearly  equal ; 
stigma  emarginate.    40.  35* — (penny-wort.) 

t  Read  the  35th,  40th,  and  45th  Nat.  Ord.  of  Jussieu. 

*  Nuttall  says,  and  also  quotes  the  opinion  of  Dr.  W.  Darlington,  that  this  genUS  W- 
longs  to  the  46tfa  natural  order  of  JMssieu.    See  p.  i03,  vol.  1 . 


QLASS    XLV.      ORDER    II.  187 

^       B.     Calyxes  A-cUft. 

IBartsia..  Calyx  lobed,  emarginate,  coloured  :  corol  less  than  calyx  j 
opper  lip  longest,  concave,  entire  ;  lower  lip  3-cleft  and  reflexed  :  cap- 
sule 2-celled  ;  seed  angled.     40.  35 — (painted-cup.) 

Rhi.nanthus.  Calyx  inflated  :  corol  ringent ;  the  upper  lip  mostly 
compressed;  the  under  lip  spread,  3-parted  :  capsule  2-colled,  obtuse, 
compressed.    40.  35 — (yellow  coxcomb.) 

Euphrasia.  Calyx  cylindric  :  corol  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft; 
lower  lip  3-lobed,  with  the  divisions  2-cleft :  lower  anthers  lobed,  spi- 
nose.     40.  35 — (eye-bright.) 

Melampyrcm.  Corol  with  the  upper  lip  compres.?od,  tlie  margin 
folded  back;  lower  lip  grooved,  3-cleft,  sub-equal :  capsule  2-cclledj 
oblique,  dehiscent  on  one  side  :  seeds  2,  cylindric,  gibbons.  40.  35— ^ 
(cow-wheat.) 

ScHWALBEA.  Calyx  tubular-inflated  :  upper  division  small :  lower 
division  large,  emarginate  or2-toothed  :  corol  ringent,  upper  lip  entire, 
arched,  lower  lip  3-lobed  :  capsule  ovate,  compressed,  2-celled,  2  valv- 
©d  with  a  double  partition  :  seeds  many,  chaffy.  40.  40 — (chaff-seed.) 

C.  Calyxes  5-cleft  or  5-leaved. 

Orobanche.  Calyx  5-cleft  (sometimes  4.cleft)  segments  often  une- 
♦]ual :  corol  ringent :  capsule  ovate,  acute,  l-celled,  £-valved:  seeds 
numerous :  a  gland  beneath  the  base  of  the  germ.  40.  35 — (broom 
rape.) 

Epiphegus.*  Polygamous,  calyx  abbreviated,  5-toothed :  corol  of 
the  barren  flowers  ringent,  compressed,  4-cleft,  lower  lip  flat;  of  the 
fertile  flowers  minute, 4-toothed,  caducous:  capsule  truncate,  oblique, 
l-celled,  imperfectly  two-valved,  opening  on  one  side.  40.  35— (beech 
drops,  cancer  root) 

LniosELLA.  Calyx  5-cleft :  corol  4  or  S-lobed,  equal :  stamens  ap- 
proaching each  other  by  pairs  :  capsule  1  Oi- 2-cellcd,  i-ralved,  many 
seeded.    40.  40^(mudvvort.) 

Zapania.  Flowers  capitate  :  calyx  S-toothed  :  corol  5-cleft:  stig- 
ma head-peltate,  oblique  :  pericarp  bladder-like,  vanishing,  connecling 
the  two  seeds.     40.  40 — (fog-fruit.) 


*  Nultall's  name  is  Eoifa?ii3.  Spri^nsrel  in  a  leti.^r  ti  Pr.  John  Tcrrv,  conects  tliis 
naming,  so  as  to  tiei ive  Iwtb  parts  of  llie  coiiipouud  from  tUe  saiae  lanijaage.  As  3£wi 
i6  Gieek  and  Fagus  iatin :  but  FLegos  is  Greek. 

M  2 


138  CLASS    XIV.      ORDER    II. 

ScROPHULARiA.  Calyx  5-cleft ;  corol  sub-globose  resupinate,  mid- 
dle division  of  lower  lip  reflexed  :  capsule  2-celled.  (Generally  a  sta- 
men-like organ  is  attached  to  the  corol.) — Corol  dull  purplish  green  or 
brown.     40.  40 — (ligwort.) 

BiGNONiA.  Calyx  5-toothed,  cup-form  :  corol  bell-form, 5-lobed,  ven- 
tricose  beneath  :  capsule  silique-like,  2-celled  :  seed  membrane-wing- 
ed.   40.  45 — (trumpet-flower.) 

RuELLiA.  Calyx  5-parted,  often  2-bracted  :  corol  somewhat  bell- 
form,  limb  5-lobed :  stamens  approaching  by  pairs :  capsule  tapering  to 
both  ends,  toothed,  elastically  dehiscent :  seeds  few.     40.  36 — (ruel.) 

BccHNERA.  Calyx  5-toothed :  corol  with  a  slender  tube  and  the 
limb  in  5  equal  divisions,  the  lobes  cordate  :  capsule  2-celled.  40.  34 — 
(blue  hearts.) 

Antirrhinum.  Calyx  5-leaved  or  deeply  5-parted,  the  two  lowet 
divisions  remote  ;  corol  ringent,  spurred,  or  with  a  prominent  base, 
the  throat  closed  with  a  prominent  palate,  capsule  ovate,  2-valved, 
dehiscent  at  the  apex.    40.  40 — (snapdragon,  toad-flax.) 

CoLLiNSiA.  Calyx  5-cleft :  corol  2-lipped,  throat  closed  :  upper  lip 
2-cleft,  lower  one  3-cleft,  intermediate  segment  keeled,  bag-like  and 
covering  the  declined  stamens  a^d  style  :  capsule  globose,  somewhat  1- 
celled  and4-valved.     Seeds  2  or  3,  umbilicate. 

Gerardia.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5.toothed  :  corol  sub-campanulate,  un- 
equally 5-lobed,  segments  mostly  rounded  :  capsule  2-celled,  dehiscent 
at  the  top.    40.  40 — (false-foxglove.) 

Digitalis.  Calyx  5-parted  :  corol  bell-form,  ventricose,  5-cleft ; 
stigma  simple  or  bilamellate  ;  capsule  ovate,  2-celled. — (Flowers  ra- 
cemed.)     40.  40 — (foxglove.) 

Pedicularis.  Calyx  ventricose,  5-cleft  or  obliquely  truncate  :  co- 
rol ringent,  upper  lip  emarginate  and  compressed :  capsule  2-celled^ 
mucronate,  oblique  :  seeds  numerous,  angular,  coated.  (Leaves  many- 
cleft.     40.  35 — (lousewort,  high  heal-all.) 

MiMULUs.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed  :  corol  ringent,  upper  lip  fol- 
ded back  upon  its  sides,  lower  lip  with  a  prominent  palate  :  stigma 
thick,  2-cleft :  capsule  2-celled,  many  seeded.  40,  40 — (monkey-flow- 
er.) 

Chelone.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-leaved,  3  bracted  :  corol  ringent,  infla- 
led  :  the  upper  lip  marginate  obtuse,  under  lip  slightly  3-cleft ;  the  ru- 
diment of  a  smooth  filament  between  and  shorter  than  the  two  tallest 


CLASS    XV.       ORDER  I.  139 

stamens  :  anthers  woolly  :  seeds  membrane-margined  :    capsule  2-cell- 
ed,  2-valved.     40.  45 — (snake-head.) 

Pentstemon.  Calyx  5-cleft  or5-leaved  :  corol  ringent,  inflated ;  the 
rudiment  of  a  bearded  filament  between  and  longer  than  the  two  tallest 
stamens  :  anthers  smooth  ;  seeds  angular :  capsule  2-celled.  (Taken 
from  the  last  genus.)     40.  45 — (beard  tongue.) 

Martynia.  Calyx  5-cleft  :  corol  ringent,  almost  bell-form  :  capsule 
woody  and  barked,  with  a  hooked  beak,  4-celled,  2-valved.  40.  45 — 
(unicorn-plant.) 

*  Liunaja,  Verbena. 

CLASS  XV.     TETRADYNAMIA. 

Order  L     Siliculosa. 

All  plants  of  this  class  have  flowers  with  4-leaved  calyxes  and  cruci-- 
form  corols.     See  Jussieu's  63d  Nat.  Ord. 

A.     Silicle  without  a  notch  at  the  end. 

Draba.  Silicle  oval-oblong,  valves  flattish,  parallel  to  the  partition : 
style  none.     39.  63 — (whitlow  grass.) 

Lunaria.  Silicle  entire,  oval,  flat-compressed,  pedicelled  :  valves 
equalling  the  partition,  parallel,  flat ;  calyx  consists  of  coloured  sack- 
like leafets.    39.  63 — (honesty,  or  satin-flower.)     Exotic. 

BuNiAS.  Flower  minute.  Silicle  sub-lanceolate,  4-angled ;  with 
two  separable  1-seeded  valveless  articulations,  lower  one  with  a  de- 
pressed line,  upper  one  furnished  with  an  emarginate  tooth  on  each 
side  and  an  elevated  line.     39.  63 — (sea-rocket.) 

IsATis.  Silicle  compressed,  oblong,  ligulate,  valveless,  1-seeded  : 
partition  like  lattice  work.     39.  63 — (woad.)     Exotic. 

B.     Silicle  with  a  notch  at  the  end. 

Alyssum.  Filaments  of  the  two  shorter  stamens  marked  with  a 
tooth  ,  silicle  entire,  acuminate  with  the  style,  oval  or  globose,  often 
hairy.     39    63 — (madwort,  gold  of  pleasure.) 

CocHLEARiA.  Siliclc  thick,  rugose,  many-seeded,  2-valved :  the 
valves  gibbous  obtuse.     39.  63 — (scurvy-grass,  horse-radish.) 

Iberis,  Ccril  i'Tegular,  the  two  exterior  petals  longest :  silicle  ejtl* 
arginate,  many  seeded.    3i».  63 — (candy  tuft.)    Exotic. 


140  CLASS    XV.       ORDER.  II. 

Lepidium.  Calyx  spreading :  corol  regular  :  silicle  emarginate,  cor- 
date or  oval :  celFs  1-seeded  :  valves  carinate,  partition  contrary.  39.  63 
— (pepper-grass.) 

Thlaspi.      Calyx  spreading:     silicle  emarginate,  obcordate,  many 
seeded  ;  valves  resemble  two  boats  witli  the  keels  outward.     39.    63 — 
(shepherd's  purse.) 
*  Sisymbrium. 

Order  II.     Siliquosa. 

A.  Calyx  leaves  converging  or  closed  upon  the  corols,  when  the  flowers 

are   mature. 

Arabis.  Glands  4,  one  within  each  leafet  of  the  erect  calyx,  of  the 
Bize  of  the  reflected  scale  :  silique  compressed,  torulose,  sub-divaricate; 
seeds  arranged  in  a  single  series.     39.  .63 — (wall-cress.) 

TuRRiTis.  Calyx  converging,  erect ;  corol  erect 3  silique  very  long, 
striate,  2-edged',  valves  keeled  or  nerved  ;  seeds  arranged  in  a  double 
series.     39.  63 — (tower-mustard.) 

Dentaria.  Calyx  longitudinally  converging  ;  silique  bursting  elast- 
ically  with  nerveless  revolute  valves ;  the  partition  thick  and  fungus- 
like :  stigma  emarginate-  (Roots  sharp-tasted,  fleshy,  with  tooth-like 
processes.)     39.  68 — (tooth-root,  trickle-root.) 

Hesperis.  Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the  petals:  pe- 
tals bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate  :  silicle  sub-terete  ;  stigmas  fork- 
ed, with  converging  apexes.     39.  63 — (rocket.) 

ERysiMUM.  Calyx  closed;  silique  columnar,  exactly  4-sided.  39.  68 
— (hedge  mustard.) 

Barbarea.  Calyx  erect :  glands  between  the  bases  of  the  short 
stamens  and  the  germ  :  silique  £-edged  (or  oblique-4-sided)  :  seeds  ar- 
ranged  in  a  single  series.     39.  63 — (water  radish.) 

Bbassica.  Calyx  erect,  converging  :  partition  extending  beyond 
the  valves  of  the  silique  :  seed  globose  :  glands  betw^een  the  short  sta- 
mens and  pistil,  and  between  the  long  stamens  and  calyx.  39.  63 — 
(cabbage,  turnip.)    Exotic. 

Raphanus.  Calyx  closed;  setose  :  silique  torose,  somewhat  jointed, 
teretr,  not  opeiiing  by  valves,  1  or  2-celled  :  glands  between  the  short 
statntns  and  pistil,  and  between  the  loiig  stamens  and  calyx.  39.  63 — 
radish.) 

Chfirasthus.  Calyx  closed,  two  of  the  leafets  gibbous  at  the  base  ; 
petals  dilated  :  silique  when  young  with  a  glandu'ai-  tooth  each  side  , 
stij^raa  2-lobed  :  seed  flat.  39.  §3 — (stock-july-flower,  wall-ilower.) 
Exotic. 


CLASS    XVI.       ORDER    VIT.  141 

B.     Cali/x-hares  spread,  not  lying  closed  upon  the  carol  when  the 
flowers  are  mature. 

Cardami.ne.  Calyx  leaves  spreading  but  little  :  stigma  entire  :  a 
single  gland  between  each  of  the  short  stamens  and  the  calvx  :  siiique 
long,  bursting  elastically  with  revolute  valves,  equalling  the  length  of 
the  partitions.     39.  63 — (American  water-cress.) 

Sisymbrium.  Calyx  and  copol  spreading  :  siliqne  bursting,  not  elas- 
tically, valves  sti*aitish,  beak  short  and  terete.  39.  63 — (English  water- 
cress, water-radish.) 

SiNAPis.  Calyx  spreading  :  corol  with  strait  claws  :  glands  betweea 
the  short  stamens  and  pistil,  and  between  the  long  stamens-  and  calyx  : 
partition  extending  beyond  the  valves  of  the  siliquc,  ensiform.  39.  63 
— (mustard.) 

*  Cleome. 

CLASS  XVL     MONADELPHIA.f 
Order  III.     Triandria. 

SisYRiNCHiUM.  Spathe  2-Ieaved  :  perianth  o  :  corol  superior,  6- 
cleft  tubular:  style  1 :  capsule  3-celled.     6.  IS — (blue-eyed  grass.) 

Order   V.     Pentandria. 

Passiflora.  Calyx  5-parted,  coloured  :  corol  5-petalled,  on  the 
calyx:  nectary,  a  triple  filamentous  crown  within  the  petals:  berry 
pedicelled.     34.  97—- (passion-flower.)     Southern  states. 

Erodium.  Calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  5-petalled :  nectariferous  scales  5, 
alternating  with  the  filaments  :  arils  5,  1-seeded,  awned,  beaked  at  the 
base  of  the  receptacle  ;  awn  spiral,  bearded  within.  (Taken  from  the 
geranium.)     \4.  73— (stork's  bill.)     Exotic. 

^Lysimachia,  Linum,  Anagallis. 

Order  VIL     Heptandria. 

Pelargonium.  Calyx  5-parted,  upper  division  broader,  ending  in  a 
capillary  nectariferous  tube  :  corol  5-petalled,  irregular,  the  two  upper 
petals  usually  broader,  with  coloured  veins  :  filaments  10,  three  of  them 
usually  without  anthers :  arih  5,  each  1-seeded,  awned,  some  of  the 
awns  spiral.     14.73 — (stork geranium)     Exotic. 

» Pvcad  the  73d  and  74th  Nat.  Ord.  of  Jussicu. 


142  CLASS    XVII.       ORDERS    V.    VlII. 

Order  X.     Decandria. 
Geranium.     Calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  5-petalled,  regular :  nectarifc' 
Kous  glands  5,  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  long  filaments  :  arils  5.  1-seed- 
ed,  awned,  beaked  at  the  head  of  the   receptacle  :  awn  naked,  strait. 
H.  73 — (crauebill,  false  crowfoot,  herb-robert) 

Mimosa.     Calyx  5-toothed:  corol  5-cleft,  6-petalled,  or  0  :  stamens 
capillary,  very  long,  4  to  10  or  more,  semotimes  not  united  :  legume 
sometimes  jointed.     33.  93— (sensitive  plant.)     Exotic. 
Okder  XIII.     Polyandria, 

GoRPONiA.  Calyx  simple,  5-leaved  or  5-parted :  corol  5-petalledj 
adhering  at  the  base  :  style  5-cornered  :  stigma  5-cleft :  capsule  5-cell- 
ed :  columella  columnar:  seeds  2,  with  leaf-like  v;ings.  37.  74 — 
^leaf-seed.)     Southern  states. 

Nap^ea.  Calyx  bell-form,  5-cleft,  simple  :  petals  5  :  capsule  orbi- 
cular, depressed,  10-celled  :  seed  solitaiy.  (Pedicels  not  jointed.)  37. 
74 — (false  mallows.) 

SiDA.  Calyx  simple,  angular,  5-cleft :  style  many-parted  :  capsules 
many,  lor  3-seeded.  (Pedicel  articulated  under  the  apex.)  37.  74 — 
(Indian  mallows  ) 

Hibiscus.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  many-leaved  ;  inner  one  atout 
5-cleft:  stigmas  5:  capsule  5  or  10-eelled,  many-seeded.  37.  74 — 
(hibiscus,  okra.) 

Malva.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3-leaved,  inner  one  5-cleft :  cap- 
sules many,  1-seeded.     37.  74 — (mallows.) 

Alth^a.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  6  or  9-cleft :  capsules  many,  1- 
seeded.    37.  74 — (hollyhock.)     Exotic. 

Lavatera.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3-cleft :  capsules  many,  many- 
seeded.     37.  74 — (tree  mallows.)     Exotic. 

GossvpiuM.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3-cleft:  capsule  4-celled  : 
seeds  involved  in  wool.    37.  74 — (cotton.)     Exotic. 

CLASS  XVII.     DIADELPHIA.* 

From  Order  V.  Pentandria,  to  Order  VIII.  Octandria. 

FuMARiA.  Calyx  2-leaved,  caducous :  corol  irregular,  spurred  at 
the  base  :  filaments  2,  each  with  3  anthers  :  capsule  drupe-like,  1-cell- 
ed,  1-seeded,  not  opening  by  valves  :  seeds  affixed  to  the  side  of  thfe 
cell.     24.  62— (fumitory.) 

*  Keatl  the  93(1  Nat.  Oid.  of  Jussieu. 


GLASS  XVII.       ORDER  X.  143 

CoRYDAM?.  Calyx  2-leaverl :  corol  ringent,  1  or  2-spm'red  :  fila- 
ments -2,  membranaceous,  each  with  3  anthers :  capsu4e  siliijue-like, 
many-seeded.     24.  62—  (colic-weed.) 

PoLVGAi.A.  Calyx  S-leaved,  unequal,  2  of  the  leafets  wing-like,  lar- 
ger, coloured  :  corol  irregular  (or  rather,  calyx  8-leaved,  corol  imper- 
fectly papilionaceoi:s)  capstde  ol)cordate,  2-celled,  2-vaIved.  Keel  or 
corol  sometimes  appcndaged.  33.35 — (snake-root,  milk-wort,  low  cen- 
tury, mountain  flax.) 

Order  X.     Decandria. 
A.     Stamens  united  in  one  set. 

Amorpha.     Calyx  somewhat  bell-form,  4  or  5-cleft :  banner  ovate, 

c-oncuve,  wings  and  keel  0  :  legume  1  or  2  seeded,  falcate.     32.  93 

(false-indigo.) 

LcpiNus.  Calyx  2-lipped  :  anthers,  5  oblong  and  5  roundish  :  legume 
coriaceous,  torulose.     32.  93 — (lupine.) 

Crotalahia.  Corol  with  the  banner  cordate,  large  :  keel  acumia- 
ate  filamentous  membrane  with  a  dorsal  fissure  :  style  curved  :  c- 
gume  jiedicelled,  turgid.     32.  93 — (rattle  box.) 

Spartium.  Calyx  extended  downwards:  keel  generally  pendant  : 
filaments  adhering  to  the  germ  :  stigma  villose  lengthwise  on  the  up- 
per side  :  legume  oblong,  1  or  many-seeded.  S2.  93— (Spanish  broom>) 
Exotic- 

Genista.  Calyx  2-lipped,  2  upper  teeth  very  short  :  banner  oblong, 
i-eflexed  back  from  the  pistil  and  stamens.  33.  93 — (kneed-grass,  dy- 
er's broom.)     Exotic 

Araciiis.  Calyx  2-lipped  :  corol  upside  down  ;  legume  gibbous,  to- 
Bulose,  veiny,  coriaceous.    32.  93— (pea-nut.) 

Ulex.  Calyx  2-ieaved,  2-brac;ed  :  stamens  all  united  :  legume 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  spinose.     32.  93 — (furze.)     Exotic. 

B.     Stamciisiu  2  sets ;  generally  9  in  one  set,  and  1  alone  in  the  other-. 
1.  Legume  many-seeded,  stigma  j)uhcsccni ■ 

PisuM.  Cuiyx  with  the  divisions  leaf-like,  about  eqiial  :  banner  prd^- 
truding  2  folds  :  style  compressed,  carinate,  villose  above  :  legume 
without  down  at  the  suture.     32.  93— (pea.) 

Lathvrus.  Calyx  with  the  two  upper  divisions  shorter:  style  flat, 
villose  above,  broader  towards  the  top.  (Stems  mostly  winged,  leafet*= 
2  or  mure,  terminated  by  a  divided  tendril.)     32.  93 — (sweet  pea.) 


144  CLASS    XVII.       ORDER    X. 

ViciA.  Calyx  emarginate  above,  2-toothed  :  3  strait  long  teeth  be- 
low :  banner  emarginate ;  stigma  bearded  transversely  on  the  lower 
side.     33.  93— (vetch.) 

Ervc^i.  Calyx  5-parted  ;  divisions  linear,  acute,  about  equalling 
the  corol  :  stigma  capitate,  glabrous  :  legume  oblong,  2  to  4-seeded. 
32.  93 — (creeping vetch.) 

Phaseolus.  Keel,  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted  together,  le- 
gume compressed,  falcate  :  seeds  sub-compressed,  reniform.  32.  93 
— (bean.) 

DoLicHos.  Banner  with  two  oblong  parallel  processes  at  the  base, 
compressing  the  wings  beneath  them.     32.  93 — (cowhage.) 

RoBiNiA.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft,  upper  division  2-parted  :  banner 
large,  reflexed,  roundish  :  legume  compressed,  elongated,  many-seed- 
ed ;  seeds  compressed,  small.     32.  93 — (locust  tree.) 

CoLUTEA.  Calyx  5-cleft  with  the  keel  obtuse  :  style  bearded  on  its 
back  through  its  whole  length  :  legume  inflated,  opening  on  the  upper 
-Suture  at  the  base.     32.93 — (bladder  senna,  bush  locust.)     Exotic. 

Glycyrrhiza,  or  Liquiritia.  Calyx  tubular,  equal,  5-parted  :  ban- 
ner erect,  reflexed  at  the  sides  :  wings  spreading:  keel  2-cleft  :  legume 
oblong,  glabrous,  3  or  4-seeded.  (Flowers  racemed.)  32.  9.3— (liquor- 
ice.)    Exotic. 

Indigofera.  Calyx  spreading  :  keel  w^ith  a  subulate  spur  both 
sides  :  legume  linear,  small,  terete  or  quadrangular.  32.  93 — (indigo.) 
Exotic. 

2.  Legntne  mani/^seeded,  stigma  icUhoul  pubescence. 

Vextllaria.*  Banner  very  large,  spreading,  overshadowing  the 
wings:  calyx  bell-form  :  or  tubular :  legume  linear,  ver)- long,  acumi- 
nate.    32.   93— (butterfly- weed.) 

Galactia.  Calyx  4-tootlied,  2-bracted  :  petals  all  oblong,  banner 
broader,  incumbent  :  stigma  obtuse  :  legume  terete  :  seeds  roundish. 
32.  93— (milk-way  plant.) 

Glycine.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  tooth  of  the  lower  lip  longest :  the  end 
of  the  keel  cm-ling  upwards,  and  in  appearance  pushing  back  the  ban- 
ner :  style  incurved  with  the  keel  :  legiime  terete,  somewhat  2-celled  ; 
seed  cylindric-renlform.  32.  93 — (wild  bean,  wild  liquorice,  ground- 
nut.) 


*  Tlii^  name  i?  eiven  a?  a  9iili=('ifute  for  that  of  the  17!2ili  gcnu«  of  Pcrsoon,  which  is 
so  £eveic)y  censnretl  liy  Doctor  Smith,  inllces'  Cyclopedia. 


CLASS    XVTI.       ORDER    X.  145 

Amphicarpa.  Calyx  bell-form,  4-toothed,  obtuse  and  naked  at  the 
base:  petals  all  oblonjr,  banner  broader  and  lying  upon  other  petals, 
snb-se?sile  :  anthers  round  :  stigma  capitate  :  germ  cylindncally  shertth- 
f  d  at  the  base  :  legume  flat,  stiped  ;  seeds  2  to  4.  32.  9S — (wild  bcan- 
%'ine.) 

Galega.  Calyx  with  subulate  teeth  nearly  equal,  stamens  monadel- 
phous  :  legume  compressed,  sub-coriaceous.  (Very  glaucous,  pinnate 
leaves.)     32.  93— (goat's  rue.) 

3.     Legumes  fcvj-se-cded. 

Medicago.  The  keel  deflected  from  the  direction  of  the  banner  ; 
legume  compressed,  cochleate.     82.  93 — (lucerne  clover,  raedick.) 

Trigonella.  Banner  and  wings  nearly  equal,  spreading,  appearing 
like  a3-petalled  corol :  legume  bowed,  rugose,  veiny.  32.  93 — (fenu- 
greek.)    Exotic. 

AsTiiAGALUs.  Calyx  5-toothed  :  keel  obtuse  ;  legume  somewhat  2- 
celled,  incurved  at  the  suture  below.     32.  93 — (milk  vetch.) 

CicER.  Calyx  5-parted,  of  the  length  of  the  corol,  \i  upper  divisions 
resting  on  the  banner  :  legume  turgid,  2-seeded  ;  seeds  gibbose,  mucro- 
nate.     32.  93 — (chick  pea.)     Exotic. 

4,     Legumes  about  l-seeded. 

Trifolium.  Flowers  sub-capitate  :  legume  included  in  the  calyx, 
tiot  opening  by  valves,  1  to  4'-seeded.  (Leaves  always  ternate.)  S3. 
93 — (clover.) 

Melilotus.  Flowers  racemed  :  calyx  tubular,  5-toothed  :  keel  sim- 
ple, shorter  than  the  wings  and  banner  :  legume  rugose,  longer  than 
the  calyx,  or  about  as  long.  (Taken  from  the  trifolium.)  32.  93 — (me- 
V.lot  clover.) 

Lv.sPEDEZA.  Calyx  S-parted,  2-bracted,  divisions  nearly  equal :  keel 
of  the  corol  transversely  obtuse  :  legume  lens-form,  unarmed,  l-seeded. 
(Leaves  alvr-.ys  ternate.  Taken  from  the  hedysarum.)  32.  93 — (bush 
clover.) 

5.     Legumes  jointed^  or  in  lomenls.  * 
CoRONiLLA.     Calyx  2-l!pr;ed  :  petals   v/ith  claws  :  loment  lei'etish, 

jointed:  flowers  in  umbels  :  seeds  ge.^erally  cylindric.     32    93 — (cor- 

onilla.)     Exotic. 

Hedysartjm.     Calyx  o-cleft  :  koel  of  corol  transversely  ohUv-p  :  lo- 

ment  many-jointed,  joints    l-scedcd.    compressed,  generally   hispid- 

N 


1-16  CLASS    XVIII.       ORDER    I. 

Most,  or  all  of  the  species  in  the  northern  states  have  ternate  leaves.) 
32.  93— (bush-trefoil.) 

STYL0SA>-THrs.  Caly:s  tubular,  very  long,  bearing  the  corol  ^vhich 
originates  higher  than  the  top  of  the  germ  :  loment  two-jointed,  hook- 
ed.    (Sometimes  the  pod  is  in  a  single  joint.)     39.  93 — (pencil-flower.) 

Aeschvnome-\e.  Calyx  2-lipped,  lips  toothed  :  stamens  united  in 
t\t-o  equal  parcels :  loment  compressed,  one  suture  strait,  another  lob- 
ed  ;  joints  truncate,  1-seeded.     32.  93 — (false  sensitive  plant.) 

POLYADELPHOUS  PLANTS. 

The  genera  Citms,  Ascyrum  and  Hypericum  were  placed  in  the  class 
polyadelphia  by  Linneiis,  and  are  still  retained  in  that  class  by  many  au- 
thors. We,  following  Persoon's  method,  have  removed  them  to  the 
c^ass  polyandria,  and  left  the  dixss  poly  ad  elp  hi  a  out  of  the  system. 

CLASS  XVIIL     SYNGENESIA, 

Order  I.     Polvgamia  .^qualis. 
A.     Florets  Ugulate, 

Tracopggon.  Calyx  simple,  many-leaved  :  receptacle  naked  :  egret 
plumose  and  stiped.*     49.  53 — (goat's-beard,  vegetable  oyster.)  Exotic. 

ApARGiA.  Calyx  imbricate  :  receptacle  naked  :  egret  plumose,  ses- 
sile.    (Taken  from  the  leontodon.)     49.  53 — (false  hawk-weed.) 

Leontodon.  Calyx  double :  receptacle  naked :  egret  plumose, 
stiped.     49.  53 — (dandelion.) 

Prexanthes.  Florets  from  5  to  20,  in  a  simple  series,  (or  in  one 
circular  row  :)  calyx  calycled  :  receptacle  naked :  egret  simple,  sub- 
sessile.     49.  53 — (white  lettuce.) 

Lactuca.  Calyx  imbricate,  cylindric,  with  the  margin  membrana- 
oeous:  receptacle  naked :  egret  simple,  stiped :  seed  smooth.  49.  53 
— (lettuce.) 

*  HiERACiLM.  Calyx  imbricate,  ovate  :  egret  simple,  sosslle  :  recep- 
tacle naked,  or  sub-pilose.  (From  while  becoming  yellowish,)  49. 
63 — (hawk-weed.) 

SoNCHUS.  Calyx  imbricate,  inflated  :  egret  pilose,  se.>slle  ;  receptacle 
naked.     49.  53— (swine  thistle.) 

*  Pull  off  the  roro),  slamcns  and  Ftyle?;  whatever  i*  lefl  on  ihe  s^prm  is  (lie  pcref- 
In  some  flowers  the  stipe  to  stiped  egrK  will  i)ot  anpcar  before  full  m.Uitrity.  Pull  oft" 
all  the  germs :  if  nothing  is  left,  the  receptacle  is  nalied;  but  whatever  is  left,  bejonir* 
to  the  receptacle  and  fri'/cs  it  the  rlta'acter  of  chaffy,  liuiry,  or  bristly. — Read  the  53(1, 
54lh.  and  55th  >«"atural  Orders  of  Jii*iieu. 


CLASS    XVIII.       OKDEll    I.  l47 

Troximon.*  Calyx  obloag,  conic,  many-leaved  ;  leafets  unequal, 
imbricate  :  receptacle  naked,  with  minuie  punctures ;  egret  sesaile^ 
pilose.     49.  53 — (false  goat's- beard.) 

Kkigia.  Calyx  simple,  many-leuved  :  receptacle  naked:  egret  5 
membranous  leaves  wiJx  5  alternating  brlsllci  ;  rectplacle  naked.  4i». 
53 — (dwarf  dandelion.) 

ToLPis.  Calyx  caliculateu  :  scales  lax,  subulate,  a  little  longer  thaa 
the  calyx  :  receptacle  pitted  :  e-ret  setose,  uiih  margin  dentate.  49. 
9o — (haAvk's-beard.)     Exotic. 

CiciioRiuM.  Calyx  calyclet!  :  egret  many  chruTy  leaves  :  receptade 
somewhat  chaiFy.     49.  5^3 — (succory,  or  endive.) 

ScoLYML's.     Calyx  imbricate,  spinose,  surrounded  with  spinose  leaf- 
ets:  receptacle  chaiTy:  egret  none-     49.  55— (golden  thistle.)  Exotic. 
B.     Florets  tubnlous  :  ftowcrs  capitate. 
Cynara.     Receptacle  bristly  :  calyx  dilated,  imbricate  ;  scales  with 
fleshy  bases,  emarginate  and  pointed  :  egret  phimose,  sessile.     49.  54 
— (garden  artichoke.)     Exotic. 

LiATRis.  Calyx  imbricate,  oblong:  anthers  entire  at  the  base  ^ 
seeds  hairy,  striate,  obconic  ;  egret  permanent,  plumose,  coloured  : 
receptacle  naked  :  (flowers  purple.)     49.  54 — (gay-feather.) 

Verv-onia.  Calyx  imbricate,  ovate  :  egret  double,  exterior  chaffy 
and  short,  interior  capillary  :  receptacle  naked  :  stigma  2-cleft,  short=- 
ish.*   49.  55— (fiat-top.) 

Cyicus.  Calyx  imbricate,  with  prickly  scales :  receptacle  villose  f 
egret  plumose.     (Taken  from  the  carduu?.)     49.  54— (thistle.) 

Carthamus.  Calyx  ovate,  imbricate  with  scales,  ovatish-leafy  at 
the  apex  :  egret  chaif-haiiy  or  none  :  receptacle  chaff-bristly.  49.  54 
— (false  satfron.)     Exotic. 

OsopoRDON  Calyx  imbricate,  with  sharp  mucronate  scales  .  egret 
pilose,  caducous:  receptacle  alveolate:  seeds  transversely  sulcate. 
49.  54 — (cotton  tliistle.)     Introduced. 

Cakduus.  Calyx  ovate,  imbricate  with  prickly  scales  :  receptacle 
villose  :  egret  pilose.     49.  54 — (comb-tooth  thistle.) 

Arctium.  Calyx  globose,  with  scales  hooked  at  the  apex  :  egret 
chaff-bristly  :  receptacle  chaffy.     49.  54— (burdock.) 

SparganophoRoS.  Calyx  sub-globose,  imbricate  with  unequal 
scales  recurve-spreadins  at  the  tips  :  receptacle  raked  :  seed  with  the 
cup-like  crown  sub- cartilaginous.     49.  55— (crov.n-cup.) 

*ily»>seiit:,  2d  E^. 


148  CLASS    XVIII.      ORDER    II. 

C.     Florets  tuhulous :  flowers  discoid. 

KuiiNiA.  Calyx  iml-Tlcate,  cylindrical :  egret  plumose,  sessile  :  Fe-* 
septacle  naked.     49.  55 — (false  boneset.) 

EcPATORiDM.  Calyx  imbricated  (rarely  sixnple)  oblong  :  style  long^ 
cloven  half  way  down  :  egret  pilose,  or  rough  papillose  :  receptacle 
naked  :  seed  smooth  and  glandular,  5-striate.  49.  55— (boneset,  tho- 
rough-wort, joe-pye.) 

Mi.TANiA.  Calyx  4  or  e^.leaved,  equal,  4  or  6-flowered  ;  receptacle 
naked :  egret  pilose.     49.  55 — (climbing  boneset.) 

CiiRYsocoMA.  Calyv  iuibricate,  oblong  or  hemispheric  :  style  scarce- 
ly exsert :  receotAcie  naked  :  egret  pilose,^  scabrous  :  seed  hairy.  49. 
65 — (golden  locks.) 

Cacaija.  Calyi  cylindric,  oblong,  somewhat  calycled  at  the  base  i 
recepta;^le  naked  :  egret  pilose.  (Leaves  mostly  succulent.)  4y.  55—^ 
(wild  caraway.)  '  -- 

Balsaeiita.  Calyx  imbricate,  orbicular ;  yeceptacle  naked:  egret 
Bone.    49.  55— (costmary.)     Exotic. 

Order  II.     Polygamia  Superflua. 
A.     Flowers  discoid. 

Bacchari?.  Calyx-scaks  ovate,  sub-coriaceous,  imbricate,  cyllndrlf^ 
beli-form  or  ovate:  florets  are  pistillate  and  perfect,  intermixed:  re- 
ceptacle naked  :  egret  pilose.  (Sametimes  the  flowers  are  dicecious.) 
49.  55 — (groundsel  tree.) 

CoxYZA.  Calyx  imbricate,  with  scales  sub-linear-ovate,  or  hemi-^ 
splieric  and  sub-scarious  :  egrt;t  simple,  capillary  :,  receptacle  naked  : 
florets  of  the  ray  with  a  3-cleft  border,  not  composing  a  ray  in  appear- 
ar.cs.     49.   55 — (plowm.an'3-wort.) 

G.N'APiiALicM.  Calyx  imbricate,  with  the  marginal  scales  rounded, 
scarious,  shortish,  glossy,  coloured  :  receptacle  naked  :  egret  pilose  or 
plumose.     (Florets  often  all  perfect.)     49.  55 — (life  everlasting.) 

Artemisia.  Calyx  imbricate,  with  sc:\les  rounded,  converging  : 
egret  0  :  receptacle  somewhat  villose,  or  nake  'Ish.  (Flowers  mostly 
rounded.)     49.  55 — (wormwood,  southern-wood.) 

Tanacetum.  Calyx  imbricate,  hemispheric :  scales  acuminate  ; 
i-ays  obsolete,  3-cleft ;  egret  somewhat  marginal :  receptacle  naked:. 
(Flowers  corymbed.)    49.  55— (tansy.) 


-CLASS    XYIII.       ORDER    II.  149 

B.     rioiccrs  radiate. 
(Rercptaclcs  nuked.) 

CuRrsAKTHEMrM.  Calvx  hemisplifii'ical,  imbricate,  with  the  scales 
membranous  at  the  margin:  egret  none,  or  a  narrow  margin.  49.  5o 
— (ox-eyed  daisy?  fever- tew.) 

BoLTONiA.  Calyx  imbricate  :  florets  of  the  ray  numerous  :  recep- 
tacle conic, punctate  :  egret  consists  of  many  minute  bristles,  and  ge- 
nerally 2  elongated  bristles  or  horns  ••  seed  flat,  margined.  49.  55 — 
(false  chamomile.) 

Tagetes.  Cal)s  simple,  1-leafed,  5-toolhed,  tubular:  florets  of  the 
ray  about  5,  permanent :  egret  5  erect  awns.  49.  55 — (marigold.) 
Rxotic. 

Bellis.  Calyx  hemispherical,  scales  equal:  egret  0:  receptacle 
conical :  seed  obovate.     49.  55 — (gai-den  daisy.)     Introduced. 

Pi'RETHRUM.  Calyx  hemispherical,  imbricate  with  scales,  acutish, 
and  scarious  margined  :  egret  a  marginal  ring.  (Taken  from  chrysan- 
themum.)    49.  55 — (wild  feverfew.) 

DoRONicuM.  Calyx-scales  equal,  in  two  rows,  longer  than  ths  disk: 
egret  simple  :  seeds  of  the  ray  naked  and  destitute  of  egret.  49.  55 — 
(leopard's-bane.) 

Inula.  Calyx  imbricate  or  squarrose  :  egret  simple  :  anthers  ending 
in  2  bristles  at  the  base  :  ray  florets  numerous.     49.  55 — (elecampane.) 

Erigeron.  Calyx  imbricate:  egret  pilose,  double;  outer  egret 
minute  and  chafty :  florets  of  the  ray  linear,  very  narrow,  numerous. 
49.  55 — (flea-bane,  pride-weed.) 

Solid  AGO.  Calyx  oWong  or  sul  -cylindric,  with  oblong,  narrow,  , 
painted,  strait  scales,  imbricate,  closed  :  ray  florets  about  6,  and  fewer 
than  10,  lanceohite,  2-toothed,  equal  to  or  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  fila- 
ments capillary,  very  short:  style  thread-form,  equalling  the  length  of 
the  stamens  :  stigma  cleft,  spreading  :  egret  simple,  pilose  :  receptacle 
fuirowed  w^ith  dots  op  puncture^  t  seeds  oblong-ovate,  (Yellow.)  49, 
§-5 — (golden  rod.) 

Senecio.  Calyx  cylindric  ;  leafets  with  withering,  blackish  tip.=,. 
and  a  few  small  calycle  leafets  at  the  base  :  e_.ret  simple,  capillary^ 
copious.     49.  55 — (rag-wort,  fire-weed.) 

TussiLAGo.  Cal\x  simple,  scales  equa^,  rod  equalling  the  disk,  sub- 
membranous:  pistillate  florels,  ligulate  oi  w  ihout  teeth  :  egret  simple^ 
s€&gile.    49.  ©0.    (Sometimes  polygamous) — ^coltsfoot) 


150  CLASS    XVIJI.       ORDER    lit. 

Cineraria.  Calyx  simple,  many-leaved,  equal :  egret  simple.  49, 
55 — (ash-AVort.) 

Aster.  Calyx  imbricate,  the  inferior  scales  spreading  :  egret  simple, 
pilose:  receptacle  scrobiculatc.  (Florets  of  the  ray  more  than  10, 
except  in  solidaginoides  and  a  few  other  species,  colour  purple  or 
white.)     49.  55 — (star-flower.) 

(Receptacles  chaffy.) 
ZisjJiA.     Calyx  ovate,  cylindric,  imbricate  :  florets  of  the  ray  5,  per- 
manent, entire  ;  egret  2  erect  awns.    49.  55 — (blood  marigold.) 

Heliopsis.  Calyx  imbricate,  with  ovate-linear  scales :  ray  florets 
linear,  large  :  receptacle  conic  ;  the  chaft's  lanceolate  :  seed  4-sided : 
egret  o.     49.  55 — (sun-ray.) 

BuPHTHALMUM.  Calyx  leafy  :  egret  marginal,  44oothed  or  obsolete : 
seeds  of  the  ray  margined,  and  sometimes  of  the  disk.  49.  55 — (ox- 
eye.)     Southern  states. 

Helenium.  Calyx  1-leaved,  many-parted  :  egret  5-awned  chaffy 
leaves :  receptacle  chaffy  in  the  ray  only  :  florets  of  the  ray  half-3-cleft : 
seed  villose.     (Leaves  decurrent.)     49.  55 — (false  sunflower.) 

A-NTHEMis.  Calyx  hemispherical,  nearly  equal :  egret  0,  or  a  mem- 
branous margin  :  florets  of  the  ray  more  than  5  :  receptacle  chaffs  flat, 
with  a  rigid  acuminate  apex.    49.  55— (may-weed,  chamomile.) 

Achillea.  Calyx  imbricate,  ovate  :  egret  0  :  florets  of  the  ray  4  to 
JO,  roundish,  dilated.     (Flowers  corymbed.)     49.  55— (yarrow.) 

Verbesina.     Calyx  many-leaved  ;  leafets  arranged  in  double  orders 
iorets  of  the  ray  about  5  :  egret  2-awned.    49.  Go — (crown-beard.) 
Order  IIL     Polvgamia  Frustranea. 
Rudbeckia.     Calyx  consisting  of  a  double  order  of  leafets  or  scales  :« 
V-eceptacle    chaffy,   conic  ;  egret  a  4-toothed  margin,  or  0.     49.  55 — 
(cone-flower.) 

Helianthus.  Calyx  imbricate,  sub-sqiiarrose,  leafy :  receptacle  flat^ 
chaffv  :  egret  2-leaved,  chaff-like,  caducous.  49.  55 — (sunflower,  Je- 
rusalem artichoke.) 

BiDENS.  Calyx  calycled,  nearly  equal,  with  or  without  ray  florets  : 
receptacle  flat,  chaffy  :  egret  consists  of  2,  3,  or  4  strong  awns,  >\  ith 
reflexed  and  erect  lateral  prickles  :  seeds  4-cornered.  49.  55 — (burr- 
marygold,  beggar-ticks.) 

Coreopsis.  Calyx  double,  both  many-leaved,  (8  to  12  ;)  seeds  com- 
pressed emarginate  :  receptacle  chaffy :  egret  2-horned.  49c  55— 
.(tick-seed  sunflower.) 


t'LASS    XIX.       ORDER    I.  ^51 

Centaurea.  Calyx  various,  mostly  imbricate,  roundish :  egref 
simple,  various:  receptacle  bristly:  corols  of  the  ray  funiiel-':Jiape, 
loiij^'er,  irregular.    49.  5-4 — (blue-bottle,  blessed  thistle.) 

Order  IV.    Polygamia  JN'ecessaria. 

SiLPHiuM.  Calyx  squarrose,  scales  leafy,  broad  :  egret  a  2-horned 
margin  :  receptacle  chatty  :  seeds  compressed,  obcordate,  margined. 
49.  55 — (ragged-cup.) 

PoLYMNiA.  Calyx  double,  exterior  4-5-leaved,  interior  10-leaved» 
leafets  concave  :  egret  0  :  receptacle  chaiiy,    49.  55 — (leaf-cup.) 

Calendula.  Calyx  many-Jeaved,  equai  :  receptacle  naked  :  egret 
none  :  seeds  of  the  disk  membranaceous.  49.  55 — (pot  marygold.) 
Exotic. 

Iva.  Calyx  about  •'-' iaved  or  5-parted  :  styles  2,  long  :  seed  obo- 
yate,  naked,  obtuse  :  receptacle  hairy,  or  chatt'-bristiy  :  ray  5-flo\vered-. 
49.  55 — (high-vvater  sbrub.) 

Order  V^.     Polygamia  Segregata. 

Elephaxtopus.  Common  calyx  S-leaved,  partial  calyx  4.f1ovrer- 
ed  :  florets  5-jleft,  ligulate  :  receptacle  naked  :  egret  setaceous.  49j 
55 — (elephant-fool.)     Southern  states. 

EcHisops.  Proper  calyx  l-ilowered  :  corol  tubular,  perfect :  recep- 
tacle setose  :  egret  obsolete.    49.  54— (globe  thistle.)     Exotic. 

CLASS  XIX.    GYNANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Mon-andria.* 

A.  Anther  adnate,  sub-lerminnl,  not  caducous :  masses  of  pollen  affixid 

by  the  base,  and  made  up  of  angular  part  ides. 

Orchls.  Corol  ringent-like,  upper  petal  vaulted  :  lip  dilated,  spurr- 
ed beneath  :  masses  of  pollen  2,  adiiate,  terminal.     7.  21 — (orchis.) 

B.  Anther  parallel  with  the  slignia,  not  caducous :  masses  of  pollen  affix- 
ed to  the  summit  of  the  stigma,  and  made  up  of  farinaceous  or  angular 
particles. 

GooDYERA.t  Corol  rins:en+-like,  the  2  lower  petals  placed  under  the 
gibbous  lip,  which  is  undivided  above  :  style  free  :  constituent  particles 
of  the  masses  of  pollen  angular.  7.  21 — (ratilesnake-leaf,  scrophula 
weed  ) 

*  S  .-.le  botanists  consider  each  mass  of  poil«>n  as  an  anther;  cocse'^utntiv  place  tbe^ 
§enr  •  ;•  in  the 2<i  order.    See  Uie  21st  Hat.  Ord. of  Jusiieu. 
t  JNeottia,  2d  Ed. 


152^  CLASS    XIX.       ORDER    I. 

Neottia.  Coi-ol  ringen1-like,  the  2  lower  petals  placed  under  the 
lip,  which  is  beardless;  interior  petals  converging:  style  wingless: 
eonstituent  particles  of  the  masses  of  pollen  fariuaceouS'  7.  21 — (Ig,- 
dies'-hesses.) 

LisTERA.J  Corol  irregular:  lip  pendant,  2-cleft :  style  Avingless, 
minute,  with  the  anther  inserted  at  its  base  :  pollen  farinaceous.  7.  21 
— (lily  orchis.) 

C.  Jlnther  inserUd,  terminal,  not  caducous :  masses  of  pollen  farinaceous 

or  aui^ular. 

PoGOMA.§  Petals  5,  distinct,  without  glands  :  lip  sessile,  cowled^ 
crested  internally  :  pollen  farinaceous.     7.  21 — (snake -mouth.) 

Triphora.§  Petals  5,  distinct,  equal  and  converging,  without 
glands:  lip  unguiculate,  cowled:  style  spatulate,  even,  \yingless  :  pol- 
len farinaceous.     7.  21— (three-bird  orchis.) 

CvMEiDiUM.  Petals  5,  distinct :  lip  behind  or  inverted,  unguiculate  : 
the  lamina  bearded  :  style  free  :  pollen  angular.    7.  21 — (grass  pink.) 

Arethusa.  Petals  5,  connate  at  the  base  :  lip  below  growing  to  the 
style,  cowled  above,  crested  W'ithiu  : pollen  angular,     7. 21 — (arethusa.) 

D.  Anther  moveable,  terminal,  caducous  :  masses  of  foil  en  at  length  be- 

coming ivax-like. 

TiPULARiA.*  Petals  spatulate,  spreading ;  lip  entire,  sessile,  conspi- 
cuously spurred  below  at  the  base  :  style  wingless,  lengthened,  free  : 
anther  in  the  form  of  a  lid  :  masses  of  pollen  4,  parallel.  7.  21 — (11- 
inodore.) 

Malaxis.  Petals  5,  narrower  than  the  lip,  spreading  or  deflected  r 
lip  flattened,  undivided,  sessile  :  style  lengthened  :  masses  of  pollen  4^ 
parallel,  affixed  to  the  summit  of  the  stigma.  Flower  turned  upside 
down  by  the  tw  isting  of  the  peduncle  Avhen  the  corol  opens.  7.  21— 
(tway-blade.) 

MicRosT'  Lis.f  Petals  5,  converging,  one  only  deflected  ;  2  inner 
•nes  ftliforni :  iip  about  equalling  the  petals  in  length,  erect,  sessile, 
concave,  truncate,  and  2-toothed  at  the  summit:  style  veiy  minute  : 
masses  of  pollen  3.     7.21 — (snake-mouth  tway-;>lade.) 

Corallorrhiza.  Petals  equal,  converging:  lip  either  unguiculate, 
er  witi)  an  obsobte  spur:  masses  of  pollen  4,  obhque :  style  free.  T>. 
21 — (coral  root,  adam-and-eve.) 

1  i.jii;.'actis,  ?'i  Ed.  §  Arethr.sa,  2d  Ed.  *  Limodor«ir,2d  Ed. 

t  iUiiJa\is,  ad  Ed.    I  consider-this  one  of  the  besfeof  Nuttjill's  i^roposed  ^«uiera.. 


GLASS    XX.       ORDER    I.  153 

Order  II.     Diandria. 

GvPRiPEDiuM.  Calyx  coloured,  4-leHved,  spreading  :  corol  o,  (by 
some  the  calyx  is  called  a  corol :)  nectary  large,  hollow,  inflated  :  style 
with  a  terminal  lobe,  and  petal-like  appendage  on  the  upper  side.  7. 
2  X — (ladies'-slipper.) 

Oro'^.r  V,     Pentandria. 

AscLEPiAS  Petals  5,  reflexed :  nectaries  5,  concave,  erect,  con- 
taining little  Iforns  :  each  stamen  with  a  pair  of  pendulous  antiiers  sus- 
pended from  the  top  of  the  stigma.     30.  47 — (milk- weed,  silk-weed.) 

GoNOLOBUs.  Calyx  wheel-form,  5-parted:  nectary  simple,  cylindric, 
somewhat  fleshy,  5-lobed,  depressed,  equal  with  the  cells  or  cases  of 
the  anthers,  o^angled,  without  winged  lateral  margins  or  terminal 
membranaceous  bristles :  masses  of  pollen  in  5  pairs,  even,  transverse  : 
follicles  2.    30.  47 — (false  choak-dog.) 

Order  VI.     Hexaxdp.ia. 

Aristolochia.  Calyx  0:  corol  superior,  1-petalled,  ligulate,  in^- 
flated  at  the  base:  capsule  6-celled,  many-seeded.  11.  23 — (birtli= 
wort.) 

*  Arum  was  formerly  placed  here,  but  is  now  removed  to  class 
moncecicu 

CLASS  XX.     MON(ECIA. 

Order  I.     Monandria. 

ZosTERA.  Cabx  and  corol  0:  anther  ovate,  sessile:  germ  ovate^ 
inserted  on  an  unilateral  spadix-lilce  receptacle  :  style  2-cleft :  capsule 
i-seeded.     2.  7-^(gra:<s  wrack,  sea  eel-grass.) 

Zanichellia.  Staminate  floAvers — calyx  and  corol  0.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  1-lcaved  :  corolO:  little  germs  about  4,  each  1-seeded. 
2.   13. 

Caulinia.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  0 :  corol  0 ;  anthers  sessile. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  0;  corol  0:  style  filiform:  stigma  2-cleft: 
capsule  1-seeded.     15.  6.     (Flowers  axillary) — (rlver-nymph.) 

Chara.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  0 :  corotO:  anther  globose,  ses- 
sile. Pistillate  flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  style  0:  stigmas  5  :  berry 
l-celled,  many-seeded.     15.  6 — (chara.) 

Najas.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  cyllndric,  2-cleft:  stamen  fila- 
mentous, long  ;  anther  4-va'.  .ed  ;  valves  sfT?adi;;g.  Pistillate  flowers 
— calyx  0:  style  1,  with  2  stigmas:  nut  4-seeded.  15.  6— (water- 
aymph.) 


154  GLASS    XX.       ORDER    III. 

OrDE-T.    II.       DiASDRIA. 

Lemna.  Staminate  flov.ers— calyx  1-leafed  :  corol  0  :  stamens  seat- 
ed on  the  base  of  the  germ.  Pistillate  flowers—calyx  1  leafed  :  corol 
0 :  style  cyliudric  ;  stigma  funnel-form  :  capsule  1-celled,  2  to  4.seeded. 
54.  6 — (duck-meat,  water  flaxseed.) 

PoDosTEMUM.  Staminate  Sowers— calyx  0 :  corol  0:  stamens  affix^ 
edto  a  pedicel.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx  0:  corol  0:  germ  ovate; 
stigma  1,  sessile  :  capsule  2-celled,  2-valv'ed,  many-seeded.  54.  6-- 
(thread-fool.) 

OnoER  III.    Triandri.v. 
Typha.     Araent  cylinJric.     Staminate  flowers— calyx  obsolete,  3- 
leaved;  corol  0.     Pistillate  flowers— below  the  staminate:  calyx  0; 
corol  0:  seed  1,  pedicelled ;  the  pedicels  surrounded  at  the  base  w-ith 
long  hairs  resembling  egret.     3.  8— (cat-tail,  or  reed  mace.) 

SpARGANiuM.  Staminate  flowers— ament  globular  :  calyx  3-leaved  ; 
corol  o.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx  3-leaved  :  corol  0  :  stigma  2-cleft : 
drupe  juiccless,  !-seeded.     3.  8 — (burr-reed.) 

Zea.-  Staminate  flowers — calyx-glume  2-flowered,  awnless  :  coral- 
glume  awnless.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx-glume  2-valved,  (number  of 
valves  increased  by  cultivation:)  style  1,  very  long,  filiform,  pendu- 
lous :  seed  solitary,  immersed  in  an  oblong  receptacle.  4.  10 — (IndiuH 
corn.) 

Tkipsacum.  Staminate  flowers — crdyx-glurae  2-3ow^ered5  outer  or.e 
staminate,  inner  one  neutral :  corol-glume  membranaceous.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx-glu  ■  e  1-flow^ered,  covered  with  a  1-leafed  involucre 
perforated  with  hollows ;  corol  witii  numerous  thin  membranaceous 
valves:  styles  2  :  seed  1.     4.  10 — (sesame  grass.) 

Coix.  Staminate  flowers — in  remote  spikes  :  calyx-glume  2-flower- 
ed,  awnless :  corol-glume  awnless.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx-glume 
2-flovvered  :  corol-glume  awnless:  style  2-parted -:  seed  covered  witli 
the  bone-like  calyx.    4.  10 — (Job's-tear.)     Exotic. 

Carex.  Aments  imbricate,  (usually  in  cylindric  spikes.)  Staminate 
flov>  ers — calyx-scales  single  :  corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx-scales 
single  :  corol  inflated,  monopetalous,  2-toothed  at  the  apex  :  stigmas  2 
or  .)  :  nut  3-sid8d,  enclosed  in  the  permanent  corol,  which  becomes  an 
utr'culus-like  permanent  aril.     Sometimes  dioecious.     3.  9 — (sedge.) 

Sci.ERi.v.  Staminate  flowers — calyx-glume  2  or  6-valved,  many- 
ftowered:  Korol  glumes  ajvnless.    Pistillate  flon^ers — calyx  like  the 


CLASS    XX.       ORDER    IV.  155 

staminate  :  corol  0  ;  stigmas  1  to  3  :  nut  coloured,  suTi-globose.  3.  9— 
(whip-grass.) 

CoMPTOKiA.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindric,  with  calyx-scales 
1 -flowered  :  corol  2-petalled  :  filaments  2-forked.  Pistillate  flowers — 
s-pike  or  anient  ovate  :  corol  6-petalled,  (the  corol  may  be  called  a  ca- 
lyx:) styles  2  :  nut  ovate.     50.  99 — (sweet  fern.) 

Eriocaulon.  Common  calyx  many-leaved ;  florets  many,  in  an 
imbricate  head  :  partial  perianth  superior,  2  or  3-leaved.  Staminate 
flowers  central,  with  monopetalous  cleft  corols.  Pistillate  flowers 
marginal,  with  2-petalled  corols  :  stigmas  2  or  3 :  capsule  2or3-celled; 
seed  1,  crowned  with  the  corol.     6.  13 — (pipe-wort.) 

Serpicula.  The  perfect  flowers  liave  3  stamens  only.  Staminate 
flowers — calys  3-parted  :  corol  3-petalled  :  stamens  9,  3  of  them  witli- 
iu.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  S-pai-t^d,  tube  very  long  :  petals  3  :  bar- 
ren filaments  3^  capsnle  blfldder-like,  3-seeded.  15.  88 — (ditch-moss.) 
*  Andropogon,  Holchus,  Hierochloa. 

Order  IV.     Tetrandria. 

ArcuBA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-toothed  :  corol  4-petalled: 
receptacle  pierced  with  4  holes.  Pi-stillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  as 
in  the  staminate:  germ  inferior:  style  1,  short:  nut  ovate,  1-celled— «- 
(japan  shrub.)     E-xotic. 

BffiHMERiA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-parted  :  corol  0:  nectaiy 
0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  styles  2  :  seed  1.  compressed- 
(Flowers  in  cylindric  spikes.)     53.  98 — (false  nettle.) 

Urtica.  Staminate  flower.^ — calyx  4-leavcd  :  corol  0 :  ncctarj-  cen- 
tral, cyathiform.  Pistillate  floAvers — calyx  2-leaved,  (2-valved  :)  corol 
0;  seed  1,  glossy.     53.  98— (nettle.) 

Parietaria.  Polyramous.  Perfect  flowers — calyx  4-cleft  inferior  : 
corol  0:  stamens  elastic:  style  1:  seed  1.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx 
2-leaved  :  seed  covered  with  the  dried  elongated  calyx.  53.  98 — 
(pellitoiy.) 

MoRus.  Staminate  flower? — calyx  4-parted  :  corol  0.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  4-leaved  :  corol  0  :  styles  2  :  calyx  berried :  seed  1 . 
53.  93— (mulberry.) 

Alnus.  Staminate  flower."? — arncnt  composed  of  wedge-form,  trun- 
cate, 3-flowered  receptacles  :  calyx  a  scale:  cofol  4-parted.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  2-nowtTed  scales:  corol  0:  seed  compressed,  ovate, 
wingless.     50.  99~(alder.) 


156  tLASS    XX.       ORDER    Xllt. 

Buxus.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  8-leaved  :  petals  2  :  germ  a  mei-e 
rudiment.      Pistillate   flowers — calyx   4-leav'ed:  petals   3:    styles   3: 
capsules  3-beaked,  3-celled  :  seeds  2.     38.  96— (box.)     Exotic. 
Order  V.     Pxntandria. 

Xanthium.  Staminate  flowers — ^common  calyx  imbricate :  corol  5- 
cleft,  funnel-form,-  receptacle  chaffy.  Pistillate  flowers — involucre 
2-leaved,  l-flowered:  corol  0:  drupe  dry,  muricate,  2-cleft:  nut  2" 
-celled.    54.  98 — (sea  burdock.) 

Ambrosia.  Staminate  flowers — common  calyx  1-leaved  :  corol  1- 
petalled,  5-cleft,  funnel-form:  receptacle  naked.  Pistillate  flowers— ^ 
calyx  l-1eafed,  entire,  the  swelling  part  5-toothed,  l-flowered:  corol 
0:  nut  from  the  indurated  ca'yx  1-seeded.    64,98 — (hog-weed.) 

Amaranthus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3  or  5-leaved :  corol  Ot 
Mamens  3  or  5.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  as  the  staminate  : 
styles  3:  capsule  l-celled,  opening  transversely:  seed  1.  54.  30— 
(amarantli,  red  cockscomb.) 

*  Quercus. 

Order  VI.     Hexakdria. 

ZiZAN'iA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  0 :  corol-glume  2-vah-ed,  awa- 
less,  with  pi'^til]ate  flowers  intermixed.  Pistillate  flowers — calvx  Oi 
corol-glume  2-valved,  cucullate,  awned :  style  2-parted  :  seed  1,  in- 
vested in  the  plaited  corol.     4.  10 — (water  oats.) 

*  Carya,  Myriophyllura. 

Order  XIII.     Polyandria. 
A.     Stems  not  woody. 

Ceratophtllcm.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  many-parted :  corol 
©;  stamens  1(^—20,  short,  with  tricuspidafe  anthers^  Pistillate  flowers 
— calyx  fi-leaved,  imbricated  :  corol  0 :  pistil  1  :  nut  1-seeded.  15.  91 
—(horn-wort.) 

MvniopHVLLUM.  Staminate  flowers— calyx  4-cleft :  petals  4,  cadu- 
rr>us:  stam.ens  4,  6,  or  8.  Pistillate  flowers—calyx  and  corol  like  the 
s'aminate:  germs  4:  style  Ot  seeds  4,  having  a  bark.  15.  88— (water 
inilfr.il.) 

Sagittaria.  Staminate  Ha wers—calyx  34eaved  ;  corol  S-petalled  : 
filaments  mostly  24.  Pstiilate  flowers— c«!yx  and  corol  as  in  the  sta- 
minate: germs  many:  capsules  aggregate,  1-seeded.  5.  13— (arrow- 
head.) 


CLASS    XX.       ORDER    XIII.  157 

Calla.  Spathe  ovate,  becoming  expanded:  spadix  covered  Avitli 
the  fructification  :  stamens  intermixed.  Stamiiiate  flowers — calyx  and 
corol  0 ;  anthers  sessile.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  0  :  berries 
1-celled,  crowned  with  the  short  style.     2.  7 — (water  arum.) 

Arum.  Spathe  cucullate  :  spadix  not  entirely  covered  with  the  fruc- 
tification ;  being  more  or  less  naked  above,  with  pistillate  flowers  be- 
neath, and  staminate  in  the  middle  ;  (sometimes  a  few  are  staminate 
beneath  :  berry  mostly  1 -seeded,  generally  cirrose-glandular  beneath. 
2.  7 — (Indian  turnip,  wake-robin.) 

PoTERiuM.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4  leaved  :  corol  4-parted  : 
stamens  30  to  50.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  stamin- 
ate :  pistils  2 :  berry  from  the  indurated  tube  of  the  corol.  64.  92 — 
(burnet)     Exotic. 

B.     Stems  icoody. 

QuERCUs.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  sub-5-cleft :  stamens  5  to  10. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  1-leafed,  entire,  scabrous,  being  a  woody  cup  : 
styles  2  to  5  :  nut  coriaceous,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  permanent 
calyx.     50.  99— (oak.) 

Carva.  Staminate  flowers— ament  imbricate  :  calyx  3-parted 
scales  :  corol  o  :  stamens  4  to  6.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4-cleft,  su- 
perior :  corol  o  :  styles  0  ;  stigma  4-lobed  :  pericarp  4-valved  :  nut 
sub-quadrangular,  even.     60.  94 — (hickory,  walnut.) 

JuGLANS.  Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricate  :  calyx  a  scale  :  co- 
rol 6-parted  :  stamens  18  to  36.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4-cleft,  su- 
perior: corol  4-cleft  :  styles  1  or  2  :  drupe  partly  spongy  :  nut  rugose 
and  irregularly  furrowed.     50.  94 — (butternut,  black  walnut.) 

Fagcs.  Staminate  flowers — ament  roundish  :  calyx  5-cleft,  bell- 
form  :  stamens  about  12.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4-toothed,  setose  : 
germs  2  :  nuts  2,  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  becoming  coriaceous  echinate. 
50-  99— (beach.) 

Castanea.  Polygamous.  Staminate  floAvers — ament  naked,  linear: 
corol  5  or  6-parted  :  stamens  10  to  20.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  5  or 
6-leaved,  muricate  ;  germs  3  :  stigmas  pencil-form  ;  nuts  3,  with  coria- 
ceous putamen,  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  becoming  echinate.  50.  99 — 
(chesnut.) 

Betula.  Staminate  flowers— ament  imbricate,  scales  peltate,  3» 
flowered  :  calyx  a  scale  :  stamens  10  to  12.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx 
a  2-flowered  scale  :  seed  1,  winged.    50.  99— (birch.) 

o 


158  CLASS    XX.       ORDEIl    XVI. 

Carpinus.  Ament  imbricate.  Staminate  flowers— Calyx  scales  cl- 
liate  :  stamens  10.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx  scales  2-flowered  :  corol 
3-cleft :  nut  ovate  sulcata .     50.  99— (hornbeam.) 

OsTEYA.  Ament  imbricate.  Staminate  flowers— calyx  a  scale  :  fil- 
aments  ramose.  Pistillate  flowers— ament  naked:  capsule  inflated, 
imbricate  at  its  base,  1-seeded.     50.  99— (hop  hornbeam.) 

CoRYLus.  Staminate  flowers— ament  imbricate  :  calyx  a  scale  : 
stamens  about  8.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx  2-parted,  lacerated  :  styles 
2  :  nut  ovate,  surrounded  by  and  included  in  the  permanent  leaf-like 
calyx.    50.  99— (hazlenut.) 

Platanus.  Ament  globose,  corol  0.  Staminate  flowers — corol 
none  or  scarcely  apparent,  anthers  growing  around  the  filaments.  Pis- 
tillate flowers— calyx  many-leaved  ;  style  with  a  recurved  stigma  ; 
seed  roundish,  crowned  with  the  mucronate  style,  with  egret-like  hairs 
at  the  base.     50.  99— (button-w^ood,  false  sycamore.) 

LiQUiDAMBAR.  Staminate  flowers — ament  conic,  surrounded  with  a 
4-leaved  involuci-e  :  corol  0  :  filaments  numerous.  Pistillate  flowers 
ament  globose,  surrounded  with  a  4-leaved  involucre  :  calyx  1-leafed, 
pitcher-form,  2-flowered  ;  styles  2  :  capsules  2,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  the  calyx,  1-celled,  many-seeded.     51.  99— (sweet  gum.) 

Order  XVI.     Monadelphia. 

A.     Stems  woody. 
PiNUS.    Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-leaved  :  corol  0  :  stamens  many  : 
anthers  naked.     Pistillate  flowers — calyx  in  strobiles  or  cones,  scales 
2-flovvered  :    pistil  1  :    nut  with    a  membranaceous  Aving.     (Perhaps 
more  properly  a  samara.)     51.  100 — (pine.) 

CuPREssus.  Staminate  flowers — ament  ovate,  imbricate  :  calyx  a 
peltate  scale:  corol  C  :  anthers  4,  sessile.  Pistillate  flowers— ament 
strobilaceous  :  calyx  a  1-flowered  peltate  scale  ;  corol  none  :  germs  4 
to  8  under  each  scale  of  the  calyx  :  nuts  angular,  compressed.  51.  100 
— (white  cedar.) 

Thuja.  Staminate  flowers — ament  im>)ricate  :  calyx  a  scale  :  corol 
■0  :  anthers  4.  Pistillate  flowers — ament  a  strobile  :  calyx  a  2-flowered 
scale  :  corol  0  :  nut  1,  surrounded  with  a  marginal  wing,  51.  100 — 
(arbor  vitae. •) 

*  This  tree  is  also  called  while  cedar  in  Dr.  Hosack's  catalogue ;  tovliicb,  and  to 
Plu'I|><«'Oaleinlar  I  {renorally  refer,  as  l!ie  standards  for  English  names  :  escepting  in 
tbose  cases,  where  1  take  the  names  immediately  from  the  common  people. 

In  the  3d  ediiien,  T  have  added  several  English  names  from  Professor  Teck's  cata- 
logue, and  from  i)artou"s  r"lorain  Philadelphia. 


CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    II.  159 

B.     SI  ems  not  woody. 

AcALYPHA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3  or  4-leaved,  or  3  or  4-part- 
ed  :  stamens  8  to  16.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  sta- 
minate :  styles  3,  2-cleft  :  capsule  tricoccous,  3-celIed.  (Having  large 
bracts.)     38.  96 — (tliree  seed  mercury.) 

RiciNus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted  :  stamens  numerous. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  3-parted  :  styles3, 2-cleft  :  capsules  echinate, 
3-celled,  3-seeded.  38.  9Q — (palma  cliristi,  or  castor  oil  plant.)  Ex- 
otic.) 

Phyllanthus.  Staminate  floAvers — calyx  5  or  6-parted  :  filaments 
united  in  a  column  ;  anthers  3,  and  generally  several  barren  filaments. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate  :  nectary  with  a 
12-angled  margin  :  styles  3  :  capsule  tricoccous.     38.  96 — (leaf-flower.) 

MoMORDicA.  Staminate  flowers — -calyx  5-cleft  :  corol  5-parted  ;  fil- 
aments 3.  Pistillate  flowers — style  3-cleft :  berry  gourd-like  and  burst- 
ing elastically  :  seeds  compressed.  34.  97 — (balsam  apple,  wild  cu- 
cumber.) 

SicYos.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed  :  corol  5-parted  :  fila- 
ments 3.  Pistillate  flowers — styles  3-cleft  :  berry  gourd-like,  1-seed- 
ed.     34.  97 — (single-seed  cucumber.) 

CucuRBiTA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed  :  corol  5-cleft : 
filaments  3.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate  : 
pistil  3-cleft  :  pomaceous  berry  large,  3  to  5-celled  :  seeds  thickened 
at  the  margin.  34.  97 — (gourd,  squash;  pumpkin,  water-melon.)  Ex- 
otic. 

CuccMis.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed:  corol  o-parted  :  fil- 
aments 3.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate  :  stig- 
mas 3,  thick,  2-parted  :  berry  with  sharpish  seeds.  34.  97 — (cucum- 
ber, musk-melon.)     Exotic. 

Melothria.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed  :  corol  bell-form  : 
filaments  3.  Pistillate  flow^ers — style  1  :  stigmas  3  :  berry  3-celled, 
many-seeded.    34.  97 — (creeping  cucumber.) 

CLASS  XXI.     DIOECIA. 

Order  II.     Diandria. 

Vallisneria.     Staminate  flowers — spathe  ovate,   2-parted  :  spadix 

eovered  with  florets  :  perianth  3-parted.     Pistillate  flowers — spathe  2- 

cleft,  1-flowered  :  perianth  3-parted,  superior  :  corol  3-petalled  :  stig- 


160  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    V. 

mas  3,  strap-like,  2-cleft  :  capsule  valveles?,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 
(Stamens  2  and  6.)     1.  22— (tape-grass,  eel-grass.) 

Salix.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindric  :  calyx  a  scale,  with  a 
nectariferous  gland  at  the  base  :  stamens  1  to  6.  Pistillate  flowers — 
ament  and  calyx  like  the  staminate  :  styles  2-cleft  capsule  1-celled,  2- 
valved  :  seed  with  egret-like  down.     50.  99 — (willoAv) 

Fraxinus.  Perfect  flowers — calyx  0,  or  4-parted  :  corol  0,  or  4-pet- 
alled :  pistil  1:  samara  l-seeded,  with  a  lanceolate  wing.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx,  corol  and  pistils  same  as  perfect.     44.  37 — (ash.) 

Order  III.     Triandria. 

Empetrum.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  bud-like,  imbricated  with 
about  9  scales ;  the  three  innermost  are  petal-like  :  stamens  long.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — calyx  and  corol  as  in  the  staminate  ;  styles  9  :  berry  9- 
seeded.     18.  51 — (crow-berry.) 

Ficus.  Common  receptacle  fleshy,  (becoming  the  fruit)  enclosing 
the  apetalous  florets,  both  staminate  and  pistillate,  either  in  the  same, 
or  in  distinct  individuals.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3-parted.  Pistil- 
late flowers — calyx  5-parted  :  pistil  1,  lateral ;  seed  1,  covered  with  the 
closed  permanent  somewhat  fleshy  calyx.  53.98 — (fig-tree.)  Exotic. 
*  Carex. 

Order  IV.     Tetrandria. 

HiPPOPHAE.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-parted,  caducous,  tubu- 
lar :  corol  0  :  stamens  8,  enclosed,  alternating  with  8  glands.  Pistil- 
late flowers — calyx  4-cleft,  bell-form,  superior :  style  1  ;  stigma  ob- 
lique :  berry  l-seeded.     16.  24 — (sea-buckthorn.) 

Myrica.  Staminate  flowers — ament  oblong:  calyx  an  ovate  scale  : 
corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate  :  styles 
2  :  drupe  or  berry  l-seeded.     50.  99 — (bay-berry,  sweet-gale.) 

ViscuM.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-parted  :  corol  0  :  anthers  ses- 
sile, adhering  to  the  calyx.  Pistillate  flowers  :  calyx  4-leaved,  supe- 
rior ;  corol  0  :  style  0 :  berry  l-seeded  :  seed  cordate  :  (paiasitic,  ad- 
hering to  trees.)    43.  58 — (misseltoe.) 

Order  V.    Pentandria. 
Hamiltonia      Perfect  flowers — calyx  sub-campanulate,  superior,  5- 
cloft     corol  0 :  nectary   with  a  5-toothed    disk  :  stamens  5  :  pistil  1  : 
fruit  a  drupe.     Staminate  flowers  like  the  perfect,  except  in   wanting 
Che  pistil.    43.  95 — (American  oil-nut.) 


CLASS    XXI.       ORDERS    VIII.    XIII.  161 

ZanthoxylUxM.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted  :  corol  0  :  sta- 
mens 3  to  5.  Pistillate  flowers — pistils  3  to  5  :  capsules  equal  to  the 
number  of  pistils,  1-seeded.     46.  94 — (prickly  ash,  or  tooth-ache  tree.) 

SpiNACiA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  o-parted  :  corol  0.  Pistillate 
flowers — styles  4  :  seed  1,  within  the  indurated  calyx.  12.  29 — (spi- 
nach.)    Exotic. 

AcNiDA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted  :  corol  0.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  3-parted  :  style  0  :  stigmas  3,  sessile  :  capsule  1-seed- 
ed.    53.  29 — (water-hemp.) 

HuMULUs.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-leaved  :  corol  0.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  1-Ieafed,  entire,  oblique,  spreading  :  styles  2:  seed  1, 
within  the  leaf-like  calyx  :  inflorescence  strobile-form.     53.  98 — (hop.) 

Cannabis.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  o-parted.  Pistillate  flowers 
— calyx  5-leaved,  entire,  gaping  laterally:  styles  2:  nut  2-valved, 
within  the  closed  calyx.     53.98 — (hemp.)     Exotic. 

NvssA.     Perfect  flowers — calyx  superior,  5-parted  :  corol  0  :  pistil 
1 :  fruit  a  drupe.     Staminate  flowers— stamens  5  to  12,  standing  around 
a  peltate  gland.     12.  24— (tupelo  tree,  pepperidge.) 
Order  VI.     Hekandria. 

Smilax.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5  or  6-leaved,  inferior  :  corol  0. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate :  styles  minute  ; 
stigmas  3:  berry  3-celled,  1  to  3-seeded.  11.  12 — ^green  briar,  Jacob's 
ladder.) 

DioscoREA.  Staminate  flowers— calvx  f-oarted  :  corol  0.  Pistil- 
late flowers — styles  3  :  capsule  3-cened,  triangular,  compressed  :  seeds 
2,  membranaceous.  (Leaves  generally  alteraate.)  11.  12 — (yam- 
root.) 

Gleditschia  Perfect  flowers — calyx  6  to  S-parted,  caducous,  3  or 
4  of  the  outer  segments  smaller  :  corol  none  :  stamens  5  or  6  (rarely 
8  :)  legume  long,  flat,  compressed,  1  or  many.seeded.  Pistillate  flow- 
ers—calyx sub-turbinate,  5  to  8-parted,  with  3  to  5  of  the  segments  in- 
terior :  stamens  6  to  8.     33.  93 — (honey  locust.) 

From  Order  VIII.  Octandria,  to  Ord£r  XIII.  Polyandria. 

PopuLus.  Staminate  flowers — anient  cylindric,  calyx  atom  scale  : 
corol  turbinate,  oblique,  entire.  Pistillate  flowers — ament,  calyx  and 
corol  like  the  staminate  :  stigma  4  or  6-lobed:  capsule  2-celled  ;  seed 
with  egret-like  hairs.  (Leaves  having  a  tremulous  motion.)  50.  99 — 
(poplar,  balm  of  gilead.) 

O  3 


162  CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    I. 

DiosPYROS.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4  to  6-cleft,  dilated  :  coroi 
pitcher-form,  4  to  6-cleft:  stamens  8,  16  or  29  j  often  2  anthers  to  a 
filament.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate  :  stig- 
mas 4  or  5  :  berry  8  to  12-seeded.     18.  50 — (date  plum.) 

Datisca.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-leaved :  corol  0:  anthers 
sessile,  about  15.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  superior,  2-toothed  :  styles 
3:  capsules  3-angled,  o-horned,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  pervious.  54. 
98 .?— (false  hemp.) 

Menispermum.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  6-leaved  :  somewhat  2- 
bracted,  caducous  :  petals  6  to  9,  glandular,  minute,  retuse  :  stamens 
10,  18  or  24  ;  anthers  4.1obed,  2-celled.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and 
corol  like  the  staminate  :  germs  and  styles  3  to  6  :  drupes  or  berries 
mostly  solitary,  1-seeded  3  nut  woolly,  compressed.  11.  77 — (moon- 
seed.) 

*  Thalictrum, 

Order  XVI.     Monadelphia. 

JuNiPERus.  Staminate  flowers — araent  ovate  :  calyx  a  scale  :  sta* 
mens  3.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  3-parted  ;  petals  3  :  styles  3  :  berry 
1  or  2-seeded,  consisting  of  the  unequal  tubercles  of  the  calyx.  (^S'ut 
bony,  1-celled,  with  balsamy  glands  at  the  base.)  51.  100 — (red  ce- 
dar, savin.) 

Taxus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  consists  of  4  to  6  imbricated 
scales  :  corol  0  :  stamens  many,  anthers  peltate,  6  to  8-cleft.  Pistillate 
flowers — style  0  :  receptacle  cup-form,  succulent ;  nut  ovate.  51.  100 
—(yew.) 

POLYGAMOUS  PLANTS. 

Some  authors  still  retain  the  class  Polygamia  ;  but  I,  following  Per- 
soon,  have  distributed  the  genera  belonging  to  this  class  as  follows  : — 
Andropogon,  to  class  3,  order  2.  Holcus  to  3,  2.  Panax  to  5,  2.  AtrU 
plex  to  0,2.  Celtis  to  5,2.  Veralriim  to  6,3.  Melanthiu7n  to  6,3.  Acer 
to 8,1.  Mimosato  \6,h).  Parielaria to  20,4.  FraxinttS to  21,2.  A^s- 
«a  to  2 1 J  5.     Gleditsc/lia  to  2 1 , 6. 

CLASS  XXII.    CRYPTOGAMIA. 

Order  I.     Filices.* 
Ferns  are  annulated,  when  each  capsule  has  a  kind  of  chain  passing 

*  The  descriptions  of  th.;  genera  01  this  order  are  chiefly  taken  from  Sprenerel's  In 
teoducuoa  to  lilt  svwdy  ol  Qrypiogamous  Tlants.  r      o       * 


CLASS  XXII.      ORDER  I.  168 

around  it  at  about  right  angles  with  the  suture.  When  the  fruit  is  ripe, 
the  chain  in  straitening  opens  the  capsule  ;  it  being  attached  by  its  ends 
to  two  contiguous  edges  of  it. 

A.  With  annulated  capsules. 
1.  Without  involucres. 
AcRosTicHUM.  Capsules  numerous,  covering  the  whole  lower  sur- 
face of  the  frond.  (The  fertile  leaves  differ  in  shape  from  the  barren. 
This  genus  should  be  examined  in  the  young  state  ;  for  the  scattered 
fruit  of  other  genera,  by  becoming  confluent  when  old,  often  cover  the 
frond.)     55.  5 — (fork-fern.) 

Poly  PODIUM.  Capsules  disposed  in  round  scattered  dots,  on  various 
parts  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond.    55.  5 — (polypod.) 

2.   With  involucres. 

Onocle A .  Fruit-dots  indeterminate,  presenting  a  berry-like  appear- 
ance ;  capsules  covering  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond  :  invo- 
lucre formed  by  turning  in  or  rolling  back  the  margin  of  the  leaf,  which 
opens  inwards,  in  maturity,  towards  the  midrib,  or  remains  closed, 
(The  fertile  leaves  are  contracted  and  narrower  than  the  barren  ones.) 
55.  5— (sensitive  polypod.) 

BlechnuiM.  Capsules  in  uninterrupted  lines  running  parallel  to  the 
midrib  of  the  frond  on  both  sides  :  involucre  opens  inwards.f  (The 
fruit  of  this  genus,  when  ripe,  often  covers  the  whole  lower  surface  of 
the  frond,  like  the  acrostichum  ;  it  must  therefore  be  examined  in  the 
young  state.)     55.  5 — (Roman  fern.) 

Pteris!  Capsules  arranged  in  a  continued  line  along  the  very  mar- 
gin of  the  frond  :  involucre  opening  inwards.  (When  the  leaves  are 
extremely  small,  the  rows  of  capsules  on  opposite  sides  meet  and  cover 
the  lower  surface  like  the  above.)     55.  5 — (brake.) 

AspLENiuM.  Capsules  in  lines  parallel  to  each  other,  situated  exact- 
ly w/?on  the  secondary  veins  of  the  frond  ;  involucres  opening  inwards. 
(By  the  secondary  veins  is  meant  those  of  the  middle  part  of  the  disk 
not  the  larger  ones  at  the  margin  or  midrib.  The  parallel  lines  of  cap- 
sules may  stand  obliquely  with  respect  to  the  midrib,  but  their  direc- 
tion must  be  parallel  to  each  other.  55.  5 — (spleen-wort,  walking- 
leaf.) 

t  The  involucre  opens  inwards,  when  it  opens  Of  separates,  so  as  tokavc  the  caosules 
■aked  on  the  siUe  next  to  the  niidrib.  r'«*«^« 


164  GLASS    XXII.       ORDER    1. 

ScoLOPENDRiUM.  Capsules  in  strait  or  zigzag  parallel  lines  between 
the  secondary  veins  (or  ribs)  of  the  frond  :  involucre  double,  opening 
on  the  top  of  the  lines  of  capsules,  and  folding  down  towards  each  side. 
(In  the  genus  asplenium,  the  lines  of  capsules  lie  across  the  veins  of  the 
frond  ;  but  in  this  they  are  in  line  with  the  veins,  and  attached  along 
their  sides  or  between  them.)     55.  5— (caterpillar  fern.) 

VVooDWARDiA.  Capsules  in  oblong  or  oval  spots,  arranged  in  regular 
rows  on  both  sides  of  the  midrib  :  involucre  vaulted,  and  opening  in- 
wards. (When  the  leaves  have  large  segments,  the  capsules  are  ar- 
ranged along  the  midribs  of  the  segments  also.)    55.  5 — (kidney-fruit 

fern.) 

Adiantum.  Capsules  disposed  in  oblong  spots,  arranged  along  the 
margin  of  the  frond  :  involucre  is  formed  by  turning  back  the  margin 
of  the  frond  over  the  capsules,  and  it  opens  inwards  (The  lines  of 
oblong  spots  are  generally  along  that  margin,  which  may  be  consider- 
ed the  end  of  the  leaf,  or  of  the  segments  of  the  leaf.)  55.  5 — (maid- 
enhair ) 

AspiDiuM.  Capsules  in  scattered  roundish  spots  on  various  parts  of 
the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond  :  involucre  a  kidney-form  or  round 
membrane,  fastened  to  the  frond  in  or  near  the  centre  of  the  fruit-dot, 
and  opening  on  all  sides.  (The  involucre,  when  a  little  opened,  is 
strictly  peltate.)     55.  5 — (shield-fern.) 

Athyrium.  (Taken  from  aspidium.)  Capsules  in  scattered  round- 
ish or  oblong  spots  on  various  parts  of  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the 
frond  :  involucre  a  roundish  membrane,  fastened  to  the  frond  at  one 
side  of  the  fruit-dot,  and  opens  on  the  other.  (The  involucre  is  gene- 
rally fastened  inwards,  and  opens  outwards  towards  the  margin  of  the 
frond.     55.  5 — (si:uff-box  fern.) 

DicKsoNiA.  Capsule:?  in  small  round  scattered  fruit-dots  at  the  mar- 
gin of  the  frond  involucre  double  ;  one  part  is  formed  of  the  thin  mar- 
gin of  the  frond  turned  over  upon  the  fruit-dots,  the  other  is  from  the 
frond  on  the  inward  side  of  the  fruit-dots,  each  part  opening  opposite  to 
where  it  is  fastened  to  the  frond.     65.  5 — (mountain  fern.) 

WooDsiA.  Involucre  perianth -form,  with  a  hair-like  margin  :  cap- 
sules pedicelled,  included  within  the  involucre  :  fruit-dots  roundish, 
scattered.     55.  5 — (flower-cup  fern.) 

Chf.ilanthes.  Fruit-dots  roundish,  distinct,  situated  at  the  margin 
of  the  frond  :  involucre  a  roundish  membrane,  formed  by  turning  over 
the  margin  of  the  frond  upon  the  fruit-dots,  and  opening  inwards.  (The 


CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    I.  165 

Biargln  is  always  crenate,  and  each  fruit-dot  has  its  own  involucre  per^ 
fectly  separate  from  the  others.)     55.  5 — (lip-fern.) 

B.     JVith  capsules  not  annulated. 

ScHizjEA.  Capsules  top-form,  striate  longitudinally  and  radiately, 
situated  upon  the  back  part  of  a  narrow  spike-form  appendage  of  the 
frond,  surrounded  with  or  interspersed  among  bundles  of  hairs.  (The 
appendages,  bearing  the  capsules,  are  generally  digitate,  and  occupy 
the  summit  of  the  frond.)     55.  5 — (one-sided  fern.) 

OsMUNDA.  Capsules  globose,  pedicelled,  radiate-striate  or  wrinkled, 
having  a  hinge  at  the  joining  of  the  two  valves,  which  resembles  part 
of  the  jointed  ring  of  annulated  ferns :  the  capsules  either  occupy  the 
whole  frond,  to  a  limited  extent,  or  a  panicled  raceme.  (The  parts  of 
the  frond  occupied  by  the  fruit  are  always  more  contracted  than  the 
barren  parts.)     55.  5 — (flowering  fern.) 

Lygodium.  Capsules  in  two  series,  radiate-striated  or  wrinkled, 
opening  laterally,  longitudinally  or  transversely  ;  they  are  situated  up- 
on spikelets  which  proceed  from  the  margin  of  the  frond,  each  capsule 
being  hid  under  a  scale  which  falls  oflF  frequently  in  ripening.  55.  5— 
(fringed  fern,  climbing  fern.) 

BoTRYCHiuM.  Capsules  coriaceous,  globose,  1-celled,  smooth  ;  they 
are  disposed  in  spikes  or  racemes,  generally  opening  lengthwise,  some- 
times irregularly.     55,  5 — (grape  fern.) 

Ophioglossum.  Capsules  round,  1-celled,  opening  transversely  ; 
they  are  placed  on  a  somewhat  jointed  spike  in  two  close  rows.  55.  & 
—(adder-tongue  fern.) 

Sub-order.     Aptere?. 

Lycopodium.  Capsules  mostly  kidrey-form  or  roundish,  2  or  4- 
valved,  opening  elastically  ;  they  are  placed  under  separate  scales  in  a 
spike,  or  sometimes  in  the  axils  of  leaves.  (Very  leafy,  their  stems 
being  generally  covered  with  2,  3,  or  4  rows  of  narrow,  simple,  entire 
leaves.)     55.  5 — (ground.pine.) 

EquisETOM.  Fruit  placed  under  peltate  bodies,  whVh  are  arranged 
in  vvhorls,  forming  a  spike-form  raceme  ;  four  spiral  filaments  surround 
the  seed  (probably,)  which  resemble  green  globules.  (Fertile  plants 
mostiv  leafless  ;  the  stems  of  all  are  jointed  with  toothed  sheaths  at 
cver>'jo!it,  and  usually  longitudinally  striated  and  hollow.)  55.  5— - 
(scourin'^  rush,  horsetail.) 
JsoET£s.    Capsules  membranaceous,  l-celled^  not  dehiscent :  fruit*- 


166^  CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    IT. 

dots  heart-ovate,  immersed  in  a  swelling  or  tuberosity  at  the  base  of  a 
linear,  sub-articulated,  grass-like  frond :  seeds  attached  to  numerous 
cross-bars  within  the  capsule.     55.  5 — (quill-wort.) 

Order  II.     Musci.* 

First  division.     Capsules  without  peristomes. 

Sphagnum.  Base  of  the  calyptre  remains  attached  to  the  capsule, 
after  the  upper  part  has  fallen  off.     56.  4. 

Phascum.  Capsule  terminal,  without  an  opening :  calyptre  bell- 
form,  halved,  subulate,  minute.     56.  4. 

GvMNOsTOMUM.  Capsules  terminal :  calyptre  cowled  or  halved, 
subulate,  caducous.     56.  4. 

ScHisTiDiuM.  Capsule  terminal  :  calyptre  mitre-form  or  bell-conic, 
split  at  the  base  into  many  subequal  divisions.     56.  4. 

Akxectangium.     Capsule  lateral :  calyptre  halved,  subulate.    56.  4. 

Second  division.    Capsules  with  peristomes. 

A.     Mouth  surrounded  by  asiiigle  peristome  :  fruit  terminal. 
1.  Teeth  solitary,  free  (disconnected)  at  the  hose,  entire. 

Tetraphis.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  4,  pyramidal :  calyptre  mitre- 
form,  split  into  many  divisions  at  the  base.     56.  4. 

Grimmia.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  pyramidal,  easily  reflexed : 
calyptre  mitre-form.     56.  4. 

Weissla.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  erectish,  narrow,  imperforate  : 
calyptre  halved,  subulate.     56.  4. 

Trematodon.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  lance-linear,  perforate  : 
germ  nodding,  with  a  long  horn-like  epophysis  at  the  base  :  calyptre 
cowled.    56.  4. 

2.  Teeth  solitary,  free  at  the  base,  split  from  the  apex  towards  the  base. 

Dicranum.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  inflexed,  2-cleft,  the  divisions 
equal ;  calyptre  hood-form.     56.  4. 

Campylopus.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  2-cleft,  sub-perforate  :  ca- 
lyptre mitre-form,  torn-fringed  at  the  base.     56.  4. 

Racomitrum.     Teeth  of  the  peristome  split  even  to  the  base  into  2, 

*  Arran^d,  with  few  exceptions,  according  to  the  Methodus  Muscorum  A  Sam.Eb  a 

Mosses  maybe  gathered  whenever  the  capsules  have  arrived  to  their  usual  size-,  but 
they  must  be  put  in  a  closet,  until  the  lids  of  the  capsules  become  reddish-brown, before 
teey  are  examined :  tlieu  the  lids  may  be  removed,  and  the  teeth  examined. 


CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    II.  167 

3,  or  4  parts  ;  division  equal,  filiform  :  calyptre  mitre-form  or  bell-form, 
and  siibiilale,  mostly  torn  at  the  base.     56.  4. 

Trichostomum.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  split  even  to  the  base 
into  2,  3,  or  4  parts ;  divisions  filiform  :  calyptre  halved,  hood-form. 
56.  4. 

3.  Teeth  solitary,  twisted  together  like  a  rope  at  the  top. 

Barbula.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16  or  32,  capillary,  somewhat 
connected  at  the  base,  and  spirally  twisted  at  the  top  :  calyptre  hood- 
form.     56.  4. 

Syntrichi  A.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16  or  32,  twisted  spirally  in  the 
form  of  a  spike,  and  arising  from  a  broad  reticulate  membrane  :  ca- 
lyptre hood-form.     56.4. 

4.   Teeth  approach  each  other,  or  unite  inpairs. 

DiDvaioDON.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  32  ;  they  approach  each  other 
in  pairs,  but  remain  distinct :  calyptre  hood-form.     56.  4. 

SpLACHNUiVi.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  attached  to  each  other  in 
pairs,  so  that  they  can  hardly  be  separated  without  lacerating  their  cu- 
ticles ;  reflexed,  and  at  length  close  pressed  to  the  back  of  the  capsule  ; 
the  capsule  has  an  apophysis  :  calyptre  bell-form,  with  a  sub-lacerated 
base.     56.  4. 

B.    Mouth  surrounded  by  a  double  peristome,  (except  2  species  of  Ortho- 
trichum  :)  fruit  terminal. 

Orthotrichum.  Peristome  single  or  double.  JVhen  single,  the  teeth 
are  16,  arranged  in  pairs  ;  after  the  falling  of  the  lid  they  are  reflexed. 
When  double,  the  outer  teeth  are  as  when  single,  and  the  inner  teeth  are 
8  or  16,  linear,  distant:  calyptre  conic  or  bell-form,  keeled,  pilose  up- 
wards ;  rarely  glabrous,     56.  4. 

Ulota.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  arranged  in  pairs  ;  after 
the  falling  of  the  lid  they  are  easily  reflexed;  teeth  of  the  inner  peri- 
stome are  8,  linear,  distant :  calyptre  conic,  smoothish,  hairy  above, 
often  split  into  a  fringe  at  the  base.     56.  4. 

Bartramia.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  wedge  form  ;  the 
inner  peristome  consists  of  a  membrane  folded  into  16  carinate  plaits 
or  folds;  the  divisions  are  bifid,  receiving  the  inflexed  apexes  of  the 
teeth  :  calyptre  hooded.     56.  4. 

Brvcm.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadisb,  acute  ;  the  inner 
peristome  consists  of  a  membrane,  divided  or  folded  by  keel-like  fur- 


168  CLASS   XXII.      ORDER   II. 

rows,  and  extended  into  16  broadish  processes,  with  cillate  hairs  inter- 
posed :  calyptre  hood-form  :  capsule  equal.     56.  4. 

ArrhenopterumT  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadish,  acute  ; 
the  inner  peristome  consists  of  a  keel-furrowed  membrane,  split  into 
broad  processes,  with  ciliate  hairs  interposed  :  calyptre  oblong,  late- 
rally sessile  :  capsule  unequal,  arcuate,  nodding.     56.  4. 

Mnium.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadish,  ascending  or 
erect,  with  very  long  apexes  arching  outwards ;  the  inner  peristome 
consists  of  a  membrane  extended  into  16  perforated  or  forked  divisions, 
ciliate  hairs  interposed  ?  calyptre  acutely  conic  :  capsule  unequal, 
jiodding.     56.  4. 

TiMMiA.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadish,  acuminate  ;  the 
inner  peristome  consists  of  a  membrane  torn  into  16  divisions,  opposite 
to  the  teeth,  irregularly  perforated  and  anastomosing,  rarely  the  divi- 
sions are  alternately  free  :  calyptre  laterally  fissile.     56.  4. 

DiPLocoMiuM.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  obtuse,  short;  the 
inner  peristome  consists  of  16  ciliate  hairs  approaching  each  other  in 
pairs,  not  connected  by  any  membrane.     56.  4. 

Meesia.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  short ;  the  inner  peristome 
consists  of  ciliate  hairs  connected  wholly  by  net-work.     56.  4. 

DiPHYSCiuM.  The  outer  peristome  seer  :s  as  if  almost  obliterated ;  it 
consists  of  16  very  minute  scales  surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  germ  ; 
Ihe  inner  peristome  consists  of  a  conic  truncate  membrane,  in  16  pli- 
cate folds,  which  alternate  with  the  scales.     56.  4. 

BuxBAUMiA.  Peristomes  three.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16, 
truncate,  very  short,  unequal,  fugaceous  :  the  two  inner  peristomes 
consist  of  sub-conical  m-embranaceous  cylinders,  constructed  of  fila- 
ments laterally  adhering  together,  and  torn  at  the  top  ;  the  innermost 
is  the  longest,  folded  in  16  plaits,  and  dehiscent  at  the  apex.     56.  4. 

FuNARiA.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  cohering  together  at  the 
apex,  and  twisted  obliquely  ;  the  inner  peristome  consists  of  16  mem- 
branaceous cilia  opposite  to  the  teeth,  lying  flatly.     56.  4 

C,     Mouth  surrounded  by  a  single  peristome  :  fruit  lateral. 
1.   Teeth  entire. 

Pterigvnandrum.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  equally  distant,  acute, 
erectish  :  calyptre  hood-form,  glabrous.     56.  4. 

Lasia.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  equally  distant,  acute,  eiect : 
cal}'ptre  hood-form,  pilose  above.    56.  4. 


GLASS    XXII,       ORDER    II.  469 

2.  Teeth  split. 

Leucodon.  Peristome  a  membrane  divided  iiilo  teeth,  each  of  which 
is  split  almost  to  its  base  :  calyptre  hood-form.     56.  4. 

D.    Mouth  surrounded  by  a  double  peristome  :  fruit  lateral. 
1.  Teeth  of  the  inner  peristome  free  at  the  base. 

Neckera.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  erect,  free  ;  cilia  of  the 
inner  peristome  alternate  with  the  teeth,  (rarely  opposite  :)  calyptre 
hood-form,  glabrous.     56.  4. 

Cryph^a.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  erect,  free  ;  cilia  of  the 
inner  peristome  alternate  with  the  teeth  :  calyptre  mitre-form  or  conic, 
glabrous.     56.  4. 

PiLOTRicHUM.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  erect,  free  j  cilia  of 
the  inner  peristome  alternate  with  the  teeth  ;  calyptie  mitre-form  or 
conic,  hirsute.     56.  4. 

2.   Teeth  of  the  inner  peristome  connected  by  a  lyiembrane  at  the  base. 

Climacium.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  acute  ;  inner  peris- 
tome consists  of  cilia,  arising  from  a  very  short  membrane,  which  are 
united  at  the  apex  in  pairs  by  transverse  bars.    56.  4. 

Leskia.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  subulate,  inflexible  ;  inner 
peristome  consists  of  a  membrane  extended  into  16  linear,  uniform 
processes  :  calyptre  hood-form.     56.  4. 

PTERiGOPHYLLUiM.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  lance-linear  ;  in- 
ner peristome  consists  of  a  membrane  split  into  16  linear,  uniform,  (rarely 
deformed)  processes  :  calyptre  mitre-form,  entire,  glabrous.     56.  4. 

Hypnum.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  acute,  reflexile  ;  inner 
peristome  consists  of  a  membrane  extended  into  16  processes,  with 
smaller  capillary  ones  interposed  :  calyptre  hood-form,  glabrous.  56.  4. 
3.  Inner  peristome  without  teeth  or  cilia. 

FoNTiNALis.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadish.,  acute,  erect ; 
inner  peristome  a  reticulate  conic  membrane.     56.  4. 

E.     Mouth  surrounded  b^  a  single  peristome  :  fruit  arises  from  the  du' 
plicature  of  a  leaf. 

FissiDENS.  Peristome  simple  :  teeth  16,  2-cleft,  broadish,  inflexed; 
the  divisions  somewhat  unequal,  diverging.     56.  4. 

F.     Mouth  closed  by  a  horizontal  membrane. 
PoLYTBiCHUM.    Peristome  veiy  short :  teeth  16,  32,  or  64 :  moutk 


170  CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    lY. 

of  the  germ  covered  by  a  dry  meuibrane,  which  is  connected  to  it  by 
the  teeth  of  the  peristome  :  calyptre  very  small,  with  a  large  villose  or 
hairy  covering.     56.  4. 

Catharin^a.  Peristome  very  short ;  teeth  32  or  64  :  mouth  of  the 
capsule  covered  by  a  dry  membrane  :  calyptre  glabrous  or  hirsute,  with 
scattering  hairs.    56.  4. 

Order  III.     Hepatic.?:.^ 

RicciA.  Capsules  sub-globose,  imbedded  in  the  frond,  not  dehiscent^ 
furnished  with  a  short  tube,  scarcely  prominent,  becoming  broAvnish 
and  perforated  at  the  apex.  This  aquatic  genus  has  the  habit  of  the 
most  succulent  and  tender  lichens.     57.  3. 

Anthoceros.  Capsules  long,  horn-form,  subulate,  longitudinally- 
dehiscent  into  2  valves  when  mature,  imbedded  and  nourished  in  a 
linear  fleshy  receptacle  ;  after  the  opening  of  the  capsule,  seeds  appear 
attached  to  a  columella.  Around  the  fleshy  receptacle,  (or  perhaps 
calyx,)  within  the  substance  of  the  frond,  appear  heaps  of  reddish  bo- 
dies resembling  antiiers.  The  substance  of  the  frond  is  made  up  of 
hexahedral  cells.     In  habit  this  genus  resembles  mosses.     57.  3. 

Marchaktia.  Receptacles  pedicelled,  radiate-lobed,  disk-like  or 
bell-form,  with  the  inside  downwards,  to  which  the  globose  4-valved 
capsules  are  attached,  with  their  apexes  downwards.  The  umbrella- 
like receptacle  is  elevated  one  or  two  inches  by  a  stipe  attached  to  the 
centre  of  its  lower  side,  among  the  capsules  and  many  pilose  appen- 
dages. The  frond  is  leafy,  reticulate,  furnished  with  a  midrib,  and  be- 
set with  villose  roots  on  the  under  side,  which  attach  themselves  to  the 
stones  in  brooks,  to  damp  earth,  &,c. 

JuNGERMANNi.A.  Capsules  4-valved,  globose,  elevated  by  peduncles 
or  stipes  from  within  a  bell-form  calyx.  The  fronds  are  made  up  of 
finer  leaves  than  those  of  the  INIarchantia,  and  are  often  mistaken  for 
mosses,  among  which  they  generally  grow.     57.  3. 

Order  IV.    Algje.! 

A.  The  section  FucoidejE  comprises  those  ^a-weeds  of  the  old  genus 
Fucus,  whose  fronds  are  cartilaginous  or  leathery,  and  of  an  olive 
or  copper  colour,  becoming  brown  or  black.  They  are  composed  of 
interwoven  longiludijial  fibres.  The  floating  vesicles  appear  like 
portions  of  the  frond  blown  vp  in  bubbles. 

*  From  Spreneel,  De  Lar.invck  and  De  Oaiiflolle. 

t  Translated  frmn  Acranlli's  Synopsis  Alcnrura— omitting-  all  which  is  not  reqiure* 
b7  discoveries  in  our  districi. 


CLASS    XX[I.       ORDER    IV.  171 

Pucus.  Receptacles  tubercled ;  the  tubercles  perforated,  nourish- 
ing aggregated  caj)sules  within,  intermixed  with  articulated  fibres. 
57.  2. 

CiioRDARii.  The  fruit  consists  of  immersed,  clavate,  articulated^, 
concentric  tiireads,  passing  into  seeds.  Fronds  filiform,  cartilaginous 
and  lubricous.     57.  2. 

Laminaria.     Seeds  oblong,  immersed  in  a  distinct  part  of  the  frond 
— never  in  all  parts.     Frond  a  tenacious  cartilage.     57.  2. 
B.     The  section  Floride^  comprises  those  sea-weeds  of  the  old  genus 

Fucus,  whose  fronds  are  leather}/,  membranous  or  gelatinous,  and  of  tt 

jmrple  or  rose  colour. 

Delesseria.  Fruit  double,  seeds  and  capsules.  Seeds  heaped  to- 
gether in  spots,  immersed  in  the  leaves  in  various  places.  Frond  al- 
ways thin  and  membranaceous.     57.  2. 

Sph.erococcus  Fruit  uniformly  a  ca,psule,  sessile  in  the  disk  of  the 
frond,  or  pedicelled  at  the  margin.  Frond  cartilaginous,  nerveless,  flat 
or  filiform.    57.  2. 

Halymenia.  Frond  membranaceous,  leathery,  nerveless,  punctate  : 
seed  immersed  throughout  the  whole  frond,  disposed  in  spots.  57.  2. 
C  The  section  ULVoiDEiE  comprises  the  plants  of  the  old  genus  Ulvd' 
Fronds  membranaceous,  (broad,  or  in  narrow  slips,)  thin,  of  a  grass- 
green  colour.  Their  substance  consists  of  cells,  with  the  fruit  immersed 
in  the  frond.  They  grow  on  rocks,  stones,  shells,  &,c.  in  the  sea  ;  also 
in  ditches,  stagnant  waters,  damp  woods,  k,c.     57.  2. 

Ulva.  Seeds  in  fours,  immersed  in  every  part  of  the  membranaceous 
frond.     57.  2. 

Vaucheria.  Fruit  consists  of  minute  homogeneous  vesicles  strung 
on  a  thread,  or  the  threads  or  fibres  sprinkled  over  with  green  granulai' 
masses,  which  may  at  length  be  easily  brushed  off.  Linneus  denomi- 
nated the  plants  of  this  genus  amphibious  confervse  ;  because  they  rise 
to  the  surface  of  water,  and  project  their  fructiferous  filaments  above 
it.    57.  2. 

D.  The  section  Coxfervoide^  comprises  the  plant?  of  the  old  genus 
Conferva.  Fruit  capsular  or  naked  granulations.  Fronds  ftlifortn 
and  geniculate,  containing  the  fruit  immersed  in  them,  generally  strung 
on  threads;  mostly  of  a  grass-green  or  greenish  colour,  sometimes  pur- 
ple. They  grow  in  fresh  water  streams,  springs,  ditches,  and  stagnant 
waters  ;  sometimes  in  damp  w^oods,  and  some  in  the  sea. 


172  GLASS    XXII.       ORDER    V. 

HuTCHiNsiA.  Fruit  double,  capsular  and  filamentose  granulation?' 
Capsules  ovate,  broader  at  the  base,  acuminate  apex  (sometimes  trun- 
cate,) sessile,  reticulate,  containing  globules  in  inflated  branches.  Fi- 
laments formed  from  numerous  channels,  of  a  purplish  colour,     67.  2. 

Ceramium.  Fruit  double,  filaraentose  and  capsular.  Filaments 
constituted  from  one  tube.     57.2. 

Lamania.  Filaments  torose,  rigid,  containing  the  seed  within  them. 
The  chain  of  germs  is  affixed  to  the  interior  disk  of  the  membrane,  in  a 
pencil-form  aggregate.     57.  2. 

Conferva.  Filaments  articulated,  uniform,  simple  or  branched ; 
containing  the  seed  within  them.     No  external  fruit.     57.  2. 

Zygnema.  Filaments  simple,  equal,  articulated,  green,  gelatinous  ; 
articulations  hyaline  ;  granulations  disposed  in  spiral  lines  or  in  double 
stars,  rarely  scattered.  At  length  the  transvei'se  tubes  burst  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  joints,  and  from  the  two  nearest  filaments  is  transmitted,  at 
the  same  time,  a  green  substance,  which  uniting,  forms  a  spherical  oc 
oval  seed.     57.  2. 

Oscillatoria.  Filaments  continued,  membranaceous,  gelatinous  : 
germs  ring-form,  transverse,  parallel,  croAvded.  Agardh  considers  some 
of  the  species  of  this  genus  as  intermediate  between  animal  and  vege- 
table, though  their  oscillatory  motions  cannot  be  voluntary.     57.  2. 

Batrachospermum.  Frond  gelatinous.  Filaments  with  the  main 
part  articulated ;  branches  whorled  at  the  articulations  :  fruit  externaL 
67.  2. 

E.  The.  section  Tremellin^  comprises  the  old  genus  Tremella.  Plants 
of  this  seciion  are  all  gelatinous,  hyaline,  and  covered  with  a  membrane. 
They  are  globose,  palmate,  or  filiform  ;  and  contain  conferva-like  fila- 
ments within.  Colour  green  or  purplish.  They  resemble  Confervoidece 
in  habit  and  place  of  growth. 

Rivularia.  Filaments  simple,  continued,  annulated  within,  termi- 
nating in  a  distinct  globe  at  the  base,  produced  at  the  apex  into  a  long 
hyaline  point.     Colour  olive,  or  dark  green.     57.2. 

NosToc.  Filaments  monili-form,  constituted  from  coadunate  glo- 
bules. Frond  bullate,  vesicular,  (at  length  becoming  flattened,)  craivd- 
ed  with  simple,  moniU-4"orm,  ciirve-crisped  filapaents.    57.  2. 


CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    V.  173 

Order  V.     Lichenes* 

A.     The  Idiothalamous\  section  comprises  tfwse  lichens,  whose  receptacles 
are  wholly  of  a  substance  and  colour  different  from  that  of  the  frond. 

1.  Receptacles  simple,  wholly  formed  of  a  pulverulent  or  cartilaginom 
substance. 

(Receptacles  without  margins.) 

Spiloma.  Frondt  crustaceous,  expanded,  flat,  adnate,  uniform:  re- 
ceptacles (efflorescence)  composed  of  corpuscules,  or  pulverulent 
atoms,  aggregated  in  compact,  homogeneous,  naked,  formless  (or  of 
various  and  irregular  forms,)  coloured  masses.     57.  2. 

Arthonia.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  :  re- 
ceptacle innate-sessile,  round-shapeless,  dark-coloured,  covered  with  a 
sub-cartilaginous  membrane— resembles  a  solid  parenchymous  sub- 
stance.   57.  2, 

(Receptacles  margined.) 

GvALECTA.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 
receptacle  shield-form,  urceolate,  immersed  in  the  crust,  resembling  a 
thin  cartilage  ;  the  lower  part  concave,  with  the  aperture  contracted 
and  sub-marginated.     57.  2. 

Lecidea.  Frond  various  :  crustaceous,  expanded  and  adnate,  uni- 
form or  disfigured,  foliaceous,  rope-  or  tow-like  :  receptacles  (span- 
gles) shield-form,  sessile,  clothed  every  where  with  a  cartilaginous 
membrane:  somewhat  solid,  including  a  parenchymous  substance: 
disk  with  an  uniform  or  similar  margin.     57.  2. 

Calicium.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform : 
receptacles  (puff's)  bowl-form,  sessile  or  stiped,  cartilaginous  ;  sustain- 
ing a  compact,  pulverulent  mass,  flat  or  sub-globose  above,  forming  a 
naked  disk.     57.  2. 

GvRopHORA.  Frond  foliaceous.  coriaceous-cartilac^inous,  peltate, 
monophyllous  (when  luxurient  polyphyllous,)  free  beneath:  recei)tacles 
(buttons)  somewhat  shield-form,  sessile-adnate,  clothed  with  a  dark 
membranaceous  cartilage,  including  a  somewhat  solid  parenchymous 
substance  :  disk  warty  or  circinal,  plicate  and  margined.     57.  2, 

Opegrapha.     Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 

*  Translated  from  tlielast  improved  Synopsis  Methodica  Lichvnum  of  Professor  Erii 
Acharius. 
t  ItH'is,  peculiar:  thrtJamus.hoA. 
\  Acharius  has  subsiituied  for  frond,  universal  nce^tade,  in  his  last  work  ihi-yughout. 

r  2 


174  CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    V. 

receptacles  (clefts)  oblong,  elongated,  sessile,  clothed  with  a  dark-co- 
loured cartilaginous  membrane,  including  a  somewhat  solid  parenchy- 
mous  substance  :  disk  linear,  margined  both  sides.    57.  2. 

S.  Receptacles  sub-simple,  formed  from  a  solitary  frond,  and  furnished 
with  a  perianth-like  organ,  including  a  nucleus. 

(Receptacles  margined.) 
Graphis.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  :  re- 
ceptacles (hollows)  elongated,  immersed  in  the  frond  ;  the  perianth- 
iike  organs  surrounding  the  seed-cases  are  simple,  cartilaginous,  halved, 
lateral,  dark-coloured,  margined  both  sides;  nucleus  linear:  disk  na- 
ked above  and  beneath,  cellular-striate  within.  57.  2. 
(Receptacles  without  margins.) 

Verrucaria.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 
a-eceptacles  (hollows)  hemispheric  or  sub-globose,  imbedded  in  the 
frond  at  the  base  ;  the  perianth-like  organs  surrounding  the  seed-cases 
are  double  ;  exterior  one  sub-cartilaginous, thick,  dark-coloured,  halved 
above,  furnished  with  little  openings  or  papillose  ;  interior  one  thin, 
membranaceous:  nucleus  sub-globose,  cell  vesicular,  ererypart  en- 
closed.    57.  2. 

Endocarpon.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  adnate,  somewhat  deformed, 
or  foliaceous  and  peltate  :  receptacles  (hollows)  globose,  hidden  in  the 
substance  of  the  frond  ;  the  perianth-like  organs  surrounding  the  seed- 
cases  are  simple,  membranaceous,  thin,  translucent ;  the  little  open- 
ings at  the  surface  of  the  frond  are  thick,  sub-papiilose,  prominent  : 
nucleus  a  globose  substance.     57.2. 

B.     The  CffiNOTHALAMous*  section  comprises  those  lichens,  lohose  recep. 
tacles  are  in  part  only  formed  from  fiie  substance  of  the  frond. 
1.  Receptacles  included  in  warts,  which  are  formed  from  the  frond. 
Porina.     Frond  crustaceous,  cartilaginous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate, 
uniform  :    receptacles  (hollows)  single,  or  many  together  hidden  in 
verrucose  enclosures,  which  are  formed  from  the  frond,  and  are  with- 
out margins ;  the  perianth-like  organs  surrounding  the  seed  cases  are 
simple,  tender,  membranaceous,  trans'ucent,  furnished  wUb  coloured 
openings,  thicker  at  the  surface  of  the  warts,  and  inclu'^ing  sub-globose 
cellular  vesicles.    57.  2. 

*  Koinos,  common;  tf-ulcmr^.W-": 


CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    V.  175 

Pyrexula.  Frond  cruslaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 
receptacles  (hollows)  single,  enclosed  or  surrounded  at  the  base  by 
warts  formed  from  the  frond  ;  the  perianth-like  organs  are  simple, 
thick,  dark-coloured,  papillose,  investing  the  whole  cellular  globose 
nucleus.     57.  2. 

Variolaria.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 
the  receptacle  is  a  kind  of  wart,  formed  externally  from  the  frond,  with 
a  white  border  or  margin  :  nucleus  naked,  (without  the  perianth-like 
organ,)  compressed,  cellular,  hidden  within  the  substance  of  the  wart, 
veiled  above,  but  at  length  naked.    57.  2. 

2.  Recepta<:les  shield-form,  mb-sessile,  furnished  with  a  disk  of  a  peculiar 
substance  and  colour,  and  surrounded  by  a  margin  of  a  different  colour, 
proceeding  from  the  frond. 

Urceolaria.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 
receptacles  (shields  or  spangles)  concave,  seed-bearing  lamina,  colour- 
ed, striate,  cellular  within,  immersed  in  the  substance  of  the  crust  or 
in  warts,  surrounded  with  margins  formed  from  the  frond,  and  of  the 
isame  colour,  sessile  or  elevated.     57.  2. 

Lecanora.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 
receptacles  shield-form,  thick,  adnate-sessile ;  seed-bearing  lamina 
forming  the  disk,  plano-convex,  coloured,  covering  the  receptacle 
above,  celiular-striate  within,  surrounded  with  a  thickish  margin  form- 
ed  from  the  frond  and  of  the  same  colour,  somewhat  free.     57.  2. 

Parjielia.  Frond  coriaceou?,  sub-membranaceous,  flat,  expanded, 
close-pressed,  orbicular,  stellate  and  lotjed,  or  multifid-laciniate,  having 
fibres  beneath  :  receptacle  shield-form,  sub-membranaceous,  formed 
under-side  from  the  frond,  free,  with  a  central  puncture  by  which  it  is 
affixed  ;  seed-bearing  lamina  forming  the  disk,  concave,  coloured,  co- 
vering the  whole  receptacle  above,  within  similar,  sub-ceilular  and 
striate,  cut  round,  inflexed  with  a  frond-like  margin.     57.  2. 

BoRRERA.  Frond  cartilaginous,  laciniate-branched  ;  divisions  free, 
often'channelled  beneath  and  ciliate  at  the  margin  :  receptacles  sh'eld- 
form,  thick,  formed  from  the  frond  beneath  ;  seed-bearing  lamina 
forming  the  disk,  coloured,  similar  within  or  vesicular,  surrounded  by 
a  frond-like  margin,  elevated,  inflexed.     57.  2. 

Cetraria.  Frond  cartilaginous  or  membraraceous,  ascending  or 
expanded,  lob: -lociiiiate,  sino-^ih  and  nakec'  both  sives  •  receptacles 
(targets)  shicId-Uke,  ol»I\n'"5  '  --;  '.'  -  ■!  to  tb?  margin  iif  tlie  frond,  the 


176  CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    V. 

lower  free,  being  separated  from  it,  the  upper  one  sessile  )  seed-bear- 
ing  lamina  forming  the  disk,  coloured,  plano-concave,  within  similar 
or  cellular-striate,  surrounded  with  a  frond-like  inflexed  margin.  57.  2, 

Sticta.  Frond  foliaceous,  coriaceous,  cartilaginous,  ^xpanded, 
lobed  beneath,  free  and  villose,  with  pits  interspersed  :  receptacles 
shield-form;  formed  from  the  frond  beneath,  with  a  central  puncture  to 
which  it  is  affixed  and  close-pressed  ;  seed-bearing  lamina  forming  the 
disk,  coloured,  flat,  cellular-striate  v.'ithin,  surrounded  by  a  frond-like 
margin.     57.  2. 

Peltidea.  Frond  foliaceous,  coriaceous,  expanded,  sub-adnate, 
lobed,  woolly-veined  beneath  :  receptacles  formed  beneath  from  the 
extended,  ascending,  proper  lobes  of  the  frond  ;  seed-bearing  lamina 
orbicular,  wholly  from  the  frond,  sub-oblique,  (inferior  segment  more 
elevated,)  cellular-striate  within,  adnate,  coloured,  flat,  surroundpd  by 
a  frond-like  margin,  which  is  thin,  elevated,  approximating  on  all  sides. 
57.  2. 

Nephroma.  Frond  foliaceous,  coriaceous,  membranaceous,  ex- 
panded, lobed,  free  and  naked,  or  sub-villose  beneath  ;  receptacles  up- 
side down,  formed  above  from  the  extended,  ascending,  proper  lobes  of 
the  frond ;  seed-bearing  lamina  reniform,  wholly  from  the  frond  and 
its  back-surface,  adnafe,  coloured,  flat,  ce'lular-striate  within,  guarded 
around  by  a  frond-like  margin,  approximate-inflexed  above,  more  re- 
mote and  somewhat  elevated  beneath.     57.  2. 

EvERNiA.  Frond  sub-crustaceous,  laciniate-branched,  angled  orflat- 
compressed,  erectish  or  pendulous,  rope- or  tow-like  within  :  receptacle 
shield-Uke,  sessile,  eleva'ed  all  around;  seed-bearing  lamina  forming 
the  disk,  thin,  concave,  coloured,  similar  within,  inflexed,  with  a  frond- 
like margin.     57.  2. 

3.  Receptacles  without  margins,  sub-globose,  formed  from  the  frond  above 
or  under  side;  inserted  on  the  branchlets  or  terminal  processes,  or  scat- 
tered and  sessile. 

(Receptacles  covered  above  with  seed-bearing  lamina.) 

'^ENOMycE.     Froad  crusty  or  cartilaginous,  foliaceous,  laciniate,  sub* 
.      ate,  free,   (rarely  adnate;)  bearing  sub-fistulous  peduncles  (jjo- 
c<v'        toth  barren  and  fertile:  receptacles  (knobs)  orbicular,  without 
Tn<  ^t  ls;i!;th  convex  and  canitate,  inflated  or  empty  beneath,  ter- 

m'-i  Hched  to  the  peduicles  by  their  peripheries  ;  seed-bearing 

lamina  j  .  rwin^  the  receptacle  above,  thlckisb,  coloured,  similar  with- 


eLASS   XXII.      ORDER   V.  177 

ill,  convex,  rpflexed  and  attached  at  the  periphery,  invested  beneath 
with  the  woolly  integument  of  the  frond.     57.  2. 

BiEMYCES.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate  ;  bearing  soft, 
»olid,  fertile  peduncles  (podetia  :)  receptacles  (knobs)  capitate,  without 
margins,  solid,  terminal,  sessile  on  the  peduncles;  seed-bearing  lamina 
covering  the  whole  receptacle  and  adnate  to  it,  convex-reflexed,  thick- 
ish,  coloured,  similar  within.     57.  2. 

IsiDiuM.  Frond  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform,  bear- 
ing shortish,  solid,  fertile  peduncles  (podetia:)  receptacles  (globules) 
orbicular,  convex,  at  length  sub-globose,  solid,  terminal,  sessile  on  the 
peduncles  ;  seed-bearing  lamina  included  by  the  apex  of  the  peduncles, 
and  surrounded  by  a  kind  of  edging  formed  from  them,  convex  above, 
flat  and  coloured  beneath,  afterw  ards  prominent,  edged  around  and 
hemispheric,  similar  within.     57.  2. 

Stereocaulon.  Frond  cartilaginous  or  somewhat  woody,  woody- 
branched,  bark  crustaceous  and  unequal :  receptacles  (knobs)  turbi- 
nate, sessile,  solid,  flat  above,  edged  around,  at  length  globose  bemi-» 
spheres;  seed-bearing  lamina  thick,  covering  the  receptacle  above, 
flat,  surrounded  by  a  frond-like  edging  somew^hat  equal,  at  length  con- 
vex, dilated  and  covering  the  edging,  reflexed,  coloured,  similar  with-- 
in,  sub-striate.     57.  2, 

(Receptacle  closed  with  the  substance  of  the  frond,  and  enclosing  a 
pulverulent  mass.) 

Rhizomorpha.*  Frond  cartilaginous,  membranaceous,  with  rope- 
©r  tow-like  fibres  within,  solidish,  somewhat  terete,  proliferous-branch- 
ed, creeping,  prostrate  ;  receptacles  globose,  sessile,  afterwards  con- 
glomerate, formed  from  the  cortical  substance  of  the  frond,  lacerate- 
burst,  filled  with  fertile  dust.    57.  2. 

C.  The  HoMOTHALAMOusf  section  comprises  those  lichens,  whose  recep- 
tacles  are  wholly  formed  from  the  hark  and  substance  of  the  frond;  be- 
ing the  same,  or  nearly  the  same  colour. 

1.  Receptacles  shield  form,  margined,  sub-sessile. 
Alectoria.     Frond  cartilaginous,    sub-filiform,    rope-  or  tow-like 
within,  sub-fistulous,  ramose,  prostrate  or  penduloys  :  receptacle  shield- 
form,  thick,  sessile,  flattish,  margined  and  convex,  wholly  formed  from 


■^  Persoon  places  this  root-like  lichen  under  the  order  Fungi. 
\  Onios,  similar  j  thaiavK'?,  bed. 


178  GLASS    XXII.       ORDER    V. 

tlie  frond,  covered  with  its  cortical  substance,  which  is  similar  withiH; 
colour  similar.     57.  2. 

Ram.\lin^.  Frond  cartilaginous, rope-or  tow-like  within, solidish,  la- 
ciniate-branchedjSufFruticose,  and  mostly  with  powdery  dots:  receptacles 
shield-form,  thickish,  sub-peltate,  with  small  foot-sta!ks,  flat,  margined, 
wholly  formed  from  the  frond  and  covered  with  its  cortical  substance, 
colour  uniform.    57.  2. 

CoLLEMA.  Frond  sub-gelatinous,  homogeneous,  after  drying  mostly 
hard-cartilaginous,  polymorphous,  (crust-like,  foliaceous  or  in  branch- 
lets  :)  receptacle  shield-form,  sessile,  (rarely  elevated  on  a  very  short 
foot-stalk,)  margined,  formed  wholly  from  the  substance  of  the  frond 
and  similar,  but  the  disk  becomes  coloured  on  drying.     67.  2, 

2.  Receptacle  terminal,  peltate,  nearly  destitute  of  margins.. 

CoRNicuLARiA.  Froud  cartilaginous,  solidish  within,  and  rope-oi? 
tow-like,  branching,  and  a  little  frutescent :  receptacles  orbicular,  ter- 
minal, obliquely  peltate,  formed  wholly  from  ihe  frond,  cov'ered  all 
ever  with  its  cortical  substance  and  similar,  at  length  convex  and  sub- 
inflated,  somewhat  two-coloured  ;  its  periphery  sub-marginated,  sub- 
dentate,  and  at  length  reflexed.     57.  2. 

UsNEA.  Frond  sub  crustaceous,  teretish,  branched, 'mostly  pendu- 
lous ;  central  part  hyaline,  elastic,  composed  of  fascicles  of  tubes  :  re- 
ceptacles orbicular,  terminal,  peltate,  formed  w^holly  from  the  frond, 
covered  all  over  with  its  cortical  substance,  similar,  nearly  of  an  uni- 
form colour ;  its  periphery  destitute  of  margin,  but  often  surrounded 
byaciliate  edging.     57.  2. 

D.     The  AxHALAMOust  section  comprises  those  lichens,  ichose  receptacles 
are  wanting,  or  at  least  not  distinguishable. 

Lepraria.  Frond  crusty-pulverulent,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform  : 
receptacle  wanting,  or  at  least  unknown.    67.  2. 

Remark.  Sprengel  considers  the  Lepraria,  Spiloma  and  Variolaria 
as  merely  the  rudiments  of  other  genera. 


*  This  g^enus  it  placed  between  Usnea  and  Lepraria  by  Acharius  in  the  natural  aJ^ 
rangement-,  but  it  stands  in  this  section  in  bis  Conspectus  Systematicus. 
■    t  A  without ;  tkalamoi,  bed, 


GLASS    XXII.       ORDER    Vf.  179 

Order  VI.     Fungi* 

A.  Fungtisj;  dosed,  or  bearing  fruit  loHhin,  mostly  with  seeds  very  copioi^s. 
A  plant  of  this  section  is  denominated  angiocarpus. 

1.     Fungus  hardish,  with  a  soft  internal  substance. 

Sphaeria.  Receptacles  various  :  spherules  roundish  }  mostly  hol- 
low when  dry,  filled  when  moist  with  a  gelly  or  juicy-gelly,  made  up 
from  the  free  capsules.  A  large  genus,  comprising  184  species.  Plants 
minute.     58.  1. 

Stilbospora.  Spherules  none  :  capsules  or  seeds  aggregated  toge- 
ther in  a  black  substance  flowing  from  branches.     58.  1. 

Naemaspora.  Receptacle  none,  or  manifest  and  soft  :  a  gelly  burst- 
ing into  hair-like  or  shaggy-forms,  (when  dissolved  it  becomes  shape- 
less.)    58.  1. 

TuBERCULARiA.  Receptaclc  sub-hemispheric,  stipe-form,  or  wanting  ; 
gelatinous  substance  roundish,  compact,  mostly  reddish,  permanent, 
moist  and  somewhat  flowing.     58.  1. 

HvsTERiuM.  Receptacle  none  :  the  enclosures  of  the  capsules  most- 
ly oblong,  dehiscent  into  longitudinal  chinks.     58.  1. 

Xyloma,  Receptacles  (or  enclosures  of  the  capsules)  various,  hard, 
somewhat  fleshy  within,  continuing  closed,  or  at  length  bursting  in  va- 
rious ways.     58.  1. 

2.     Fungus  fleshy,  stuffed. 

ScLEROTiL'M.  Stuffcd,  various  in  form,  similar  and  smooth  within  ; 
at  length  corrugated  externally  in  some.     58.  1. 

TuEER.  Roundish,  fleshy :  its  substance  variegated  with  seed-bear- 
ing veins.     58.  1. 

8.     Fungus  ni c mbranaceous,  coriaceous  or  villose,  stuffed  tcith  dust  within .. 
(The  seminal  dust  intermixed  with  filaments.) 

TtJLosTOMA.  Receptacle  pedicelled,  opening  with  a  cylindric  carti- 
laginous mouth.     58.  1. 

Geastrum,  Volva  thin,  evanescent :  outer  bark  of  the  receptacle 
split  in  a  stellate  form,  at  length  reflexed  ;  mouth  mostly  pilose.     58.  1. 

BovisTA.     Receptacle  smooth,  sessile,  outer  bark  white,  resembling 

*  Translated  from  the  Synopsis  Methodira  Funsforum,  of  P.  C.  H.  Persoon. 

t  The  worri  fiin-^is  is  U'lecl  by  Persoon  to  denote  the  part  enclosins'  the  I'ir.it,  or  in 
any  niaauer  sustaining-  if  :  as  the  liat  of  tlie  niuslnooin  to  tbe  unrer  side  of  which  the 
l^melLie  are  attached,  the  memhraumis  covering  of  a  puff-ball, enclosing  thedust-Uk? 
seeds.&c— -Ihecoverinj  and  seeds  may  be  called  the  fruits 


180  CLASS    XXtl.      ORDER    VI. 

a  volva  :  at  length  irregularly  bursting  at  the  top,  it  becomes  evancE- 
cent  by  parts.     The  seminal  dust  is  yellowish-purple.     5S.  1. 

Lycopkrdon.  Receptacle  somewhat  caulescent,  at  length  bursting 
at  the  top,  with  scaly  warts  or  prickles  scattered  over  its  surface,  espe- 
cially when  young.     Seminal  dust  green.     58.  1. 

ScLEBODERMA.  Rcceptacle  with  a  tesselate,  hardish,  corky  bark, 
at  length  bursting  irregularly.  Seminal  dust  purple,  brown-yellow  or 
rust-colour.    58.  1. 

Lycogala.  Receptacle  roundish,  membranaceous,  smooth  ;  stuffed 
at  first  with  a  pulpy  liquescent  mass,  which  at  length  becomes  dust  in- 
termixed with  scattering  distant  fibres.     58.  1. 

FuLico.  At  first  pulpy,  mostly  open,  somewhat  deformed  ',  exter- 
nally hardish-fibrous  or  villose,  membranaceous  at  the  base  ;  within 
cellular-fibrous  and  pilose,  at  length  crumbling  into  dust.     58.  1. 

Phvsarum.  Receptacle  rigid,  simple,  mostly  with  small  wrinkles, 
somewhat  farinaceous  :  fibres  scattered,  reticulate,  mostly  adnate,  con- 
cealed.    58.  1. 

Trichia.  Receptacle  at  length  unequally  ruptured,  permanent:  se- 
minal filaments  compact,  adnate  to  the  receptacle  at  the  base,  expand- 
ing themselves  elastically.     58.  1. 

Arcyria.  Receptacle  evanescent  to  the  middle  :  seminal  filaments 
denudated,  overlaid  with  a  calyclform  receptacle.     58.  1. 

Stemonitis.  Receptacle  verj-  thin,  somewhat  evanescent  :  seminal 
filaments  reticulate,  sub-compact,  surrounding  and  afllixed  to  the  colu- 
laella-like  organs.    58.  1. 

(Seminal  dust  naked,  or  not  reticulate  with  fibres.) 

TuBULiNA.  Receptacles  tube-form,  connate  in  a  cespitose-forrei, 
mostly  imposed  on  an  underlaying  membrane  :  seminal  dust  naked, 
farinaceous.     58.  1. 

MucoR.  Receptacle  membranaceous,  globose,  stiped,  at  first  watery 
and  pellucid,  then  opake  :  seeds  naked,  sub-cohering.  Very  minute 
and  fugacious.     58.  1. 

Onygena.  Receptacle  stiped,  roundish,  dry,  permanent  :  seminal 
dust  cohering,  compact,  not  intermixed  with  filaments.     58.   1. 

Aecidium.  Receptacle  stemless,  manifest,  terete,  membranaceous, 
at  length  ruptured  with  a  dentate  mouth  :  seminal  dust  farinaceous, 
»aked.     Grows  on  leaves.     58.  1. 

Uredo.    Receptacle  none  :  seminal  dust  under  the  cuticle  of  leave* 


CLASS    XXII.       ORDET    V^ 

and  stems,  when  ruptured  it  is  easily  bruslied  ofTj  the  'itib  jnaEEesof 
seeds  uniform,  mostly  globose.     58.  1. 

PucciNiA.  Receptacle  none:  seeds  coiiulcmeraied  in  a  littie  l'x?ad, 
from  terete  it  is  sub-turbinate  ;  caudate,  divided  by  liule  paditiODS. — 
Mostly  on  leaves.     58.  1. 

Trichoderma.  Denudated  ;  seminal  dast  copious,  farinaceous,  sur- 
rounded with  a  tomentose  or  villose  integument.    58.  1. 

CoNopLEA.  Form  distinct,  byssuo-like  (flax-like  ;)  lilaments  perma- 
nent, compact,  rigid,  sprinkled  with  conspicuous  seminal  dust.     58.  1. 

(Fruit  lenticular,  fleshy,  veiy  manifest.) 
CvATHUS.     Receptacle  funnel-form  or  cup-form,  coriaceous  ;  closed 
at  first  with  a  veil  or  covering,  including  within  lenticular  vessels  or 
seeds.    58.  1- 

B.  Fungits  fleshy,  bearing  seeds  in  some  kind  of  exposed  or  naked  recep- 
tacle ;as  in  plates,  papillose  or  aculeate  processes,  or  a  spongy  substance. 
A  plant  of  this  section  is  denominated  gvm-nocarpus. 

1.     Receptacles  juicy,  gelatinous,  at  length  dissolving. 

Phallus.  Having  a  volva  at  the  base  of  the  stipe  :  pileus  ovate, 
sitting  on  the  stipe,  entire,  covered  with  dissolving  juice.    58.  1. 

3.  Receptacles  of  a  membranaceous  substance,  not  dissolved  ;  seeds  pulve- 
rulent. 

(Receptacles  lamellar  or  vein-like,  beneath  a  pileus.) 
Amanita.     Having  a  volva  :  pileus  fleshy,  mostly  verrucose  ;  lamel- 
lae confert,   sub-entire  :  stipes  mostly  elongated,  annulated  or  naked. 
58.  1. 

Agaricus.  Destitute  of  a  volva  at  the  base  of  the  stipe,  with  or  with- 
out the  ring  :  lamellae  either  entire  or  with  shorter  ones  intermixed, 
rarely  simply  ramose.  Never  veiny.  A  vast  genus.  Persoon  de- 
scribes 447  species,  which  occupies  one  third  of  his  work  on  Fungi. 
58.  1. 

Merulius.  Pileus  fleshy  or  membranaceous:  receptacles  vein-like  ; 
the  veins  being  superficial,  tumid,  in  the  form  of  folds.     58.  1. 

(Receptacles  in  the  form  of  tubes  beneath  a  pileus.) 
Dedalea.    Pileus  (halved)  cork -leathery,  reticukited  beneath  witli 

ft 


182  CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    VI. 

oblong  nollows,  Wciviiu  and  torn,  somewhat  pore-form.    This  genus 
pa!  lakes  of  the  chaiacJers  ol  the  Merulius  and  the  Boletus.     58.  1. 

BoLETcS.  Pil»ius  various  ;  tubes  and  pores  terete,  entire.  A  large 
genus.    Persoon  describes  y3  species.    58.  1. 

(Receptacles  in  the  form  of  teeth  or  aculeate  processes  growing  from 
a  pileus.) 

SisTOTREMA.  Pileus  various  :  receptacles  at  first  in  circular  pores  j 
at  Iciiinu  torn  mostly  in  the  middle  into  compressed  deformed  teeth. 
Tlii:' genus  partakes  of  the  characters  of  the  Boletus  and  Hydnum.  58.  1. 

HiONTjM.  Fileus  various  :  receptacles  echinate,  or  in  entire  promi- 
nent bubuifite  teeth.    58.  1. 

(Receptacle  a  smooth  orpaplllose  membrane.) 

THr.T.r.PHoRA.  Pileus  coriaceous,  with  a  papillose  membrane  be- 
n^^ath  ;  rarely  covered  with  minute  bristles,  or  uniformly  smooth. 
5b.  1. 

r>i£Ri?MA.  Branching,  coriaceous,  compressed,  smooth  ;  mostly  pi- 
lose at  the  apex.  This  genus  in  substance  resembles  that  of  the  Thele- 
phora,  and  l»i  form  that  of  the  Clavaria.     58.  1. 

(Receptacles  fleshy,  elongated  ;  pileus  confluent  with  the  stipe.) 
CLAVARIA.     The  clavate  pileus  simple  and  branched. confluent  with 

a  thick  stem,  or  with  a  short  stipe,  rarely  manifest.     58.  1. 

Gkoglossum.     The  clavate  pileus  fleshy,  mostly  compressed,  short, 

contiguous  to  the  stipe,  with  a  prominent  margin.     58.  1. 

(Pileus  membranaceous,  distinct  from  the  stipe.) 

Spathularia.  Clavate  ;  pileus  compressed,  membranaceous,  de- 
current  into  the  stipe  both  sides.     58.  1. 

Leotia.  Head-form,  pileus  conic  or  orbicular,  reflexed  at  the  mar- 
gin, closely  surroundiug  the  stipe.     58.   1. 

Hkt.vella.  Pileus  membranaceous,  inflated,  somewhat  deformed, 
deflected  both  sides  ;  mostly  stiped.    58.  1. 

Morchella.  Pileus  elongated,  teretish,  lacunose  with  elevations, 
adhering  within.     Without  volva  or  seminal  juices.     58.  1. 

Trkmella.  Open,  gelatinous,  circular-plicate  :  pileus  not  distinct. 
58.  1. 

Peziza.  Receptacle  hemispheric,  concave  or  cup-form,  a  little 
swollen,  bearing  the  seeds  in  a  smooth  disk  above.    Capsules  follicle- 


CLASS    XXII.       ORDER    VI.  183 

Tike,  generally  inconspicuous  to  the  naked  eye,  seeds  8,  flying  about 
and  giving  off  fetid  fumes.     68.  1.     Persooti  describes  151  species. 

Aegerita.  Minute  stemless  fungi,  of  a  granulated  appearance,  stuf- 
fed and  sub-farinaceous.     68.  1. 

3.     Fungus  bi/ssus-like  (flax-like  orjilamento.ie,)  comprising  the  old  ge- 
nus Byssus  and  its  relatives. 

IsARiA.  Sub-filamentose,  simple  or  ramose,  sprinkled  over  with  a 
farinaceous  (sub-filamentose)  seminal  dust.  Substance  soft,  colour 
white.     58.  1. 

MoNiLA.  Stiped  or  open,  filamentose  ;  filaments  monili-form  or  ar- 
ticulated,    58.  1. 

Dematium.  Filamentose  fungus  of  an  indeterminate  form,  erect  or 
depressed,  sub-fascicled  or  diffused  ;  threads  smooth,  not  interwoven. 
58.  1. 

Erineum.  Growing  on  leaves  :  filaments  rigid  with  little  lumps, 
conglomerated  into  a  cup-form  head  impressed  on  the  leaf.    58.  1. 

Racodium.  Expanded,  soft ;  bearing  a  kind  of  clothing  with  threads 
densely  interwoven.     58.  1. 

HiMANTiA.     Creeping,  villose,  branch-fibrous.     58.  1. 

Mesenterica.  Creeping,  gelatinous,  veiny  :  ramifications  of  the 
%'eins  joined  by  a  little  membrane.    58.  1. 


EsD  OF  Genera. 


(  185  ) 

GROWING   IN   THE 

NORTHERN  AND  xMIDDLE  STATES 
OF  AMERICA. 


A. 

^—16.    AcALYPHA.    L.  38.  96. 

mrginica,  L.  (three-seeded  mercury.  O.  g.  Au.  0.)  pistillate  flowers  a| 
the  base  of  the  staminate  spike  :  involucres  ovate,  acuminate,  tooth- 
ed :  leaves  short-petioled,  lance-oblong,  remotely  and  obtusely  ser- 
rate.    4  to  3  inches  high,  coarse  and  unsightly. 

caroUniana,  Wr.  (T.P.  g.  Ju.  2^.)  pistillate  flowers  at  the  base  of  the 
staminate  spike  :  involucres  cordate,  toothed  ;  leaves  long-pet'oled, 
rhomb-ovate,  serrate,  entire  at  the  base.  Rather  more  slender  than 
the  above,  but  can  hardly  be  distinguished  from  it  without  comparing 
them. 

8—1.     Acer.    23.  60. 

rubrum  (red  maple,  soft  maple.  0.  r.  Ap.  I7.)  leaves  palmate-5-lobed, 
at  the  base  cordate,  unequally  gash-toothed,  glaucous  beneath,  the 
dividing  incisions  between  the  lobes  acute  :  flowers  in  sessile  umbels 
with  long  pedicels  :  germs  glabrous.     Large  tree. 

dasycarpum  (1)  (white  maple,  silver  maple.  P.  New-England,  g-y.  Ap, 
^.)  leaves  pa!mate-5-lobed,  at  the  base  truncate,  unequally  gash- 
toothed,  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  obtusely  sinuate  ;  flowerS^ 
glomerate  ;  pedicels  short :  germs  downy.    Large  tree-. 

(1)  eriocarpam,  Up 

Q3 


186 

barbatum,  Mx.  (1)  (hairy  maple.  D.  w-g.  Ap.  1^.)  leaves  heart-ovate, 
short-3-lobed,  unequally  serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  and  hairy  at  the 
nerves:  peduncles  hairy,  staminate  ones  branching,  pistillate  ones 
sir  pie  :  calyx  bearded  within  ;  wings  of  the  capsules  erect.     Small. 

saccharinum  (sugar  maple,  rock  maple,  hard  maple.  O.  r-y.  M.  fp.) 
leaves  palmale-5-lobed,  at  the  base  sub-cordate,  acuminate,  obtusely 
sinuate,  sinuate-toothed,  glaucous  beneath  :  peduncles  in  a  nodding 
corymb.     Large  tree. 

nigrum,  iils..  (sueet-tree,  black  maple.  H.  y.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  palmate- 
6-lobed,  cordate,  with  the  sinus  at  the  base  closed,  lobes  spreading, 
somewhat  sinuate -toothed,  downy  beneath  :  flowers  corymbed  :  cap- 
sules turgid,  sub-globose.  Large  tree,  affording  almost  as  much  sugar 
as  the  last. 

striatum,  Mx.  (2)  (striped  maple,  false  dogAVOod,  moose-wood.  O,  g.  M. 
fp .)  lower  leaves  roundish,  upper  ones  3.cuspidate-acuminate,  sharp- 
ly serrate,  glabrous:  racemes  simple,  pendant.  Small  tree,  with  a 
greenish-striped  bark. 

spicatum,  Lk.  (3)  (mountain  maplje  bush.  0.  y-g.  M.  ^.)  leaves  sub-5- 
lobed,  acute,  toothed,  pubescent  beneath :  racemes  compound,  erect. 

negundo  (ash  maple,  box-elder,  P.  M.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate  or  ternate, 
unequally  serrate.     Flowers  dioscious.     Large  tree. 

IS— 2.     Achillea.    49.  55, 
millefolium  (yarrow,  milfoil.  O.  w.  J.  2^.)  leaves  2-pinnatifidj  downy  ■ 

the  divisions  linear,  toothed,  mucronate  :  stem  furrowed. 
partirica  (sneeze-wort.  C.  can.  w.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  linear,  acuminate, 
equally  ar.d  sharply  serrate,  glabrous.     Damp. 
21—5.     AcMDA.     53.  29. 
cannabina  (water  hemp.  L.  T.  w-g.  Ju.  #.)  leaves   lanceolate  :  cap- 
sules smoothish,  acute-angled.     Damp  or  wet,  both  on  salt  marshes 
and  inland. 
ruscocarpa(P.  w-g.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  lance-oval  :  capsules  rugose,  obtuse- 
angled.     Damp. 

13—5,     Aco.MTUM.     26.  61. 

v.ndnotura  (monk's  hood.  P.  b.  J.  li)  stem  flexuose  .  leaves  palmate^ 
3  to  5-paited  •,  divisions  ruorab-lanceolate,  gash-toothed  :  upper  lip 
of  the  corul  lengtneiied.     Cu'tivated. 

(1)  laroliniaHum,  A'r.  (2)  prnnsylvanicum,  W- 

(S)  monxanum,  W.    peunsylvr.iiicuDi.  Wm, 


ACONITUxM^    AECIDIUM.  187 

naptUiis  (wolf's  bane.  E.  b.  J.  If.)  leaves  shining,  5-parted  ;  the  divis- 
ions 3-parted  by  gashed  incisions,  sub-divisions  linear  :  upper  lip  of 
the  corol  lanceolate,  ascending,  2-cleft ;  spur  strait,  obtuse. 

6 — 1.     AcoRus.    2.  13. 
mlamm  {sw-e^i  flag,  calamus.  0.  g-y.  J.  24:.)  spike  protruding  from  the 
side  of  a  sword-form  leaf-like  scape.     Water  or  wet. 

22 — 1.     AcRosTicHUM.     55.  5. 
aureum,  Mx.  (forkfern,  southern  states.  Ju.  U-)  frond  pinnate  ;  leafets 
stiped,  bases  wedge-form,  lance-oblong,  entire,  acuminate,  the  upper 
enes  fruit-bearing.     Very  large,  4  or  5  feet  high. 

13—1.     AcTAZA.     26    61. 

rubra,  W.  (1)  (baneberry.  O.  w.  M.  2^.)  petals  acute:  pedicels  of  the 
raceme  less  than  the  general  peduncle  when  mature.  Berries  red 
Bw.  MS. 

«/6a,  Bw.  (necklace  Aveed,  white  beads.  O.  w.  M.  2^.)  petals  truncate  : 
pedicels  of  the  raceme  as  large  as  the  general  peduncle  when  ma- 
ture. Berries  white.  The  leaves  of  both  species  are  decompound 
Woods.  ^  " 

22 — 1.     Adiantum.     55.  5. 
pedatum  (maiden  hair.  O.  J.  U-)  frond  pedate  with  pinnate  branches  ; 
leafets  halved,  upper  margin  gashed— barren  segments  toothed,  fer^ 
tile  ones  entire  ;  stipe  capillary,  very  glabrous.     Woods. 

13—13.     Adonis.     26.  61. 
Kuhmnalis  (pheasant's  eye.  E.  P.  Au.  0.)  flowers  5  to  8-petalled  :  fruit 
sub-cyliudric  :  petals  erose,  or  emarginate. 

22 — 6.     Aecidium.     58.  1, 

1.  Cespitose:  receptacles  aggregated  in  a  tii/t,  making  a  crust-like  spot 
on  leaves. 

cornutum,  becoming  yellow  ;  receptacles  very  long,  curved,  olive-gi-ey. 

Appears  like  saffron  coloured  spots  on  the  upper  sides  of  leaves  of 

mountain  ash,  he. 
eancellatum,  tuberculate,  chesnut-brown  :  receptacles  at  length  split- 

Oj  brachypetala,  Dc.    americana.  Ph.    spicata,  Mx. 


188  AECIDIUM,    AGARI€U«. 

ting  into  divisions  cohering  at  the  apex.     Grows  on  the  under  side  of 

withering  or  dicing  pear  leaves. 
rhamni,   cespitose,  rose-coloured  :  receptacles   elongated,  somewhat 

diverging,  at  length  becoming  pale.     On  the  leaves  of  the  rhamnus. 
tussilaginis,  spots  purplish  yellow,  tufts  flat  ;  receptacles  immersed.— 

Occurs  on  the  leaves  of  the  colt's  foot,  (tussilago  farfaro)  is  hardly 

prominent  above  the  surface  of  the  leaf. 
2.  Simple  ;  receptacles  scattered  ;  crust,  which  is  distinct,  is  never  con- 
joined. 

eiiphorbiae,  simple,  crowded  :  receptacles  cylindric,  pale  ;  mouth  re- 
flexed,  yellow  with  dust.     On  the  leaves  of  Euphorbia  maculata. 

anemones^  simple,  scattered  :  receptacles  cylindric,  a  little  prominen  , 
pale,  mostly  toothed  ;  wholly  filled  with  white  dust.  On  the  leaves 
of  Anemone  nemorosa  in  the  spring. 

punctatuyn,  simple,  scattered  :  receptacle  sub-immersed  :  mouth  some- 
what converging  ;  dust  compact,  becoming  sooty-yellow.  Found 
aometimes  on  leaves  of  Anemone. 

22 — 6.     Aegerita.     58.  1. 
Candida,  crowded,  smooth,  white.    Found  in  autumn  on  alders,  kc.  of- 
ten on  the  wood  in  damp  places. 

17—10.      AESCHYN0ME5E.      32.  93. 

Mspida,  W.  (false  sensitive  plant.  D.  P.  y.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect ;  stem 
and  petioles  tubercle-hispid  :  leaves  in  many  pairs  ;  leafets  linear, 
obtuse  :  stipules  membranaceous,  half  arrow-form  :  racemes  simple,, 
few-flowered :  loments  hispid. 

7—1.    Aesculus.    23.  66. 

hippocastanum  (horse  chesnut.  E.  w.  J.    ^.)  leaves  digitate  about  ia 

seven  divisions  :  corol  5-petalled,  spreading :  flowers  in  a  panicled 

pyramid. 
pallida,  W.  (P.J.  >>.)  leaves  digitate,  in  fives,  glabrous  :  corol  4.petal- 

led,  claws  of  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  stamens  longer  than  the  corol  : 

fruit  spinose. 

22 — 6.     Agaricus.     58.  1. 
1.  Lamellae  juiceless  or  becoming  dry  ;  not  smoke-dusty,  nor  sooty  .♦  stipe 

anniilated. 
procerus,  large  :  pileus  fleshy,  bossed,  scaly,  reddish-ash  coloured :  la« 


AGARICUg.  189 

mellae  very  remote,  white  :  stipe  bulbous,  very  long  :  ring  movea- 
ble. Var.  squamosus,  pileus  convex,  and  scaly  above,  lamellae  pres- 
sed together  outwardly  from  the  stipe,  and  becoming  yellow.  Var. 
excoriatus,  smaller,  wuitish,  scales  obsolete.     Woods  and  fields. 

squarrosus,  cespitose :  pileus  fleshy  ;  pileus  and  stipe  scaly  and  scurfy, 
rusty  yellow;  lamellae  crowded,  pale-olive.  Often  on  roots  and 
trunks  of  trees  in  autumn. 

polymyces,  cespitose,  heaped  together :  pileus  bossed,  halry-scaled, 
sooty-yellow :  lamellae  sub-decurrent,  white  becoming  pale :  stipe 
annulated,  conic,  olive-ash-coloured,  solid,  elastic.  Woods  on  trunks 
or  the  earth  in  autumn. 

mndidus,  cespitose :  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  glabrous,  cinnamon  co- 
lour :  lamellae  sub-decurrent,  pale  rust  coloured ;  stipe  scaly,  cylia- 
dric,  rather  slender.     On  trunks  in  autumn. 

2.  Pileus  mostly  fleshy  :  lamellcE  emarginafe,  mostly  one-coloured,  and  at 
length  cinnamon :  stipes  mostly  bulbous,  haxing  a  veil-like  volva  dis* 
solved  into  spider-web-like  filaments. 

decolorans,  pileus  viscid,  yellow :  lamellae  at  first  bluish-purple,  at 
length  cinnamon  :  stipe  glabrous,  sub-tuberous,  white  :  veil-like  volva 
rust-colour. 

flavidus,  cespitose  :  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  yellow ;  the  central  part 
more  obscure:  lamellae  distinct,  one-coloured,  becoming  yellow: 
stipe  soft,  thickening  downward,  and  becoming  sooty-yellow.  On 
trunks. 

decipiens,  growing  in  groups  :  pileus  fleshy,  acutely-bossed  and  mem- 
branaceous near  the  centre,  depressed  :  lamellae  broadish,  obscurely 
cinnamon-coloured  :  stipe  long,  from  white  becoming  reddish. 

3.  Pileus  fleshy,  entire,  convex:  lamella  one-coloured,  becoming  dry  : 

stipe  central,  destitute  of  a  ring  or  curtain-like  volva. 

(Colour  of  the  pileus  brownish,  or  brownish  yellow.) 
pratensis,  tawny-red,  hardish :    pileus    campanulate,    either    obtusely 
bossed  or  flattish,  glabrous:  lamellae  thick,  distant,  decurrent:  stipe 
short,  somewhat  slender,  tapering  downwards.     Among  grass. 
reflexus,  growing  in  groups,  rusty  yellow :    pileus  somewhat  fleshy, 
acutely  bossed, scaly, reddish-yellow:  lamellae  distinct,  light-cinna- 
mon :  stipe  long,  slender,  fibrous-scaly,  scales  reflesed.     Woods 
radicaius,  pileus  fleshy,  bossed,  viscous,  rugose,  sooty,  purple  or  tawny ; 


196  AGARICUS. 

lamella?  sub-decurrent,  white  ;  stipe  very  long,  having  a  long  fusiform 
root.     Woods. 
velutipes,  cespitose  :  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  repand,  glabrous,  brown  ; 
lamellae  ventricoie,  becoming  yellow  :  stipe  tomentose,  becoming 
dark  liver-brown.     Autumn. 

(Colour  of  the  pileus  shining,  red  or  light  yellowish-green.) 
coccineus,  growing  in  groups  :  scarlet  all  over :  pileus  sub-merabrana- 

ceous,  convex,  sub-viscous :  lamellae  distinct,  connected  by  teeth  : 

stipe  hollow,  sub-compressed.     Autumn  in  grass. 
conicus,  pileus  conic,  acute,  sub-viscous,  light  greenish-yellow  :  lamellae 

crowded,   ascending,  becoming  yellow  :    stipe  long,  yellow.     Var. 

tristis,  solitary:    pileus  acutely  campanulate,  from  yellowish-green 

becoming  dark  :  lamellse  free. 
russula,  large  :  pileus  fleshy,  sub-convex,   with  rose-red  scales ;  stipe 

rose-red,  solid,  short :  lamellse  unequal,  white. 

(Colour  of  the  pileus  white.) 

discoideus,  sub-cespitose  :  pileus  fleshy,  viscid,  fiattish,  white ;  middle 
part  yellow,  or  somewhat  rust-colour :  lamellae  sub-decurrent ;  la- 
mellae and  stipe  middling  whiie. 

puhnnatiis,  pileus  flesiiy  or  rather  corky,  cushion-like,  sub-repand,  gla- 
brous, white  ;  middle  part  pale  flesh-coloured :  lamellae  crowded, 
decurrent,  white  :  stipe  veiy  short,  solid,  hard.     Woods. 

4.  Small,  tender  :  pileus  mostly  membranaceous,  striate,  pellucid,  C07ivex, 
permanent :  lamellce,  becoming  dry,  one-coloured  :  stipe  mostly  hollow, 
elongated,  naked. 

galericulatus,  cespitose,  inodorous  :   pileus  membranaceous,   bossed, 

tawny  lead-colour  :  lamellae  distinct,  white  :  stipe  smooth,  rooting, 

strigose-haired  at  the  base.     On  trunks  in  autumn. 
hypnorum,  small,  very  tender,  rusty-yellow  all  over:  pileus  bell-form, 

furrowed  :  lamellae  distant,  broadish  :  stipe  middling. 
elavus,  growing  in  groups,  extremely  minute  :  pileus  somewhat  fleshy, 

papillose,  orange  or  red :  lamella?  broadish  :  stipe  and  lamellae  white. 
lojcteus,  white  all  over :  pileus  campanulate,  obtuse,  striate  :  lamellae 

distinct,  ascending:  stipe  rather  long,  hirsute  at  the  base. 
torticola,  minute,  scattered,  tawny  :  pileus  hemispherical,  sub-plicate 

lamellaj  uiicinate,  linked  together,  white :  stipe  shortish,  incurved. 

In  crevices  of  bark,  of  wood,  ^c. 


AGARICUS.  191 

6.  Pileus  membranaceous,  fugaceoxis  or  someivhaf  fleshy,  at  length  torn  : 
lamella  at  length  becoming  a  black  juice,  or  dusty  smut :  stipe  white^ 
naked  or  annulated. 

(MembranaceouSj  almost  wholly  becoming  a  black  juice  :  lamellse  very 

thin.) 

comatus,  growing  in  groups  :  pileus  conic,  scaly,  white  ;  scales  yellow  : 
lamellde  crowded  or  heaped  together,  at  first  white-purple  :  stipes 
very  long,  ring  moveable. 

cinereus,  pileus  conic,  furrowed,  sub-tomentose,  cinereous  ;  smooth  and 
bluish-purple  at  the  apex,  the  margin  at  length  torn  and  intiexed  ••  la- 
mellae linear,  punctate,  somewhat  zigzag :  stipe  long,  scaly.  Gardens 
and  woods. 

disseminatus,  crowded  or  heaped  together,  small,  fugaceous  :  pileus 
somewhat  oval,  striate-plicate  ;  at  first  somewhat  reddish-yellow, 
then  grey  :  lamellae  distinct,  in  some  measure  linked  together,  light 
sooty-yellow  :  stipe  mostly  incurved. 

doynesticus,  pileus  campanulate,  obtuse,  undulate,  sulcate,  sooty  ;  scales 
bran-like:  lamellae  crowded,  linear;  at  first  bluish-red,  then  becom- 
ing black.     On  damp  walls,  kc.  about  houses. 

narcoticus,  pileus  convex,  cinereous  ;  plicate  with  distinct,  bifid,  dense 
folds  ;  vertex  entire  :  stipe  subulate  :  lamellae  more  rare  or  distant, 
entire  and  halved,  alternate.     It  diffuses  a  very  narcotic  odour. 

(Somewhat  fleshy  :  lamellae  at  length  becoming  black,  smut  or  soot- 
like, in  nebulous  or  sooty  spots.) 

semiglobaius,  pileus  fleshy,  hemispherical,  sub-viscose,  becoming  yel- 
low: lamellae  very  broad,  horizontal,  becoming  dark -cloudy  :  stipe 
long,  annulated. 

papilionaceus,  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  campanulate,  soot)'  (becoming 
almost  black  :)  lamellee  all  attaclied,  dark-cinereous  and  various, 
white  at  the  margin  :  stipe  furrowed  at  the  apex,  dark-pulverulent. 

6.  Pileus  fleshy  or  sub-mevibranuceous,  smooth,  permanent:  lamella 
someuhat  nebulous,  at  length  dark-sfained  or  one-coloured,  sub-ramose, 
flnally  becoming  more  obscure  and  dark  with  seininal  dust :  stipe  annU' 
lated  or  naked. 

(Pileus  fleshy  :  stipe  annulated.) 
edulisj  in  groups,  large;  pileus  white,  smooth  or  obsoletely scaly ;  la- 


192  AOARICUS. 

mellae  red :  stipe  long,  bulbous ;  the  ring-volva  manifest.  This  ig 
an  eatable  mushroom  ;  but  not  the  most  common. 

Campestris,  pileus  fleshy,  flattish,  having  dark-yellow  scales  :  lamellae 
becoming  yellowish-red  :  stipe  short  j  the  ring-volva  rather  incom- 
plete.    This  is  the  common  eatable  mushroom. 

precox,  somewhat  in  groups ;  pileus  fleshy,  hemispheric,  tan-yellow, 
at  first  white  :  lamellae  fiat,  thin,  watery-soot-yellow  :  stipe  solid, 
somewhat  tenacious ;  ring-volva  fugaceous. 

lutericius,  cespitose,  large  ;  pileus  fleshy,  sub-viscous,  brick-colour ; 
margin  yellow  :  lamellae  distinct,  somewhat  nebulose,  becoming 
greenish-cinereous:  stipe  long,  sub-solid;  ring  fugaceous,  becoming 
black. 

fascicularis,  small,  cespitose  ;  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  bossed,  reddish- 
yellow:  lamellae  nebulose,  becoming  green  :  stipe  hollow,  slender; 
the  curtain-like  volva  becoming  black, 

(Pileus  mostly  fragile,  membranaceous,  subaquose  :  stipe  naked.) 

denticulutus,  slender;  pileus  hemispheric,  livid  purple  :  lamellae  tooth' 

ed  at  the  margin  :  stipe  hollow,  sooty-yellow. 
gracilis,  wholly  fragile  ;  pileus  membranaceous,  campanulate,  acute, 

veiy  soft :    lamellae   linear,   becoming   dark-cinereous  :   stipe  very 

long,  glabrous.    Pileus  varies  to  flesh-colour,  dark  reddish-yellow, 

white,  k-c. 

7.  Pileus  fleshy,  mostly  depressed  :  lamcVjE  becoming  milky. 

piperatus,  pileus  funnel-form,  expanded  at  the  margin,  glabrous,  white  : 

lamellae  crowded,  forked,  white  becoming  pale. 
subduhis,  pileus  funnel-form,  becoming  reddish-yellow  :  lamellae  pale 

flesh-colour:  juice  sweetish. 

8.  Pileus  fleshy,  mostly  depressed :  lamellce  of  equal  length,  white,  becom- 
ing dry  :  stipe  naked,  white. 

rosaceus,  pileus  convex,  flat,  smoothish,  rose-coloured  or  pale  red  : 
lamellae  and  stipe  white. 

§.  Pileiu  entire,  membranaceous,  mostly  striate,  funnel-form  or  umbili- 
cate  :  lamellce  of  equal  length,  not  becoming  milky,  mostly  decurrent  : 
stipe  naked,  central.     Small. 

rotula,  cespitose,  white  ;  pileus  deeply  furrowed  :  laraellee  united  in  % 
tnbe  surrounding  the  stipe  :  stipe  becoming  black. 


AGARICUS.  193 

aadrosaceus,  iu  groups,  pcrmauent :  pileus  flattish,  su"b-plicale,  white, 
obsoletely  bossed  :  lamella3  simple,  all  attached  :  stipe  becoming 
dark  liver-brown. 

epiplii/llus,  in  groups,  minute,  w'hite  ;  pileus  membranaceous,  convex, 
at  length  sub-umbilicate  :  lamellce  few,  ramose  :  stipe  becoming 
black. 

campa7iella,  in  groups  ;  pileus  hemispheric,  umbilicate,  striate,  rust- 
coloured  :  lamella?  decurrent :  stipe  hollow,  chesnut-brown. 

10,  Pileus  fleshy,  depressed,  oblique,  entire  or  halved :  stipe  naked,  not 
attached  to  the  centre  of  the  pileus,  lateral  or  none. 

(Pileus  entire  :  stipe  not  in  the  centre.) 
inconstans,  largish  ;  pileus  sub-tenacious,  depressed,  entire  or  halved, 
lobed,  zigzag,  somewhat  reddish-yellow  :  lamellai  sub-ramose,  crisp- 
ed at  the  base,  white  and  somewhat  shining. 

(Pileus  halved  :  stipe  marginal :  lamellae  decurrent,  diverging  from  the 
side  of  the  pileus.) 

flahtlliformis,  sub-stiped  ;  pileus  flattish,  torn  in  various  forms,  margin 
crenate  :  lamellaj  -S-cleft,  pale,  sub-crenate  :  stipe  short  or  none. 

spathulatus,  erect,  spathe-form  ;  pileus  pale  tan-colour ;  the  middle 
part  spongy  and  scaly  :  stipe  perpendicular,  channelled. 

mollis,  in  groups,  soft ;  pileus  glabrous,  gibbose,  pale  :  lamellae  watery- 
cinnamon-colour. 

siyptacus,  cespitose ;  pileus  sub-coriaceous,  eraarginate,  tan-colour, 
sub-farinaceous  :  lamellge  very  thin,  veiny,  connected,  cinnamon- 
colour :  stipe  compressed,  ascending,  dilated  at  the  apex. 

mitis,  in  groups,  all  over  white  ;  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  glabrous, 
smooth  ;  lamellae  simple  :  stipe  horizontal,  dilated  at  the  apex. 

(Pileus  halved,  somewhat  corky.) 

aJneus,  coriaceous,  tomentose,  whiiish-grey :  lamella?  split,  revolute 

at  the  margin.     Becoming  purple-cinereous. 
abicfinus,  sub-cespitose,  dark  sooty-yellow  ;  pileus  glabrous,  smooth  ; 

lamella?  glaucous  :  branching  in  the  young  state. 
corinceus,  coriaceous,  marked  with  zones,  tomentose,  pale  :  lamellae 

sub-ramose,  pale-woody. 
sepJnrius,  coriaceous,  hard,  flat  both  sides  ;  pileus  strigose-tomentose, . 

chesnut-brown  :  lamella?  crowded,  ramose,  becoming  yellow. 

R 


194  AGAVE,    AGROSTIS. 

6—1.     Agave.     10.  17. 

virghura,  (acrave.  P.  y-g.  S.  2j!.)  stemless :  leaves  with  cartilaginous 
serraturt-s,  scape  very  simple. 

11—  2.     Agrimonia.    35.  92. 

eupaforia,  (agrimory.  O.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  cauline  leaves  interruptedly  pin- 
nate,  the  terminal  one  petioled  :  leafets  obovate,  gash-toothed,  al- 
most elahroiis :  flowers  sub-sessile  ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  ca- 
lyx :  fr.iit  hispid. 

parvijtora,  A.  (dotied  agrimony.  P.  C.  y.  Ju.  2_C.)  cauline  leaves  pin- 
nate :  leafets  mostly  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  terminal  ones  sessile  :  pe- 
tals one  and  a  half  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

10—5.     Agrostemma.     22.  82, 

githnf^o,  (cockle.  0.  r.  J.  0.)  hirsute:  calyx  longer  than  the  corol: 

petals  entire. 
ccronnrla^  (rose  campion.  E.  Au.  ^ .)  tomentose  ■  leaves  lance-ovate  : 

petals  emarginate. 

3—2.    Agrostis.    4.  10. 

1.  Awned. 

^picaventi,  W.  (bent-grass.  P.  J.  0.)  a  very  long,  straight,  stiff  beard 
or  awn  upon  the  exterior  petal :  panicle  spreading.     Naturalized. 

tenuiJlora,\N.  (P.  Au.  2^.)  panicles  very  simple,  with  appressed  branch- 
es :  corol  awned,  and  the  av.n  longer  than  the  flower. 

diffusa,  M.  (P.  C.  An.  IS.)  branche?  difTn'^en  and  erect :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, sub-perforate  :  corol-glumes  sub-pubescent  at  the  base  :  one 
valve  with  a  short  st."aight  awn. 

sericea,  M.  (1)  (C.  P.  J.  2^.)  leaves  terete-filiform,  very  long  :  panicle 
capillary,  very  slender :  corol  small,  and  the  calyx  but  one-third  as 
long:  awns  straight,  naked. 

Ji'ifonnis,M.  (P.  S.  U-)  panicle  contracted,  filiform, becoming  purple  ; 
peduncles  and  pedicels  scabrous  :  calyx  2-valved,  equal,  1-flowered  : 
corol  equalling  the  calyx. 

stricta,\\.  (N.  England.  C.  J.  If.)  panicles  elongated,  stiff  and  straight : 
corol  smaller  than  the  calyx :  a  twisted  awn  from  the  base  of  the 
petal,  longer  than  the  flower. 

("i;  Stipa  Fericea,  M.K. 


AGROSTIS,  195 

sttosa,  >L(1)  (P.  W.  S.  11.)  culm  erect,  sending  out  shoots  from  '  e 
base  ;  stipules  none  :  panicle  contracted,  cyliudric,  with  a  pubescent 
rachis  :  calyx  awned  :  corol  awnless. 

2.    Without  awns. 

soboUfera,  M.  (P.  C.  S.  2i.)  culm  erect,  sending  oft'  shoots  from  the 
base  :  leaves  5-nerved :  stipules  none  :  sheathes  gaping,  glabrous  : 
calyx-valves  acuminate,  carinate  :  panicle  contracted,  fiiifonn. 

juncea,  Mx.  (C.  P.  Ju.  If.)  panicle  oblong-pyramidal :  flowers  awn- 
less ;  the  extreme  valves  half  as  large  :  leaves  stiflly  erect,  rigid,  with 
convolute  bristles. 

compressa,  Torrey.  (D.  Oc.  If.)  very  glabrous  :  culm  erect,  compressed, 
simple  :  panicle  oblong,  sub-contracted,  with  capillary  branches : 
calyx  equal,  shorter  than  the  corol :  valves  acute  :  corol  equal,  ob- 
tusish,  glabrous  at  the  base.     See  Torrey's  Catalogue,  p.  91. 

involuta,  M.  (P.  C.  Oc.  2^.)  leaves  long,  filiform  at  the  apex,  and  re- 
curved, rough  ;  upper  one  straight:  stipules  obsolete  ;  sheath  striate, 
glabrous,  hairy  at  the  orifice  :  panicle  concealed,  contracted:  valves 
of  the  calyx  with  scabrous  keels,  half  as  large  as  the  corol. 

vulgaris,  S.  (red-top.  O.  Ju.  2i.)  panicle  spreading:  branches  diver- 
gent, capillary  ;  calyx  equal  ;  petal  within,  half  as  long,  retuse. 

clandesfina,  SI.  (2)  (P.  S.  If-)  leaves  glaucous,  very  long,  rigid,  with 
rough  margins :  stipule  very  small  or  none  ;  mouth  of  the  sheath 
hairy  :  panicle  concealed,  often  sooty  and  spike-form  :  corol  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  spotted. 

glauca,  M.  (P.  New-England.  J.  2_f.)  leaves  glaucous,  keel  white:  sti- 
pule white,  split :  panicle  terminal,  crowded  :  lower  branches  whorl- 
ed  in  fives.     Probably  an  Arundo. 

albajW.  (white-top,  bonnet  grass.  O.  Ju.  2X-)  panicle  lax:  culm  root- 
ing at  the  lower  joints  :  calyx-valves  equal,  awnless,  keels  rough. 

mexicajia,  M.  (3)  (P.  W.  J.  I^.)  panicle  oblong,  heaped  together  :  calyx 
and  corol  acuminate,  sub-equal,  awnless. 

laterijlora,  Mx.  (C.  P.  J.  Z^.)  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  compact : 
flowers  awnless,  valves  very  acute,  interior  greater,  bearded  at  the 
base  :  leaves  short  and  flat. 

jtungens,  Sr.  (C.  J.  1(.)  panicle  contracted,  spike-form  :  leaves  invo- 
lute, rigid,  pungent,  upper  ones  obliquely  opposite  :  culm  ramose. 

<i;  raceiuesa,  Mx.    glomeratus,  W.  ('2;  aspeia,  Mx.  (3)  lateriflora,  Mx^. 


196 


3—2.     AiRA.     4.  10. 


melicoides,  Mx.  (1)  (hair-grass.  P.  C.  Ju.  2^.)  panicle  small,  compact; 
sub-racemed  :  glumes,  the  partial  ones  rather  larger  than  the  general, 
linear-lanceolate,  awnless :  corols  villose  at  the  base  ;  there  is  but 
tlie  rudiment  jf  a  third  flower  :  leaves  flat,  glabrous  :  culm  erect. 

pumila,  Ph.  (d\varf  hair-grass.  P.  J.  H-)  panicle  few-flowered,  level- 
top;  pedicels  short :  corol  awnless,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the  ca- 
lyx :  valves  membranaceous  at  the  margin  :  leaves  flat,  glabrous: 
culm  erect,  of  the  length  of  the  leaves.  About  one  inch  high. 
oblusata,  Mx.  (2)  (P.  W.  C.  J.)  panicle  compressed  into  an  oblong  ra- 
ceme of  dense  flowers  :  corol  awnless,  compressed  at  the  top  :  one 
valve  of  the  glume  narrow-linear,  acute  }  another  broad,  obovate, 
round-obtuse  :  leaves  flat :  culm  erect,  slender. 
triJloray'E.  (D.  Ap.  1^.)  panicle  slender,  erect:  valves  of  the  calyx 
acute  :  upper  spikelets  3-flowered :  leaves  short,  flat.  About  14 
inches. 

cespliosa,  W.  (P.  W.  J.  IT.)  panicle  spreading  :  petals  awned,  villose  at 
the  base :  awns  straight  and  short.  A  variety  has  sub-bristle-form 
leaves. 

flexuosa,  W.  (W.  P.  C.  J.  2^.)  panicle  spreading,  trichotomous :  pe- 
duncle flexuous  :  awn  geniculate  v  leaves  bristle-form  ;  culm  naked- 
ish. 

mollis,  M.  (P.  C.  M.  U-)  leaves  with  soft  hairs  :  stipule  short,  retuse, 
many-cleft:  sheaths  pubescent :  panicle  spreading,  sub-simple  ;  calyx 
with  one  valve  broad,  3-nerved  ;  the  other  lanceolate,  acute. 

fallens,  M.  (3)  (P.  C.  J.  &,  S.  If.)  leaves  lance-linear,  glabrous,  with 
glabrous  joints  :  stipules  retuse,  ciliate  :  panicle  contracted,  nodding  : 
corol  Avitli  2  punctate  valves  :  awn  below  the  apex  contorted. 

inecox,  W.  (C.  P.  M.  %.)  leaves  bristle-form  :  sheath  annular  :  flowers 
in  panicled  spikes  :  florets  awned  at  the  base. 

22 — 5..   Alectoria.     57.  2. 

jubata,  (negro-hair.  T.)  frond  terete,  glossy,  livid-brown  and  black, 
very  branching  j  branches  filiform,  pendulous,  compressed  at  the 
axils  :  receptacles  of  the  same  colour,  at  length  convex,  entire  at  the 
margin.     Found  on  fire-wood  brought  to  market  in  Troy  and  Albany. 

(\)  triflorum,  E.    Poa  melicoides,  N. 

<2)  Uuncata,  ai.    pennsjlvanica,  61.    II«lcus  striatug,  L .       (3)  Avena  palustrig,  Mx. 


ALECTORIAj    ALLIUM.  197 

Var,  chalybeiformis,  frond  and   its   branches    more   simple,  zigzags 
twisted,  complicate,  somewhat  ritrid,  lead-brown,  decumbent. 
usneoides,  frond  Hat-compressed,  stiiate  lou:<itudinally,   very  branch- 
ing, pale-white  :  branches  Sbroas :  receptacles  Hat,  of  the  same  co- 
lour, entire.     On  trees. 

6 — 1.     Alktris.     10.  16. 

farinosa,  (1)  (false  aloe,  unicorn-root,  false  star-grass.  Y.  y.  11.)  stem- 
less  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  withering  at  the  tips  :  scape  with  al- 
ternate pedicelled,  mostly  farinaceous  flowers.  This  plant  grows 
plentifully  in  Brimfield,  (Mass.)  Here  the  inhabitants  use  the  root 
as  a  tonic,  which  at  the  same  time  serves  as  a  moderate  cathartic. 
The  root  is  intensely  bitter.     Meadows. 

aurea,  Mx.  (yellow  star-root.  P.  D.  y.  Ju.  11.)  flowers  sub-sessile, 
short-tubular,  sub-campanulate  :  fertile  corols  rugose,  very  scabrous  : 
leaves  lance-ensiform,  acute. 

6—13.     Alisma.     5.  13. 

:fla7itago,  (2)  (water  plantain.  O.  w.  Ju.  If .)  leaves  ovate  or  heart- 
ovate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acuminate,  5  to  9-nerved :  fruit  3-coruercd  : 
flowers  whorled.  Var.  parvijlora,  flowers  smaller :  leaves  about  5 
or  7-nerved.  DitFerence  scarcely  sufficient  for  a  variety.  Wet  and 
water. 

subulata,  W.  (P.  D.  Au.  @.)  leaves  linear-subulate. 

6—1.     Allium.     9.  16. 

jporrum,  (leek.  E.  Ju.  If .)  stem  flat-leaved,  umbelliferous:  stamens 
tricuspidate  :  leaves  sheathing  at  the  base. 

sativum,  (garlic.  E.  Ju.  I]!.)  stem  flat-leaved,  buib-bearing ;  bulb  com- 
pound: stamens  tricuspidate. 

fragra-iis,  (false  snowdrop.  E.  w.  M.  If.)  scape  terete:  leaves  linear, 
keeled,  obtuse,  contorted  :  peduncles  naked  :  stamens  flat. 

seiiescens,  (false  narcissus.  E.  2^.)  scape  flaked,  2-edged  :  leaves  linear, 
convex  under  side,  smooth  :  umbel  round  :  sta.mens  subulate. 

vineah,  (field  garlic.  T.  C.  P.  p.  J  2X.)  .stem  terete-leaved,  bulb-bear- 
ing:  stamens  iricuspidate.     River  alluvion. 

oleraceum,  (striji^d  onion.  E.  Z^.)  stem  terete-leaved,  bulb-bearing: 
leaves  scabrous,  semi-terete,  sulcate  beneath  :  stamens  simple. 


(I)  alba,  Mx.  '2;  trivialis,  Ph. 

112 


198 

ascalonicvm,  (shallot.  E.  Ju  2^.)  scape  naked,  terete  :  leaves  subulate  : 
fnbels  globose  :  stamens  tricnspidate- 

irifinrjin.  (mountain  leek.  H.  M.  1(.)  scape  naked,  terete,  shorter  than 
the  leaves:  leaves  lanceolate-uerved,  caducous  :  umbels  few-flower- 
ed. 

can  idense,  (meado-.v  gavlic.  P.  Y.  T.  W.  r.  M.  C.  2^.)  scape  naked,  te- 
rete :  leaves  iir.ear  :  little  heads  bulb-bearing. 

cepa,  (garder»  onioji.  E.  Ju.  11.)  scape  naked,  swelling  towards  the 
base,  longer  than  the  'erete  leaves. 

tricoccum,  (three-seed  leek.  W.  P.  Ju.  11.)  scape  naked,  semi-terete: 
leaves  lance-ohlonf?,  flat,  dabrous  :  umbel  globular. 

fshtlosv.m,  (welch  ouion.  E.  It.)  scape  naked,  equalling  the  terete 
ventricosp  'eaveVv'^v  v^r.. 

schcfuoornanm,  (elves.  E.  Ju.  Z^.)  scape  naked,  equalling  the  leaves, 
which  are  tereie-iiiiibrm. 

20—4.-  Alnus,  W.  (1)     50.  99. 

?ncancr,  W.  (P.  "^.)  leaves  oblong,  acute,  pubescent  beneath  :  axils  of 
the  veins  naked  :  stipules  lanceolate. 

iivAulata,  W.  (waved  alder.  Muh.  says  it  grows  in  New-England.  ^.) 
leaves  oblong,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base  :  petioles  and  veins  hairy 
beneath  ;  axils  of  the  veins  r'aked  :  stipules  ovate-oblong. 

serridaia,  (aider.  O.  r-g.  A.p.  1?.)  leaves  obovate,  acuminate  :  veins  and 
their  axiis  hairy  beneath  :  stipules  oval,  obtuse. 

ghUiiwsay  (Canada.  Ap.  fp.)  leaves  round-wedge-form,  obtuse,  gluti- 
nous :  axils  of  the  veins  downy. 

3 — 2,     Alopecurus.     4.  10. 

'firntensh,  (meadow-grass,  foxtail.  P.  C.  J.  2^.)  culm  erect:  glume  vil- 

lose  :  coroi  beardless. 
geniaUatus,  M.  (2)  (floating  foxtail.  W.  C.  T.  Ju.  U-)  culm  spiked  and 

geniculate :  corol  beardless. 

16—13.     Alth^a.    37.  74. 
officinalis,  (marsh-mallows.  E.  2^.)  leaves  downy,  oblong-ovate;  ob- 

soletely  3-lobed,  toothed. 
rosea,  (boUyiiock.  E.  ^ .)  stem  erect:  leaves  rough,  heart-form,  5  to 

7-angied,  crenate. 
Jici folia,  (fig-hollyhock.  E.  <?  .)  leaves  7-lobed,  sub-palmate,  obtuse. 

(i;  Ueuila,  1.  (2;  aristulatus,  Mx. 


ALYSSUM,    AMARANTHUS.  19S 

15—1.     Alyssum.     39.  63. 

saxatih,  (madwort,  basket  of  gold.  E.  l?.)  stem  woody,  panicled : 
leaves  lanceolate,  very  soft,  spreading. 

Iiyperboreum,  W.  (Canada.)  stem  herbaceous  :  leaves  hoary,  toothed  ; 
stamens  4,  2-forked. 

sativum,  (P.  y.  J.  0.)  stem  erect :  leaves  lanceolate,  toothed,  clasp- 
ing, alternate  :  flowers  corymbed. 

incanum,  (E.  2^.  ^  ^ .)  stem  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  enth-e,  hoary: 
flowers  corymbed  :  petals  2-cleft'. 

22—6.     Amanita.     58.  1. 
1.  Stipe  surrounded  ivitli  a  distinct  volva  at  the  base,  naked  at  the  fop. 

livida,  pileus  bossed,  flattlsh,  striate,  lead-livid  :  lamella  white  :  stipe 

long,  white.     Margins  of  woods. 
spadicea,  pileus   sub-campanulate,    bossed,    striate,   fragile,    chesnut- 

brown  ;  lamella  wliite  :  stipe  scaly,  sooty-yellow. 
pusilla,  pileus  hemispheric,  bossed  :  lamella  ventricose,  rose-colour : 

stipe  shortish,  white  :  volva  often  4-cleft.     In  gardens,  kc.  autumn. 

2.  Stipe  icith  a  manifest  volva  at  the  base,  and  a  ring  at  the  top. 

bulbosa,  wholly  white;  pileus  conrex:  stipe  elongated,  attenuated, 
bulbous.  Woods  in  autumn.  Stipe  about  3  inches  long,  quartec 
thick. 

citrina,  pileus  glabrous,  citron-yellow  :  lamella  w  hite  :  stipe  white. 

3.  Stipe  with  a  ring  at  the  top,  volva  at  the  base  obliterated  :  warts  on 
the  pileus  small,  equal. 

umbrina,  pileus  flattish,  from  sooty-yellow  becoming  chesnut-brown  : 
warts,  lamella  and  stipe  white.     In  beech  wood. 

»spera,  pileus  fleshy,  compact,  bossed,  dark  reddish-yellow,  rough  with 
acute  warts  :  lamella  crowded,  w hite  :  stipe  long,  sub-bulbous,  hay- 
ing fibres. 

20—5.     Amaranthus.    54.  30. 

nlbus,  W.  (white  coxcomb.  C.  P.  g-w.  Ju.  #.)  glomernles  axillary, 
triandrous  :  leaves  obovate,  retuse  :  stem  4-cornered,  simple.  Com- 
mon garden  weed. 

groEcizans,  W.  (P.  Au.  0.)  glomerules  axillary,  triandrous  :  flowers  SL- 
cleft :  leaves  obovate,  emarginate  :  stem  teretisb,  brauching. 


200  AMARANTHUS,    AMBROSIA. 

melancfwlicus,  (love-lies-bleeding.  E.  r.  0 )  glomerules  axillary,  pe- 
duncled,  roundish  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  coloured. 

tricolor,  (three-coloured  coxcomb.  E.  Ju.  0.)  glomerules  sessile  : 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coloured. 

lividus,  W.  (lead  amaranth.  E.  Ju.  0.)  glomerules  triandrous,  sub- 
spiked,  roundish  :  leaves  eliptic,  retuse  :  stem  erect.  Probably  in- 
troduced. 

0leraceus,  (pot  amaranth.  Y.  W.  T.  C.  Ju.  0.)  glomerules  axillary, 
branching  :  leaves  wrinkled,  oblong,  very  obtuse,  emarginate.  Some- 
times the  flowers  are  pentandrous. 

hyhruJus,  W.  (P.  Y.  C.  Ju.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  doubly-com- 
pound, heaped  together,  erect :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate. 

paniculatus,  W.  (P.  Ju.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  triply-compound : 
branches  spreading,  pubescent :  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,, 

retroflexus,  W.  (rough  amaranth.  O.  Au.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous, 
triply-compound,  compact,  erect ;  branches  pubescent  :  leaves 
ovate,  undulate. 

hypochondriacus,  W.  (spleen  amaranth.  P.  Au.  ^.)  racemes  pentan- 
drous, compound,  compact,  erect :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mucro- 
nate.     Leaves  red.     (False  prince's-feather.)     Cultivated. 

spinosus,  W.  (P.  Au.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  terminal,  compound : 
axils  spinose. 

pumilus,  R.  (dwarf  amaranth.  C.  g.)  glomerules  axillary  :  flowers  pen- 
tandrous :  calyx  5-leaved,  concave  :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth 
and  fleshy,  sometimes  retuse.     Scarcely  twelve  inches  high. 

6 — 1.     Amaryllis.     9.  17. 

atamasco,  (atamasco  lily.  P.  w.  &,  r.  J.  2^.)  spathe  2-cleft,  acute  :  flow- 
er pedicelled  :  corol  bell-form,  subequal,  erect :  stamens  declined. 

formosissiina,  (jacobea.  E.  If.)  spathe  1-flowered :  corol  ringent-like : 
petals  declined. 

20 — 5.    Ambrosia.    54.  98. 

trifda,  W.  (P.  V.  N.  C.  T.  g-y.  S.  0.)  bristly,  rough:  leaves  3-lobedj 
serrate :  lobes  oval,  lanceolate,  acuminate :  fruit  6-spinedj  beneath 
the  apex.     From  5  to  8  feet  high. 

intefiri folia,  W,  (P.  Ju.  #.)  Uaves  ovate,  sessile,  acuminate,  serrate, 
bristly  on  both  sides,  ciliate  at  the  base  :  racemes  terminal,  some- 
times ternate.    Flowers  very  inconspicuous. 


AMBROSIA,    AMPHICARPA.  201 

dalior,  W.  (hogweed.  O.  S.  0.)  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  smoothish  : 
petioles  long,  ciliated  :  racemes  terminal,  panicled:  stem  wand-like. 

urtemisifolia,  W.  (C.  P.  S.  0.)  leaves  doubly-pinnatifid,  hoary  beneath, 
at  the  summit  pinnatifid  :  racemes  terminal  in  threes  :  branches  le- 
vel-topped. 

paniculala,  W.  (P.  J.  »|l.)  leaves  glabrous,  doubly  pinnatifid,  pinnatifid 
at  the  summit:  racemes  terminal,  solitary  :  branches  level-topped. 

hetcrophylla,  W.  (P.  S.  Q.)  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid,  sub-toothed,  pe- 
tioled  ;  on  the  upper  branches  lanceolate  sessile  :  petioles  long  cili- 
ate  :  racemes  terminal,  solitary:    stem  panicled. 

4 — 1.     Amman  N I  A.     17.  91. 

humilis,  (tooth-cup.  P.  p.  Au.)  procumbent :  leaves  lanceolate,  narrow- 
er downwards  :  flowers  all  solitary.     Wet. 

ram^m^r,  W.  (D.  p.  Au  0.)  stem  erect  :  leaves  lance-linear,  base  dila- 
ted, half-clasping :  lower  flowers  whorled. 

5—2.     Ammi.     45.  60. 

capillaceum,  M.  (1)  (bishop-weed.  C.Y.  w.  Au.)  stem  ramose  :  leaves 
all  capillary,  many-cleft :  umbel  with  short,  many-parted  involucres  : 
seedglabrous.  Pursh  says  it  grows  in  sandy  fields.  But  at  N.  Haven 
and  N.  York  it  grows  in  salt  marshes. 

17—10.     Amorpiia.     32.  93. 

fndicosa  (false  indigo.  P.  p.  Ju.  1?.)  calyx  with  4-teeth  acute,  and  one 
acuminate,  pedicelled,  nakedish  :  legumes  few-seeded  :  spikes  elon- 
gated, aggregate  :  leaves  petioled. 

glabra,  D.  (D.  b-w.)  leaves  glabrous. 

5 — 1.     Amp£Lopsis.     Mx.  46.  72. 

quinquefolia,  M.  (2)  (false  grape,  creeper.  O.  w.  Ju,  '^.)  leaves  iu 
fives,  toothed  :  stem  rooting,  climbing. 

17—10.     Amphicarpa.     N.  (3)     32.  93. 

monoica  (wild  bean-vine.  0.  b.  &..  w.  Ju.  %.)  stem  slender,  twining, 
hairy  backwards  :  leaves  ternate,  ovate,  nearly  smooth  ;  stipules 
ovate,  striate.     Var.  comosa,  has  narrow,  hirsute  leaves. 


(i;  majus,  Wr.    Spren^el  says,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  John  Torrey,  tliat  (his  i*  a  Siuili. 
f2;  Hedera  quin(iuefolia,i.    Citsus  hederacea,  P.    Vitis  quin.  tk. 
(3;  Glycine,  I.    *         ^  '  » 


202       AMYGDALUS^  ANDROMEDA. 

12—1.     Amygdalus.     36.  92. 
persica  (peach.  E.  r.  M.  ^.)  serratures  of  the  leaves  all  acute,  flowers 

sessile,  solitary. 
nana  (flowering  almond.   E.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  tapering  to  the  base, 

sharply  serrate. 

5—1.     Anagallis.     20.  34. 
arvmsis  (red  chickweed,  scarlet  pimpernell.  Y.  T.  C.  P.  r.  J.  0.)  stem 
spreading,  naked,  procumbent :  petals  entire,  flat,  with  hairs  at  the 
margin. 

5 — 1.     Anchcsa.    41.  42. 
officinale  (buglos.  E.  y.  2^.)  leaves  lanceolate  :  spikes  imbricate,  one- 
sided :  bracts  ovate. 

10 — 1.     Andromeda.     18.  51. 

hi/pnoides,\Y.  (moss-bush.  Whitehills.  Au.  fp.)  leaves  imbricate  subu- 
late, glabrous :  peduncles  solitary,  terminal,  1-flowered  :  corol  nod- 
ding, globose-bell-form.     Small,  creeping. 

tnariana,  W.  (P.  C.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  entire,  sub-acute  at  both  ends, 
glabrous,  lea.the!y,  paler  beneath  :  flower-bearing  branches  almost 
leafless;  peduncles  fascicled:  corol  ovate-cylindric  :  calyx  leafy: 
anthers  beardless  :  capsule  ovate,  and  resembling  the  form  of  a  pine- 
apple.    One  variety  has  narrow  lanceolate  leaves. 

poUjblla,  Mx.  (H.  &,  T.  r-w.  M.  fp-)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  convex, 
revoiute,  white-glaucous  beneath  and  hoary-glaucous  above  :  flow- 
ers aggregate,  terminal  :  coroi  sub-globose  :  anthers  bearded  towards 
the  top.     One  foot  high.     Wet. 

arborea,  W.  (sorrel  tree.  P.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  branches  terete  :  leaves  oblong, 
acumi>iate,  mucronate-serrate,  glabrous  :  panicles  terminal,  many- 
spiked  :  corol  ovatc-cylindric,  pubescent  :  anthers  linear,  beardless. 
About  40  feet  high,  with  acid  leaves. 

paniculata,  M.  (l)  (white  bush.  0.  w.  J.  ^ .)  pubescent :  leaves  obo- 
vate-|anceolate,  acute,  sub-entire  :  flower-bearing  branches  terminal 
pauicled,  nakedish  :  glomerules  peduncled  :  corol  sub-globular,  pu- 
bescent :  anthers  obtuse,  beardless.  A  shrub  running  into  several 
varieties — flowers  small. 

racemosa,  W.  (P.  C.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate, 

O)  Lyonia  paniculata,  N. 


ANDROMEDA,    AXEMONE.  203 

membranaceous,  glabrous  :  spikes  terminal,  one-way,  elongated, 
simple  or  branched  :  bracts  linear,  acute  :  corol  cylindric  :  calyx 
acute,  with  bracts  at  the  base  :  anthers  doubly  4-bearded  at  the  apex. 
A  middling  sized  shrub,  odoriferous.  Wet. 
calyculata,  W.  (leather  leaf.  T.  Y.  C.P.  W.  N.  w.  M.  f).)  leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, obsoletely  serrulate,  sub-revolute,  with  scaly  dots,  rust- 
coloured  beneath  :  racemes  terminal,  leafy,  turned  one-way  :  pedi- 
cels short,  solitary,  axillary  :  calyx  acute,  2-bracted  at  the  base  ; 
bracts  broad-ovate,  acuminate  :  corol  oblong-cylindric.    Wet. 

3 — 2.     Andropogon.    4.  10. 

milans,  (1)  (beard-grass.  Y.  W.  P.  D.  N.  V.  T.  Au.  U-)  panicles  branch- 
ing, compact,  nodding  :  flowers  in  pairs,  awned  :  calyx  bristly :  per- 
fect flowers  sessile,  staminate,  pedicelled,  caducous.     Dry. 

macrourus,  Mx.  (2)  (Indian  grass.  D.  P.  S.  U-)  sheaths  villose  at  the 
margin  :  panicles  lateral,  with  many  fascicular  spikes  ;  flowers  mo- 
nandrous,  beard  4  or  5-fold  of  the  length  of  the  glume  ;  anterior 
valves  glabrous. 

dissiliflorus,  Mx.  (.3)  (P.  S.  If.)  sheaths  glabrous ;  culm  erect :  spikes 
lateral,  distant  :  flowers  monandrous  ;  awns  long,  straight  ;  interior 
valves  glabrous. 

purpuracens,  W.  (4)  (0.  Au.  U-)  spikes  simple,  peduncled,  double, 
close-panicled  ;  flowers  double,  the  perfect  is  sessile  lanceolate 
bearded,  the  neutral  is  pedicelled  bearded  ;  rachis  ciliate. 
furcatus,  W.  (forked  spike.  O.  Au.  2/.)  spikes  digitate,  partly  in  fours, 
flowers  double  ;  the  perfect  ones  sessile,  awned,  the  staminate  ones 
beardless,  pedicelled  :  rachis  hairy. 

rirginints  (broom-grass.  C.  P.  S.  If.)  spikes  in  pairs,  lateral,  rachis 
woolly  :  florets  in  pairs,  one  pedicelled  decaying,  the  other  perfect: 
calyx  of  the  perfect  flower  2-valved,  valves  acute,  longer  than  the 
corol,  villose  at  the  base  :  corol  2-valved,  one  of  them  awned  at  the 
apex. 

13—13.     Anemone.    26.  61. 
horfensis  (garden  anemone.  E.)  radical  leaves  digitate,  divisions  ??-c'eft ; 
cauline  ones  ternate,  lanceolate,  connate,  sub-divided  :  seed  woolly. 
vlrgimana  (wind  flower.  0.  g-w.  Ju.  I^.)  stem  dichotomous  :  leaves  in 

{\)  avenaceus,  Mx.  (2)  Cinna  glomeratn,  Wr. 

(3;  Cinna  lateralis,  Wr.  (i)  Scoparium,  Mx. 


204  ANEMONE^    ANGELICA. 

threes,  ternate,  upper  ones  opposite,  leafets  gash-lobate  and  serrate 
acute  :  peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered,  elongated  :  seed  oblong,  wool- 
ly, mucronate,  in  heads. 

nconitifolla,  Mx.  (1)  (P.  C.  T.  w.  J.  11.)  stem  dichotomous  :  radical 
leaves  palmate  ;  cauline  leaves  sessile,  clasping,  3-cleft,  the  lower 
ones  ternate,  with  the  lobes  acute-lanceolate,  gash-serrate  ;  pedun- 
cles solitary,  1-flowered  ;  seed  in  globose  heads,  naked,  subulate- 
beaked.     Flowers  large. 

dichotoma  (2)  (Can.  T.  w-r.  M.  11.)  stem  dichotomous  :  leaves  all  cau- 
line, opposite,  clasping,  3-cleft,  lobes  wedge-lanceolate,  with  the  up- 
per ones  gash-serrate  :  peduncles  solitary,  1-floAvered  :  seed  in  a  glo- 
bose head,  naked,  recurved-mucronate. 

nemorosa  (low  anemone.  O.  r-w.  M.  11.)  stem  1-flowered  :  cauline  leave? 
in  threes,  ternate,  leafets  wedge-form,  gash-lobed,  toothed,  acute  : 
corol  5-6-petalled :  seeds  ovate,  Avith  a  short  style,  hooked.  A  vari- 
ety, quinquefoUa,  has  lateral  leaves  deeply  2-cleft. 

Iftncifolia  (P.  w.  M.  li)  stem  1-flowered  :  leaves  cauline  in  threes,  ter- 
nate :  leafets  lanceolate,  crenate-toothed :  corol  5-petalled  :  seeds 
ovate,  with  a  short  style  hooked. 

ihalidroides,  (3)  (rue  anemone.  O.  w.  M.  11.)  umbels  involucred  :  radical 

*  leaves  twice  ternate,  leafets  sub-cordate,  3-toothed  :  involucre  6- 
leaved,  leafets  petioled,  uniform:  umbel  few-flowered  :  seed  naked, 
striate  :  root  tubeixtus.  A  variety?  t/"?/^oror,  has  a  1-flowered  invo- 
lucre. 

Anemone.     See  Hepatica. 

5 — 2.     Anethum.     45.  60. 

graveolens  (dill.  E.)  fruit  compressed  :  plant  annual. 
fueniculum  (fennel.  E.)  fruit  ovate  :  plant  perennial. 

5 — 2.     Angelica.     45.  60. 

trrhangelica  (archangel.  E.  ^  .)  the  odd  terminal  leafet  lobcd. 

«/ro;5urpwrea  (angelica.  O.J.  2^.)  leaves  compousd,  leafets  oblong,  sub- 
lobate,  serrate,  sub-sessile,  the  last  pair  united,  the  terminal  petioled. 
3  to  6  feet  high,  root  fragrant.     Meadows. 

triquinata,  Mx,  (4)  (O.  w.  J.  24!.)  petiole  3-pai-ted,  partitions  pinnate, 
SJeaved  ;  leafets  gash-tootbed  ;  the  odd  terminal  one  sessile  rhom- 
bic, lateral  ones  decur^ive.     Diy,  woods.     Alluvion. 

(■)  pensyUanica.L.  (2)  irregularis,  Lk.         C3)  ThaUctrumanemonoides,  Mx. 

(4)  Ferula  canadensis,  L. 


ANGELICA,    ANTIRRHINUM.  205 

lueida  (nondo.w.  J.  If)  leafets  equal,  ovate,  gash-serrate. 
22 — 2.     Anoectangium.     56.  4. 

Jiliforme,  Mx.  stem  slender-filiform  :  leaves  closely  imbricate,  oval,  den- 
ticulate in  a  similar-coloured  point  :  capsule  ciliate  at  the  apex  :  lid 
sub-conic  :  calyptre  sub-villose.     On  rocks. 

18 — 2.     Anthemis.     49.  55. 

nobilis  (chamomile.  E.  w.  Au.  If.)  leaves  2-pinnate  ;  leafets  3-parted, 
linear-subulate,  sub-villose  :  stem  branching  at  the  base.  Gives  out 
a  fragrant  odour. 

arvensis  (C.  T.  w.  Ju.  ^ .)  receptacle  conic,  chaff  lanceolate  :  seed 
cro\VM-:nargined  :  leaves  2-pinnate,  sub-divided,  lanceolate,  linear. 

cotula  (mayweed.  O.  w.  J.  0.)  receptacle  conic,  chaff-bristly  :  seed  na- 
ked :  leaves  2-pinnate,  leafets  subulate,  3-parted. 

22 — 3.     Anthoceros.     57.  3. 

levis  (wax  liverwort)  frond  flat,  undivided,  scarcely  undulated  at  the 

margin.     On  the  earth  in  damp  shaded  situations. 
pundatus,  frond   sinuate,  undivided,  crisped  at  the  margin.     On  |the 

earth  where  moist  and  shaded. 
carolinianus,  Mx.  fronds  with  short  roundish  lobes,  margin  sub-entire, 

scarcely  punctured  above  ;  the  horn-form  capsule  about  half  an  inch 

in  length. 

3 — 2.     Anthopogon.     N.  4.  iO. 
iepturoides,  N.  (1)  (false  beard-grass.   D.  2^.)  stem  decumbent  at  the 
base,  ascending  above  and  erect :  leaves  short,  lance-ovate,    acute, 
smooth,  flat,  striate  :  sheaths  bearded  at  the  summit  ;  stipule  obso- 
lete. 

2 — 2.     Anthoxanthum.    4.  10. 
odoratum  (sweet  vernal  grass.  O.  M.   If.)  spike  oblong-ovate  ;  florets 
sub-peduncled,    longer    than    the   awn.       An    American    variety, 
aliissimum,  is  larger  and  of  a  darker  green.    Ives.     An  elegant  sub' 
stitute  for  the  Leghorn  grass.     Dewey. 

14 — 2.     Antirrhinum.     40.  40. 
elatine,  W.  (creeping  snap-dragon.  P.  T.  y.  Ju  0.)  procumbent  pilos^: 
leaves  alternate,  hastate,  entire  :  peduncles  solitary,  very  lon^. 

(1)  Antiropoffon  ambiffuu6,Mx. 

s 


206  AXTIRIlHlNUMj    AQUILEGIA. 

triornoihophorum,  (three-birds.  E.)  leaves  whorled,  lanceolate,  3-nei-v- 
ed  :  stem  decurubent :  raceme  terminal,  Icav -flowered,  flowers  large, 
peduncled. 

linaria  (snap-dragon.  E.  y.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  glabrous  :  leaves  scattered, 
lanceolate-linear,  crowded  together  :  spikes  terminal,  dense-flower- 
ed :  calyx  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  spur.  Flowers  large — (toad- 
flax.)    isaturalized. 

c-Xftadense,  W.  (flax  snap-dragon,  C.  Y.  T.  P.  w-b.  J.  If.)  rising  in  a 
curve,  glabrous,  very  simple  :  leaves  scattered  irregularly  erect, 
narrow,  liiiear,  obtuse,  remote:  flowers  racemed :  scions  procum- 
bent.    Flowers  snxall. 

Onychia,  see  Queria, 
18—1.     Apargia.     49.  53. 

aulunnialis,  W.  (1)  (false  haw^kweed.  Boston,  y.  J.  2/.)  scape  branch- 
ing, scaly  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  smoothish.  Nat- 
uralized.    Bw. 

Jlpios,  see  Glycine. 
5—2.     Apium.     45.  60. 

■petroselinum,  (parsley.  E,  Ju.  ^ .)  cauline  leaves  linear :  involucre 
minute. 

grnveoltnsj  (celery.  E.  Ju.  $  .)  stem  channelled  :  cauline  leaves  wedge- 
form. 

5 — 2.     Apocvnum.    30.  47. 

androsccviifolium,  (dog-bane.  O.  r-w.  J.  If.)  leaves  ovate,  glabrous 
above  :  cymes  lateral  and  terminal :  tube  of  the  corol  longer  than 
the  calyx  :  limb  spreading. 

Cannabinum,  Mx.  (2)  (Indian  hemp.  O.  g.  y.  Ju.  If .)  leaves  oblong- 
oval,  whitish-dowMiy  beneath:  panicle  pubescent :  tube  of  the  corol 
about  equal  to  the  calyx  :  limb  erect. 

hyperirifoliuni,  W.  (John's  dog-bane.  C.  P.  w.  Ju.  If.)  stem  erectish  : 
leaves  oblong,  heart-form,  glabrous  :  cymes  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Flowers  very  small ;  the  plant  low  and  smooth. 

13—5.     Aquilegia.     26.  61. 
vulira'-is,  (garden  columbine.  E.J.  If.)  nectaries  incurved  horns  :  leafy 

(1)  Leonrodni'  antumnale,  L.    Hedypnois  autumnale,  S- 

(2)  pubescens,  Br. 


AQUILEGIA,    ARALIA.  207 

stem  and   leaves  glabrous  :  leajt'es  decompound.     Nectaries  multi- 
plied by  culture. 
canadensis,  (wild  columbine.  O.  r.  &l  y.  Ap.  2^.)  horns  strait:  stamens 
exsert :    leaves  decompound.     Growing   frequently  in   crevices  of 
rocks. 

15—2.     Arabis,     39.  63. 

rhomboidea,  P.  (1)  (spring  cress.  P.  T.  w.  M.  U-)  leaves  glabrous, 
rliomboid,  with  obsolete  spreading  teeth  ;  lower  leaves  with  long 
petioles  :  root  tuberous.     Damp. 

fhaliana,  W.  (mouse-ear  cress.  W.  P.  T.  C.  w.  Ap.  #.)  radical  leaves 
oblong,  petioled  ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  :  stem  erect, 
rough  haired  at  the  base  :  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

reptans,  W.  (P.  C.  J.  If.)  leaves  sub-rounded,  entire,  rough-haired  : 
shoots  creeping. 

lyrata,  W.  (P.  C.  T.  Can.  w.  Ap.  0.)  leaves  glabrous,  radical  ones  ly- 
rate,  cauline  ones  linear. 

hispida,  A.  (2)  (P.  W.  w.  M.  U-)  leaves  toothed,  obtuse,  hispid,  radical 
ones  sub-lyrate  :  stem  hispid  ;  petals  erect, 

hastala^  (3)  (C.  T.  Great-Barrington.  w.  M.)  leaves  lanceolate,  narrow- 
ed at  the  base,  hastate,  sessile,  very  glabrous :  peduncles  glabrous, 
erect :  siliques  pendant,  falcate,  very  narrow.     Torrey. 

falcata,  Mx.  (4)  (O.  w.  If.)  leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
remotely  toothed,  hastate-sessile  :  silique  pendant,  2-edged,  falcate  : 
peduncles  hairy. 

17—10.     Arachis.     32.  93. 

hypogcea,  (pea-nut,  false  ground-nut.  E.  0.)  stem  pilose,  procumbent : 
leaves  pinnate,  abrupt :  flowers  axillary.     Peduncles   become  elon- 
gated, and  deposit  the  fruit  under  ground  to  ripen. 
5 — 5.     Aralia.     46.  59. 

spinosa,\\'.  (shot-bush,  angelica  tree.  P.  y-w\  Au.  ^.)  v/oody :  stem 
and  leaves  thorny,  leaves  doubly  pinnate  ;  leafets  slightly  serrate  : 
panicles  very  branching  :  umbels  numerous. 

JiispidayMx.  (bristly-stem  sarsaparilla.  H.  w.  J  T;).)  low,  sub-shrubby  : 
stem  and  petioles  rough  with  bristles  :  leaves  doubly  pinnate  ;  leaf- 

(1)  bi-.lbosa,M.  (2)  stricta,  W. 

(3)  pendu'a,  N.    Turiitis  1apvi<rata,  W. 

(4).  canadensis.  W.;  but  Kuuail  suspects  it  to  be  the  kastata,  or  Turrltis  laevigata  of 
TV* 


208 

ets  ovate,  gash-serrate,  unarmed,  glabrous:  umbels  with  long  pC'' 
duncles.     Neglected  fields. 

racemosa,  W.  (spikenard.  O.  w.  J.  If.)  spreading  branches  :  petioles  3- 
parted,  the  partitions  3 — 5-leaved  ;  leafets  often  heart-form  :  branch^ 
lets  axillary,  leafy  :  umbels  many,  sub-panicled,  leafless  above. 
Damp. 

nudicaulis,  W.  (wild  sarsaparilla.  O.  w.  M.  2^.)  hardly  a  proper  stalk, 
1-leafed  ;  the  leaf  thrice-ternate  or  thrice-quinate  :  leafets  oblong- 
oval  :  scape  naked,  shorter  than  the  leaf:  umbels  few.    Woods. 

10—1.     Arbutus.     18.  51. 

iwa-ursi,  W.  (bear-berry,  kinnikinnick.  T.  N.  Y.  C.  P.  w-r.  M.  fp.) 
stem  procumbent :  leaves  wedge-obovate,  entire  :  berry  5-seeded.- 
Dry,  barren  sand-plains,  k-c.  Very  abundant  about  the  great  lakes. 
Schoolcraft. 

ulpina,\Y.  (Can.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  serrate,  rugose,  acute,  obovate  •,  ra- 
cemes terminal. 

18—1.     Arctium.     49.  54. 

lappa,  (burdock.  0.  r.  Au.  U.)  cauline  leaves  heart-form,  petioled, 
toothed  :  flowers  panicled,  globose  :  calyx  smooth. 

22—6.     Arcyria.     58.  1. 

Jiava,  rare,  yellow,  very  long,  capillary,  nodding.     On  trunks. 
cinerea,  'gregarious,  white-cinereous,  sometimes  becoming  rust-colour- 

On  trunks  in  woods. 
pimlcea,  crowded  together,  between  saffron  colour  and  scarlet.     On 

decaying  trunks  in  summer  and  autumn. 

10—3.     Arenaria.     22.  82. 
1.  Leaves  oblong. 

peploideSjW.  (C.  Can.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  dichotomous  :  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
fleshy:  calyx  acuminate. 

laterifora,  W.  (sand-wort.  P.  C.  w.  J.  Zf.)  stem  filiform,  simple  :  leaves 
ovate,  obtuse,  sub-triple-nerved:  peduncles  lateral,  solitary,  elon- 
gated, 2-cleft;  one  pedicel  middle-bracted :  corol  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

serpyllifolia,  W.  (P.  O;  w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  dichotomous,  spreading; 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  sub-ciliate  :  calyxes  acute,  sub-striate :  petals 
shorter  than  the  calyx. 


ARENARIAj    ARISTIDA.  209 

2.  Leaves  linear,  subulate. 

glabra,  Mx.  (1)  (T.  Shawanguiik.  2/.)  very  glabrous,  sub-erect,  fili- 
form, many  stems  :  leaves  subulate-linear,  flat,  spreading :  pedicels 
1-flowered,  elongated,  divaricate  :  lealets  of  the  calyx  oval,  oblusish, 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  petals. 

siricta,  M\.  (N.  Whitehills.  T.  vv.  M.  U.)  glabrous,  erect,  many  stems: 
leaves  subulate-linear,  erect :  panicles  few-llowered  :  petals  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  which  is  oval-lanceolate,  apparently  striate. 
Dry. 

squarrosa,  Mx.  (2)  (D.  w.  Ju.  24-.)  turfy:  lower  leaves  scaly-imbricate» 
channelled,  glabrous  :  stems  few,  very  simple  :  liowers  few,  termirial, 
erect:  petals  much  larger  than  the  roundish  calyx. 

rubra,  Mx.  (3)  (P.  Y.  C.  T.  r.  J.  #.)  gWibrous,  humifuse  :  leaves  fili- 
form, fleshy,  much  longer  than  the  joints  :  stipules  connate-mem- 
branaceous,  sheathing:  stamens  5  :  capsule  angular  or  globose.  Var. 
canadensis,  leaves  linear,  fleshy.     Troy,  sandy  beach. 

19—1.     Arethl-sa.     7.  21. 

livlbosa,  W.  (arethusa.  C.  Y.P.N,  r.  J.  11.)  leafless:  root  globose: 
scape  sheathed,  1-flowered:  calyx  with  the  superior  divisioi.s  in- 
curved :  lip  sub-crenulate.     Flowers  large,  sweet-scented.     Damp. 

Jirelhusa,  see  Triphora  and  Pogonia. 

13 — 1.     Argemone.     27.  62. 

mexicana,  W.  (P.  T.  y.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  pinnatifid,  gashed,  spinose  : 
flowers  axillary.     Flow  ers  large. 

3—2.     Aristida.     4.  10. 

dichotoma.Mx.  (beard-grass.  P.  C.  Ju.  ^ .)  turfy:  culm  dichotomous, 
erect,  setaceous  :  calyx  longer  than  the  corol ;  middle  awn  twisted, 
two  lateral  ones  vtrv  short :  flowers  sub-spiked. 

oligantlia,  ^w.  (P.  Ju.  2^.)  culm  strait,  sub-branched:  leaves  convo- 
lute-filiform :  flowers  distant,  solitary :  awns  long,  spreading. 

racemosa,  M.  (C.  S.)  culm  erect,  4-cornered  ;  joints  glub:*ous  :  leav  es 
linear,  striate,  hairy  at  the  base,  and  scabrous  at  the  apex:  sheath 
hairy  :  panicle   contracted,  sub-racemed  :  pedicels  angled,  jointed 

(1)  Siellaria  miiflora,  Wr.  ("*)  '"roliniana,  Wr.  (c>)  canadensis,  P. 

S  2 


210  ARISTIDA,    ARONIA. 

below  the  calyx  :  valves  of  the  calyx  unequal,  keeled,  scabrous,  mu- 
cronate  :  coiol  a  little  smaller,  hairy  at  the  base. 
slricta,  (P.)  culm  terete,  glabrous :  leaves  linear,  pubescent :  panicle 
dense,  with  solitary  branches  :  both  valves  of  the  calyx  awned. 

19 — 6.     Aristolochia.     11.  23. 

sip}w,lir.  (blrthwort.  P.J.  ^.)  leaves  heart-form,  acute:  stem  twi- 
ning :  peduncles  1-flowered,  furnished  with  an  ovate  bract :  corol 
ascending;  limb  3-cleft,  equal.  A  very  high  running  vine,  with 
large  leaves  ;  flowers  yellowish-brown. 

serpentina,  (P.  C.  p.  J.  If .)  leaves  heart-form,  oblong,  acuminate: 
stem  zigzag,  ascending  :  peduncles  radical  :  lips  of  the  corol  lanceo- 
late. (The  Virginia  snakeroot.)  There  is  a  variety  with  very  long, 
narrow  leaves.     Tonic  and  diaphoretic.  B. 

12—1.     Armeniaca.    36.  92. 
vulgaris,  (apricot.  E.  Tp.)  leaves  sub-cordate :  stipules  palmate.     Var. 
precox,  (early  apricot.)  fruit  small,  yellow.     Vav.  persicoides,  (peach 
apricot.)  fruit  sub-compressed. 
<lasycorpa,  (black   apricot,  E.  ^.)    leaves  ovate,   acuminate,  doubly 
serrate  :  petioles  glandular :  drupe  globose,  pubescent. 
12—5.     Aroxia.    36.  92. 

arbutifolia,  (I)  (red  choak-berry.  O.  w-r.  M.  1?.)  leaves  lance-obovate^ 
crenate-toothed,  downy  beneath,  with  the  midrib  glandular  above  : 
flowers  corymbed :  calyx  downy.     Damp. 

botryapium,'P.  (2)  (shad-bush,  june-berry.  O.  av.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  ob- 
long-oval, cuspidate,  glabrous  when  mature,  (when  first  expanded 
lanceolate  and  downy  :)  flowers  racemed  :  petals  linear:  germs  pu- 
bescent :  segments  of  the  calyx  glabrous. 

sanguinea,  (3)  (bloody  choak-berry.  C.  Pittsfield.  w.  M.  ^ .)  leaves 
oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  raucronate,  serratures  very  slender:  ra- 
cemes  few-flowered  :  calyx  glabrous  :  petals  linear,  obtuse. 

melanocarpa,  (4)  (black  choak-berry.  0.  w.  M.  "^.)  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  beneath :  midrib  glandular 
above  :  flowers  corj'rabcd  :  calyx  glabrous.     Damp. 

ovalis,  P.  (5)  (medlar  bush.  P.  V.  W.  D.  w.  M.  Tp.)  leaves  round-oval, 

(;)  pyriforia.  p.  Tyrw^  nrl)Utifolia,  W.  Mespilus  arlmtifolia.  L.;  and  ervrhrocarpa, 
JVI^.  ('2)  Pyrus  UolrvapiiDVi,  W.  Mespilus  rar.a(lvnsis,  L.  (;)  Pyrus  sansruinea,  Ph. 
(?)  .irhu'.ito'.ia,  P.  Pyius  melanocarpa,  W.  Crataegus  arbutifolia,  Lk.  Mespilus  ar- 
butii'.trn,  Vir.  •neUoocarpa,  Mx.  (i)  Mespilus  canadensis.  Var.  obovalis,  Mx. 
€raUBgu3  spicata,  Lk. 


ARTHOXIA.  211 

acute,  glabrous  :  (lowers  racemed :  petals  obovate  :  germ  aud  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  pubescent. 

22 — 2.     Arrhenopterum.     56.  4. 
/iderostichum,  erectish :    leaves  lax-imbricate,    oval,   with  an  obtuse 
point,  serrulate,  all  nerved  :  peduncle  generally  terminal :  capsule 
oblong,  arcuate  :  lid  conic,  obtusely  acuminate. 
18 — 2.     Artemisia.     49.  55. 
abrotanum,  (southern-wood.  E.  U.  ^  ^.)  stem  straight :  lower  leaves 
bipinnate  ;  upper  ones  hair-form,  pinnate  :  calyx  pubescent,   hemi- 
spheric. 
tanadensis,  Mx.  (wild  wormwood.  C.  Y.  w.  y.  Au.  !(..)  sub-decumbent 
scarcely  pubescent :  leaves  flat,  linear-pinnatifid  :  branchlets  spike- 
flow^ered :    flowers   sub-hemisplieric  :    calyx   scarious.    Receptacle 
smooth. 

jjontica,  (roman  artemisia.  E.)  leaves  downy  beneath  ;  cauline  ones 
bipinnate:  leafets  linear:  branches  simple:  flowers  roundish  pe- 
duncled,  nodding. 
absynthium,  (wormwood.  E.  If.)  stem  branching,  panicled  :  leaves 
hoary  ;  radical  ones  triply  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  lanceolate,  toothed 
obtuse  :  cauline  ones  2-pinnatifid  or  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  lanceolate, 
acutish :  floral  ones  undivided,  lanceolate.  Naturalized  in  most 
mountain  districts  of  New-England. 

vulgaris,  W.  (mugwort.  P.  T.  S.  U-)  leaves  downy  beneath ;  cauline 
ones  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  lanceolate,  sub-toothed,  acute  :  floral  ones 
undivided,  linear-lanceolate:  flowers  sub-sessile,  oblong,  erect:  ca- 
lyx downy. 

22 — 5.     Arthonia.     57.  2. 

punctiformis,  crust  somewhat  determinate,  membranaceous,  smooth 
dark  orange-yellow  :  receptacles  minute,  roundish,  scattered,  sub- 
immersed,  flattish  one  side  and  sub-convex  the  other,  dark  coloured. 
On  the  tender  bark  of  branches  of  trees. 

obscura,  crust  membranaceous,  somewhat  olive-coloured  :  receptacles 
minute,  flat,  a  little  concave,  sub-membranaceous,  oval  and  reniform 
sub-immorsed,  a  little  rugose,  dark-coloured.  On  the  cuticle  and 
bark  of  trees. 

pruiriosa,  crust  thin,  of  a  tartar-like  appearance,  unequal,  smooth,  ri- 
mose,  white  :  receptacles  flat,  immersed,  roundish  polygons  con- 
fluent, obscurely  dark-yellow,  mealy-glaucous.    On  oak  bark,  kc. 


2 12  ARUM,    ARUXD©. 

20—13.     Arum.     2.  7. 

«iraconlium,W.  (2:reen-dragon.  T.  P.  J.  2^.)  stemless ;  leaves  pedate ; 
leafets  lanceolate-oblong,  entire  :  spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the 
oblong  convolate  spathe.     River  alluvion. 

mtroruhens,  W.  (brown-dragon.  P.  M.  2^.)  stemless  :  leaves  ternate  ; 
leafets  ovate,  acuminate :  spadix  cylindrical :  spathe  sessile,  ovate, 
acuminate,  spreading  horizontally  above.  Spathe  dark  brown,  dis- 
agreeable smell. 

triphyllum,  \Y.  (Indian  turnip,  wild  turnip,  wake-robin.  O.  p.  k.  g.  M. 
21)  S'lb-caulescent :  leaves  ternate  ;  leaflets  ovate,  acuminate  :  spa- 
dix club-form  :  spathe  ovate,  acuminate,  peduncled,  with  the  lamina 
as  long  as  the  spadix.  One  variety,  virens,  has  a  green  spathe  ; 
another,  atropurpurauin,  has  a  dark-purple  spathe. 

yirginicum,  W.  (1)  (poiso.i  aivim.  Y.  T.  C.  P.  g.  J.  2^.)  stemless  :  leaves 
hastate,  heart-form,  acute  i  I  )bes  obtuse:  spathe  elongated,  incurv- 
ed, green  :  .spadix  long-stamen-flowered. 

3 — 2.     Art;  K  DO.     4.  10. 

donax,  (reed-grass.  E.Nov.)  calyx  5-flowered:  panicle  diffuse :  culm 
somewhat  woody. 

phra^mites,  W.  (marsh  reed-grass.  Y.  P.  C.  Hudson.  Ju.  2^.)  calyx  5- 
flowered  :  panicle  lax,  somewhat  nodding :  branches  glabrous. 
About  6  or  8  feet  high.     Damp. 

epigejos,  M.  (D.  2^.)  calyx  1-flowered :  panicle  erect :  leaves  glabrous 
beneath,  lanceolate.     Flowers  small. 

canadensis,  Nix.  (2)  (P.  V.  W.  J.  2^.)  panicle  oblong,  contracted,  sca- 
brous :  calyx  1-flowered,  lanceolate,  scabrous-pubescent  upon  the 
keel:  corol  awned  upon  the  back,  awn  of  the  len?th  of  the  corol  ; 
pubesceiiCe  equalling  the  corol  :  culm  terete,  glabrous,  simple : 
leaves  hairy  above  and  glabrous  beneath.     About  3  feet  high. 

arennria,  S.  (saiid  reed-grass.  Can.  D.  Ju.  I^.)  paaicle  spiked:  calyx 
1-floivered,  laager  than  the  corol :  flowers  erect,  beardless:  leaves 
involute,  prickly. 

egrjstoides,  Ph.  (P.  V.  C.  D.  Ju.  2^.)  panicle  lax,  diffused  :  calyx  1- 
flowei'pc!,  acuminate,  4abrous :  corol  shorter  than  the  calyx,  mf^m- 
brauaceous:  outer  valve  crashed  at  the  top:  pubescence  equalling 
the  corol :  leaves  flat,  a  little  scabrous :  culm  sheathed  and  glabrous. 

(:)  Calla  viieinica,Mx. 

^)  cinnoicles,  M.    Calamagrostis  canadensis,  N. 


ASARUM^    ASCLEPIAS.  213 

11—1.      ASARUM.       11.    23. 

canadtnse,  (1)  (white  snakeroot,  wild  ginger,  false  colt-foot.  O.  p.  M. 
2^.)  leaves  broad  kidney-form,  in  pairs:  calyx  woolly,  deeply  3- 
parted ;  divisions  sub-lanceolate,  reflected.  Root  aromatic  and  sti- 
mulant. B. 

virginicum,  W.  (P.  M.  U-)  leaves  solitary,  round  heart-form,  glabrous, 
leathery  :  flower  sub-sessile  :  calyx  glabrous  above,  shoi't,  bell-form. 
Leaves  speckled,  smooth. 

19 — 5.     AscLEPiAS.     30.  47. 

1.  Leaves  opposite. 

syriaca,  (common  milkweed.  O.  w-p.  Ju.  H)  stem  very  simple  ; 
leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  gradually  acute,  downy  beneath  :  umbels 
sub-nodding,  downy.  3  to  5  feet  high  :  flow  ers  in  large  close  clusters, 
sweet-scented — nectaries  are  fly-traps. 

obtusi/olia,  Mx.  (2)  (Y.  P.  C.  p.  J.  11.)  leaves  clasping,  oblong,  round- 
obtuse,  sometimes  mucronate,  waving:  umbel  terminal,  long-pe- 
duncled,  many-flowered,  glabrous;  the  horn  of  the  nectaiy  exsert. 
Flowers  large. 

phytolaccoides,  Ph.  (T.  D.  W.  P.  w-g.  Ju.  24..)  stem  erect,  simple  :  leaveg 
broad-ovate,  acute,  glabrous,  paler  beneath  :  nectaries  truncate,  in- 
ternal margin  2-toothed  :  umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  long-peduu- 
cled,  nodding, 

periploccefolia,  N.  (3)  (D.  w-g.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  sub-sessile,  somewhat 
distant,  lance-ovate,  narrowing  upwards,  very  acute,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  margin  rough  :  umbels  mostly  2,  naked,  lateral :  root  round- 
tuberous  :  segments  of  the  nectaries  oblong-linear. 

ttm(£na,W.  (Y.  D.  P.  p.  Ju.  11.)  stem  simple,  a  little  hairy  on  tw© 
sides  ;  leaves  sub-sessile,  oblong-oval,  pubescent  beneath  :  terminal 
umbels  and  nectaries  erect,  appendages  exsert.     Damp. 

purpurascens,  W.  (C.  P.  p,  Ju.  11.)  stem  simple:  leaves  ovate,  villose 
beneath  :  umbels  erect :  nectaries  resupine.     Damp  shades. 

ianceolata,  (Y.  g.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  decumbent,  hirsute  :  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  sub-sessile  :  umbels  hirsute,  lateral,  solitary,  sessile,  sub-glo- 
bose, dense-flowered,  nodding:  no  appendage.  Ives.  Diy  sandy 
plains.     Vid.  Silliman's  Journal  of  Science,  p.  252. 

(1)  carolinianum,  Wr.    latifoliiim,  Sa'.  (2)  purpurascens,  Wr. 

(•3)  ACBaiiu»ta,  Ph.    csrUata,  Wr.    laurifolia,  Ma.  '  ^ 


214  ASCLEPTAS^    ASCYRUM. 

vm4iJlora,'Ph.  (P.  Y.  g.  Ju.  If.)  stem  simple,  erect,  hirsute:  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  obtusish,  sub-sessile,  (ii>Avny-hirsute  both  sides : 
umbels  lateral,  solitary,  sub-sessile,  nodding,  sub-globose,  dense- 
flowered:  no  appendage.     Dry. 

t'flr/ego/a,  W.  (1)  (C.  P.  w.  Ju.  I(.)  stem  simple,  erect:  leaves  ovate, 
petioled,  rugose,  naked  :  umbels  sub-sessile,  pedicelled,  tomentose. 
The  umbels  dense. 

incarnata,  W.  (0.  r  Ju.  If )  stem  erect,  branching  above,  downy  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  sub-downy  both  sides :  umbels  mostly  double  at 
their  origin  :  the  little  horn  of  the  nectary  exsert.  A  vsiriety,  pulchra, 
is  more  haiiy.     Var.  glabra,  almost  p;labrous.     Damp. 

dthiilf.,  Mx.  (V.  C.  w.  Ju.  11.)  sraoothish ;  stem  weak,  erect,  simple: 
leaves  petioled,  oval-lauceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  membranaceous  : 
umbels  terminal,  lax-flowered ;  pedicels  capillary.  The  bark  is  a 
good  substitute  for  flax. 

quadrifolia,  Ji\  (O.  w.  M.  7i.)  stem  erect,  simple,  glabrous:  leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  petioled  ;  those  in  the  middle  of  the  stem  are 
largest,  and  in  fours  :  umbels  2-terminal,  lax-ilowered  :  pedicels  tili- 
form.     About  10  inches  high  :  flowers  small  and  sweet-scented. 

laurifolia,  Mx.  (P.  p.  An.)  stem  erect,  glabrous  :  leaves  sub-sessile, 
oval-lanceolate,  gradually  growing  narrower,  very  acute,  glabrous, 
with  a  roughish  margin. 

2.  Leaves  not  opposite, 
verticillatay  Mx.  (dwarf  milkweed.  Y.  T.  P.  D.  g-y.  Ju.  U-)  stem  erect, 

very  simple,  marked  with  lines,  and  small  pubescence  :  leaves  very 

narrow-linear,   straight,   glabrous,  whorled  generally :  horn  in  the 

nectary  exsert. 
hiberosa,  W.  (butterfly-weed.  N.  Y.  T.  W.  P.  y.  Ju.  U-)  stem  erectish, 

at  the  top  spreadingbranched,  very  rough-haired  :  leaves  scattered, 

oblong-lanceolate,   rough-haired :  umbels  terminal,    sub-corymbed. 

A  variety,  the  decumbens,  has  a  decumbent  stem  :  leaves  sub-linear, 

hirsute.     Cathartic,  diaphoretic,  expectorant.  B. 

13—3.     AscvRUM.     20.  68. 

arux-andre(e,W.  (2)  (peter's-wort.  P.  D.  y.  Ju.  fp.)  many  ste^js,  dif- 
fuse :  leaves  sub-lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse  :  coiymb  terminal  : 
flowers  sub-sessile,  2-styled:  stem  sub-terete,  2  feet  high:  petal? 
narrow. 

(1)  hybrida,  Mx.  ^)  raulticaule,  M^^- 


ASCtRUM,   ASPiniUM.  215 

hi/pericoides,\Y.  (1)  (D.  y.Ju.  ^,)  erect,  branching  :  branches  2-edged  ; 
leaves  oblong,  witii  2  glands  at  the  base  :  tiowers  tcnu.nal,  ouiiiury, 
with  short  pedicels,  3-styled.     From  1  to  2  leet  high. 

6 — 1.     Asparagus.     11.  12. 

officinalis,  (asparagus.  E.Ju.  If.)  stem  iierbfce.u^,  unarmed,  sub-erect, 
terete  :  leaves  bristle-form,  soft :  stij;uL^s  suh-,.)litary. 

6 1.      AsPHODEIUS.      10.    16. 

luteus,  (asphodel,  king's-spear.    E.   U.)    stem   leafy:    leaves  3-sided, 

striate. 
ramosus,  (E.  U-)  stem  branching,   naked:  leaves  ensiforra,  carinate, 

smooth.  > 

22—1.     AspiDiuM.     55.  5. 

1.  Fronds  ternate. 

rACutarium,  W.  (2)  (P.  If.)  leafets  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  acuminate^ 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  entire  ;  the  lower  and  outer  divisions  of  the  sides 
elongated  :  fruit-dots  in  rows. 

2.  Fronds  pinnate. 

acrostichoides,  W  (3)  (O.  J.  to  Au.  If.)  leafets  lanceolate,  sabre-forra, 
acute,  ciliate-serrate,  the  upper  ones  eared  and  dagger-pointed,  the 
lower  ones  wedge-form  at  the  base  ;  the  upper  fruit-bearin^'  ones 
smaller :  stipe  and  rachis  chatty  :  fruit-dots  solitaiy,  but  at  length 
become  confluent. 

3.  Fronds  suh-pinnalifid  ;  involucre  [indusium]  halved,  kidney-form. 

noveboracense,  W.  (4)  (N.  W  C.  T.  P.  Ja.  U)  frond  pinnate  ;  leafets 
liuear-lanceo^ate,  pinnatifid,  divisions  oblong,  obtusish,  sub-entire, 
ciliate  :  fruit  dots  marginal  :  stipe  smooth.     Damp  woods. 

cristatum,\V.  (C.  P.J.  1/.)  frond  lai  ceolate-ovate,  glabrous,  pinnate  > 
leafets  sub-cordate-oblong,  pinnatifid,  divisions  oblong, obtuse,  tooth- 
serrate  :  stipe  chatty.  A  variety,  cal'p'tris,  largish:  leafets  alter- 
nate, divisions  oblong,  unequaUy  ap|T  :sed-seir  ite  :  frond  be;  ring 
the  fruit  at  the  top.  Another  variety,  lancastriense,  leafets  sub-oppo- 
site, divisions  triangular,  ovatr^,  acute,  serrate  :  stipe  naked. 

(:)  -talis  Mx.  (O  Polypodium  ricmarium,  L.    apnendiculatum.  Sw. 

(  ;  aunculatum,  Sh.    ^fpIlror^ium  nrrosiichoides,  Mx.      N.  B.  Linueub  placed  the 
ffei.us  Aspjduim  un.er  the  genus  Polypodium. 
<))  Nephrodium  tljeJjpterioiues. 


216  ASPiDiuM,  asplenium:. 

4.  Frond  doubly  or  triply  pinnate^  involucre  halved,  kidney-form, 

o6iwsitm,W.  (P.  C.  Ju.  If.)  frond  doubly-pinnate,  the  lesser  leafets  ob" 
lono-,  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  having  united  bases,  tooth  crenate  :  ra- 
chis  pubescent  above.     4  or  5  inches  high.     Rocks. 

aculeatum,  W.  (Vermont  mountains.  Au.  U-)  frond  doubly-pinnate  ; 
the  lesser  leafets  ovate,  sub-sabre-form,  acute,  dagger-serrate,  the 
base  of  the  upper  ones  truncate,  of  the  lower  ones  short  wedge-form ; 
the  upper  ones  bear  the  fruit :  stipe  and  rachis  chaffy. 

marginale,\V.  (1)  (O.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  doubly-pinnate  :  lesser  leafets  ob- 
long, obtuse,  decuiTent,  crenate  ;  more  deeply  crenate  at  the  base  : 
fruit  dots  marginal  :  stipe  chaffy.     Two  or  three  feet  high. 

Jilix-7nas,  W.  (W.N.  CD.  P.  Ju.)  frond  doubly-pinnate,  lesser  leafets 
oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  ;  serratures  beardless  ••  fruit-dots  of  the  mid- 
dle rib  approximate  :  stipe  and  rachis  chaffy.  2  or  3  feet  high.  A 
variety,  erosum,  lesser  leafets  erose-seiTate,  more  remote.  Rocky 
hills. 

intermedium,  W.  (P.  W.  T.J.  11.)  frond  doubly-pinnate ;  lesser  leafets 
linear,  gash-pinnatifid  ;  divisions  at  the  apex  sub-mucronate-serrate  : 
stipe  chaffy.     Resembles  the  next  species  in  many  respects. 

■spinulosum,W ■  (W.  P.  T.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  doubly-pinnate:  lesser  leaf- 
ets oblong,  decurrent,  runnhig  together,  gash-toothed  ;  divisions  mu- 
cronate-serrate  :  stipe  chaffy :  involucre  glandular.     Large. 

iilatatum,  W.  (2)  (P.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  doubly-pinnate  ;  lesser  leafets  ob- 
long,  distinct,  gash-pinnatifid,   divisions  mucronate-senate  :    stipe 
chaffy  :    involucre  smooth.     Leaves  more  compound,    larger   and 
broader  than  the  filix-femina. 
Remark.    This  genus  has  been  divided,  and  the  remainder  of  the 

species  arc  placed  under  the  genus  Athyrium. 

22 — 1.     Asplenium.     55.  5. 

fhisophyllum,  W.  (walking  leaf.  O.  Ju.  If.)  frond  lanceolate,  stiped, 
sub-crenate,  heart-form  ears  at  the  base  :  apex  very  long,  linear-fili- 
form, rooting.  Vdir.pinnatifidmn,  leaves  with  the  crenatures  so  deep 
as  to  become  sub-pinnatifid.     Barton.     Woods. 

tLngusiifolivm,  W.  (3)  (spleenwort.  W.  C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  pinnate  ; 
leaves  alternate,  upper  ones  sub-alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  sub-re- 


(1)  Nephrodium  marginale,Mx-  (2)  Nephi'odium  cristatum,  Mx. 

(3)  pycnocarpon,  SI, 


ASPLENIUM,    ASTER.  217 

pand,  base  of  the  upper  ones  truncate,  of  the  lower  ones  slightly  roun- 
ded.    One  foot  high. 

ebcnum,  W.  (1)  (W.  C.  T.  P.  Hudson.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  pinnate  :  leafets 
sessile,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  cordate  at  the  base,  auricled  above.  A 
very  small  species. 

metanocaulon,  W.  (2)  (W.  C.  T.  P.  Ju.  U-)  frond  pinnate;  leafets 
roundish,  obtuse,  crenate,  at  its  base  wedge-form  :  stipe  particolour- 
ed.    Very  small ;  stem  black,  polished. 

ihelypteroides,  W.  (3)  (W.  T.  P.  Ju.  U-)  frond  pinnate  ;  leafets  sessile, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  oblong,  obtuse, 
obtusely  serrate  :  fruit-dots,  parallel,  at  length  confluent. 

ruta-7nuraria,  W.  (W.  C.  T.  P.  Hudson.  Ju.  11-)  frond  bipinnate  at  the 
base,  simply  pinnate  at  the  apex,  obtusely  denticulate.  Very  small. 
Rocks. 

Dwntanum,  W.  (4)  (W.  T.  Ju.  If.)  frond  glabrous,  bipinnate  :  leafets  lan- 
ceolate, pinnatifid,  divisions  2  or  S-toothed. 

18—2.     Aster.     49.  55. 
1.  Leaves  en'ire. 

hyssopifolius.W .  (starflower.  D.  vv.  y.  p.  Au.to  O.)  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3-nerved,  punctate,  acute,  margin  scabrous  :  branchlets  level- 
top,  corymbed,  compact  :  rays  ajiout  5-floAvered  ;  calyx  imbricate, 
twice  as  short  as  the  disk.     12  to  24  inches  high. 

soUdag{7ioides,\V.  (5)  (O.  w.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obsolete- 
3-nerved,  entire,  obtuse,  margin  scabrous ;  branches  level-top-co- 
rymbed :  flowers  sessile,  aggregate:  rays  5-flowered,  calyx  shorter 
than  the  disk,  imbricate,  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  close-pressed,  sub-re- 
flexed  at  the  apex.  About  2  feet  his;h  :  scales  of  the  calyx  white 
with  green  tips  :  rays  long  and  Vvhite. 

hdifolius,  Ph.  (6)  (D.  y.  w.  S.  and  Oc.  If.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  ta- 
pering to  the  base,  without  nerves,  roughish,  revolute  margin:  branch- 
es corymbed  ;  branchlets  filiform,  1-flowered,  nakedish  :  calyx  lax, 
imbricate,  twice  as  short  as  the  disk  :  leafets  very  acute  ;  rays  about 
20-flowered.  A  variety,  uniflorus,  (7)  has  a  very  simple  stem,  bear- 
ing but  one  flower.  About  a  foot  high  ;  sometimes  the  leaves  have 
a  small  indenture  on  each  side. 


(i)  trichomanoides,  Mx.  (2)  trichomanes,  Mk. 

(5)  acr«stichoides,  Sw.         (4)  Adiantum  ni^um,  Mx.  (5)  Conj'za  Unifolia,  L- 

(6)  nemoialis,  A.         (7)  uniflorus,  Mx. 


218  ASTER. 

rio-idus,  W.  (1)  (N.  Y.  C.  p.  y.  Au.  If.)  leaves  linear,  mucronate,  suh^ 
carinate;  rigid,  margin  rough-ciliate  :  the  cauline  leaves  reflexed,  the 
branch  ones  spreading,  subnlate  :  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched 
above,  branchlets  1-flowered,  corymbed :  calyx  imbricate,  twice  as 
short  as  the  disk  :  scales  obtusish,  carinate  :  rays  about  10-flowered, 
reflexed.     Hardly  a  foot  high. 
lincriifolius.  W.  (2)  (O.  p.  y.  Au.  If.)  leaves  thick-set,  nerveless,  linear, 
muci'onate,  dotted,  carinate,  rough,  stiff,  those  on  the  branches  recur- 
ved :  stem  sub-decumbent :  branches  level-topped,  1-ilowered  :  ca- 
lyx imbricate,  of  the  length  of  the  disk.     A  little  lov/er  than  the  pre- 
ceding  species,  and  Howers  smaller;  stem  rough,  purplish. 
linifolius,yV.  (N.  P.  S.  If.)  leaves  linear,  without  nerves,  dotted,  rough, 
refiexed-.5preadiag:  branches  level-top-coiymbed,  leafy:  calyx  im- 
bricate, short  :  rays  about  equal  to  the  disk.     About  18  or  24  inches 
high. 
subidatwi,  Mx.  (L.  An.  ?_f .)  very  glabrous  ;  small-flowered  :  stern  pani- 
cled  :  branches  maiiy-flowered  :  leaves  llnear-subnlate  :  calyx  cy- 
lindvic  ;  I'.gu'.ate  florets  of  the  ray  minute.     Salt  marshes. 
foUolosirs,  W.  (P.  Au.  If.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  t8.-pering  to  both  ends, 
acuminate  :  stem  pubescent,  panicled,  erect :  branches  few-flower- 
ed :  calyx  imbricate :  scales  linear,  acute,  close-pressed.     Flowers 
small  ;  hardly  distinct  from  the  next  species. 
tenuifolius,  W.  (C  av.   Au.  If.)    leaves   linear-lanceolate,   tapering  to 
both  ends,  hispid  margin  :  stem  glabrous,  branching,  erect  ;  branch- 
lots  1-flowered  :  calyx  imbricate,  scales  oblong,  acute,  lax. 
dumnsus,  W.  (C.  w.  y.  Au.   If.)  leaves  linear,  glabrous;  those  of  the 
branchlets  are  the   shortest  ;  branches  panicled  :  calyx    cylindric, 
closely  imbricate.     A  variety,  called  violaceus,  has  pale  violet  rays, 
and  a  pubescent  stem.     Anotlier  variety,  «/6it5,  has  white  rays  and  a 
glabrous  stem.     Flowers  small. 
ericoides,  W.  (O.  w-y.  Au.  If.)  leaves  linear,  very  glabrous  ;  those  of  the 
branchlets   subulate,  approximate,  cauline  ones  elongated  :    calyx 
somftwhat  scurfy  :  leaves  acute    :  stem    glabrous.     Flowers  smalL 
multifiorus,  W.  (0.  w-y.  Au.  to  N.  If.)  leaves  linear,  smoothish  :  stem 
very  branching,  diffuse,  pubescent,  branchlets  one-way  :  calyx  imbri- 
cate, scales  oblong,  scurfy,  acute.     Probably  a  variety  of  the  last. 

(1)  Unaiiifolius,  in  Banks'  collection.  (2)  Inula  linariifolia,  N. 


ASTER.  219 

sjiuirsijlonis,  Mx.  (1)  (L.  y.  w-p.  An.  2^.)  very  glabrous  :  leaves  subulate- 
linear,  somewhat  lleshy,sub-reilexed  :  stem  slender,  very  branching; 
branches  and  branchlets  spreading,  bristle-form,  l-ilowered:  scales 
of  the  peduncles  divaricate,  subulate  :  calyx  imbricate,  scales  close- 
pressed,  acute.     Resembles  the  last }  flowers  smaller.     Salt  marshes, 
voncolor,  W.  (D.P.r-b.  Au.  24-)  leaves  oblong-ianceolate,  white-pubes- 
cent both  sides  :  stem  very  simple,  erect,  pubescent  :  raceme  termi- 
nal :  calyx  imbricate,  scales  lanceolate,  silky,  close-pressed.     About 
a  foot  high  ;  ray  and  disk  coloured  alike. 
cornifolius,  M.  (^0.  w.  Au.  2^.)  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acumin- 
ate, short  petioled,  margin  rough  :  stem  glabrous  :  panicle  few-flow- 
ered ;  branches  2-flow^ered  j  calyx  sub-imbricate. 
humilis,  W.  (2)  (P.  w.  Au.  74 •)  leaves  sub-rhomboid,  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  hotheads,  sub-netioled,  glabrous,  margin  hispid:  co- 
rymb divergingly  dichotomous,  uakedish,  few-.lowered  :  calyx  lax 
imbricate  :  rays  8-flowered.     About  a  foot  high  ;  flowers  large. 
amygdalinus,  Mx.  (3)  (O.  v.'.  S.  2/.)  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the 
base,  acuminate,  margin  rough  :  stem  simple,  level-top-corymbed  at 
the  top  :  calyx  lax-irabricate,  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse.     Rays  large. 
salicifolius,  W.  {4)  (C.  r-b.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sub-entire, 
glabrous :  stem  glabrous,  panicled  at  the  top  :  calv  x  lax-imbricate, 
scales  acute,  spreading  at  their  tips.     FvoiJijA  to  6  feet  high  3  flower 
middle-sized. 
aestivus,  VV.  (D.  b.  Ju.  to  S.  2^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-clasping,  taper- 
ing to  the  apex,  margin  rough  :  stem  branching  from  its  base,  ersct, 
hispid  ;  branchlets  pilose  ;  calyx  scaly,  scales  las,  linear,  acute,  equal. 
About  2  feet  high  ;  the  flowers  resembling  the  last. 
noia-angliae  (O.  b-p.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pilose,  clasping, 
auricled  at  the  base  :  stem  sub-simple,  pilose,  straight  and  stift" :  flow- 
ers sub-sessile,  terminal,  crowded  •  scales  of  the  calyx  lax,  coloured, 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  disk.     In  rich  soil  it  grows  10  feet  high  : 
flowers  large. 
cyaneus,  Hn.  (5)  (0.  b-p.  Au.  U-)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  clasping, 
smooth  :  stem  wand-like-panicled,  very  glabrous  :  branches  racem- 
ed  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lax,  lanceolate,  equalling  the  disk,  inner  ones 
coloured  at  the  apex.    3  or  4  feet  high  ;  flowers  many  and  large.— 
This  is  the  handsomest  of  all  asters. 

(1)  flexuosus,  N.  (-)  infi.'-iKUS.  Mx.  probably  a  variety  of  cornifolius. 

f3)  uinbe!latus,A.    IraUa  anijjaaliiia,  K.  (4)  praealtus,  Lk. 

(5;  rubricauiis,  Lk.    spurius,  W.    novae-augliae,  A. 


220  ASTER. 

'phlogifolias,  W.  (1)  (C.  w.  p.  Au.  U-)  leaves  lanceolate,  heart-form, 
cbsping,  pubescent  beneath,  rough  margin  :  stem  very  simple,  pubes- 
cent :  panicle  terminal,  lax,  few-flowered  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lax, 
imbricate,  lanceolate.     From  18  to  24  inches  high. 

jjuteyis,  W.  (2)  (O.  p-y.  S.  to  Nov.  H.)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  ciliate, 
heart-form,  clasping,  rough  both  sides,  haiiy  :  stem  branching,  rough 
with  hairs  ;  branches  spreading,  elongated,  few-flowered,  small-leav- 
ed :  scales  of  the  calyx  imbricate,  lanceolate,  spreading.  From  1  to 
2  feet  high. 

2.  Leaves  heart-form  and  ovate,  serrate. 

undulatus,  W.  (3)  (O.  p.  S.  If.)  leaves  oblong,  heart-form,  clasping,  en- 
tire, hairy,  sub-undulate  ;  lower  ones  ovate,  heart-form,  sub-serrate, 
petioled  ;  petioles  winged:  stem  panicled,  hispid;  branchlets  one- 
May,  leafy,  l-flowered.     Flowers  small. 

paniculatus,  A.  (O.  b-p.  Au.  to  Nov.  2^.)  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sub- 
serrate,  petioled,  glabrous;  radical  ones  ovate-heart-form,  seiTate, 
rough,  petioled  :  petioles  naked  :  stem  very  branching,  glabrous  : 
branchlets  pilose  :  calyx  lax,  sub-imbricate.  From  2  to  4  feet  high  : 
flowers  smallish,  numerous. 

cordifolius,  L.  (4)  (0.  w.  S.  2^.)  leaves  heart-form,  pilose  beneath, 
sharp-serrate,  petioled ;  petioles  winged  :  stem  panicled,  smoothish  : 
panicles  divaricate  ;  calyx  lax,  sub-imbricate.     Flowers  small. 

corymbosus,  A.  (O  w.  Au.  If.)  leaves  ovate,  sharp-serrate,  acuminate, 
smoothish  ;  lower  ones  heart-form,  petioled  ;  petioles  naked  :  stem 
glabrous,  level-top-corymbed  above :  branches  pilose  :  calyx  oblong, 
imbricate,  scales  obtuse,  very  close-pressed.  12  to  14  inches  high  : 
flowers  rather  large. 

macrophyllus,  A.  (O.  w-b.  Au.  If.)  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  serrate,  rough  ; 
up}ierones  ovate-heart-form,  sessile;  lower  ones  heart-form,  petioled  ; 
petioles  sub-margined .  stem  branching,  diffused  :  calj^x  cylindric, 
closely  imbricate,  scales  oblong,  acute.  1  or  2  feet  high  ;  flowers 
largish. 

chinensis  (china  aster.  E.  @.)  leaves  ovate,  thickly  toothed,  petioled  ; 
cauline  ones  sessile,  at  the  base  wedge-form,  floral  ones  lanceolate, 
entire  :  stem   hispid  ;  branches  l-flowered   :  calyx   foliaceous.     A 


(1)  amplexicaulis,  Mx.  (2)  diversifolius,  Mx. 

(H)  amplexicaulis,  Ms- but  not  of  W.  (4)  lieteropbyllus,  W. 


ASTER.  221 

variety  has  very  full  flowers,  various-coloured  and  very  short  rays. 
Cultivated. 

3.  Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovale,  lower  ones  serrate. 

amplexicaulis,  W.  (1)  (O.  b.  S.  If)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  clasping, 
heart-form,  serrate,  glabrous  :  stem  panicled,  glabrous  ;  branchlets 
l-2-flo\vered  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  closely  imbricate. 
Flowers  middle-sized. 

prenanthoides,  VV.  (W.  P.  C.  b.  11.)  leaves  clasping,  spatulate-lanceo- 
late,  acuminate,  serrate  in  the  middle,  heart-form  at  the  base  ; 
branchlets  pilose  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  scurfy. 

laevigatus,  W.  (P.  C.  r-p.  S.  to  Nov.  2/.)  leaves  sub-clasping,  broad- 
lanceolate,  sub-serrate,  smooth  :  stem  very  branching,  glabrous, 
branchlets  many-flowered  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  lax,  near- 
ly equalling  the  disk. 

versicolorj  W.  (P.  D.  y-w.  Au.  11.)  leaves  sub-clasping,  broad-lanceo- 
late, sub-serrate,  glabrous  :  radical  ones  serrate  in  the  middle  :  stem 
very  branching,  glabrous  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  lax,  short- 
er than  the  disk.     Flowers  many  and  large,  elegant. 

■mvtabilis,  W.  (C.  p-y.  Au.  to  Oc.  11.)  leaves  sub-clasping  :  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire ;  lower  ones  lanceolate,  at  the  base 
narroAV,  serrate  :  branchlets  wand-like  :  calyx  shorter  than  the  disk, 
lax  :  stem  glabrous. 

laevis,W.  (C.  V.  b-p.  S.  to  Nov.  1^.)  leaves  sub-clasping,  remote,  ob- 
long, entire,  shining  ;  radical  ones  sub-serrate  :  branches  simple,  1- 
flowered  :  calyx  imbricate,  the  leafets  somewhat  wedge-form,  acute, 
thickened  at  the  apex  :  stem  glabrous,  angular. 

concinnus,  W.  (P.  b-p.  S.  to  Nov.  If.)  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  clas- 
ping: lower  ones  sub-serrate,  glabrous  :  stem  simple,  panicled  at  the 
top  :  calyx  closely  imbricate. 

puniceus  (O.  p.  Au.  to  Nov.  If.)  leaves  clasping,  lanceolate,  serrate, 
roughish  :  branches  panicled  :  calyx  lax,  exceeding  the  disk,  the 
leafets  linear-lanceolate,  sub-equal :  stem  hispid.  A  variety,  purpu- 
reus,  (2)  seven  feet  ;  stem  deep  purple.  Another  variety,  rufescenSj 
eight  feet :  from  green  becoming  reddish.  From  3  to  10  feet  high  ; 
flowers  large.     Damp. 

novi-bclgii  (C.  w-p.  Au.  If.)  leaves  sub-clasping,  lanceolate,  glabrous,, 

(0  pensjlvanicus:  Lk.  (2)  Amoenus,  Lk. 

T2 


222  ASTER. 

rough  at  the  margin  ;  lower  ones  sub-serrate  :  branches  sub-divided  : 
calyx  lax-imbricate,  the  leafets  linear-lanceolate  :  stem  terete,  gla- 
brous. 

sj)ectabilis,VJ .  (F.h.  Au.  11-)  leaves  lanceolate,  roughish,  sub-clasping  : 
lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle  :  branches  corymbed  :  leafets  of  the 
calyx  lax,  foliaceous,  somewhat  wedge-form,  acutish,  scurfy.  About 
2  feet  high  :  flowers  large. 

serotinus,  W.  (D.  b.  S.  It-)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
sessile,  glabrous;  margin  rough  :  lower  ones  serrate:  branches  co- 
rymbed, glabrous  ;  branchlets  1-flowered  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  spreading.     About  three  feet ;  flowers  large. 

tardiflorus,  W.  (D.  b.  Oc.  24..)  leaves  sessile,  serrate,  glabrous,  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  deflected  at  the  margin  and  both 
sides  ;  branches  divaricate  :  calyx  lax,  the  leafets  lanceolate-liuear, 
sub-equal,  glabrous.     Flowers  not  middle  size. 

bUmdus,  Ph.  (Can.  p.  Oc.  2^.)  leaves  somewhat  clasping,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  :  stem  branching  in  a  pyramid- 
form  ;  branches  axillary,  racemed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaf; 
peduncles  downy,  not  winged  :  calyx  lax,  sub-equal,  shorter  than 
the  disk.     Flowers  largish. 

ecuminatus,  Mx.  (P.  W.  w.  Au.  If.)  leaves  broad-lanceolate, lower  ones 
tapering,  entire,  upper  ones  unequally  serrate,  long-acuminate  :  stem 
simple,  zigzag,  angular  :  panicle  corymbed,  divaricate-dichotomous  : 
leafets  of  the  calyx  lax,  linear,  shorter  than  the  disk.  A  variety  cal- 
led elalior,  has  a  taller  stem  ;  panicles  many-flowered  and  leafy. 
Another  variety,  j)  milus,  has  a  lower  stem  ;  corymb  few-flowered, 
naked,  scarcely  higher  than  the  leaves.  Commonly  12  inches  high 
and  upwards  }  flowers  middle-size.  Probably  a  variety  of  prenau- 
thoictes. 

contfzoides,  W.  (1)  (O.  w.  Ju.  li)  leaves  oblong,  3-nerved,  narrow  and 
acuie  at  the  base ;  upper  ones  ses?!iri,  sub-entire  :  lower  ones  petiol- 
ed,  serrate:  stem  simple,  corymbed  at  the  top:  cal}  x  cylindric, 
scurfy :  rays  5,  very  short.     About  12  inches  high  :  flowers  small. 

radula,  W.  (P.  w.  S.  If.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate,  rugose, 
very  -on-h:  stem  erect,  angukr,  simple:  corymb  terminal :  calyx 
imh.-.cfcie  ;  ieaieis  lanceolate,  obiusish,  somewhat  scurfy.  Flowers 
m.d-s!ze. 

(1)  maoiuutUcus,  iJ,U.    Conyza  asieroides,  L. 


ASTER.  223 

sfricHis,  Vh.  (I)  (P- y-r.  ^.11-)  leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, rough  :  stem  1  or  few-ttowered  above  :  scales  of  the  calyx  ina- 
bricate,  close-pressed,  oblong,  acute,  nearly  e(|ualling  the  disk.  Four 
to  seven  inches  high  :  flowers  middle-sized. 

tradescanti,  W.  (2)  (O.  w-p.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  sessile, 
glabrous  :  brandies  wand-like  :  calyx  imbricate  :  stem  terete,  gla- 
brous.    3  to  4  feet  high  :  flowers  small. 

recurvatiiSj  W.  (3)  (O.  h.  S,  11)  leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  ta- 
pering to  the  base  ;  lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle  :  stem  branch- 
ing, glabrous,  recurvate  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lax,  imbricate,  linear- 
lanceolate,  sub-equal.     Resembles  the  last. 

laxus,  W.  (D.  w-y.  S.  to  Nov.  14..)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
rough  margin  ;  lower  ones  sub-serrate  :  stem  sub-reflexed  :  branches 
very  spreading :  stem  lax,  panicled  at  the  apex  :  calyx  imbricate  ; 
leafets  lanceolate,  acute,  reflexed  at  the  apex. 

junceus,  W.  (C.  r.  Au.  If.)  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  sessile,  glabrous  ; 
lower  ones  sub-serrate  ;  those  of  the  branchlets  lanceolate  :  stem 
panicled,  glabrous  :  branches  wand-like  :  calyx  imbricate.  4  to  6 
feet  high. 

dracunculoides,  W.  (4)  (C.  w.  S.  11-)  leaves  linear,  acuminate,  entire  ; 
lower  ones  linear-lanceolate,  sub-serrate  ;  branches  corymbed  :  ca- 
lyx imbricate  :  stem  snioothish.     About  3  or  4  feet  high. 

miser,  W.  (Can.  C.  w.  S.  11-)  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  serrate,  gla« 
brous :  calyx  imbricate ;  leafets  acute  :  florets  of  the  disk  and  ray 
equal :  stem  sub-villose. 

divergens,  W.  (0.  w-r.  S.  2^.)  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate,  gla- 
brous ;  cauline  ones  linear-lanceolate,  elongated :  branches  spread- 
ing :  calyx  imbricate :  stem  pubescent.  3  to  5  feet  high  :  flowers 
small. 

diffuaus,  A.  (P.  W.  T.  C.  w.  S  to  Nov.  2^.)  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate, 
serrate,  glabrous,  all  proportioned  :  branches  spreading  :  calyx  im- 
bricate :  stem  pubescent.     Flowers  small. 

jpendidus,  A.  (P.  W.  Oc.  Nov.  21.)  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate, 
glabrous,;  those  of  the  branchlets  reruotisb  :  branches  verj-  divari- 
caie,  pendulous :  stem  pubescent.  Resembles  the  preceding;  but 
the  disk  turns  brcwn. 

(1)  bi'-Ioras,  Mx.  (2)  vunjneui,  Lk.  (3)  salicifolius,  Lk. 

(4;  artemisiiioru^,  Lk, 


224  ASTRAGALUS^    ATHYRIUM. 

17—10.     Astragalus.     32.  93. 

glaux,  (milk  vetch.  E.  0.)  caulescent,  diffuse  ;  the  little  heads  pe- 
dmicled,  imbricate,  ovate  :  flowers  erect;  legume  ovate,  callous,  in- 
flated. 

dcpressus,  (trailing  vetch.  E.  It-)  sub-caulescent,  procumbent :  leafets 
obovate :  raceme  shorter  than  the  petiole  :  legume  terete,  lanceolate, 
reflexed. 

secundusj  Mx.  (Can.  p.  Ju.  If.)  caulescent,  procumbent :  leafets  ovate, 
pubescent :  spikes  peduncled  :  legumes  one-way,  straight,  acuminate 
both  ends,  pendulous. 

canadensis,  W.  (P.  C.  T.  y.  Ju.  If.)  caulescent,  diffuse  :  leafets  (21) 
glabrous  both  sides:  legume  sub-cylindric,  mucronate.  On  the  isl- 
ands near  Troy. 

carolinianus,  W .  (P.  y.  J.  11.)  caulescent,  erect:  leafets  (41)   oblong, 
pubescent  beneath  :    spikes  peduncled  :  bracts   lanceolate,  of  th© 
length  of  the  peduncle  :  legumes  ovate,  tumid,  beaked. 
3 — 2.     Atheropogon.     4.  10. 

apludoides,  M.  (1)  (hair-beard.  P.  S.  If.)  spikes  short,  numerous,  (20 
to  40,)  reflexed  downwards :  culm  terete,  glabrous,  geniculate  :  leaves 
hairy  at  the  base  :  sheaths  hairy.     About  a  foot  high. 

22—1.     Athvrium.  (2)     Roth  &  SI.     55.5. 

thelipteris,  (snuff-box  fern.  C.  P.Ju.  If.)  frond  pinnate  :  leafets  lance- 
linear,  pinnatifid,  glabrous ;  divisions  ovate,  acute,  entire  :  fruit-dots 
marginal,  contiguous,  at  length  confluent. 

bulbiferum,  (C.  P.  W.  Ju.  2J!.)  frond  bipinnate,  lance-oblong:  leafets 
opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  ;  lower  ones  pinnatifid  :  rachis 
bulb-bearing:  fruit-dots  roundish. 

asplenoides,  (C  P.  New-England.  Ju.  24..)  frond  bipinnate  :  leafets 
lance-linear,  gash-serrate ;  serratures  2  or  3-toothed  ;  terminal  ones 
more  acute  :  fruit-dots  oblong,  lunate.  Tall. 
Jilix-femina,  (P.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  bipinnate:  leafets  lance-oblong,  gash- 
serrate  ;  serratures  2  or  3-toothed,  acutish  :  fruit-dots  oblong,  straight. 
Tall. 

angustum,  (C.  W.  Y.  P.  Ju.  If  ■)  frond  bipinnate  :  leafets  lanceolate, 
gash-serrate,  sub-bidentate  }  lower  one  elongated  above  :  fruit-dots 
oblong,  sub-lunate. 

(1)  Cljloris  curtipendula,  Mx. 

(2)  Aspi(liuiu,Sw.    JNepbrodiuDi,  Ms.    Folypo<}iuiD,  L> 


ATHYlllUM,    ATROPA.  225 

punctilobiim,  (P.  Ju.  24)  frond  bipinnate  :  leafets  decurrent,  ovate- 
oblong,  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  somewhat  4-toothed  :  fruit-dots  solitary : 
rachis  pubescent :  stipe  glabrous.     2  or  3  feet  high. 

atomarium,  (P.)  frond  bipinnate  :  leafets  decurrent,  ovate-oblong,  pin- 
natifid ;  divisions  toothed  :  fruit-dots  scattered.     About  a  span  liigh. 

tejiue,  (C.  P.  T.  Ju.  2X)  frond  bipinnate  :  leafets  ovate,  decurrent, 
toothed  :  fruit-dots  solitary,  near  the  teeth  of  the  leafets.  Small. 
Rocks. 

rujii{i(h(77i,  (Y.  W.  D.  P.  J.  I(.)  frond  bipinnate:  leafets  chaff-bristly 
beneath,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  coadunate  :  fiuit-dots  at  length  con- 
fluent.    Small.     In  tufts  on  rocks. 

13—13.     Atrageke.     26.  61. 

amerkana,  Sims.  (1)  (false  virgin-bovver.  0.  b-p.  M.  2.^.)  stem  climb- 
ing, 6-angled :  leaves  in  fours,  ternate,  with  climbing  petioles  ;  leaf- 
ets glabrous,  heart-ovate,  acuminate  :  seeds  caudate,  with  hairs  not 
plumose. 

5—2.     Atrtpt.ex.     12.  29. 

halhnus,W.  (orach.  D.  Tp.)  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  oblong-sub-^ 
rhomboid,  entire. 

hortensis,  (garden  orach.  C.  Ju.  ©.)  stem  erect,  herbaceous  :  leaves 
triangular,  toothed,  of  an  uniform  colour  :  calyx  of  the  fruit  ovate, 
netted,  entire. 

laciniata,  W.  (L.  J.  0.)  stem  erect,  herbaceous  :  leaves  triangulai'^, 
deeply-toothed,  white  beneath  :  calyx  of  the  fruit  rhomboid,  3-nerv- 
ed,  denticulate. 

arenaria,  N.  (2)  (C.  Ju.  0  )  stem  herbaceous,  spreading  :  leaves  en- 
tire, oblong-ovate,  sub-sessile,  white-silvery  beneath  :  upper  ones 
acute  or  acuminate  :  flowers  axillary,  glomerate  :  calyx  of  the  fertile 
flowers  muricate,  dentate,  retuse.  Stem  reddish,  angular,  very 
branching  ;  about  a  foot  high. 

5 — 1.     Atropa.     28.  41. 

belladonna,  (deadly  nightshade.  E.  w-y.  2^.)  stem  herbaceous,  bra- 
chiate  :  leaves  ovate,  entire.     Berries  black  and  poisonous. 

physaloides,  W.  (3)  (P.  w-b.  Ju.  #.)  stem  very  branching  :  calyx  mem- 
branaceous, 5-angled,  net-veined  :  berry  fleshy,  covered  with  the 
calyx. 

(1)  pensylvanica,  M.    Clematis  verticillata,  Pc  (2)  patula.''  21. 

(3)  ^ficandra  physaloides,  P. 


226  AUCUBA,    AZALEA. 

20 — 4.     AucuEA. 
japonica,  (japan  slirub.  E.y.  J.  >>.)  leaves  opposite,  serrate,  with  yel- 
lowish spots. 

3—2.    AvENA.  (1)    4.  10. 

saliva,  (oats.  E.  J.  0.)  panicled:  calyx  2-seeded :  seeds  smooth,  one 

of  them  awned.    First  discovered  in  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez. 

A  variety  is  awnless,  and  has  black  seeds. 
sterilis,  (animated  oats.  E.  Ju.  0.)  panicled  :  calyx  about  5-flowered  : 

florets  haiiy,  the  middle  ones  awnless.     When  dry,  the  heads  are  set 

in  motion,  if  moistened,  by  the  untwisting  of  the  awn. 
fatua,  (P.  Au.  0.)  panicled :  calyx  3-flowered :  florets  spreading,  all 

awned,  and  the  base  rough-haired. 
elatior,  (E.  J.  2^.)  panicle  sub-contracted,  nodding  :  glume  2-flower- 

ed  :  florets  perfect,  sub-awnless,  staminate-awned  :  culm  geniculate, 

glabrous  :  root  creeping.     Introduced. 
pensylvanica.  W.  (2)  (P.  C.  W.  J.  0.)  panicle  tapering  :  calyx  2-flow- 

ered  :  seed  villose  :  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

5—1.     Azalea.     18.  50. 

lapponica,  (mountain  honeysuckle.  Whitehills.  p.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  oval, 
punctate,  excavated,  rough  :  corol  bell-form. 

procumbens,  W.  (Whitehills.  r.  Ju.  fp.)  leafy-flowered:  branches  dif- 
fuse, procumbent :  leaves  opposite,  elliptic,  glabrous,  margin  revo- 
lute  :  corol  bell-form,  glabrous:  filaments  enclosed,  equal.  Flowers 
small ;  resembles  Ledum  buxiiolium  :  all  the  other  species  resemble 
the  Pihododendron. 

calendulacea,  Mx.  (P.  r.  &- y.  Ap. '^.)  sub-naked-flowered:  leaves  ob- 
long, pubescent  both  sides,  and  when  full-grown  become  rough- 
haired  :  flowers  abundant,  large,  not  viscous  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  ob- 
long :  corol  with  a  hirsute  tube  shorter  than  its  divisions.  A  variety, 
fiammea,  has  a  flame-coloured  flower  ;  another,  crocea,  has  a  saffron- 
coloured  flower. 

canescens,  (Catskill  mountains,  r.  J.  1^.)  sub-naked-flowered  ;  leaves 
obovate-oblong,  pubescent  on  the  upper  side,  and  downy  beneath  : 
nerves  not  bristle-bearing  :  flowers  not  viscous  :  tube  of  the  corol 
scarcely  shorter  than  its  divisions :  teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short, 
round-obtuse:  stamens  scarcely  exsert. 

(1)  See  Pambonia.  (2)  Trisetum  peusylvanicum.Pb. 


AZALEA,    BACCHARIS.  227 

nudiJlora,W.  (1)  (early  honeysuckle,  pinxter  blomaclie.  0.  r.  M.  ^.) 
sub-naked-flowered  :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  smoothish  both  sides, 
uniform-coloured  :  nerves  on  the  upper  side  downy,  and  beneath 
bristly  ;  margin  cillate  :  flowers  abundant,  not  viscous  ;  their  tubes 
longer  than  their  divisions  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  oval,  sub-round- 
ed :  stamens  very  much  exser.  A  variety,  coccinea,  has  scarlet 
flowers  and  lanceolate  leaves  ;  another,  rutilans,  has  deep-red  flow- 
ers and  minute  calyx ;  another,  carnea,  has  pale-red  flowers,  with 
red  bases  and  leafy  calyx  :  another,  alba,  has  white  flowers,  with  a 
middling  calyx  ;  another,  papilionacea,  has  red  flowers  with  the 
lower  divisions  white,  calyx  leafy  ;  another,  pariita,  has  flesh-co- 
loured flowers  5-parted  to  the  base  3  dLnother,  polyaiidria,  has  rose- 
coloured  flowers,  with  from  10  to  20  stamens.     "Woods. 

nilida,  (swamp  honeysuckle.  Y.  C.  D.  w.  J.  1?.)  leafy -flowered : 
branches  smcothish  :  leaves  few,  oblanceolate,  sub-mucronate,  lea- 
thery, glabrous  both  sides,  and  the  upper  side  shining  :  nerve  bristle- 
bearing  beneath  ;  margin  revolute-ciliate :  flowers  viscous,  tube  a 
little  longer  than  the  divisions  :  calyx  very  short ;  filaments  exsert. 
Leaves  dark  green,  smallish.     Swarups. 

viscosa,  W.  (white  honeysuckle.  0.  w.  J.  f?.)  leafy-flowered  :  branches 
hispid :  leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute,  both  sides  glabrous  and  one-co- 
loured :  nerve  bristle-bearing,  margin  ciliate :  flow^ers  viscous,  tube 
twice  as  long  as  the  divisions  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short,  round- 
ed :  filaments  scarcely  longer  than  the  corol,  Flowers  very  sweet- 
scented. 

glauca,Lk.  (fragrant honeysuckle.  P.  w.  J.  ■^.)leafy-floAvered  :  branch- 
lets  hispid ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  both  sides  glabrous,  and 
glaucous  beneath  :  nerve  bristle-bearing,  margin  ciliate :  flowers 
verj-  viscous  ;  tube  of  the  corol  twice  as  long  as  its  divisions  :  calyx 
very  short ;  "filaments  about  equai  to  the  divisions  of  the  corol.  Rav- 
ther  lower  than  the  other  species  :  flowers  abundant. 

B. 

18—2.    Baccharis.    49.  55. 
hulimifolia,  Mx.  (groundsel  tree.  C.  w.  S.  ^ .)    leaves  obovate,  gash- 
toothed  above  :    panicle    compound,    leafy  :    fascicles    peduncled. 
The  whole  shrub  covered  with  white  powder.     Sea-coast,  and  river 
alluvion. 

(i)  periclTraenoid«$,  Mx. 


228  B^MYCES,    BARBULA. 

22—5.     B^EMYCES.  (1)     57.  2. 

roseus,  (O.)  crust  uniform,  warty,  Avhite  :  peduncle  (podetia)  short, 
cyliudric  :  receptacle  sub-globose,  pale-red.     On  the  earth. 

14—1.     Ballot  A.     42.  39. 

nigra-  (false  motherwort.  Y.  11.  naturalized,  and  ^rows  Avild  about 
New  Haven.)  leaves  heart-form,  undivided,  serrate  :  leafets  of  the 
calyx  acuminate.     Ives. 

18 — 1.     Balsamita.     49.  55. 

suaveolens,  (costmary,  sweet  tansey.  E.  24..)  leaves  toothed  j  upper 
ones  with  eared  bases. 

10—1.     B.^PTisiA.  V.  (2)     32.  93. 

iindoria,  (wild  'indigo.  O.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  very  glabrous  and  branching  : 
leaves  ternate,  sub-sessile  ;  leafets  wedge-obovate,  round-obtuse, 
(becoming  black  in  drying  :)  stipules  obsolete,  oblong,  acute,  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles  :  racemes  terminal :  legumes  ovate,  long- 
stiped. 

cceridea,  Mx.  (3)  (spiked  indigo-weed.  Y.  Canandaieua.  b.  Ju.  11.) 
glabrous  :  leaves  ternate,  short-petioled  ;  leafets  oblong-wedge-form, 
obtuse  :  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles  :  ra- 
cemes spiked,  elongated  :  legumes  acuminate. 

15—2.     Barbarea.  Br.     39.  63. 

vulgaris,  (4)  (water  radish,  water  rocket.  T.  V.  W.  N.  y.  M.  24!.)  lower 
leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  with  the  terminal  lobe  roundish ;  upper 
leaves  obovate,  toothed.     Banks  of  rivers. 

22—2.     Barbula.     56.  4. 

ceBspitosa,  stem  very  short,  sub-simple  :  leaves  densely  crowded  toge- 
ther, oblong-linear,  mucronate,  convolute  at  the  apex  on  becoming 
dry :  capsules  cylindric,  with  a  straight-subulate  lid  of  nearly  its  own 
length. 

acuminata,  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  concave,  twisted  on  becoming 
dry  :  stems  erect,  simple  and  divided,  becoming  renewed  ;  elonga- 
tions of  the  renewed  parts  stand  out  behind  the  capsules. 

fallax,  stem  ramose  :  leaves  recurve-spreading :  pericliifith  nerveless: 
capsules  oblong ;  lid  obliquely  beaked.    On  walls  and  bye-lanes,  &,c. 

(\)  See  Cenomyce.  (2)  Podalvria,  W.    Scphora,  Wr. 

(5)  australis,  W.  (4)  Erysimum  barbarea,  L. 


BARBULA;   SATSCHIA.  229 

laneeolata,  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-apiculate,  crisped  when  diy;  fascicle 
of  ducts  strong :  capsule  bottle-foYm,  straight ;  lid  oblique. 

tortuosaf  caulescent,  rather  high,  ramose  :  leaves  lance-linear,  acute, 
sub-denticulate,  may  become  crisped:  capsule  straight,  sleuder-cy- 
lindric ;  lid  subulate. 

4—1.    Bartonia.    20.  46. 
faniculata,  M.  (1)  (screwstem.  T.  C.  D.  Y,  N.  P.  w.  Ju.  #.)  stem  sub 
ramose,  4-sided,  and  becoming  spirally  twisted  :  peduncles  opposite, 
lower  ones  ramose.     Stem   almost  leafless  ;  5  or  6  inches  high. 
Damp. 

22—2.     Bartramia,    56.  4. 
trispa,  pedicels  erect:  leaves  subulate,  crisped,  serrate  at  the  margin, 

much  contorted  when  diy.     In  the  mountains  about  Williams  Col. 
erfen,  (2)  stem  elongated,  slender :  pedicels  erect :  leaves  lanceolate, 

serrulate,  scarcely  twisted  wuen  dry.     Among  damp  mountain  rocks, 

kc. 
longiseta,  stem  short ;  lesser  stems  somewhat  simple  :  leaves  not  dense, 

subulate,  keeled,  and  scarcely  perceptibly  denticulate,  erect  when 

dry ;  peduncle  very  long. 

14—2.     Bartsia.     40.  35. 

coccineOj  W.  (3)  (painted  cup  Highlands.  N.  Y.  P.  y.  &,  r.  J.  ,? .)  leaves 
alternate,  linear,  gash-pinnatifid  ;  divisions  linear :  bracts  dilated, 
generally  3-cleft,  longer  than  the  flowers  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  round- 
ed-obtuse. Flowers  yellow,  with  scarlet  bracts.  One  varietj',  pal" 
lens,  has  yellow  bracts. 

pallida,  (WhitehlUs.  w-y.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  alternate,  linear,  undivided ; 
upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  floral  ones  sub-oval,  sub-toothed  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  all  are  3-nerved  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  acute. 

22 — 4.     Batrachospermum.    67.  2. 

moniliforme,  frond  alternately  ramose,  moniliform  :  branches  attenu- 
ated. 

5 — 1.     Batschia.     41.  42. 

cantsnns,  (puccoon,  false   bugloss.  P.  y.  Ju.  U-)  whitening-villose ; 

(\)  fenella,  P.    AndrewsJa  panicuiata,  B.    Centaurella  panicuJata,  Mi.    C.  autum- 
naUs,  Pb.    Sa^iua  virginica,  W.    CeuU  uriuin,  P.  in  anocbei  part  of  his  works. 
W  gracilis,  g.  (3)  Eucbroma  coccinea,  N. 


230  BELLIS,    BETULA. 

leaves  all  oblong :  calyx  very  short :  divisions  of  the  eorol  entire- 
A  red  substance  covering  the  root  is  the  puccoon  of  the  Indians. 

18—2.     Bellis.     49.  55. 

2>erennis,  (daisy.  E.  w.  &  p.  Ap.  If.)  leaves  obovate,  crenate  :  scape 
naked,  l-flowered.  Grows  wild  in  cultivated  fields  in  Pittsfield, 
Mass. 

6—1.     Bereeris.    54.  78. 

vulgaris,  (barberry.  N.  Y.  C.P.  y.  M.  ^.)  branches  punctate  :  prickles 
mostly  in  threes  :  leaves  obovate,  remotely  serrate :  flowers  ra- 
cemed. 

5—2.    Beta.     12.  29. 

vulgaris,  (beet.  E.  g.  Au.  ^ .)  flowers  heaped  together :  lower  leaves 

ovate. 
cida,  (white  beet,  scarcity.  E.   i .)  flowers  in  threes  :  radical  leaves 

petioledj  cauline  ones  sessile  :  lateral  spikes  very  long. 

20—1.3.     Betula.     50.  99. 

populifolia,  W.  (1)  (white  birch,  poplar  birch.  T.  V.  D.  N.  C.  Ju.  ^.) 
leaves  deltoid,  long-acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  very  glabrous  : 
scales  of  the  strobile  with  rounded  lateral  lobes :  petioles  glabrous. 
30  to  40  feet  high. 

€Zcelsa,\Y.  (2)  (tall  birch,  yellow  birch.  C.W.N.  J.  ^.)  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  seiTate  :  petioles  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  peduncle  :  scales 
of  the  strobile  with  rounded  lateral  lobes.     70  to  80  feet  high. 

tubra,M%.{S)  (red  birch.  M.  T?.)  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  doubly-ser- 
rate, acute,  pubescent  beneath,  base  entire  :  pistillate  ament  ovate  ; 
scales  villose  ;  divisions  linear,  equal.  About  70  feet  high  ;  excel- 
lent cabinet  timber. 

j)apyracea,W.  (4)  paper  birch,  canoe  birch.  C.  W.  ^.)  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  doubly-serrate  :  veins  hirsute  beneath  :  petiole  glabrous  : 
pistillate  ament  peduncled,  nodding  :  scales  with  lateral,  short,  sub- 
orbicular  lobes.  Has  a  paper-like  bark,  of  which  the  Indians  con- 
struct canoes. 

lenta,  W.  (.5)  (spicy  birch,  cherry  birch,  black  birch.  O.  M.  fp.)  leaves 
heart-ovate,  sharp-serrate,  acuminate  ;  nerves  and  petioles  pilose 

fl)  acuminata,  Eh.  (2)  lulea.  Mx.  (3)  lanulosa,  Mx.    fl.  nigra,  L. 

(1)  paijyrifera,  Hix.  (5)  ni jia,  Wm.    carpinifalia,  EU. 


BETULA^    BTDENS.  231 

beneath  :  scales  of  the  strobile  glabrous,  with  obtuse  equal  lobes 
having  elevated  veins.  Large  tree,  whose  wood  is  much  like  maho- 
gany ;  very  sweet-scented. 

glandulosa,  (scrub  birch.  C.  P.  M.  Tp.)  branches  glandular-dotted, 
glabrous  :  leaves  obovate,  serrate,  at  the  base  entire,  glaI)rous,  sub- 
sessile  :  pistillate  ament  oblong,  scales  half-3-cleft :  seed  orbicular, 
with  a  narrow  margin.  From  2  to  8  feet  high.  Very  abundant  in 
the  marshes  about  Stockbridge,  Mass.  It  seems  to  be  intermediate 
between  Betula  and  Alnus. 

uana,  (dwarf  birch.  Can.  M.  >>.)  very  small  and  glabrous:  leaves 
small,  wedge-orbiculate,  gash-crenate,  net-veined  beneath  :  scales  of 
the  ament  deeply  3-parted,  divisions  oblong :  seeds  oblong,  nearly 
wingless.     Swamps. 

})umila,  W.  (1)  (dwarf  birch.  C.  P.  J.  1?.)  branches  pubescent,  dotted  ; 
leaves  orbicular-obovate;  petioled,  dense-pubescent  beneath  :  pistil- 
late ament  cylindric.    2  or  3  feet  high. 

18—3.     BiDENS.     49.  55. 

ctrnua,  (water  beggar-ticks.  O.  y.  Au.  #  )  flowers  sub-rayed,  droop- 
ing :  outer  calyx  longer  than  the  Hower  :  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-con- 
nate, toothed.  One  variety,  mmima,  has  sessile  leaves  and  erect 
flowers  and  seeds  ;  another  variety,  coreopsis,  has  serrate,  opposite, 
clasping  leaves, 

chrysauthemoides^  W.  (2)  (daisy  beggar-ticks.  0  ?  y.  Au.  0.)  flowers 
rayed,  drooping,  the  ray  thrice  as  long  as  the  sub-equal  calyx  :  leaves 
oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  toothed,  connate.  Flowers  large  ;  2, 
3,  or  4  awns  to  a  seed     Wet. 

frondosa,  (burr  raarygold.  O.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  flowers  discoid :  outer  calyx 
six  times  as  long  as  the  flower ;  leafets  ciliate  at  the  base  :  lower 
leaves  pinnate  ;  upper  ones  ternate,  lanceolate,  serrate. 

conncUa,  W.  (3)  (P.  C.  y.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  discoid :  outer  calyx  thrice 
as  long  as  the  flower  :  cauline  leaves  ternate  :  lateral  leafets  con- 
nate ;  floral  ones  oblong-lanceolate. 

pilosa,  (P.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  discoid  :  outer  calyx  of  the  length  of  the 
inner  :  lower  leaves  pinnate,  upper  ones  ternate  ,  leafets  oblong,  a 
terminal  lanceolate  one  twice  as  long  as  the  rest. 

bipinnata,  (hemlock  beggar-licks.  C.  P.  y.  Ju.  %.)  flowers  sub-rayed  : 

(1)  nana,  Kalm,  not  W-       (2)  Coreopsis  perfoliata,  Wr.      (3)  crysaathenccides,  Mx 


232  BIDENS,    BCEHMERIA. 

outer  )alyx  of  the  len;;th  of  the  inner :  leaves  doubly-pinnate  ;  leaf- 
ets  laiioeolste,  ninixatifid. 
bi-ikii,  Torrey.  (water  marygold.  Au.  y.  2/.)  sub-mersed  leaves  capil- 
lar}', divided  into  many  parts,  dichotomous  :  flowers  erect,  terminal* 
solitary.  Flowers  radiate.  A  neAV  species  discovered  in  a  pond 
near  Scher.ectady,  N.  Y.  by  Dr.  Lewis  C.  Beck,  and  named  by  Dr. 
John  Torrey,  in  honour  of  the  zealous  and  persevering  discoverer. 

14—2.  BiGNOKiA.  40.  45. 
radicans,  (trumpet  flower.  P.  r.  &,  y.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate  :  leafets 
ovate,  toothed,  acuminate  :  corjmb  terminal  :  tube  of  the  coroT 
thrice  as  long  as  the  cal}'^  :  stem  rooting.  Most  beautiful  climbing 
shrub.  One  variety,  flammea,  has  yellow-scarlet  flowers  ;  another 
variety,  coccinea,  has  bright  scarlet  flowers.     Cultivated. 

Bignonia,  see  Catalpa. 
22 — 1.    Blechndm.     55.  5. 
horealis,  (Roman  fern    Au.  2J..)  barren  frond  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  lan- 
ceolate, obtusish,  parallel :  fertile  frond  pinnate  ;  leafets  linear,  acu- 
minate. 
serrulatum,  (U-)  frond  pinnate  :  leafets  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  at  the  base  decurrent,  sharp-serrate.    1  do  not  know  that  we 
have  a  Blechnum  in  our  district. 

1—2.     Blitum.     12.  29. 

capitatum,  (strawberry  bl*te.  O.  r.  J.  0.)  heads  in  a  terminal  spike,  not 
intermixed  with  leav^es  :  leaves  triangular,  toothed. 

virgatum,  (slender  blite.  P.  r.  J.  i^.)  lateral  heads  scattered,  top  ones 
leafy  :  leaves  triangular-toothed. 

maritimum,  N.  (sea  blite.  C.  g.  S.  11  ?)  calyx  membranaceous :  clus- 
ters axillary,  spiked,  naked  :  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end, 
gash-toothed.  Salt  marshes.     From  1  to  3  feet  high,  very  branching. 

20 — 4.    BcEHMERiA.    53.  98. 
j-ylindrica,  W.  (1)  (false  nettle.  O.  g.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  opposite,  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  toothed,  glabrous  :  flowers  sub-dicecious  :  stami' 
nate  spikes  glomerate,  interrupted  ;  pistillate  spikes  cylindric  :  stem 
herbaceous.    Damp. 

O)  Urtic»  (yliBdrlca.  L. 


BCEHMERIA,    BOLETUS.  233 

lateriflora,  (P.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  rough  :  flowers  glomerate,  lateral :  stem  herbaceous.  Leaves 
3-nerved,  and  on  long  petioles. 

22 — 6.     Boletus.     58.  1. 
1.  Pileus  fleshy,  cushion-like,  easily  separated  from  the  elongated  tulef, 

annulatus,  pileus  cushioned,  campanulate,  viscid,  becoming  yellow- 
livid  ;  with  spots,  from  brick-coloured  streaks  becoming  red  :  pores 
yellow  :  stipe  annulated.     Among  pines,  he.  in  autumn. 

cordnalus,  stiped  :  pileus  yellow,  sub-viscid,  orange  in  the  centre  ;  the 
fleshy  part  white,  firm  and  ridgy,  or  crisped  :  tubes  yellow  :  curtain- 
like  volva  white  :  stipe  thick,  especially  towards  Lhe  base. 

rufus,  pileus  dilated,  plano-convex,  brick-red  ;  pores  whi'.e  :  stipe 
long,  torn-wrinkled  :  scales  becoming  black.  In  grassy  woods,  cic. 
autumn.     This  is  a  variety  of  the  auranlius. 

scaber,  pileus  sub-rugose,  grey-sooty-yellow  :  pores  becomln,-'  pale- 
white,  depressed  around  the  attenuated  stipe  :  scales  becoming  bldck. 
In  beech  woods,  Sic.  the  beginning  of  aatumn  :  at  length  it  becomes 
di^,  hard,  and  dark-coloured. 

circiaans,  in  groups :  pileus  viscid,  sub-repand,  thick,  "traw-colour  or 
livid-yellow:  pores  acute,  yellow:  stipe  somt  .vhal  slcncer,  short- 
ish, yellowish,  rough,  with  dark  specks.  Among  pines,  Lc.  early  in 
autumn. 

sub-tome7ilosus,  middle  size  :  pileus  cushioned,  plano-convex,  sub-to- 
mentose,  yellowish  ash-colour ;  the  fleshy  part  not  very  chaiigeable  : 
pores  large  :  stipe  somewhat  slender,  caddish  in  the  middle,  or  yel- 
lowish and  one-coloured.     Grows  in  woods  in  autumn. 

radicans,  pileus  cushioned,  yellows-cinereous ;  margin  involute,  sub-to- 
mentose  :  pores  citron-yellow  :  stipe  smooth,  rooting,  tomentose, 
one-coloured.     In  oak  woods,  kc.  autumn. 

rclicidaius,  pileus  cushioned,  dilated,  dirty-yellow,  mostly  tessellated 
and  chinked  J  fleshy  part  becoming  bluish  :  pores  middle  size,  be- 
coming yellow  :  stipe  shortish,  glabrous,  of  the  same  colour  of  the 
pileus,  red  within.     Pileus  often  5  or  6  inches  broad. 

edulis,  pileus  cushioned,  very  broad,  darkyellowish-pur})le,  the  fleshy 
part  not  changeable  :  pores  at  first  filled  and  whitish,  afterwards 
pale-yellow  :  stipe  tuberous,  sub-ventricose,  reticulate,  reddish-grey,. 
In  woods,  k,c.  autumn. 

hiridus,  large  :  pileus  cushioned,  dark  olive  :  pores  equal,  at  first  r&d^ 

V  2 


234  BOLETUS. 

at  length  orange  :  stipe  elongated,  red,  reticulate,  sub-bulbous.    la 
July,  large. 

2.  Pileus  fleshy^  coriaceous,  mostly  somewhat  corky  .-  tubes  shortish,  con-- 
nected  with  the  substance  of  the  pileus. 

(Pileus  entire  :  stipe  central,  or  a  little  out  of  the  centre,  and  perpen- 
dicular.) 

hrumulis,  pileus  convex,  sub-umbilicate,  of  a  darkish  shade  becoming 
yellow,  pjRrgin  ciliate  :  pores  oblong,  white.  Late  in  autumn,  on 
decaying  trunks,  he. 

ftrennis,  coriaceous,  tenacious,  cinnamon-colour:  pileus  thin,  with 
zones  mostly  connate.     On  the  earth  about  decaying  trunks,  kc. 

(Pileus  halved  :  stipe  lateral.) 

frondosics,  very  branching  :  pilei  many,  halved,  sooty-grey.  About 
roots  of  oaks,  k,c.  in  autumn.  The  whole  group  or  mass  sometimes 
a  foot  broad. 

lucllus,  pileus  very  tough,  coriaceous,  chesnut^colour,  shining,  with 
concentric  furrows  :  pores  minute,  white.  Stipe  variable.  On  trunks 
of  trees,  very  large,  becoming  tawny. 

hadius,  sub-cespitose  :  pileus  glabrous,  tough,  liver-brown,  paler  at  the- 
margin  :  pores  minute,  pale  :  stipe  lateral,  short,  thick,  dark  cine- 
reous.    On  hollow  logs,  &,c.  in  autumn. 

vanus,  sub-solitary  :  pileus  tough,  reddish-yellow,  halved  or  entire  :: 
stipe  sub-lateral,  elongated,  black  from  the  middle  downward.  On 
trunks,  1  to  2  inches  broad. 

(Pileus  halved  ;  without  a  stipe.) 

citrinus,  imbricate,  halved,  fleshy,  glabrous,  citron-yellow.  Roots  of 
oaks,  Lc.  in  summer  and  autumn. 

adoratus,  halved,  odoriferous,  sub-deformed  :  pileus  rugose,  with  zones 
or  parallel  band; ;  dark  shade  at  the  base,  margin  arched,  and  cinna- 
mon-colour beneath,  opake.     On  trunks. 

jiiarginatus,  simple  or  sub-imbricate  :  pileus  thick,  hard,  tuberculate, 
becoming  red  or  reddish-yellow,  margin  issuing  a  white  juice  :  pores 
pale.orli^hf  citron-vellow.  Veiy  hard  and  hairy  ;  about  4  inches. 
When  recej^'tjacid  drops  of  a  liquid  issue  from  the  margin. 

'{gniurius  dilated,  sm -jtii,  cuticle  in  ridges:  pilrus  hard,  becoming 
dark  at  the  base,  at  the  margin  cinnamon-colour,  beneath  yellowish- 


BOLETUS^    BORAGO.  235 

white.  Grows  on  trunks.  General  form  like  a  horse's  hoof.  It  iv 
called  touch-wood. 

betulimis,  sub-stiped,  largish  ;  pileus  flesh-corky,  reniform,  dirty  red- 
dish-yellow, white  beneath.     On  roots,  he. 

fomentarhis,  halved,  hard  :  pileus  sub-triquetrous,  with  obsolete  belts, 
dirty  ash-colour ;  pores  at  first  white-glaucous,  at  length  sub-ferru- 
ginous.   Used  for  tinder. 

velutinus,  corky,  simple  :  pileus  convex,  thin,  hirsute,  white  :  pores 
minute,  dirty  white.  About  an  inch  and  a  half  broad,  somewhat 
zoned.     On  dry  trunks,  fcc. 

lutescens,  sub-cespitose,  corky  :  pileus  depressed,  thin,  tomentose,  pale  ; 
with  hirsute  zones  becoming  yellow.  On  tTU!iks,  kc.  with  the  last,. 
which  it  resembles,  but  is  rather  broader. 

versicolor,  cespitose,  coriaceous :  pileus  thin,  with  bluish  many-colour- 
ed zones  :  pores  white.     On  dry  tniiiks.     Autumn  and  winter. 

cinnabarinus,  in  groups,  uniformly  of  a  cinnabar  or  vermilion  colour  : 
pileus  thickish,  ridgy,  obsoletely  zoned,  sub-tomentose.  One  or  two 
inches  diameter. 

3.  Open  or  effuse,  upside  down,  (that  is,  the  pores  or  tubes  on  the  upper 
side  :)  pileus  mostly  obsolete. 

destructor,  white  :  pileus  unequal,  undulated,  rugose  :  pores  roundish- 
obtuse.  Grows  in  buildings,  kc.  which  it  tends  to  destroy.  Its  sub- 
stance is  fibrous,  and  becomes  dry. 

radula,  pale  white,  sub-tomentose  :  pores  acute,  unequally  prominent^ 
rough. 

4.  Tubes  free  among  each  other. 

hepaticus,  fleshy,  blood-red,  halved  :  tubes  free,  becoming  yellow. 
Roots  of  oaks,  kc.  in  autumn. 

18—2.     BoLTO-ViA.     49.  55. 

esteroides,  (false  aster.  P.  w-r.  Au.  If.)  leaves  very  entire  :  flowers 
lonjf,  peduucled  :  seed  oval,  glabrous,  sub-awnhss. 

glastifolia,  (false  chamomile.  P.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  lovrer  loaves  serrate  : 
flowers  short-poduucled :  seeds  obcordate,  apitareatly  winged,  pu- 
bescent :  awns  of  the  pappus  two,  of  equal  length  with  themselves, 

5 — 1.     BoRAGO.     41.  42. 
officinalis,  (borage.  E.b.  Ju,  #.)  leaves  alteraate  :  calyx  spreading.. 


236  BORAGO,    BOTRYCHIUM. 

africana,  (E.  0.)  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate  :  peduncle  many- 
flowered. 

22—5.    BoRRERA.    57.  2. 

eiliaris,  frond  greenish  ;  divisions  linear,  ramose,  attenuated;  ciliate 
at  the  apex,  white  beneath,  channelled  :  receptacles  sub-terminal ; 
disk  concave,  at  length  fiat,  dark  sooty-yellow  and  grey,  with  a 
frond-like,  crenate  and  fringed  margin.     On  trunks  and  rocks. 

leucomela,  frond  becoming  pale  ;  divisions  erect,  linear,  many-cleft, 
attenuate,  ci.iale,  very  white  beneath,  sub-pulverulent,  somewhat 
channelled  :  disk  of  the  receptacles  flat,  dark  grey,  with  a  frond-like 
ciliate  margin.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

chrysojihthaima,  frond  yellowish-red,  naked  both  sides,  one-coloured  ; 
divisions  linear,  flattish,  pinnatifid-branched,  with  little  fibres  at  the 
apes  :  receptacles  sub-terminal  ;  disk  orange,  with  frond-like,  fibrous- 
ciliate  margins.     Common  on  fences  and  trees. 

exills,  frond  pale  white  ;  divisions  very  branching,  entangled  a  little, 
compressed,  capillary,  attenuated  :  receptacles  scattered  ;  disk  flat- 
tish, saff"ron-colour,  with  a  thin,  entire,  frond-like  margin*  On  trees? 
&c. 

22 1.      BOTRYCHIUM.      55.    5. 

fumarioides,  W.  (1)  (gi-ape  fern.  C.  P.J.  If.)  scape  naked  :  frond  gla- 
brous, radical,  3-parted,  2-pinnate :  leafets  lunate,  crenate ;  spikes 
pinnate. 

*bliquum,Vf .  (P.  J.  Ju.)  scape  below,  1-fronded  ;  frond  sub-biternate  : 
leafets  oblong-lanceolate,  serrulate,  dilated  at  the  base,  unequally 
heart-form  :  spikes  doubly  pinnate.  Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the 
last. 

dissedum,  (P.  C.  J.)  scape  below,  1-fronded  ;  frond  3-parted,  2-pinna'' 
tifid  ;  divisions  linear,  2-parted,  at  the  apex  2-toothed. 

virginicum,  W.  (2)  (0.  J.  Ju.)  hirsute  :  scape  in  the  middle  fronded  ; 
frond  sub-ternate,  3-parted,  2-pinnatifid  r  leafets  gash-pinnatifid  ;  di- 
Tisions  obtuse,  sub-3-toothed  :  spikes  2-pinnate,  divaricate.  Lar^. 
(Fiattlesnake  fern.) 

gmcile.  Ph.  (C.  Y.  W.  P.  T.  J.)  glabrous  :  scape  in  the  middle,  fronded  ; 
frond  3-parted,  2-pinnatifid  ;  divisions  gash-sub-pinnatifid,  acute,  sub- 
toothed  :  spikes  slender,  pinnate,  erect.     Smaller. 

(1)  Botnpus  lunariiicles,  Mx.    Osmunrla  hiternata,  Lk. 

(2)  Osmunda  virgiuica,  L.    Botrypus  virginicus,  Mx. 


BOTRYCHIUM,    BRIZA.  237 

simplex,  Hitchcock.  (N,  J.)  glabrous  :  scape  below,  l-fronded  ;  frond 
simple,  3-lobed  or  3-cleft ;  segments  unequal :  spike  sub-compound, 
interrupted,  unilateral :  capsules  sessile.  Capsules  the  size  of  mus- 
tard seed.  Grows  in  dry  hilly  pastures,  about  three  or  four  inches 
high.    Vid.  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  vol.  6,  p.  103. 

22—6.     BovisTA.     58.  1. 

nigrescens,  large,  becoming  of  a  dark  shade,  plicate  beneath.  Form 
either  globose  or  round-oblong,  an  inch  or  two  in  diameter.  In  sha- 
dy woods. 

Brasenia,  see  Hydropeltis. 
15—2.     Brassica.    3P.  63. 

orientalis  (j)erfoliate  cabbage.  E.  <?.)  leaves  heart-form,  clasping,  gla* 
brous  ;  radical  ones  entire  :  silique  4-sided. 

napus(ka.\e  or  cole.  E.  ^ .)  root  caulescent,  fusiform  :  leaves  smooth, 
upper  ones  heart-lanceolate,  clasping,  lower  ones  lyrate-toothed. 
(Rape.) 

rapa  (turnip.  E.  <J.)  root  caulescent,  orbicular,  depressed,  fleshy :  rad- 
ical leaves  rough, cauline  ones  very  entire,  smooth.  Var.  ruta-baga, 
has  a  turbinate,  sub-fusiform  root. 

eleracea  (common  cabbage,  including  all  the  varieties  caused  by  cul- 
ture. E.  ^.)root  caulescent;  terete,  fleshy  :  leaves  smooth, glaucous, 
repand  lobate. 

3—2.    Briza.'    4.  10. 

canadeiuis,  Mx.  (1)  (quake  grass,  0.  M.  If.)  panicle  lax  ;  spikelets 
erect,  4  to  10-flowered,  the  common  glume  smallish  ;  outer  valve  of 
the?.flower  acute,  ovate  :  leaves  longf:  culm  erect. 

tragrostis,  Sr.  (2)  (P.  Y.  Ju.  24!.)  sp'kelet?  oval-lanceolate, 20-flov,ered, 
flowers  sub-acute  :  neck  of  the  sheathing  leaves  pilose  :  culm  geni- 
culate, decumbent. 

media  (E.  M.  U-)  oheath  striate,  glabrous  :  pa.-jcle  erect,  spreading, 
with  the  branches  ia  pairs  ;  "ipikeletj  sub-triangular:  cor<^!  f^  ■u:-!- 
ling  the  calyx,  one  valve  brovi,  (he  othev  "ompresstd. 

a  xima  (rattlesnake  grass.  E.  f^-)  spike  coiddtj,  aboui  7-fio-vci {.-<.?  •- 
Flowers  very  large. 

(1)  Megastachia  canadensS   }■.-, 

Ci)  Foa  niegastacbya.  Koe  ..i      ^f  gnstachia  eragrorUs,  Pb. 


238  BROMUS,    BRYUM. 

3—2.    Bromus.    4.  10. 

secalinus,  W.  (chess.  O.  J.  ^.)  panicle  nodding  ;  spikelets  ovate,  com- 
pressed :  glumes  naked,  distinct ;  awns  shorter,  subulate,  straitish- 
zJgzag.    Probably  from  Europe,  common  in  rye  and  wheat-fields. 

ci/ia^wj,  W.  (1)  (C.  W.  T.  P.J.  If)  panicle  nodding  ;  spikelets  oblong, 
compressed,  6  to  8-flowered,  florets  awned  at  the  margin,  ciliate-vil- 
lose :  sheaths  and  both  sides  of  the  leaves  sub-pilose  :  culm  bearded 
at  the  joints. 

pubescens,  M.  (broom  grass.  C.  V.  P.  J.  U-)  culm  hairy  below,  joints 
brown:  stipules  very  short :  panicle  at  length  nodding,  pubescent: 
calyx  less  than  corol,  8  to  12-flowered  :  corol  pubescent,  one  valve 
awned  beneath  the  apex. 

purgaiis,  W.  (C.  W.  P.  Au.  11.)  panicle  nodding,  spikelets  lanceolate, 
terete  :  florets  awned,  pilose,  awns  erect :  leaves  glabrous  both 
sides,  their  sheaths  pilose. 

mollis^  S.  (C.  Ju.)  panicle  erect,  compact ;  peduncles  ramose,  spikelets 
ovate,  florets  imbricate,  depressed,  nerved,  pubescent. 

22—2.     Bryum.     56.  4. 
1.  Stamhiatejiowers  peduncled,  leafless, 
androgynum,  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  imbricate-spreading  :  capsules 
erect,  oblong  ;  lid  conic.     In  damp  woods. 

2.  Slaminate  flowers  sessile y  terminal,  bud-form  :  capsules pedunded. 

cornewm,  stem  simple  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  reticulate,  re- 
motish  :  capsule  pendulous,  ovate.     In  damp  shades. 

argcnttutn,  stem  ramose  at  the  base,  cespitose  :  leaves  ovate,  concave, 
mucronate,  imbricate,  glaucous-silvery  :  capsule  ovate-oblong,  pen- 
dulous.    On  walls,  houses  and  sandy  soils. 

caespili'ium,  stem  ramose  at  the  base  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
imbricate  :  capsule  oblong,  pendulous  :  lid  convex.  On  walls,  hou- 
ses, &c. 

3.  Staminatefloivers  sessile,  terminal,  with  a  disk-like  tuft  of  leaves, 
rosewri,  stem  erect  :  leaves  crowded  together,  stellate,  oblong,  entire, 

acute  ;  capsule  oblong  :  lid  conic.     In  woods  and  bushes. 
cuspidatum,  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate  :  capsule  ovate,  pendulous  :  lid 

conic,  obtuse.    In  moist  shades. 

(1)  canadensis,  Mx-. 


BRYUM,    CACALIA.  239 

punctatum,  stem  erect,  sub-simple  :  leaves  obovate,  entire,  punctate* 
reticulate  :  capsule  ovate  :  lid  subulate,  incurved.  In  damp  shady- 
lawns,  &c. 

4.  Flowers  perfect  ;  germs  nodding, 
nutans,  stem  sub-simple  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  keeled  :  capsule  ob- 
ovate, nodding,  lid  convex,  short-mucronate.    In  dry  barren  situ*- 
tions. 

14—2.    BucHNERA.    40.  34. 
tLmericana,  W.  (blue  hearts.  P.  D.b.  Au.  U-)  leaves  lanceolate,  3-n«iT- 

15—1.    BuNiAS.    39.  63. 
edentula,  Bvv.  (1)  (sea  rocket.  L.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  obovate,  sinuate  :    il- 
icles  with  two  smooth,  1-seeded,  toothless  joints. 

18 — 2.      BUPHTHALMUM.      49.  55. 

grandiJJorum  (ox-eye.  E.  11.)  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  sub-denticu- 
late, glabrous. 

22—2.     BuxBAUMiA.     56.  4. 

aphylla  (leafless  moss)  capsule  long-peduncled  :  leaves  none.  In  bar- 
ren places. 

20—4.    Busus.    38.  96. 

sempervirens  (box.  E.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  somewhat  hairy  at  the 
margin  :  anthers  ovate,  arrow-form.  Var.  angustifolia,  leaves  lam^ 
ceolate.     Var.  suffruticosa,  leaves  obovate,  stem  hardly  woody. 


18—1.     Cacalia.    49.  55. 

lUaveoltm,  VV.  (wild  caraway.  P.  w.  Au.  11.)  stem  herbaceous  :  leaves 
petioled,  halbert-arrow-form,  serrate,  glabrous,  one-columned  :  flow- 
ers corymbed,  erect  :  calyx  many-flowered.     From  3  to  4  feet  high. 

utripHcifolia,  W.  (orach  caraway.  P.  w.  Au.  2^.)  stem  herbaceous  : leave* 
petioled,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  radical  ones  cordate,  toothed, 

(1)  Cakilemaritima,  Fb.    americaca,  N. 


240  CACALIA,    CALLITRICHE. 

cauline  ones  rhomboid^  sub-2-toothed  both  sides :  flowers  corymbe<J, 
erect:  calyx  5-flowered.  Flowers  small, 
reniformis,  W.  (P.  w.  Au.  24-)  stem  herbaceous  .  leaves  petioled,  gla- 
brous beueath,  pilose  at  the  veins  :  radical  ones  ample,  heart-kid- 
ney-form, repand-toothed  ;  cauline  ones  toothed,  at  the  base  wedge- 
form,  entire :  corymbs  level-topped  ;  calys  many-flowered.  From 
5  to  10  feet  high. 

12—1.     Cactus.     13.  85. 

JlagelliformiS)  (creeping  cereus.  E.  r.  Ju.  ^.)  creeping,  cylindric  or 
10-angled;  rooting. 

opuntia,  (prickly  pear.  Y.  P.  C.  Catskill.  y.  J.  If.)  proliferous  ;  com- 
pressed and  ovate  between  the  isthmuses  :  bristles  fascicular.  Flow- 
ers large.     The  plant  appears  like  a  series  of  thick  succulent  leaves, 
one  growing  from  the  top  of  another.    Diy  rocks,  &c. 
Cakile,  see  Bunias. 

18 — 4.     Calendula.     49.  55. 
officinalis,  (pot  marygold.  E.  y.^.)  seed  keeled,  rauricate,  incurved. 

'■      22—5.     Calicium.    59.  2. 

stigoneUum,  (fungus  lichen.)  crust  sub-contiguous,  unequal,  becoming 
white,  or  none:  receptacles  (putts)  sessile,  sub-globose,  black,  gla- 
brous :  disk  puncticulate,  at  length  fiattish,  opake  ;  margin  thin, 
shining.     In  bark. 

tnr''inatum,  pufts  turbinate,  nearly  sessile,  black,  rather  polished  :  disk 
dark,  opake,  puncticulate,  within  a  thick  contracted  margin.  On 
trunks  of  trees,  kc. 

20—13.     Calla.    2.  7. 
paluslris,  W.  (water  arum.  0.  w.  J.  U  )    leaves  sub-roundish,  heart- 
form,  acute  :  spathe  ovaie,  ci:  pidate,  spreading  when  mature.  Grows 
in  wet  places. 

Callistachiaf  see  Leptandra. 
1 — 2.    Callitriche.     12.  88. 

verna,  W,  (1)  (water  chickwecd,  or  starwort.  0.  w.  M.  0.)  upper 
leaves  spatulate-obovate  ;  lower  ones  linear,  obtuse  and  emarginate. 

(I)  heteropbylla,  Ph.    aquatica,  Bw. 


CALLITRICHE^    CAMPANULA.  241 

inlermcdia,  (P.  Pittsfield,  Mass.  w.  Ju.  0.)  upper  leaves  oval ;  cauline 
ones  linear,  2-cleft  at  the  apex. 

aulumnalis,  Loesel.  (1)  (Y.  P.  C.  w.  S.  0.)  leaves  all  linear,  bifid  at 
the  apex  :  flowers  perfect. 

brevifolia,  Ph.  (2)  (C.  Au.  0.)  leaves  all  linear,  truncate,  short,  ap- 
proximate.    Small,  moss-like. 

1:B— 13.     Caltha.     26.  61. 

palustrisy  W.  (American  cowslip.  0.  y.  Ap.  2i.)  stem  erect,  corymbed  : 
leaves  heart-re niform  ;  lobes  spreading,  acute-crenate  all  around  : 
floral  leaves  sub-sessile  :  petals  ovate. 

ficaroideSf  Ph.  (3)  (fig  cowslip.  C.  y.  J.  2^.)  stem  erect,  l-flovrered,  1- 
leafed  ;  radical  leaves  heart-ovate,  very  obtuse,  few^-toothed,  many- 
nerved  :  petals  elliptic. 

flMbellifolia,  Ph.  (tooth-leaf  cowslip.  P.  y.  J.  I^.)  stem  procumbent  : 
leaves  spread-reniforra  ;  lobes  very  spreading,  acute  and  sharp-tooth- 
ed all  around  :  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  l-flovvered  :  petals  obo- 
vate  :  capsule  book-beaked.     Probably  the  dcntata  of  Muhl. 

integerrivia,  (New^-England.  P.  y.  M.  If.)  stem  erect,  corymbed: 
leaves  entire,  with  a  closed  sinus,  orbiculate-heart-form  ;  floral  leaves 
sessile,  kidney-form,  at  the  base  obsoletely-crenate  :  petals  obovate, 

12 — 13.     Calvcanthus.     35.  92. 
floridm,  (Carolina  allspice.  Southern  states,  p.  M.  ^.)  divisions  of  the 
calyx   lanceolate  :  leaves  broad-oval,   acute,   tomentose  beneath  : 
branches  spreading.     Cultivated. 

5—1.     Campanula.     29.  52. 

grandijlora,  (great  bell-flower.  E.  If.)  leaves  ternate,  oblong,  serrate  ; 
stem  i-flowered  :  iloAvers  spreading. 

rotundifolia,  \y .  (flax  bell-floAver,  hair-bell.  O.  b.  J.  2/.)  glabrous:  ra- 
dical leaves  heart-reniform,  crenate  ;  cauline  ones  hnear,  entire  : 
panicle  lax,  few-flowered  ;  flowers  nodding.  Without  particular 
care,  the  radicr.l  leaves  will  be  overlooked.     Books,  Lc. 

nmerirnna,  W.  (P.  b.  J.  ^ .)  glabrous  :  leaves  heart-form  and  lanceo- 
late-serrate ;  lower  pptioles  ciliate  :  flowers  axillary,  sessile  ;  corol 
5-parted,  flat,  style  longer  than  the  corol.  Flowers  smaM,  2  or  3  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  from  2  to  3  feet  high. 

n)  linearis,  Ph.  (2)  terrestris  M,  (3)  Ranunculus  ficaria,  Wf. 

w 


242        CAMPANULA,  CARDAMINE, 

ticuminata,  Mx.  (1)  (P.  T.  w-b  Ju.  U)  smoothish,  erect :  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  ending  in  a  long  acuminate  point,  sub-serrate  :  spike  fas- 
cicular, many-flowered  :  corol  somewhat  wheel-form.  Flowers  like 
the  americana. 

mnoides,  M.  (2^  (prickly  bell-flower  0.  w-b.  J.  C^.)  slender  :  stem 
simple,  angular  ;  angles  and  the  margin  and  nerve  of  the  leaves  with 
reversed  prickles  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous  on  the  upper 
side  :  peduncles  few,  those  on  the  top  of  the  stem  flexuose  ;  axillary 
ones  1-flowered,  filiform.     Flowers  small.     Damp. 

medium,  (canterbuiy  bells.  E.  b.  Au.  ^ .)  capsule  5-celled,  covered  : 
stem  undivided,  erect,  leafy  :  flowers  erect. 

speculum,  (venus'  looking-glass.  E.  b.  Au.  #.)  stem  ver>^  branching, 
difiase  :  leaves  oblong,  sub-crenate  :  flowers  solitary,  often  destitute 
of  the  scales  at  the  base. 

2Jerfoliatu,  W.  (3)  (clasping  bell-flower.  O.b.  J.  #.)  stem  simple,  erect  -. 
leaves  heart-form,  crenate,  clasping  :  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  glo- 
merate.    Flowers  small. 

22—2.     Campylopus.  (4)     56.  4. 

pulvinufus,  stem  ramose,  fastigia.te  :  leaves  lanceolate,  bearing  hairs  : 
capsule  oval,  nodding  :  lid  subulate.     On  walls,  stones,  fcc. 
21—5.     Cannabis.     53.  98. 

saliva,  (liemp.  E.  g.  Au.  #.)  stem  pilose  ;  leaves  digitate,  serrate,  pir 
lose  :  staminate  flowers  solitaiy,  axillarj- ;  pistillate  flowers  spiked. 

Caprifolium,  see  Lonicera. 
5—1.     Capsicum.     28.  41. 
annuum,  (guinea  pepper.  E.  w.  Au.  #.)  stem  herbaceous :  peduncle* 
solitary. 

15—2.     Card  AMINE.     39.  63. 

impalieiis,  (cuckoo-flower.  E.  w%  0.)  leaves  pinnate,  gashed,  stipuled" 

flowers  apetalou?. 
roiundifolinfMyi.  (Whilehills.  w.  Ju.  21".)  stem  procumbent,  somewhat 

simple  :  leaves  sub-orbiculate,  nearly  entire. 
pensyhunica,  W.    (American    water-cress.    O.  w.    M.   2^.)    glabrouS; 

branching:  leaves  pinnate:  leafets  roundish-oblong,  obtuse,  tooth; 

angle*?  :  silique  naiTow,  erect. 

(1)  ni'ida,  A.  ^2)  flexuosa,Mx.    app.rinoideF,  Ph.    aspera,  Donn.' 

(3)  amplesicauliSjJIx.  (i)  Diciamur.,  H, 


CAREX.  248 

rirg'tnica,  W.  (P.  PUtsfield,  Mass.  w.  M.  If.)  glabrous,   erect:  leave* 

pinnate  ;  leatets  lanceolate,  sub-auriclcd  :  silique  long, straight,  erect. 
teres,  Mx-  (New-England.  Pursh.  \v.  J.  11.)  small,  erect,  ramose  :  leaves 

all  sub-lyrate-pinnatifid  :  silique  short,  terete,  acuminate. 
hirsuta,  (P.  w.  M.)  hiaves  without  stipules,  pinnate  :  leafets  rounded^ 

repand-toothed,  petioled,  with  the  terminal  oac  oblong,  gashed  ; 

flowers  teti'androus. 

18—1.     Carduus.     49.  54. 

pedmatus,  (comb  thistle.  P.p.  ^ .)  unarmed:  leaves  decurrent :  pe 
duncles  terminal.  ver\- long,  1-flowered,  somewhat  leafless  :  flo\\er» 
nodding  after  the  discharge  of  pollen  :  scales  of  the  calyx  linear, 
spreading. 

20—3.     Carex.     3.  9. 

1.  Stigmas  2,:  spikes  diacious. 

scirpoiJea,  JNIx.  (Can.  C.)  solitary  spike  imbricate,  cylindric  :  capsule? 
densely-pubescent  :  leaves  flat. 

slerilis,  W.  (barren  sedge.  O.  M.  11.)  spikes  sub-sixfold  :  fruit  ovale, 
compressed,  3-sided,  acuminate  ;  at  the  apex  recurved,  doubly-cus- 
pidate ;  margin  ciliate-serrate.     Wet. 

2.  Stigmas  2  ;  spikes  single,  with  staminate  flowers  at  the  apex. 

cephaJophora,  W.  (1)  (head  sedge.  W.  C.  P.  J.  If.)  spikes  single,  con- 
densed in  an  elliptical  form  :  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  bifid,  margin- 
ed,  ciliate-serrate  above,  leaves  exceeding  the  culm  in  length.    Wet. 

3.  Siigmas  two  :  spikes  several,  with  staminate  flowers  at  the  top. 

bromoides,  W.  (0.  M.  If.)  spikelets  oblong,  alternate,  remotish,  sessile 

capsules  oblong,  acuminate,  beaked,  bicuspidate  :  scales  oblong,  mu- 

cronate.     Wet. 
retroflexa,  Sh.  (O.  W.  I^.)  spikelets  somewhat  in  fours,  remotish  :  fruit 

ovate,  2-toothed,  glabrous  at  the  margin,  reflexed-spreading  :  scales 

oblong-lanceolate.     On  dry  land. 
stipaia,  W.  (O.  J.  2^.)  spikelets  somewhat  in  fives,  oblong,  aggregate  : 

fruit  spreading,  ovate,  acuminate,  bicuspidate,  convex-flat,  nerved  : 

culm  3-sided,  very  rough.     On  wet  land. 
muldenbergii,  W.  (2)  (P.  0.  Ma.  J.)  spikelets  somewhat  in  fives,  ovate, 

0)  typhina,  Mx.    squarrosa,  L.  (2)  vulpinoidea,Mx. 


244  CAREX. 

alternate,  approximate  :  fruit  roundish-ovate,  margined,  compressed, 
2-toothed,  ciliate-serrate  :  scales  mucronate.     On  dry  land. 

muliiflora,  W.  (0.  M.  2^.)  spikes  in  narrow  panicles,  oblong-obtuse  : 
fruit  ovate,  acuminate,  bicuspidate  :  scales  ovate,  mucronate  :  bracts 
leafy,  filiform.     On  wet  land. 

sj)argaiiioicles,  W.  (O,  Ma.  to  J;i.  If.)  spikelets  many-fiowered,  some- 
what in  eights,  ovate,  sub-approximate  :  fruit  ovate,  compressed, 
margined,  bifid,  the  margin  ciliate-serrate,  horizontal.  On  wet 
ground. 

rcsea,  Vi^  (1)  (0.  11.)  spikelets  someAvhat  in  fours,  remote  :  fruit  ovate, 
acuminate,  2-toothed  ;  at  the  margin  ciliate-serrate,  horizontal  : 
scales  ovate,  obtuse  :  bract  leafy  at  the  base  of  the  lower  spike.  On 
dry  land. 

panicidala,  W.  (0.  Ju.  11.)  spikes  panicled  :  fruit  ovate,  margined 
above,  2-toothed,  the  margin  ciliate-serrate  :  culm  3-sided.  On  wet 
land. 

4.  Stigmas  two  :  spikes  several,  wilh  pistillate  flowers  at  the  top. 

scirfoiar.s,  W.  (2)  (O.  Ma.  Ju.  li.)  spikelets  somewhat  in  fours,  approx- 
imaie,  elliptic  :  fruit  ovate,  2-toothed,  compressed ;  at  the  margin 
ciliate-serrate,  erect :  scales  elliptic,  obtuse      On  wet  ground. 

lagcpociioi:!es,  W.  (3)  (O.  J.  Ju.  H.)  spikelets  in  twelves,  alternate,  el- 
liptic; obtuse,  approximate  :  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  margined,  bicus- 
pidc-.!e  :  brjct  leafy,  very  long  at  the  base  of  the  last  spike.  On  wet 
ground. 

straminea,  Sb.  (straw  sedge.  W.)  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  alternate; 
erect,  approximate,  sessile,  about  in  sixes,  at  length  sub-globose  : 
fruit  ovate-compressed,  diverging  margin  scabrous,  2-toothed  at  the 
apex,  nerved  at  the  base  :  scales  lance-ovate,  half  as  large  as  the 
capsule  ;  leaves  glabrous,  lower  ones  shorter.     Wet. 

scoparia,  W.  (4)  (O.  Ma.  to  Ju.  2^.)  spikelets  somewhat  in  fives,  alter- 
nate, elliptic,  obtuse,  sub-approximate  :  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  mar- 
gined, bicuspidate  :  bracts  oblong,  mucronate.  Common  on  wet 
and  dry  land. 

fcHnca^-a,  W.  (O.  Ma.  J.  U-)  spikelets  somewhat  in  eights,  sub-ap- 
proximate, alternate,  cyliudric,  the  fruit-bearing  ones  club-form: 
fr.UL  r'wV.i!id'.sli-ova»e,  beaked,  2-toothed,  at  the  margin  ciliate-serrate, 
greater  than  the  scales,  which  are  lanceolate-mucronate.  ComraoB 
on  dry  land. 

O;  echiuata.  (2)  triceps,  Ms.  fS;  rieliardi,  Mx,  C4)  viridula,  Mx 


GAREX.  245 

5.  Stigmashco  :  staminale  and  pistillate  flowers  mostly  on  distinct  spikes. 

saxatilis,  W.  (V.  W.J.  2^.)  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  oblong,,  the  lower 
one  peduncled  :  fruit  elliptic,  obtuse,  equalling  the  oblong-obtuse 
scale  :  bracts  oblong,  clasping,  sub-foliaceous  at  the  apex  :  culm 
glabrous.     Hemlock  woods. 

CcBspitosUf  W.  (1)  (0.  Ma.  J.  24)  pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  obtuse, 
somewhat  in  threes,  distant,  exsertly-peduncled,  lower  one  veiy 
short:  fruit  ovate,  obtuse,  perforated  at  the  mouth,  larger  than  the 
oblong-obtuse  scale  :  leaves  spreading.  On  wet  land.  (Stamiuate 
spike  sometimes  single.) 

crtnita,  W.  (O.  J.  Ju.  2.^.)  staminate  spikes  in  pairs;  pistillate  ones  in 
fours,  distant,  peduncled,  pendulous,  cylindric  :  fruit  roundish-ellip- 
tic, ventricose,  very  short-beaked,  at  the  orifice  entire,  shorter  than 
the  oblong  awned  scale.  A  variety,  paleacea,  has  cylindric  spikes, 
the  staminate  ones  several  :  peduncles  long,  reclined :  bracts  leafy, 
distant:  scales  terminated  with  long,  serrate,  sharp  points  :  capsules 
roundish,  emarginate  at  the  orilice  :  culm  las.     Wet. 

acuta,  W.  (0.  J.  Ju.  I^.)  staminate  spikes  in  pairs  or  in  threes  :  pistil- 
late ones  somewhat  in  fours,  sub-peduncled,  a  little  nodding,  cylin- 
dric, remote  :  fruit  oblong,  w'ilh  a  very  short  beak  at  the  orifice 
entire,  perforated — it  nearly  equals  the  oblong  acute  scale.     Wet. 

6.  Stigmas  three :  spikes  v:ith  staminate  flowers  at  the  top. 

willdenou'ii,  Sh.  (P.  C.  Ma.  J.  2^.)  spike  simple  :  fruit  alternate,  ob- 
long, terete-3-sided,  rough,  acuminate  :  scales  ovate,  acuminate  }  the 
lowest  apex  leafy.     On  wet  land. 

^olylrichoides,  W.  (2)  (0.  J.  24^.)  spike  simple  :  fruit  oblong-lanceolate, 
compressed-3-sided,  obtuse,  emarginate  :  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  mu* 
cronate.     On  w^et  ground. 

pedunculata,  AV.  (O.  Ma.  to  Ju.  2^.)  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  pedun- 
cled, much  branched  :  fruit  obovate,  3-sided,  obtuse  ;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  mucronate.     Moist. 

7.  Stigmas  three  :  the  terminal  spikes  staminate  below,  the  others  pistillate. 

virescens,  W.  (green  sedge.  O.  Ma.  2^.)  t!ie  androg>'nous  spike  linear- 
peduncled,  staminate  florets  below ;  the  pistillate  ones  sub-approxi- 
mate, in  pairs,  sub-peduncled,  linear  :  fruit  globular-3-sided,  obtuse,, 
pubescent.    On  dry  land. 

(\)  polyandra,  Sh.  (2;  microstacbva,  Mx. 


246  CAREX. 

hirsuta,  W.  (P.  C.  Ma.  J.  li.)  androgynous  spikes  obloug-obovate  ;sU-. 
miaate  fiorets  below  ;  the  pistillate  ones  remotish,  sub-ternate,  sub- 
sessile,  oblong  :  fruit  ovate,  very  obtuse,  obtusely  3-sided  :  leaves 
and  sheaths  hirsute.     On  dry  hills. 

buxhoumii,  W.  (1)  (P.  Ju.  Au.  11.)  androgynous  spikes  peduncled,  ob- 
ovate  :  starainate  florets  below  ;  pistillate  ones  sub-ternate,  remote, 
sub-peduncled  :  fruit  elliplic,  3-sided,  obtuse,  obsoletely  2-toothed, 
nearly  equalling  the  oblong  loucronate  scale.     On  wet  ground. 

tricfwcarpa,  Sh.  (2)  (\Y.  P.  J.  11.)  androgynous  spikes  in  threes  ;  pis- 
tillate ones  in  pairs,  pedu'ided,  erect,  cylindric,  remote  :  fruit  ovate, 
acuminate,  bicuspidate,  pilose,  longer  than  the  awned,  ovate-lanceo- 
late scale.     On  damp  land. 

8.  Sligmas  three  :  the  stamens  and  pistils  on  distinct  spikes  :  the  staminait 
spikes  solitary  ;  the  pistillate  ones  sessile,  or  having  an  enclosed  peduncle. 

varia,\Y.  (O.  JNla.  J.  IC.)  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  sub-ap- 
prosimate,  sessile,  sub-globular  ;  fruit  sub-globular,  3-s!ded,  beaked, 
2-toothed,  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  oblong  scale  :  culm  erecf. 
On  dry  land. 

subulata,  Mx.  (C.  2^.)  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  veiy  remote, 
sessile;  staminate  one  sessile  :  fiuU  subulate,    divaricate,  reiexed 
culm  slender  :  leaves  flat.     Swamps. 

marginata,  W.  (P.  C.  Ap.  Ma.  2^.)  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  pairs, 
approximate,  sub-glohular,  sub-sessile  :  fruit  globular,  tomentose,  2- 
toothed,  larger  than  the  oblong-ovate  scale  :  radical  leaves  of  on© 
year  longer  than  the  culm.     Common  on  dry  land. 

vestila,  W.  (O.  J.  2^.)  staminate  spike  lanceolate  ;  pistillate  ones  ovate, 
in  pairs,  sessile,  approximate  :  fruit  ovate,  beaked,  at  the  orifice  ob- 
lique, pubescent,  nearly  equalling  the  acute-ovate  scale.  On  wet 
land, 

tenlaculata,  W.  (O.  J.  Jn.  It.)  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  with  enclosed 
peduncle-,  ovate,  sub-approximate  :  bracts  very  long,  leafy  :  fruit 
ovate,  ventric^se,  nerved,  veiy  long-beaked,  at  the  orifice  2-toothed, 
'  longer  tlian  the  lanccolate-mucronate  scale.     On  wet  land. 

rostrata,  Mx.  (O.  J.  2^.)  stiflly  erect:  leaves  very  narrow,  flat:  pistil- 
late spikes  i  1  pairs,  distinct,  axillaiy,  sub-sessile,  sub-globose  ;  sta- 
minate spike  sessile  ;  capsules  capitate,  erect,  oblong,  very  long- 
bc'ikfcd.     Not  a  variety  of  tentaculata.     Wet. 

(1)  iJolvgama,  Sh.  ^)  Janu^inosa,  Mr. 


eAREX,  247 

^miliaris,  Mi.  (O.  Jii.  2^,)  pistillate  spike  generally  solitary,  sessile, 
ovate  :  bract  bristle-form  :  fruit  globose,  glabrous.     On  damp  land. 

lupulina,  W.  (O.  J.  to  Au.  !(•)  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  with  enclosed 
peduncles,  oblong,  approximate  :  bracts  very  long,  leafy  :  fruit  ovate, 
ventricose,  nerved,  with  a  very  long  conic  beak,  at  the  orifice  bicus- 
pidate,  several  times  longer  than  the  mucronate-ovate  scale.  On 
damp  land. 

Jiava,  W.  (1)  (P.  W.  J.  2/.)  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  sub- 
approximate,  elliptic,  with  an  enclosed  peduncle  :  fruit  ovate,  re- 
flexed,  beak  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  scale  ;  the  beak  curv- 
ed, 2-toothed.     On  wet  land. 

oligocarpa,  W.  (2)  (W.  C.  P.  Ma.  11.)  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  some- 
what 4-flowered  ;  the  lower  florets  peduncled  :  fruit  roundish  3- 
sided,  obovate,  beaked,  at  the  orifice  entire,  longer  than  the  mucro- 
nate-oblong  scale.     Woods. 

folliculata.Vi ,  (3)  (O.  J.  Ju.  If.)  pistillate  spike  sub-solitary,  sub-6- 
flowered,  sub-exsert-peduiicled  :  fruit  ovate,  ventricose,  nerved, 
beaked,  at  the  orifice  2-parted.  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.  A  va- 
riety, major,  has  the  fruit  more  swollen. 

pubescens,  W.  (0.  Ma.  11.)  pistillate  spikes  in  fours,  sessile,  th^  lower^ 
most  flowers  exsert-peduncled  :  fruit  ovate-3-sided,  pubescent,  beak- 
ed, 2-toothed,  longer  than  the  obloug-raucronate  scale  :  leaves  on 
the  culm  pubescent.     On  damp  land. 

9.  Stii!;vias  three  :  the  stamens  and  pistils  07i  distinct  spikes :  staminate 
spikes  solitary  ;  pislillale  ones  long-peduncled,  the  sheaths  shorter. 

plantaginea,  W.  (4)  (plantain  sedge.  O.  Ma.  J.  If.)  spikes  peduncled; 

pistillate  spikes  in  fours,  distant :  fruit  elliptic,  3-sided,  pedicelled, 

glabrous,  shorter  than  the  cuspidate-ovate  scale  :  bract  sheathing, 

sub-foliaceous  at  the  apex  :  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  nerved.     Oa. 

dry  ground,  in  woods,  <iic. 
tiyiceps,  \V.  (5)  (C.  P.  J.  If.)  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  remote,  lower 

ones  })eduucled  :  fruit  ovate,  nerved,  at  the  orifice  membranaceous, 

lonser  than  the  mucronate-oblong  scale.     Woods. 
granularis,  W.  (6)  (O.  Ma.  to  Ju.  If.)  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  remote, 

the  two  lower  ones  peduncled  :  fruit  globular-ovate,  nerved,  ventri- 

('1 ;  cederi,  Sh.  (2)  imnpercula,  Mx.  (3)  intumescen?,Iluclgrc. 

(4)  {«''<"'>'•''•  (p)  striatula,  2/lx.    Terhaps  a  variety  of  the  plaaiaginaa. 

(G)  lenticularis,  Mx. 


24S  €AUEX. 

cose,  very  short-beaked,  at  the  orifice  obsoletely-eraarginate,  longer 
than  the  ovatn-lanceolate  scale.     On  dryland. 

eonoidea,  VV.  (O.  J.  2^.)  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  remote  ;  the  upper 
one  sub-sessile  ;  the  lower  one  long-peduncled  :  fruit  oblong-conic, 
obtuse,  equalling  the  awn  scale.     Woods. 

Uianica,  Sh.  (P.  C.  W.  Ma.  J.  If.)  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  remote; 
the  upper  one  sub-sessile,  the  lower  one  long-pedujicled  :  fruit  obo- 
vate,  recurved  at  the  apex,  at  the  orifice  entire,  longer  than  the  ob- 
tuse-ovate scale.     Common   in  dry  ground. 

laxijiora,  W.  (1)  (P.  C.  W.  Ap.  Ma.  Zf .)  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  6  to 
8-flowered,  distant ;  lower  one  remotely-peduncled  :  fruit  oblong, 
ventricose,  obtuse,  larger  than  the  raucronate-ovate  scale.  Shady 
places., 

hystericina,  W.  (O.  J.  Ju  If.)  staminate  spike  solitary  :  scales  ovate- 
oblong,  sub-mucronate  :  pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  in  pairs  ;  the 
lower  one  peduncled  :  fiuit  ovate,  many-nerved,  beaked,  at  the 
orifice  bifid,  Ion  er  than  the  awned  oblong  scale.     On  wet  land. 

Jiexuosa,  AV.  (2)  (O  J.  2^.)  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  remote, 
filirorra,  peduQcled,  nodding  :  fruit  distant,  alternate,  obloag,  beak- 
ed, bifid,  twice  as  long  as  the  mucronate-ovate  scale.     On  wet  land. 

digi(aUs,W.  (P.  C.  U-)  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  remote, 
filiform,  peduncled,  nodding  :  fruit  elliptic,  obtuse,  longer  than  the 
oblong-lanceolate  scale. 

10.  Sdgmas  three  :  the  stamens  and  pistils  on  distinct  spikes:  staminate 
spike  solitary  ;  pistillate  ones  peduncled ;  sheaths  scarcely  any. 

umheUata,  W.  (C.  W.  N.  P.  Ma.  If  )  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  pedun- 
cled, 8-<lowered,  ovate,  whorled  :  fruit  ovate,  pubescent,  beaked,  at 
the  orifice  entire,  equalling  the  ovate-lanceolate  scale.    Ou  dry  land. 

miliacea,  Sh.  (P.  C.  Ju.  If.)  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  filiform  ;  the 
hi?hest  sub-sessile,  the  others  peduncled  :  fruit  ovate-3-sided,  short- 
beaked,  at  the  orifice  entire,  longer  than  the  awned,  emarginate,  ob- 
long scale.     Ou  wetland.  • 

*jpseu(h-cyperus,  W  (0.  J.  Ju.  If.)  pistillate  spikes  in  fours,  with  the 
peduncles  in  p-^ifs,  pendulous,  cylindric  :  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  bi- 
cuspidate,  reflesed,  equalling  the  bristle-form  scale.  Common  Oft 
wetland. 

(i;  paupercula,|fs.  (2)  debilis,Mx.   t€oub,Rttdge. 


CAREX,    CARUM.  249 

11.  Sdgmas  three  .-  the  stamens  and  pistils  on  disttnet  spikes :  staminate 
s})ikes  many. 

ren/;-m,  W.  (1)  (P.  J.  H)  staminate  spikes  in  pairs;  pistillate  ones 
cylindric,  somewhat  in  threes,  pednncled,  pendu'ous.  fruit  elliptic, 
obtuse,  often  roughish,  equalling  the  ovate-cuspidate  scale.  On  wet 
ground. 

jjellita,  W.  (2)  (O.  J.  Ju.  11.)  staminate  spikes  in  pairs  ;  pistillate  ones 
in  pairs,  cylindric,  erect,  remote,  upper  one  sessile  :  fruit  ovate,  bifid, 
pilose,  shorter  than  the  awned  oblong  scale.     Common  on  wetland. 

facustris,  W.  (3)  (O.  J.  Ju.  2X.)  staminate  spikes  in  fours  ;  pistillate 
ones  in  pairs,  erect,  cylindric,  peduncled  :  fruit  oblong,  many-nerv- 
ed, beaked,  bifurcate,  longer  than  the  mucrouate-oblong  scale.  On 
wet  land.     A  large  variety  is  called  gigantea. 

vesicaria,V^.  (0.  Ma.  to  Ju.  !(.;  staminate  spikes  in  threes;  pistillate 
ones  somewhat  in  pairs,  peduncled.  cylindric  :  fruit  oblong-inflated^ 
beaked,  bicuspidate,  larger  than  the  lanceolate  scale  :  culm  acutely^ 
3-cornered.     On  wet  land. 

bullata.  W.  (P  W.  J.  2^.)  staminate  spikes  in  threes  ;  pistillate  ones  in 
pairs,  cylindric,  peduncled,  erectish  :  fruit  obovate-glohu'ar,  beaked, 
bifurcate  ;  the  beak  hispid,  and  longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale. 
Common  on  wet  land. 

20—13.     Carpinus.     50.  99. 

americana,  W.  (4)  (hornbeam,  blue  beech.  0.  g.  M.  '^.)  leaves  oblong- 
©vate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate  :  scales  of  the  strobile  3-parted, 
Ihe  middle  division  with  a  lateral  tooth. 

18—1.     Carthamus.     49.  54. 

iinttorius  (false  saffron  safflower.  E.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  entire, 
serrate-aculeate. 

eoerulius  (blue  saifron.  E.  b.  11.)  stem  about  1-flowered  :  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  spine-toothed. 

5—2,     Carum.     45.  60. 

carui  (caraway.  E.  w.  ^ .)  stem  branching  :  leaves  with  ventrieotc 
sheaths  :  partial  iavolncre  none. 

(1)  flacca,  Sh.  (2)  striata,  Mx. 

^S)  riparia;!*.  (4)  virginiana,  BI5. 


250  CARYA^    CASSIA* 

20—13.     Carya.     N.  (1)  50.  94. 

sulcata,  W.  (2)  (shell-bark  hickory  P.  Ap.  ^.)  leafets  about  9,  ob-laa- 
ceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  the  terminal  leafets 
sub-sessile,  tapering  to  the  base  :  fruit  roundish,  4-keeled  ;  nut  sub- 
globose,  a  little  compressed,  smooth,  loug-mucroiiate. 

s<iuamosa,  Mx.  (3)  (shag-walnut,  shag-bark  hickory.  O.  M.  ^.)  leafetS' 
about  7,  long-petioled,  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  vil- 
lose  beneath  ;  the  terminal  leafet  sessile  :  ament  filiform,  glabrous  : 
fruit  globose,  a  little  depressed  :  nut  compressed,  oblique. 

iomentosa,  Mx.  (4)  (white-heart  hickory.  T.  C.  P.  Ap.  1?.)  leafets 
about  9,  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate,  pubescent  beneath, 
scabrous ;  terminal  one  sub-petioled  :  aments  filiform,  very  long, 
tomentose  :  fruit  sub-globose,  smooth,  with  the  pericarp  veiy  thick  ; 
nut  somewhat  6-ar.gled ;  putamen  thick,  hard  to  be  broken  ;  nucleus 
agreeably  tasted. 

#mara,  Mx.  (bitter-nut.  T.  C.  Y.  V.  P.  Hudson.  Ap.  ^.)  leafets  about 
9,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  both  sides ;  the 
terminal  leafet  short-petioled  :  fruit  sub-globose,  with  the  sutures 
prominent  above :  nut  smooth,  sub-globose,  mucronate  ;  puiamea 
easily  broken  ;  nucleus  bitter. 

jpomncf,  Mx.  (pig-nut,  broom  hickory.  O  M.  ^.)  leafets  about  7,  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  both  sides  ;  terminal  leafet  sub- 
sessile  :  fruit  pear-form  or  globose  :  nut  smooth  ;  putamen  very  thick 
and  hard  ;  nucleus  small.  Var.  obcordata,  (5)  has  an  obcordate  nut. 
V&r.Jici/ormis,  has  the  fruit  turbinate  and  nut  oblong. 

10-— 1.     Cassia.     33.  93. 

senna,  (Egyptian  senna.  E.  @.)  leaves  in  6  pairs  ;  petioles  glandless : 
legume  reniforra. 

marilandica,  (wild  senna.  O.  y.  Au.  I^.)  somewhat  glabrous :  leaves 
in  8  pairs,  lance-oblong,  mucronate  ;  flowers  in  axillary  racemes, 
and  in  terminal  panicles:  legumes  linear,  curved.  An  excellent 
mild  cathartic.  B.     River  alluvion. 

chamcecrista,  (cassia,  partridge  pea.  Y.  T.  C.  P.  y.  Au.  ^.)  somewhat 
glabrous  :  leaves  linear,  in  many  pairs,  the  glands  or  the  petioles 
sub-pedicelled  :  petals  with  2  spots:  legumes  pubescent.  A  most 
elegant  plant,  from  8  to  16  inches  high.     Dry  sand,  kc. 

(1)  Juglans,!.  (2)  laciniosa,Mx.    mucronata,  Mx.  ft. 

fo)  canipiessa.  W.    squamosa.  Mx.arb.  (4)  alba.  W^ 

(o)  These  two  varieties  are  the  s^.ecies  obcordata  and  glabra  of  W. ' 


CASSIA,    CEANOTHUS.  251 

fiisciculaia,  (C.  P.  y.  Ju.  0.)  somouhat  glabrous  :  leaves  at  the  sum- 
mit, in  y  pairs  :  fascicles  many-flowered,  lateral :  petals  and  stamens 
cf  i!:e  same  colour:  legumes  glabrous,  ascending,  arched. 

niciilans,  (C.  P  New-England.  Pursh.  y.  Ju.  0.)  spreading,  pubescent ; 
leaves  in  many  pairs,  linear ;  glands  of  the  petioles  pedicelled  :  pe- 
duncles short,  supra-axillaiy,  2  or  3-flowered  ;  flowers  pentandrous. 
The  leaves  of  this  species,  and  of  the  chamaecrista,  possess  a  con* 
siderable  degree  of  irritability. 

20—13.     Castanea.     50.  99. 

Americana,  Mk.  (1)  (chesnut.  O.  g.  J.  ^.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  sinuate- 
serrate,  with  the  serratures  raucronate,  glabrous  both  sides.  Large 
tree. 

pumila,  (chinquapin.  P.  g.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  acute,  mucronate* 
serrate,  with  white  down  beneath.     Small  tree. 

2—1.     Catalpa.  J.     40.  45. 
syring(Bfolia,  Sims.  (2)  (catalpa  tree.  P.  w.  k  p.  Ju.  >>.)  leaves  cordatej 
flat.     An  elegant  tree.     Cultivated. 

22—2.     Catharin^a.  (3)     56.  4. 
undulata,  leaves  lanceolate,   serrate,  undulated,  crisped  when   drj  ; 
capsule  cylindric  :  lid  subulate.     In  woods  and  shades. 

20—1.     Caulinia.     13.  6. 

Jlexilix,  (water  knot-grass.  T.  C.  P.  Y.  Au.  ®.)  leaves  in  sixes,  toothei 
at  the  apex,  spreading.     Immersed  in  ditches,  &ic. 

fragilis,  (P.  S.  0.)  leaves  in  threes  or  opposite,  linear-subulate,  re- 
curved, aculeate-toothed,  rigid.    Immersed. 

6—1.     Caulophyllum.  Mx.  (4)     24.  61. 
fhalictj-oides,  (poppoose  root,   false  cohosh.  O.  p-y.  Ap.  It.)  very  gla- 
brous :  leaves  more  than  decompound  ;  leafets  oval,  the  lower  ones 
petioled  and  lobed,  the  end  ones  3-lobed.  Berries  dark  blue.  Woody, 

5 — 1.     CEANOTHUS.     43.  95. 
miericanus,  (New-Jersey  tea.  O.  w.  J.  T?.)  leaves  ovate,   acuminate, 
serrate,   3-nerved,   pubescent  beneath  :  panicles  axillary,  long-pc- 
dnncled,  sub-corymbed. 

(i)  Fasfus  castanen.L.        (2)  cordifolia,  E.    bi^nonioido"),  Wr.   Bignonia  catalpa,  t^ 
(^3)  Polytrichuna,  t.  (4)  Leontice,  L. 


252  GELASTRUS,    CENOMtCE. 

5—^1.     Celastrus.     43.  95. 
■scandens,  W.  (false  bittersweet,  staff  tree.  O.  y-w.  J.  1?.)  stem  twining  : 
leaves  oblon;^;,  acuminate,  serrate  :  racemes  terminal.     Retains  its 
scarlet  berries  through  the  winter,  though  dry,  and  generally  open- 
ing by  valves. 

5—2.     Celtis.     53.  99. 

octldcntalis,  W.  (nettle  tree.  P.  w.  M.  ^  )  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
equiilly  serrate  except  near  the  base  ;  scabrous  above,  rough-haired 
beneath  :  fruit  solitary. 

e^fssifolia,  W.  (hag-berry,  hoop  ash.  C  T.  P.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  ovate^ 
acu.Tiinate,  unequally  serrate,  unequally  cordate  at  the  base,  sub- 
coriaceous  ;  peduncles  about  2-flowered.  Very  abundant  in  the 
Highlands. 

3 — 1.     Cenchrus.    4.  10. 

echinatus,  (hedgehoq;  grass.  P.  C.  Au.  ^.)  spike  oblong,  conglomerate  : 

involucre  sub-?lobose,  lO-parted. 
Iribuloides,  (C  P.  Jn.  0.)  spike  domerate,   with  alternate  spikelets  : 

pistillate  glumes  globose,  muricate-spiiiose,  hirsute.     Sandy  marsh. 

22—5.     CrscMYCE.  (1)     57.  2. 

1.  Frond  foHaceoi'^  :  pedvnde  (no det'm)  fistulous,  dilated  upwards,  bear- 
ing cups,  or  altenuate-su  ulate  :  the  cups  closed  with  truiisverse  mem- 
branes. 

(Receptacles  sooty-yellow  or  pale.) 

alcicornis,  frond  foliaceous,  marked,  becoming  pale  green  ;  divisions 
sulj-palmate,  ascending,  renand-toothed,  ootuse,  indexed,  fascicles  of 
hairs  at  the  margin  :  peduncles  loT<'-turbinate,  all  bearing  cups, 
smooth  ;  cups  regula-,  crei-ate,  at  leiigth  leafy  and  proliferous  at  the 
margin  :  receptacles  yellowish  or  tdwny. 

pyxidatfi,  frond  foliaceous ;  divisions  crerulate,  ascending  :  peduncles 
all  turbinate,,  cup-form,  trlabrous,  at  length  warty-granulate,  scabrous, 
greenish-grey  :  c-^ps  regular,  afterwards  the  margin  is  extended  and 
proliferous :  receptacles  tawny. 

jimhrima,  frond  foliac  ons ;  divisions  small,  crenate  :  peduncl«=>s  elon- 
gated, cvllndric,  bearing  cups  :  so  ne  are  awl-form,  very  thinly-pul- 
rerulent,  white  :  cups  wine-glass-form,  regular  ;  margin  entire  and 
erenate,  at  length  proliferous:  receptacles  tawny. 

•0)  Bsemyces  of  AcLarius  in  a  former  edition  oi  lii*  work: 


CENOMYCE.  253 

^onorega,  frond  foliaceous  ;  divisions  broadish,  gash-crcnulate  :  pe- 
duncles longish,  glabrous,  somewhat  warty,  glaucous  or  whitish- 
green ;  when  dying,  it  becomes  dark-coloured,  white-dotted  ;  all 
bearing  cups,  which  are  irregular,  somewhat  torn-radiate  ;  margin 
proliferous,  leafy  ;  receptacles  tawny. 

(Receptacles  scarlet  or  dark  red.) 

bacUlaris,  frond  foliaceous,  minute  ;  divisions  gash-lobed,  crenate,  na- 
kedish  beneath  :  peduncles  cylindric,  simple,  sub-ramose  at  the  apex, 
white-cinereous,  with  pulverulent  granulations  ;  rarely  bearing  cups, 
which  are  narrow,  at  length  radiate  :  receptacles  scarlet.  On  de- 
caying trunks. 

defonnls,  frond  foliaceous,  minute  ;  divisions  broadish,  gashed,  crenate, 
naked  beneath  :  peduncles  long,  thick,  sub-ventricose,  sulphur-co- 
lour, thinly-pulverulent ;  bearing  cups,  which  are  narrow,  crenate- 
toothed,  at  length  dilated  and  torn  :  receptacles  sessile  and  pedicel- 
led,  scarlet.     On  the  earth  in  woods  and  mountains. 

eoccifera,  frond  foliaceous,  minute  ;  divisions  round,  crenate,  naked 
beneath  :  peduncles  long-turbinate,  naked,  warty-scabrous,  pale-yel- 
lowish, cinereous  and  green  ;  all  bearing  cups,  which  are  wine-glass- 
form  ;  margin  extended,  fertile  :  receptacles  rather  large,  at  length 
roundish,  scarlet. 

2.  Frond  leafy  :  pedwnde  (p'-xletldi)  fistulous,  dilated  above,  bearing  cups, 

which  are  not  closed. 

parecha,  frond  foliaceous,  largish  ;  divisions  narrow,  pinnatifid,  crenu- 
late  :  peduncles  smooth,  pale,  obconic,  cup-form  ;  cup  somewhat 
pervious  ;  margin  torn,  dentate;  the  proliferous  parts  ramose,  thic^t, 
not  cup-form  ;  apexes  denticulate  :  receptacles  terminal,  aggi'egate, 
tawny.     Often  on  sterile  earth. 

3.  Frond  leafy :  peduncles  (podetia)  suh-fistulous,  cylindric,  simple,  split 

at  the  apex,  or  sub-digitate-rayed  ;  rays  al!  fertile. 

cariosa,  frond  foliaceous,  minute  ;  lobes  crenulale  :  peduncle  white, 
latticed  as  if  womi-cuten,  warty-granulate,  divided  somewhat  in  a 
digitate  form  at  the  apex  :  branches  fastigiate  :  receptacles  crowded;, 
dark-tawny. 

symphycarpa,  frond  foliaceous  ;  lobes  raundish,  crenulate,  livid  :  pe- 
duncles shortish,  smooth,  subdivided  at  the  apex  :  receptacles  heap- 
ed together,  tawny. 

X 


254  CENOMYCE. 

delicafft,  frond  foliaceous ;  lobes  minute,  erose-laclniate,  granulated : 

peduncles  glabrous,  granulate,  pale,  somev;hat  divided  at  the  apex; 

branches   very  short:  receptacles  conglomerate,   dark-tawny.     On 

decaying  trunks  or  earth. 
ctipitafa,  frond  foliaceous  ;  lobes  imbricated,  somewhat  olive-coloured  : 

peduncles  sub-simide,  somewhat  straw-like  :  receptacles  heaped  in 

a  sub-globular  form,  reddish-yellow, 

4.  Frond  lec>fy,  almost  wanting  or  disappearing  :  peduncle  (podetia)  car- 
tilaginous, rigid,  Jistuluus,  all  altenuatcd  and  subulate,  ramose,  mosthj 
perforated  at  the  axils. 

Rcicuhtris,  peduncles  stiffly-erect,  terete,  warty-v.'rinkled,  white,  sub- 
simple  :  receptacles  capitate,  sub-glcbose,  sub-solitary,  shining,  dark- 
tawny. 
furcaln,  peduncle  elongated,  smooth,  livid,  and  somewhat  chesnut- 
brown,  dlchotomous  :  axils  not  perforated  :  branches  aricular,  carv- 
ed, forked  at  the  apes,  diverging:  receptacles  of  the  fertile  one-s 
tawny. 

inicialis,  peduncles  elongated,  glabrous,  pale,  dichotomous :  axils  per- 
forated, standing  open  ;  apex  of  the  branches  spreading,  short,  rigid  : 
receptacles  terminal,  becoming  tawny. 

aduncrt,  peduncles  pale  or  hoary,  fork-branched  :  axils  perforated  ; 
apes  of  the  branches  radiately  hook-spined  :  receptacles  capitate, 
pale-tawny.     A  variety  of  the  last .' 

rangifenna,  peduncles  elongated,  cylindric,  erect,  somewhat  scabrous, 
becoming  clnereouf,  ramose  :  axils  at  length  perforated  :  branches 
scattered  and  sub-divided,  the  extreme  branchlets  sub-radiated  ; 
apexes  noddirg  :  receptacles  of  the  fertile  ones  sub-globose,  aggre- 
gate, tawiiy. 

fiiflvatica,  peduncles  uhlte-lioary,  softisli,  thickish  and  turgid  :  branches 
short,  scattered,  terminal,  erectish,  sub-fasti giate  :  apex  sometimes 
dilated,  and  someu  hat  torn.     Variety  of  the  last  ? 

Hlpeslris,  peduncles  white,  softish,  ven*'"  branching  :  branches  and 
.  branchlets  ititerwoven,  terminal,  forming  a  dense  thyrse. 

Q.  Frond  none:  pedun^lr.  (podet'm)  soft,  sub-solid,   subulate,   somewhat 
branched,  (sterile  :)  axils  not  perforated. 

vermicularis,  peduncle  somewhat  awl-form,  <^nb-slmple.  smooth,  vcrv 
while,  t:uli-fistu!ou~.  zigzag,  prostrate. 


CEXTAUREA^    CPniAMlUM.  255 

13 — 3.     Centaurea.     4D.  54. 

cyanus  (blue-boUle.  E.  b.  w.  r.  J.  0.)  scales  of  the  calyx  serrate  : 
leaves  linear,  entire  ;  lower  ones  toothed.  Naturalized,  and  now 
common  in  fields,  Lc. 

benedicla,  (blessed  thistle.  E.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  semi-decurrent,  tooth- 
spinose  :  calyx  with  branched  spines.     Cultivated. 

jacea,  (knapweed.  P.  p  Ju.  2|.)  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  5  radical  oae^ 
sub-dentate:  branches  angular  :  calyx  scarious. 

solslitialis,  (D.  y.  Ju.  f^.)  calyx  palmate-spinose,  solitary  :  spines 
straight:  leaves  hoary,  lauce-lincar,  decurrent,  entire  ;  radical  ones 
lyrate.     Naturalized. 

centaurium^  (great  centaury.  E.  11.)  leaves  pinnate,  glabrous  ;  Icafets 
sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  decurrcnt :  calyx  smooth. 

scabiosa,  (scabrous  century.  E.  If.)  leaves  pinnatilld,  roughish  ;  divi- 
sions lanceolate,  spreading,  acute,  pinnatilid  at  the  base  :  calyx  ci- 
liate. 

suaveolenSf  (yellow  sultana.  E.  0.)  leaves  lyratc-plnnatifid  :  calyx 
smooth. 

moschata,  (sweet  sultana.  E.  0.)  leaves  slightly  pinnatifid  ;  lov.*er  di- 
visions mostly  entire  :  calyx  smooth. 

Centaurella,  see  Bartonia. 

4 — 1.     Cephalantuus.     4S.  66. 
eccidenlalis,  (button  bush.  O.  w.  Ju.  T;).)  leaves  opposite  and  In  threcs- 
ova',  acuminate.     Inflorescence  a  round  head.     Swamp?. 
22—4.     Ceramium.  (1)     57.  2. 
1.  Red  or  reddish, 
ruhrum,    threads    dichotomous,   very  branching,    suh-cartilagiuous  : 
branchlets   forked  ;  joints  ovate,   opake  ;  knee-joints  contracted  : 
capsules  involucred.     Bays,  &.c. 
diaphanum,  threads  dichotomous,  very  branching,  sub-membranaceou?, 
variegated  with  purple  and  hyaline  ;  branchlets  forceps-like  ;  joints 
cylindric,   hyaline  ;    knee-joints  elevated  :    capsules   involucred. — 
Bays,  &ic. 

2.   Yellowish  or  rusl-colour. 
ferr.igineum,  threads  slender,  divaricately  ramose,  loosely  entangled  : 
joints  twice  as  long  as  their  diameter.     Sea. 

(1)  Species  of  Conferva  of  Linneus  and  others,  excepting'  the  aurcum,  which  is  a 
Bvssus. 


256       CERAMIUM^  CERATOPHYLLUM. 

liUorah,  threads  very  slender,  woven  into  a  rope-like  frond  :  branched 
erect  J  joints  with  their  length  equalling  their  diameter.     Lakes,  &,c. 

cirrAo^itm,  branches  pinnate,  spreading,  approximate,  stiff  and  straight: 
len<^t;i  of  the  joints  nearly  equalling  their  diameters.  Seas,  bays,&Lc^ 

aureum,  threads  llcxnose,  fascicled  in  a  dense,  soft,  cushion-like  tuft : 
branches  elongated,  spreading,  somewhat  rigid  :  joints  twice  as  long 
as  their  diameters.  On  damp  rocks,  as  in  Castleton,  Vt.  on  oveii- 
flo wed  timber,  fcc. 

10—5.     Cerastium.     22.  82. 

mlgahun,  S.  (mouse-ear  chickweed.  O.  w.  Ap.  0.)  hirsute,  viscid, 
cespitose  r  leaves  ovate  :  petals  oblong,  about  equal  to  the  calyx  : 
flowers  longer  than  the  peduncle. 

umidccandrum,  W.  (Y.  P.  w.  M.  %.)  hirsute,  viscid  :  leaves  ovate-ob- 
long, acute  :  petals  emarginate,  shorter  than  the  calyx :  peduncles 
longer  than  the  calyx  :  flowers  pentandrous. 

»rvense,  W.  (T.  P.  w.  J.  2^.)  pubescent,  cespitose  :  leaves  lance-linear, 
obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  distance  between  the 
joints  of  the  stem :  petals  obcordate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
leafets  of  the  calyx  obtuse. 

dichotomum,  M.  (P.  w.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate  :  stem  diehotomous  : 
capsules  erect,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

viscosum,  W.  (P.  C.  T.  w.  M.  2i.)  hirsute,  viscous,  diffuse  ;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  obtusish  :  petal?  obovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ca- 
lyx :  flowers  shorter  than  the  peduncle. 

tenuifolium,  Ph.  (P.  C.  w.  M.  11.)  very  slender,  pubescent,  cespitose  : 
leaves  narrow-linear,  longer  than  the  distance  between  the  joints  of 
the  stem  :  petals  obovate,  emarginate,  about  thrice  as  long  as  the 
acute  calyx. 

glutinusum,  N.  (1)  (P.  D,  w.  J.  U-  or  0.)  viscid,  with  soft  hafVs  ;  erecfc 
leaves  elongated,  distant,  oblong-linear,  acute  ;  radical  ones  spatu- 
late  :  petals  oblong,  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx  :  pe- 
duncles at  length  much  longer  than  the  flower,  though  shorter  at 
first. 

20 — 13.     Ceratophyllum.     15.  91. 

demcr.rum,  (hornwort.  C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  8  in  a  whorl,  dichotomou« 
in  pairs,  tooth-spined  on  the  back  :  flowers  axillary  •  friat   3-spiae^ 

(I)  nutans,  R.  ?    longepeduncHlnUiin.  M. 


CERCIS,    CHARA.  257 

10—1.     Ckrcis.     33.  93. 
canadensis,  (red-bud,  judas  tree.  D.  P.  Can.  r.  M.  '^.)    leaves  round- 
heart-form,  acuminate,  villose  at  the  axils  of   the  nerves :  stipules 
minute  :  legumes  short-stiped. 

22—5.     Cetraria.     57.  2. 

islandica,  (1)  (the  Iceland  lichen,  iceland  moss.  C.  Y.)  frond  olive- 
chesnut-brown,  at  the  base  reddish-white,  white  beneath  ;  divisions 
erectish,  sub-linear,  many-cleft,  channelled,  tooth-ciliate  ;  the  fertile 
ones  dilated  :  receptacles  close-pressed,  flat,  one-coloured  ;  margin 
frond-like,  elevated,  entire.  On  saudy  plains,  as  on  the  barren  plains 
near  Beaver  ponds  in  Xew-Haveu,  where  it  covers  the  earth  very 
densely  in  many  places. 

funiperina,  frond  pale-yellow,  very  yellow  beneath  :  divisions  flat, 
ascending,  erose-crenate,  crisped  :  receptacles  elevated  ;  disk  liver- 
brown  ;  margin  frond-like,  crenulate.     On  trunks  and  branches. 

piriastri,  frond  with  divisions  depressed,  round-lobed,  crenate  ;  margin 
crisped,  pulverulent,  very  yellow.     A  variety  of  the  last  ? 

ciliaris,  frond  livid-tawny,  reticuiate-lacunose,  white  beneath  ;  divi- 
sions crisped,  ciliate  :  receptacles  somewhat  elevated,  dark-tawny  ; 
margin  frond-like,  crenate. 

laeunosa,  frond  ample,  whitish-green,  rugose-reticulate,  cellular,  whiter 
beneath,  rou::d-l->bed  ;  margin  torn-crenate  :  receptacles  hu-ge,  ele- 
%'ated,  reddish-yellow  ;  margin  frond-like,  fiesuose,  sub-entire. 

5 — 2.     Ch/Ekophyllum.     43.  60. 
procumbenSj   (2)  (chervil.  C.  P.  w.  IM.  0.)    seeds  shining,  smooth  ; 
leaves  decompound  :.  stem  procumbent:  umbels  lew-flowered. 

20—1.     Chara.     15.  6. 
vulgaris,  W.  (feather-beds.  O.  Jn.  0.)  stem  and  branches  naked  at  the 
base;    branchlets   terete;   j 'i'lts   leafy;    leaves   oblong-subulate; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  bdrry.      Odour   disagreeable.     Ponds  and 
ditches  mostly  stagnant. 
foliosa,  W.  (P.  Ju.  '^.)  stem  naked,  papillose  above  :  branchlets  terete 
at  the  base  and  in  the  leafy  joints  ;  leaves   linear  :  bracts  shorter 
tlian  the  berry.     In  clear  water. 
ftexUi3,\y.  (P.  W.  Au.0.)  stem  translucent;  naked;  branchlets  joint^ 

(1)  "bysica  islandica,  Mx. 

f;-)  Ssamlis  procnm«>ens,  \V.    See  Urasporrautn-. 

X  2 


258  CHAUA^    CIIEXOPODIUM. 

less,  leafless,  compressed  ;  berries  lateral,,  naked.     Ponds  in  Stock- 
bridge. 
glabra,  M.  (P.  Ju.)  whole  plant  glabrous. 

22 — 1.     Cheilanthes.     55.  5. 
ves!ita,W.  (lip-fern.  P.   2^.)  frond  doubly  pinnate,   hairy  both  sides: 
leafets   plnnatifid  }  divisions  oljlong,   obtuse,  entire  :  stipe  and  ra- 
cemes rough-haired.     Small,  on  rocks. 

15—2.     Cheiranthus.     39.  63. 
cheiri,  (wall-flower.    E.   J.   U-)    leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous. 

.branches  angled  :  stem  somewhat  of  a  woody  texture. 
fenes'ralis,  (waved  wall-fiower.  E.  ^ .)  leaves  crowded  together  in  a 

head,  recurved,  undulate  :  stem  undiv'ided. 
amiuus,  (siock  july-flower.  E.  Ju.  @.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-dentate. 

obtuse,  hoary  :  silique  cylindric,  with  an  acute  apex. 
iiicanus,  (brompton  stock,  brompton  queens.  E.  ^  .)  leaves  lanceolate, 

entire,  obtuse,  hoary  :  silique  truncate,  compressed  at  the  apex  :  stem 

somewhat  of  a  woody  texture. 

13—1.     Chelidonium.     27.  62. 

majns.  \Y.  (celandiue.  O.  y.  M.  Z|.)  umbels  axillary,  peduncled  :  leaves 
alternate,  pinnate,  lobed. 

14—2.     CuELONE.     40.  45. 

glabra  (snakebead.  O.  w.  k  r.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  opposite,  lance-oblong, 
acuminate^  serrate  ;  spikes  terminal,  dense-flowered.  Some  authors 
make  a  species  obliqua,  which  they  say,  has  all  the  leaves  opposite, 
and  that  the  glabra  has  the  lower  leaves  alternate — sed  quere  ? — 
Damp. 

5 — 2.     Chenotodium.     12.  29. 

bonus-henricus  (english  mercury.  E.  g.  J.  !(.)  leaves  triangular,  saggi- 

tate,  entire  ;  spikes  compound,  leafless,  axillary. 
rubrum  (rusty  pigweed.  O.  r-g.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  triangular-cordate,  ob- 

tusishj  sinuate-toothed  :  racemes  erectish,  compound,  sub-foliaceous, 

shorter  than  the  stem.     Frequent  about  gardens,  &:c.  perhaps  Intro. 

duced. 
«.lbum  (pigweed.  0.  g.  Ju.  @.)  leaves  rhomboid-ovate;  erose,  entire 


(JIIENOPODIUM,    CKORDAllIA.  259 

behind,  the  upper  ones  oblong,  entire,  seed  smooth.     Var.  viride, 

leaves  lance-rhomboid,  sinuate-tootiiod  :  racemes  ramose,  sub-folia- 

eeous  :  stem  very  green. 
hyhridum  (0.  g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  cordate,    angled-acuminate  :  racemes 

branching,  divaricate,  naked. 
io/ry5(oak-of-jerusalem.  O.  g.  J.  0.)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate  ;  racemes 

naked,  many-cleft.     Sweet  scented. 
«Hi&rosiou/e5,  W.  (sweet  pigweed.  C.  P.  g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate, 

toothed  :  racemes  leafy,  simple.     Sweet  scented. 
anthehninlicum  (wormseed.  Y.  C.  P.  g.  An.  11.)  leaves  ovate,  oblongj 

rarely  toothed  ;  racemes  leafless  :  styles  3.     Odour  strong  and  disa> 

greeable.     A  good  anthelmintic.  B. 
marilimum  (sea  pigweed.  C.  P.  Y..g.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  subulate,   fleshy, 

semi-terete  :  flowers  glomerate,  axillary.     On  the  sea-coast. 
glaucum   (C.  H.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  repand,  glaucous  beneath  ;  ra- 
cemes naked,  simple,  glomerate. 
scoparium  (summer  cypress.  E.)  leaves  fiat,  lance-linear,   margin  cili- 

ate  :  flowers  glomerate,  axillary. 

10—1.     CuniAPHiLA,  Ph.     (1)   18.  51. 
maculata,  W.  (spotted  Avinter-green.  O.  w.  Ju.  11)  leaves  lanceolate^ 

rounded  at  the  base,  remotely  serrate,  marked  with  long  spots  :  scape 

2  or  3-flowered  ;  filaments  woolly.     Woods. 
nmbellatay  W.  (prince's  pine,  bitter  wintergreen.  O.  r-\v.  Ju.  2L^.)  leaves 

wedge  lanceolate,  with  an  acute  base:  scape  coiymbed :  filaments 

glabrous.    Both  species  are  tonics   and  diuretics,  and  resemble  in 

their  effects  the  Arbutus  uva-ursi.  B. 

2 — 1.     Chionakthus.    44.  37. 
virginica  (fringe  tre*-.  C.  P.  w.  M.  >>.)  panicle  terminal,  trifid  :  pedun- 
cles 3-flowered  :  leaves  acute.     Berries  purplish  blue. 
Chironia,  see  Sabbatia. 
22—4.     Chordaria.     (2)  57.  2. 
filum,  frond  filiform,   very  simple,  terete,  attenuate  at  the  apex  and 

(i)  Pyrola,  L.  The  Chimaphila  was  long  united  to  the  Pvrola.  Though  they  possess 
St.  0112;  botanical  affiniues  ih»y  differ  quite  as  u^u-  I.  in  habit,  and  sensible  as  well  as- 
medi.inal  properties,  as  other  grenera  of  the  natural  orcier  Ericae.  Such  divisions  of 
the  Linnean  genera  where  the  ''  natural  grenus  jrivcs  the  chyracters,"  outiht  to  be  adop- 
ted.  Lut  divisions  founded  on  any  artificial  chamcier,  however  coniUiit  and  deci-ive- 
inj  we  the  science.  (^jFucus,  L' 


260 

base,  constructed  of  fibres  spirally  twisted.     Colour  tawny  olive, 
substance  tenaceous.     Sea. 

18 — 2.     Chrysanthemum.     49.  55. 
Itucanthenxwn  (ox-eyed  daisy.  O.  J.  2/.)  leaves  clasping,  lanceolate, 

serrate,  cut-toothed  at  the  base  :  stem  erect,  branching.     Fields. 
partheriium    (feverfew.  E.)  leaves   petioled,  compound,  flat  :  leafets 

ovate,  gashed  :  peduncles  branching,  corymbed  :  stem  erect. 
carinalum   (three-coloured  daisy.  E.  r.  w.   Au.  0.)  leaves  bipinnate, 

fleshy,  glabrous  :  scale  of  the  calyx  carinate. 
coroimrium  (garden  chry-santheraum.  E.  Au.  0.)  leaves  bipinnatifid, 

acute,  broader  outwards  :  stem  branching. 

18—1.     Chrvsocoma.     49.  55. 

virgata  (goldy  locks.  D.  y.)  herbaceous,  smooth  :  leaves  narrow-linear  : 
branches  corymbed,  fastigiate  :  calyx  oblong,3or4-flowered;  scales 
glutinous,  close-pressed. 

3 — 2.     Chrysosplenium.     13.  84. 
oppositifolium  (golden  saxifrage,  water-carpet.  O.  y-r.  M.  11.)  leaves 
opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  for  a  little  distance  to 
the  petiole.     In  rivulets,  springs,  Lc. 

17_10.     CicER.     32.  93. 

aridlnum  (chick-pea  E.  %.)  peduncle  1-flowered  :  seeds  globose,  gib- 
bous :  leaves  serrate. 

18—1.     CicHORiuM.     49.  53. 

^/ifeus  (succory  or  endive.  O.  b.  Ju.  If.)  flowers  axillary,  in  pairs,  ses- 
sile ;  leaves  runcinate. 

aidivia  (garden  endive.  E.  ^ .)  peduncles  axillary,  in  pairs;  one  long, 
1-flovvered,  the  other  short,  about  4-flowered  .  leaves  oblong,  denti- 
culate,    Var.  crispum,  has  fringed  leaves  and  solitary  flowers. 

5—2.     CicuTA.     45.  60. 

cirnsa  (^vater  hemlock.  E.  2i  )  umbels  opposite  to  the  leaves ;  petioles 
mar-^ined,  obtuse  :  leafets  teruate,  acutely  serrate.  Root  containing 
ayellow^  juice. 

Ibulbifera  (O.  Ju.  24  )  branches  bearing  bulbs  in  whorls  :  leaves  fennel 
like.    Damp. 


CICUTA,    CTSTUS.  261 

maculata  (O.w.Ja.  11.)  serratnres  of  the  leaves  mucronate  :  petioles 
membranaceous:  2-lobed  at  the  apex.     Damp. 

Cimicifuga,  see  Macrotys. 

18—2.     Ci.vERARiA.     49.  55. 
heterophylla  (asliwort.  P.  y.  M.  2^.)  downy  :  radical  leaves  loner-peti- 
oled,  obovate-spatulate  ;  also  ovate,  acutisb,  and  pinnatifid  ;  cauline 
2-3,  linear,  pinnatifid  :  flowers  coryrabed. 

1—2.      ClNNA.      4.    10. 

arundinacea  (1)  (indian  reed.  W.  V.  C.)  glabrous  :  panicle  lar^e,  many- 
flowered,  capillary  :  one  valve  somewhat  awned  below  at  the  apex. 

2—1.     CiRCAEA.     48.  88. 

hdetiana  (2)  (enchanter's  nightshade.  0.  r-w.  Ju.  11.)  stem  erect: 
leaves  ovate,  denticulate,  somewhat  glabrous.  Var.  fl/pi/io,  has  ar 
ascending  stem,  leaves  sub-cordate,  and  the  calyx  membranaceous. 
This  variety  is  generally  considered  as  a  distinct  species.  But  they 
certainly  pass  into  each  other  by  almost  imperceptible  gradations. 
Damp. 

13—1.     CisTus.     (3)  20.  80. 

canadensis  (rock  rose,  frost  plant.  0.  y.  J.  24!)  without  stipules,  erect ; 
leaves  alternate,  erect,  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  tomentose  beneath  ; 
divisions  of  the  calyx  broad-ovate-acuralnate  :  capsules  shorter  than 
the  calyx.  At  the  foot  of  the  Pine-rock,  New-Haven,  the  barren 
plains  produce  great  quantities  of  this  plant.  In  Nov.  and  Dec.  of 
1816,  I  saw  hundreds  of  these  plants  sending  out  broad,  thin,  curved 
ice  crystals,  about  an  inch  in  breadth  from  near  the  roots.  These 
were  melted  away  by  day,  and  renewed  every  morning,  for  more 
than  20  days  in  succession. 

ramidiflorum,  Mx.  (D.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  without  stipules,  erect  :  powdery-to- 
mentose  :  leaves  alternate,  oblong,  acute,  revolute  at  the  margin, 
tomentose  beneath  :  racemes  short,  about  3-flowered  at  the  summit : 
divisions  of  the  calyx  orbicular,  pulverulent  :  capsule  globose,  of  the 
length  of  the  calyx.     Dry,  sandy. 

Qorymbosum  (D.  W.  J.  2^.)  without  stipules  erect,  ramose,  minutely 
pubescent :    leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  whitish-downy  beneath : 

n)  AgrostJs  cinna.  Ph..  (?)  canadensis,  ^5.  (3)  Heliantheiaum,  J- 


262  CITRUS,    CLAVARIA. 

corymb  fastigiate,  with  numerous  crowded  flowers  :  divisions  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  acute  :  capsule  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  •  Dry, 
sandy. 

13—1.     Citrus.     18.  70. 
aiiranHum  (orange  tree.'E.  w.  Tp .)  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  Avith  the  pe* 

ttoles  winged  or  margined. 
medica  (lemon  tree.  E.  w.  J.  f?.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  with  linear 

wingless  petioles.     Var.  limon  (lime  tree)  bears  smaller  fruit,  whicfe 

is  almost  round. 

22—6.     Clavaria.     58.  1. 
1 .  Corol-like  ;  da  rate  jnleus  branched. 
(Stems  or  stipes  very  thick.) 
/or/nosa,  very  branching  :  stem  sub-decumbent,  thick,  w^hite  :  branches 
elongated,   rose-orange  }  bi-ai.ehlets  obtuse,  becoming  yellow.     In 
groves. 
Jlava,  stem  thick,  white  :  branches  and  branchlets  straight,  shortish,  yel- 
low.    In  autumn  it  grows  in  shady  woods,  about  3  inches  long. 
botry'.ls,  sub-deformed  ;  stem  very  thick,  ^decumbent,  becoming  palish- 
white  :  branches  shortish,  sub-rugose  ;  branchlets  obtuse,  red.     Oa 
fallen  trees,  kc. 

(Stems  slender,  or  not  so  thick  as  to  equal  all  the  branches  taken  to- 
gether.) 

2)almata,  somewhat  winged  or  wing-like,  becoming  pale  :  stem  slen- 
der :  branches  sub-compressed,  palmate.  About  3  inches  long,  and 
the  breadth  about  the  same. 

corniculata,  sub-ramose,  yellow  :  stem  slender,  elongated,  twice  ter- 
nately  divided  in  forks  ;  branchlets  acute.  Branches  mostly  com- 
pressed ;  branchlets  a  little  woolly.  In  woods,  one  and  a  half  inch 
long. 

hyssistda,  various,  sub-ramose,  small,  pale,  reddish-yellow  ;  rootlets 
byssus-like  or  flax-like,  Avhite,  sessile  or  sitting  down.  Springs  up 
among  fallen  leaves,  he. 

mucida,\n  groups,  minute,  simple  and  ramose,  white  :  apex  ochre  co- 
lour :  sitting  down  with  a  tomentose  base.  On  decaying  trunks,  &c. 
about  the  fourth  of  an  inch  long,  substance  tough. 

cornea,  in  groups,  minute,  viscid,  becoming  yellow,  simple  and  ramose; 


CLAVARIA^    CLEMATIS.  263 

connate  at  the  bases.     On  trunks  in  autumn,  scarcely  the  fourth  of 
an  inch  long. 

2.  Simple  ;  the  clavate  pileus  not  branched. 

Ugula,  sub-cespitose,  pale  reddish-yellow,  opake,  various,  villous  and 
slender  at  the  base,  terete  or  sub-compressed  at  the  apex.  Adher- 
ing to  branches,  k.c.  about  2  inches  long. 

pistillaris,  solitary,  large,  thick,  from  yellow  becoming  a  little  reddish  ; 
round  at  the  apex.  Nearly  cylindric  at  first,  and  becoming  thick  and 
sub-rugose.     Has  a  bitter  taste. 

fusiformis,  cespitose,  heaped  together,  orange  :  clavate  pileus  attenua- 
ted, sub-tenacious,  cohering  at  the  base.     In  woods. 

Jlavipes,  cespitose,  fragile  :  clavate  pileus,  sub-falcate,  acuminate,  pale 
approximate  at  the  base  :  shining,  yellow. 

t-burnea,  cespitose,  crowded,  fragile,  snow-white.  In  shady  woods  oa 
the  earth.  Very  variable  ;  but  distinguished  by  being  white  and 
fragile. 

herbarum,  in  groups,  minute,  lanceolate,  sub-tenaceous  ;  becoming 
dark -olive.  Hardly  belongs  to  this  genus.  About  one  sixth  of  an 
inch  long,  on  leaves  and  other  herbage. 

muscicola,  very  minute,  white,  suh-incrassate,  curved,  all  glabrous ;  sit- 
ting down  with  globose  tubercles. 

gyrans,  on  leaves  ;  wholly  white,  filiform  ;  stipe  with  long  pubescence. 
In  autarau.     Stipe  white,  weak. 

5—1.     CLAYToyiA.     1.3.  86. 

rirghiica,  Vi.  (spriiig  beauty.  T.  Y.  C.  \v.  k,  r.  Ap.  U-)  leaves  lance-lin- 
ear ,  raceme  solitary  :  leaves  of  the  calyx  acutish  :  petals  obovatc, 
retuse  :  root  tuberous.     Thin  woods. 

apcdulata  (1)  (spring  beauty.  H.w.  &  r.  Ap.  11-)  leaves  spatulate  :  ra- 
ceme solitary  :  leaves  of  the  calyx  obtuse  :  petals  roundish,  retase  : 
root  tuberous.  Leaves  nearer  the  flowers  than  those  of  the  virgini- 
ca,  and  much  broader. 

13—13.     Cr.r.srATi:'.     26.  61. 
vlliceUa  (purple  virgin's  bower.  E.  p.  Ju.  2;.)  climbing:  leaves  com- 
pound and  decompound  ;  leafets  oval,  .sub-lobate,  entire  :  petals  ol?- 
ovate,  spreading. 

(1)  «j<hathulaefolin;  Ph.    caro!i:i;ana,  Mx. 


264  CLEMATIS,    CNICUS. 

viorna,  W.  (1)  (leather  flower.  P.  b.  J.  ^ .)  climbing  :  leaves  compound 
and  decompound  ;  leafels  lance-oval,  acute  at  both  ends,  trifid  and 
entire  :  flowers  solitary,  bell-form  :  petals  thick,  leathery,  acuminate, 

tiirginica,  (virgin's  bower.  O.  vv.  Ju.  ^.)  climbing:  leaves  ternate  ; 
leafets  ovate,  sub-cordate,  gash-toothed  and  lobate  :  corymbs  dicho- 
tomous,  few-flowered  :  petals  longer  than  the  stamens.  Otten  dioe- 
cious. 

Jlammula,  (sweet  virgin's  bower.  E.  ^.) lower  leaves  laciniate  ;  upper 
ones  simple,  entire,  lanceolate. 

§chroleuca,  W.  (2)  (P.  C.  w.  &,y.  J.  2/.)  erect,  simple^  pubescent: 
leaves  simple,  entire.     About  one  foot  high. 

6 — 1.  Cleobte.  25.  64- 
dodecandra,  W.  (false  mustard.  P.  T.  C.  p.  Ju.  #.)  glabrous  :  flowers 
axillary,  solitary :  leaves  ovate,  ternate,  generally  dodecandrous. 
Along  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  from  Stillwater  in  Saratoga  co.  to 
its  mouth. 
pentaphylla,  W.  (P.  w-r.  Ju.  @.)  leafets  quinate  :  stem  unarmed. — 
Flowers  gynandrous.  The  corols  of  this  genus  being  cruciform,  it  is 
by  some  placed  in  tiie  loth  class. 

10—1.     Clethra.     18.  51. 

ftbiifolia,  (spiked  alder,  sweet  pepper-bush.  Y.  C.  P.  w.  Ju.  fp.)  leaves 
wedge-obovate,  acute,  coarse-serrate  above,  glabrous  both  sides  : 
flowers  in  spike-form  racemes.  A  bush  3  to  6  feet  high.  Damp  or 
wet. 

22 — 2.     Climacium.    56.  4. 

dendroides,  (3)  (tree  moss.)  stem  branching,  tree-form  :  leaves  crowd- 
ed, erect;  lanceolate,  sub-3-nerved,  serrulate  above  :  capsule  erect, 
long-cylindric  :  inner  peristome  at  length  multifid-capiUaceous. 

14—1.     Clinopodium.    42.  39. 

rulgarc,  (field  thyme.  O.  r-w.  Ju.  2^.)  flowers  in  head-form  whorls  • 
bracts  setaceous,  hispid  :  leaves  above  pilose,  remotely  toothed  : 
stem  simple.     Dry  fields  and  woods. 

18—1.     Cnicus.  (4)     49    54. 
lanreolatus,  (common  thistle.  O.  p.  J.    <J  )  leaves  decurrent,  hispid. 

(1)  cylindrica,  Sims.  (2)  Sericea,  Mx.  (3)  Lc-skea  dendroides,  Ml. 

fi)  (^aiduu<,  L.  in  some  of  hU  works.    Cirsium,  Mx. 


CNICUS;,    COCIILEARIA.  265 

p»nnatiiid ;  divisions  2-lobed,  divaricate,  spinose  :  calyx  ovate,  with 
spider-wob-like  pubescence  :  scales  lanceolate,  spinoso;  spreading. 

discolor,  (O.  p.  Ju.  g .)  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  rough-haired,  downy 
beneath  ;  divisions  2-lobed,  divaricate,  spinose  :  calyx  globose,  with 
spider-web-like  pubescence  :  scales  ovate,  close-pressed,  with  spread- 
ing spines  at  the  tips. 

tdtissimus,  (1)  (tall  thistle.  O.  w-p.  Au.  U-)\o^ves  sessile,  lance-oblong, 
scabrous,  downy  beneath,  toothed,  ciliate  ;  radical  ones  pinnatifid  : 
calyx  bracted,  ovate  ;  scales  lance-ovate,  spinose,  close-pressed. 

arvensis,  (2)  (canada  thistle.  O.  p.  J.  2^.)  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  ci- 
liate, spinose  :  stem  panicled  :  calyx  ovate,  mucronate  :  scales 
broad-lanceolate,  close-pressed  ;  margin  woolly. 

horridulus,  Ph.  (3)  (C.  P.  w-y.  Ju.  U-)  tall  :  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid, 
acutely-gashed,  verj'  spinose  :  involucre  terminal,  1-flowered,  many- 
leaved  ;  leafets  very  spinose,  double  :  calyx  unarmed. 

muticusj  Ph.  (4)  (C.  P.  p.  Ju.  ^  .)  leaves  all  pinnatifid,  woolly  beneath  } 
divisions  sub-lanceolate,  acute,  a  little  spinose  :  branches  at  the 
summit  many,  nakedish,  1-GoAvered  :  calyx  globose  ;  scales  not  spi- 
nose. 

glaber,  N.  (D.)  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  all  over  smooth  ;  segments 
spinose,  acute,  lower  ones  sub-decurrent :  calyx  ovate,  glabrous  ; 
scales  spineless,  short-mucronate,  obtusely  carinate  :  stem  much 
branched.     4  or  5  feet  high,  with  slender  branches. 

odoratiis,  M.  (3)  (P.  D.  C.  r.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  hairy  backwards,  1  to  3- 
flowered  :  leaves  clasping,  lance-oblong,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  irre- 
gularly lobed,  ciliate,  tipped  with  spines  j  colour  similar  both  side? ; 
calyx  large,  sub-globose,  naked  ;  scales  close-pressed,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  spinose.     Stem  1  to  2 feet  high. 

15 — 1.      COCHLEARIA.     39.  63. 

offi,cinaUs,  (scurvy-grass.  E.  w.  J.  2X.)  radical  leaves  roundish  ;  cauline 

ones. oblong,  sub-=muate  :  silicles  globose. 
armoracia,  (horse-radish.  E.  w.  J.  11.)  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  cre- 

nate  ;  caalinc  ones  gashed.     Var.  aquatica,  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid, 

or  pinnate  below.     Growing  Avild  in  water  and  wet  places  in  various 

parto  01  Berkshire  county,  Mass. 

(t;  v-M-glnianus  \Vr.    rcpandum,  Mx.  (I)  Serratula  arrensif,  W. 

(3)  spinosispi;  )us,  Wr.     fcjerratula  discrlor,  I,k. 

/»)  carolinianus,  Wr.  (5)  pimllus,IT. 


266  COIX,    COLLEilA. 

20—3.    Coix.    4.  10. 
lacliryma,  (job's-tear.  E.  Ju  %.)  culm  semi-terete  above  :  flowers  na- 
ked :  fruit  ovate. 

22—5.     CoLLEMA.    57.  2. 

nigrum,  frond  crust-like,  sub-orbicular,  dark-tawny  ;  lobes  gash-crcnate 
all  around  the  periphery,  the  central  ones  sub-ramose,  and  in  the 
form  of  grains:  receptacles  at  length  convex,  black,  raarginated.  On 
stones. 

pulposum,  frond  sub-orbicular-,  formed  of  thick,  sub-imbricate,  repand- 
crenate,  plicate,  na*:ed lobes:  receptacles  central,  crowded,  flattish, 
re:icnsh-yeilo\v,  v.nth  eVvated  entire  margins. 

papulosum,  frond  orbicular  :  central  lobes  thick,  entangled,  irregular ; 
those  of  the  periphery  expanded,  dilated  outwardly,  gash-crenate, 
■warty-blistered  above. 

palhocr.vs,  frond  vello wish-green,  pale  beneath  :  lobes  deformed,  dense- 
ly entangled,  irregularly  crenate,  ascending :  receptacles  sub-mar- 
ginal.    A  variety  of  the  tenax. 

myriococciim,  frond  sub-orbicular,  imbricate,  black ;  lobes  crowded, 
entangled,  crisped,  granulate  ;  receptacles  minute,  globose-turbinate, 
heaped  together,  marginal  and  scattered,  one-coloured,  marked  with 
punctures.     Among  and  on  mosses  on  rocks,  &i.c. 

palmatum,  frond  sub-foliaceous,  tawny-green,  becoming  glaucous ; 
lobes  thick,  crowded,  gash-palmate  ;  divisions  sub-linear,  terete  : 
receptacles  red-tawny.    On  the  earth  and  trunks. 

nigrescens,  frond  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  sub-monophyllous,  orbi- 
cular, depressed,  radlately-plicate,  round-lobed,  dark-green  :  recep- 
tacles central,  crowded,  at  length  convex,  red-tawny,  margins  en- 
tire.    On  roots  of  *^rees,  rocks,  &:c. 

jmlchellum,  frond  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  orbicular,  flat,  sub-laci- 
niate,  round-lobed  at  the  peripheiy,  plicate-papulose  above,  dark- 
green,  paler  beneath  and  deeply  lacunose  :  receptacles  scattered, 
crowded, elevated  ;  disk  urceolete,  pale  wax-colour;  margin  thin, 
contracted,  entire,  at  length  sub-rugose. 

furvirn,  frond  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  sub-rugose,  complicate, 
darl:-green,  granulated  both  sides  :  lobes  round-deformed,  afterwards 
undulate,  crisped,  entire  :  receptacles  scattered,  flat,  dark-tawny ; 
margins  entire.     Trunks,  &c. 

(remeUoides,  fiond  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  very  tender,  sub-dia- 


COLLEMA,    COMMELINA,  267 

jiiianous,  lead-colour,  obsoletely  rugose  and  marked  vvith  dots  ;  lobes 
oblong,  round,  gashed,  entire  :  receptacles  scattered,  flat,  red-tawny, 
at  lengt':  black  ;  margin  ])ale.  Trunks  among  moss,  &ic. 
laccrum,  frond  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  sub-diaphanous,  sub-rugose- 
reticulate,  becoming  glaucous ;  lobes  small,  sub-imbricate,  laciniatc, 
tooth-ciliate ;  receptacles  scattered,  a  little  concave,  red;  margin 
pale. 

2—1.      COLLINSONIA.      42.   39. 

$anadensis.  (horse-balm,  rich-weed.  0.  y.  Au.  11.)  leaves  heart- ovate, 
broad,  glabrous :  teeth  of  the  calyx  short-subulate  :  panicle  terminal, 
compound.  Var.  cordata,  leaves  broad-cordate,  upper  ones  entire. 
Var.  ovala,  leaves  ovate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  all  serrate.  Strong- 
scented,  not  unpleasant.     Woods. 

14—2.     CoLLiNsiA.  N.    40.  40. 
terna,  (collinsia.  P.  Lake  Erie.  b.  M.  =3  )  leaves  opposite  and  whorled, 
entire:  peduncles  axillary,  whorled,  single-flowered.  River  alluvion. 

17—10.     CoLUTEA.     32.  9-3. 

arborescens,  (bladder  senna.  E.  y.    fp.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets   oval, 

retuse  :  banner  gibbous,  abbreviated. 
vesicaria,  (senna  herb.  E.  y.  Ju.)  leaves  pinnate  :  leafets  ovate  :  stem 

herbaceous,  decumbent,  villose  :  legumes  orbicular,  inflated. 

12—13.     CoMARUM.     35.  92. 
ixdustre,  (marsh  five-finger.  0.  P.  Ju.  li)  :eafets  in  threes,  fives  and 
sevens,  serrate  :  stipules   growing  to  the  petioles  and  sheathing  : 
flowers  axillary  and  terminal :  stem  rooting.     An  active  astringent. 
Ives'  Lectures,  MS. 

3—1.      COMMELINA.      6.    13. 

angustifolia,  Mx.  (day-floAver.  P.  b.  Ju.  If.)  assurgent,  w^eak,  some- 
what glabrous  :  leaves  lance-linear,  ver\-  acute,  flat,  glabrous  : 
sheaths  sub-ciliate  :  bracts  (or  involucres)  peduncled,  solitary,  short- 
cordate. 

hngifolia,  (\)  (P.b.Ju.  If.)  stiffly  erect,  all  over  pubescent:  leaves 
long-lanceolate  ;  sheaths  red-bearded  at  the  throat  :  bracts  (or  invo- 
lucres) sub-sessile,  aggregate-terminal :  calyx  petal-like,  3-leavedj 
nearly  equal. 

/I)  hirt€lla,VabI. 


268         COMPTONIA,  CONFERVA. 

20—3.     CoMPTONiA.     50.  99. 
asplenlfoUa,  (sweet  fern.  O.  g.  Ap.  h.)  leaves  long-linear,  alternately- 
crenate-pinnatifid.     A  small  odoriferous  bush,  from  2  to  4  feet  high. 
Dry  barren  situations.     Mild  astringent  and  tonic.  B.     It  is  also  a 
secornant  stimulant. 

22 — 4.     Conferva.    57.  2. 

1,  Coloured,  (not  green)  ramose, 
rufa,  threads  ramos?,  capillary,  straight,  obsoletely  geniculate  :  branch- 
es and  branchlets  opposite,  remotish  :  length  of  the  joints  equalling 
the  diameter.  In  the  sea.  Reddish-yellow,  shining,  in  fascicles  : 
threads  of  the  thickness  of  human  hair,  2  inches  and  longer,  placid, 
soft. 

2.  Coloured,  simple. 

hickiAa,  threads  simple,  cylindric,  fascicled  :  joints  twice  as  long,  as 
thick  In  bays,  &c.  fascicled  like  a  pencil-brush,  an  inch  or  an  inch 
and  a  half,  yellow-ferru^^inous. 

3.   Green,  simph. 

Jloccosa,  threads  simple,  spider-web-like,  woven  into  abuUate  stratum  -. 
joints  with  the  length  and  diameter  equal.  In  ditches  and  slow- 
tlowing  streams,  frequent  early  in  the  spring,  yellowish-green.  Ad- 
heres to  paper  or  leaves. 

capillaris,  threads  simple,  variously  refiexed  and  loosely  interwoven  : 
joints  when  dry  alternately  compressed  :  granulations  scattered. 
Common  in  still  water.  Joints  vary  in  length.  Hardly  adheres-  to 
paper  J  obscure  green. 

ve^caia,  threads  simple,  slender:  joints  six  times  as  long  as  thick  ;  in 
some  parts  globose-inflated.     \aLr.fuscescens,  socty-yellow. 

fontinalis,  threads  simple,  adnate,  fascicled,  straight,  obtuse  :  joints 
ihrice  as  long  as  thick.  In  limpid  fountains,  bright  green.  Hardlj 
udheres  to  paper  when   dry. 

li/tutn,  threads  simple.,  filiform,  very  long,  variegated  and  equal  wheu 
:h*y  :  diaraotcr  of  the  joints  about  equalling  the  length.  In  saltwater 
iilches.     Will  not  adkere  to  paper. 

.  ^:  n.'arls,  threads  simple,  capillary,  very  long,  straight,  equal  -.  knee- 
joints  pellucid,  joints  bearing  grains,  diameter  about  one  third  their 
length,  alternately  compressed  Avhen  dry.    In  rivers,  sujamer  acn<i 


CONFERVA,    COXVALLARIA.  269 

autumn.     Obscure  green,  more  slcuder  than  human  hair.     Variety, 
crispala,  has  ramose  threads. 

4.   Green,  ramose  and  sub-mersed. 

frada,  threads  rigid,  very  branching,  capillary  ;  branches  divaricate, 
alternate  :  joints  tive  times  as  long  as  thick.  Commou  in  ditches, 
large. 

glomcrata,  threads  very  branching,  capillary  :  branches  alternate,  ter- 
minal ones  fastigiate,  somewhat  1-sided  :  joints  cylindric,  Cour  times 
as  long  as  thick.  Common  in  ri\  ers  and  lakes.  Adheres  siighlly  to 
paper. 

rupeslris,  threads  fascicled,  very  branching,  straight,  wand-like,  obtuse  : 
branches  erect:  knee-joints  pellucid ;  joints  cylindric,  thrice  as  long 
as  thick.  In  the  sea  and  bays.  Threads  from  3  inches  to  a  hand's 
breadth  in  length.     Does  not  adhere  to  paper  when  dry. 

5.   Green,  ramose  and  emersed. 
re/u/ma,  threads  creeping,  rooting;  fibrils  flexuose,  hyaline,  ramose; 
branches  erect,   obtuse,   interwoven  into  a  veil-like  tissue  :  upper 
joints  double  the  length  of  the  diameter.     On  the  naked  earth. 

5—2.      CoNirjM.      45.   CO. 

inaculatum  (poison  hemlock.  O.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  very  brandling,  spot- 
ted ;  leaves  very  compound  :  seeds  striate.     Powerful  narcotic. 

22—6.     CoNoPLEA.     58.  1. 

sjihaerica,  in  groups,  sub-conduent,  becoming  a  dark  olive,  tubercled  or 
sub-granulated,  spherical.     On  deciduous  branches  in  dense  masses. 

6—1.      COXOSTYLIS.      10.    17. 

amtricana  (weed-grass.  D.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  corol  woolly  within  :  scape  co- 
rymb-pauicled  :  leaves  grass-ensiform,  glaucous  :  filaments  equal. 

6 1.       CONVALLARIA.       11.    12. 

1,  Corol  cylindric  or  funnel -form  ;  stamens  attached  to  the  vpperjiarl  of 
the  corol.  (1) 

ftrtgus///bZirt,  Ph.  (2-flowered  solomon-seal.P.  y-w.  M.  U-)  stem  terete  : 

(1)  This  seclioais  the  Polyg^onatum,  P. 

Y5 


270  GONVALLAEIA. 

leaves  alternate,  sessile,  lance-oval,  sharp,  sub-tri nerved,  glabrous  : 
peduncles  axillary,  long,  about  2-flowered. 

canaliculata,W.  (1)  (clasping solomon  seal.  H.w.  Ju.  24)  stem  chan- 
nelled :  leaves  alternate,  clasping,  oblong,  margin  pubescent :  pe- 
duncles axillaiy,  about  2-flowered. 

fuhescens,  W.  (0.  w.  M.  2/.)  stem  teretish,  deeply  furrowed  :  leaves 
alternate,  clasping,  ovate,  pubescent  beneath  :  peduncles  axillary, 
about  2-flowered, 

multiftora  (giant  solomon  seal.  O.  w.  Ju.  21.)  stem  terete  :  leaves  al- 
ternate, clasping,  oblong-oval  :  peduncles  axillary,  some  of  them 
many-flowered. 

laiifolia  (P.J.  1^.)  stem  angled  :  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  acuminate  :  pe- 
duncles 1  or  many-flowered.     Very  tall. 

Carols  hell  or  wheel-form  ;  stamens  attached  to  the  base  of  the  carol.  (2) 
racemosa,  D.  (spiked  solomon  seal.  O.  y-w.  M.  2^.)  stem  Avith  alternate 
leaves  :  leaves  sessile,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  nerved,  pubescent : 
flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme-panicle. 
stellata  (V.  W.  C.  T.  P.  w.  M.  11-)  stem  with  alternate,  clasping,  lanceo- 
late leaves  :  raceme  simple,  terminal.     8  to  12  inches  high. 
elliata,  D.  (Can.  w.  J.  2^.)  stem  arched  :  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  ciliate  : 

panicle  terminal,  crowded.     FloAvers  very  small. 
trifolia  (P.  w.  J.  2.^.)  stem  with  three  alternate,  .pubescent,  lance-ob- 
long leaves  :  raceme  terminal,  lax.     Near  the  great  lakes. 
hifolia,   Mx.  (3)  (dwarf  solomon  seal.  O.  av.   Ju.  24  )  stem   with  two 
heai't  oblong,  sub-sessile,  glabrous  leaves  :  raceme  simple,  terminal  : 
flowers  tetrandrous. 
majalls  (lily  of  the  valley.  E.  w.  J.  24!.)  scape  naked,  smooth  :  leaves 
oval-ovate. 

Remark.  The  above  genus  has  been  divided,  and  the  new  genera, 
Smilacina  and  Polygonatum  taken  from  it.  Vide  Pursh,  page  232,  and 
on.  It  is  true  that  artificial  characters  have  been  assumed,  which  are 
constant  and  distinct.  Any  natural  genus  may  be  divided  in  the  same 
way.  But  I  never  knew  artificial  characters  applied  in  making  such 
unnatural  and  unnecessary  havoc  in  a  genus  containing  such  a  natural 
assemblage  of  plants.  Some  of  the  species  most  nearly  related  are  se- 
parated, and  those  least  related  are  kept  together. 

(1)  co'ygoratumjM. 

(2)  This  section  includes  the  Convallaria  majalis,  L.  and  the  genus  Smilacina,  J). 
taken  from  the  Convdllaria.  (3;  canadensis,  Ph. 


CONVOLVULUS^    CONYZA.  271 

5 — 1.     Convolvulus.     29.  43. 
arvensis,  S.  (bindweed.  P.  New-England,  w.  Ju.  2^.)  twining,  glabrous: 
leaves  sagittal.;,  both  lobes  and  apex  acute  :  peduncles  about  1-flow- 
ered  :  bracts  minute,  remote  from  the  flower. 
sepium,  W.  (1)  (lield  bind^veed.  O.  w.  ^r.  J.  If.)  twining  :  leaVes  sag- 
gittate,  with  the  apex  acute  and  the  lobes  truncate,  entire  (some  ob- 
tuse) :  bracts   acute,  longer  than  the  calyx,   and  shorter  than  the 
middle  of  the  corol :  peduncle  exceeding  the  angle  of  the  petal. 
panduratm,  Mx.  (mechoacan.  C.  P.  w.  &  r.  Ju.  2^.)  twining,  pubescent  : 
leaves  broad-cordate,  entire  or  lobed,  guitar-form;  peduncles  long  ; 
flowers  fascicled  :    calyx   glabrous,   awnless  :  corol  subulate,  bell- 
form.     A  mild  cathartic,  and  resembles  rhubarb  in  its  effects.  B. 
batatas  (sweet  potatoe,  Carolina  potatoe.  Southern  states,  w-r.  Ju.  !(.•) 
creeping,  tuberous :  leaves  cordate,  hastate,  angular-lobed,   5-nerv- 
ed,  smoothish  :  peduncles  long  ;  flowers  fascicled  :  corol  sub-cam- 
panulate.     Cultivated. 
j«/a/)rt  (jalap.  Southern  states,  w.  J.  If.)  pubescent:  leaves  cordate, 
entire  and  lobed,  rugose-plaited,  downy  beneath  :  peduncles  1  to  3- 
flowered  :    flowers   sub-campanulate    :  root   very    thick.     A    well 
known  cathartic. 
stans,  Mx.  (2)  (dwarf  morning  glorj-.  0.  w.  J.  If.)  erect,  downy  :  leaves 
lance-oblong,  acuminate,  cordate,  hind-lobes  obtuse  :  peduncle  1- 
flowered,  long  :  bracts  ovate,  acute  :  stem  floriferous  below. 
sagitfifolius,   Mx.  (3)  (arrow  bindweed.  C.  r.  J.  11.)  climbing,  glabrous  : 
leaves  thick,  with  roundish  obtuse  sinuate  lobes  ;  the  odd  one  lar^^er 
emarginate  :  peduncles  1 -flowered  ;  corol  short,  sub-campanulate. 
spithameus,  W.  (4)  (P.  T.  w.  J.  If.)  erect,  pubescent  ;  leaves  beart- 
oval,  obtuse ;  peduncles  l-flovvered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts 
ovate,  acute,  stem  floriferous  above, 
^ico/or  (.3-coloured  bindweed.  E.  Ju.#.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  glabrous  : 
stem  declined  :  flowers  solitary. 

.  Convolvulus,  see  Ipomaea. 
18—2.     CxvrzA.     49.  55. 

camphorata,  M.  (5)  (ma-f-sh  fleabane,  plowman's  wort.  Hig-hlands.  C.  P. 
D.  Y.  n.  Au.  0  )  herbaceous,  pubescent:  leaves  sessile,  broad-Iance- 

(1)  rep«ns,L      ''alysree-ia  sopium,  Br. 

(2)  Oaivpteoria  tomentosa,  Pk.  (4)  Calystepia  snUhamaea,  Pb, 
(3;  speciosus,  Wr.                                          (5)  marylandica,  Mx. 


272  CONYZA,     COREOPSIS, 

olatP,  acute,  serrate  ;  serratures  at  the  apex  cartilaginous  :  corymbs 
terminal,  fastigiate,  condensed,  almost  leafless  :  scales  of  the  calyx 
subulate-inucronate  :  florets  short.  About  a  foot  high,  near  rivers, 
he.  Odour  resembling  camphor. 
[;(/ro>is,  W.  (Can.  y.Ju.  IT.)  sub-glutinous:  leaves  clasping,  spatulate- 
oblong,  acute,  serrate  :  corymbs  of  the  panicle  glomerate. 

13_13.     CoPTis.     26.  61. 

trifolia,  By.  (1)  (gold  thread.  O.  w.  M.  U-)  scape  l-flowered  :  leaves 
temate.  T-.vo  or  three  i aches  high.  Roots  long,  filiform,  golden- 
yellow.     Tonic  bitter.  B. 

19 1.      COKALLORHIZA,   Br.      (2)    7.   21. 

innata,  Br.  (3)  (corol  root.  W.  V.  P.  w-y,  M.  11.)  scape  sheathed,  leaf- 
less :  flowers  pedicelled  ;  petals  lanceolate,  the  two  lower  ones 
lance-linear,  deflected ;  lip  acute,  3-cleft,  spur  obsolete,  adnate  to  the 
germ.     Plant  white,  with  a  much  branched  corol-like  root. 

odonlorhiza  (corol  teeth.  O.  p.  w.  Ju.  2|.)  scape  sheathed,  leafless  : 
flowers  pedicelled  :  petals  lanceolate,  equal  :  lip  entire,  oval,  obtuse, 
margin  undulate  or  a  little  crenate  ;  spur  obsolete,  adnate  to  the 
germ  :  capsule  sub-globose.     Resembles  the  last. 

hyemalis  (4)  (adam  and  eve,  putty  root.  V.  W.  C.  T.  g-p.  M.  2/.)  leaf 
single,  radical,  many-nerved,  ovate,  nerves  lucid  :  scape  simple, 
sheathed,  erect :  petals  erect,  3  outer  ones  lanceolate,  inner  ones 
oblong  ;  lip  3-cleft,  obtuse,  palate  ridged,  central  lobe  rounded, 
crenulate.    A  cement  resembling  putty  may  be  made  of  the  root. 

15 — 3.     CoREuPsis.     49.  55, 

tripteris  (tickseed  sunflower.  P.  T.  y.  2^.)  glabrous  ;  leaves  opposite, 
petioled,  lanceolate,  entire  ;  radical  ones  pinnate,  cauline  ones  ter- 
nate  :  rays  entire  .  s^;eds  obovate,  naked  at  the  apex. 

t-richosperma,  Mx.  (C.  D.  y.  Ju  ^' .)  glabrous;  dichotomous  .-  leaves 
opposite,  quinnte-pinnate,  lanct-olate  serrate  :  outer  Icafets  of  the  ca- 
lyy  (8)  spa^!i!ate,  ciliate  serrate  :  rays  entire:  seed  wedge-form  : 
about  4-toothed.     SAvauips. 

diciiolo.na,  Mx.  (5)  (C.  y  S.  0.)  stem  glabrous,  nakedish  and  dichoto- 
mous above  :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  undivided,  entire,  narrowing 

(-1)  HeHeborus  .lifolUiSjL.  (3)  curallorhiion,  W. 

(2)  C V !«!  d.l iuin ,  W.  (4;  Aplectrum  he imale,  N, 

(5)  gladiata,  Wr. 


COREOrSIS^    CORNUS.  273 

iuto  the  petiole  :  seedobovate,  2-bristled,  scabrous,  ^vith  a  torn  mar- 
gin.    Swamps. 

alttrnij'ulia,  L.  (1)  (P.  C.y.  k  \v.  Au.  li.)  stem  winged  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  sub-petioled,  serrate  ;  flowers  coryrabed ;  ray- 
florets  lanceolate.     Meadows,  &ic. 

ro^ea,  N.  (D.  P.  r.  M.)  small,  very  smooth :  stem  mostly  simple  :  leaves 
linear,  entire  ;  axils  leafy :  flowers  few,  long-peduncled,  dicho<o- 
mous,  terminal ;  rays  unequally  3-toothed.     In  grassy  sw  amps. 

5 — 2.      CORIANDRUM.     45.   60. 

sativum,  (coriander.  E.  w.  J.  ^.)  fruit  globose :  calyx  and  style  per- 
manent. 

22 5.      CoRKICULABIi..      57.    2. 

puhescens,  (horned  lichen.)  frond  decumbent,  terete,  rugose,  a  little 
scabrous,  dark-coloured  :  branches  interwoven,  capillaiy,  the  ex- 
treme ones  simple  :  receptacles  of  one  colour,  entire  all  around.  Oa 
moist  rocks,  k,c. 

fibrillosa,  frond  obscurely  soot-yellow,  terete,  smoothish,  slender,  en- 
tangled, ramose,  somewhat  rough-haired  from  the  branchlets  and 
fibres,  which  are  flexuose,  ramose,  very  thick,  u-regular,  sub-clavate.. 
On  rocks.    Variety  of  the  pubescens. 

4—1.     CoRNus.    45.  58. 

canadensis,  (dogweed,  low  cornel.  O.w.  M.  If.)  herbaceous:  leaves  at 
the  top,  whorled,  veiny  :  involucres  ovate,  acuminate  ;  fruit  globose. 
About  6  inches  high.     Berries  red. 

fiorida,  (false  box,  dogwood  tree.  0.  w-y.  M.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  acumi- 
nate ;  involucres  4,  very  large,  somewhat  obcordate,  and  appear  like 
petals :  fruit  ovate.  Size  between  shrub  and  tree.  Berries  red  :  in- 
volucres white,  very  showy,  but  the  corols  are  obscure.  Tonic,  re- 
sembling in  effects  the  peruvian  bark,  for  which  it  serves  as  a  good 
substitute.  B. 

mojicula,  (cornelian  cherry.  E.  >>.)  umbels  equalling  the  involucre. 

sanguinea,  Hr.  (T  Can.  w.  J.  ^.)  branches  straight:  leaves  ovate, 
both  sides  pubescent  and  coloured  alike  :  cymes  spreading.  About 
10  feet  high.     Berries  dark-brown  :  anthers  yellow. 

alha,\y.{2)  (white  dogwood.  O.  J.  ^.)  branches  recurved ;  branch- 

.    ri.)  Verbesinacoreopsic,  Ms.    Actinomcris  squarrosa.  N, 
(?)  stsleniftra,  Kx. 


274  CORNUS,    CORYDALIS. 

lets  glabrous :  leaves  ovale,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath  :  cymes 
depressed.  About  10  feet  high,  with  red  branches.  Berries  bluish- 
white. 

sericec:,  V/.  (1)  (red  csier.  O.  vv.  .T.  T?  )  branches  spreading;  branch- 
lets  woolly :  leaves  ovate>  acuminate,  rusty-pubescent  beneath : 
cymes  depressed,  woolly.  Alfout  7  feet  high.  Berries  bright  blue- 
Properties  similar  to  the fioriJa.  B. 

uUernifoiia,  Hr.  (C,  T.  ?.  w.  M.  ^.)  branches  warty  :  leaves  alternate- 
ovate,  acute,  hoary  beneath  :  cymes  depressed,  spreading.  About 
18  feet  high.     Berries  purple.  . 

eircinain,  Hr.  (2)  (O.  w.  J.  ^.)  bi^anches  warty:  leaves  broad-oval, 
acuminate,  white-downy  beneath  :  cyme  much  spread.  About  8 
feet  h'gh.     Berries  blue. 

siricta,  H.  (3)  (0.  w.  Ju.  ^  )  branches  straight,  fastigiate  :  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  glabrous,  colour  nearly  alike  both  sides  :  panicled-cyme 
convex. 

paniculala,  117.(4)  (bush  dogwood.  O.  w.  J.  ■^.)  branches  erect :  leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  hoary  beneath :  flowers  in  a  thyrsed 
cyme.     About  6  feet  high.     Berries  white,  globular-flattened. 

17—10.     CoiiONiLLA.     32.  93. 

cvurus,  (coroniila.  E.  y.  21.)  stem  angled,  woody:  peduncles  about 
.3-flowered  ;  claws  of  the  petals  about  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

17—6.     CoBYDALis.  V.  (5)    24.  62. 

cucullaria,  W .  (colic  weed.  0.  y.  &- w.  M.  If.)  stemless:  corol  2-spur- 
red :  scape  naked :  raceme  simple,  one-sided  :  nectaries  of  the  length 
of  the  corol :  style  .enclosed  :  root  bulbous.  Leaves  more  than  de- 
compound. All  the  specimens  which  were  found  by  my  class  at 
Williaras  College,  v/ere  hexandrous  ;  they  had  also  a  2-leaved  bract 
so  near  the  calyx  as  to  give  the  appearance  of  a  4-leaved  calyx. 
fungosa,  A.  (6)  (climbing  colic-weed.  W.  P.  C  Catskill.  Plainfield, 
Mass.  r-w.  J.  <? .)  stem  climbing:  leaves  cirrose  :  racemes  axillary, 
corymbed,  nodding  :  corol  monopetalous,  gibbous  both  sides  of  the 
base,  thick  and  fungus-like. 

glauca,  Ph.  (7)  (0.  y-r-g.  J.  ^ .)  corol  1-spurred :  stem  branching, 
erect  :  leaves  glaucous  ;  cauline  ones  biternate  :    raceme  sub-co- 

(1)  lanuginosa,  Mx.    alba,  Wr.    rubiginosa,  Eh. 

(2)  (.o»er!ti;losa,Mx.    ru^osa,  Lk.  f'3)  fastigiata,  Ms-    sangninei.  Wr. 
44J  racemosa,  Lk.         (5)  f  uniaria,  L.  (6)  recta,  Mx.         f)  serapeiViren5,E. 


CORYDALIS;,    CRAT.^GUS.  275 

rymbed  :  bracts  minute  ;  silique  linear,  thrice  as  long  as  the  peduncle. 
Grows  1  to  4  feet  high. 

formosa,  Ph.  (V.  Can.  r.  M.  2^.)  scape  naked  :  raceme  somewhat  com- 
pound, nodding,  many-flowered  :  nectaries  verj'  short,  incurved  : 
style  extended :  divisions  of  the  leaves  oblong,  gash-pinnatifid  :  root 
tuberous :  flowers  2-spurred. 

aurea,  VV.  (P.  D.  West-Point,  y.  M.  #.)  stem  branching,  diffuse  :  leaves 
doubly -pinnate  ;  leafets  divided,  lance-Iinear,  acute  at  both  ends  : 
racemes  one-Avay  :  bracts  broad-lanceolate,  sub-denticulate  :  silique 
terete,  thick,  twice  as  long  as  the  peduncles. 

20—13.     CoRYLUS.    50.  99. 

avellana,  (filbert.  E.  Ap.  ^.)  stipules  oblong,  obtuse:  calyx  of  the 
fruit  campanulate,  spreading  at  the  apex,  torn-toothed  :  leaves  round- 
cordate,  acuminate.  Var.  maxima,  has  a  gash-toothed  calyx  :  nut 
depressed-ovate. 

ximericana,  Wm.  (hazel-nut.  0.  Ap.  fp.)  leaves  broad-cordate  :  calyx 
of  the  fruit  hispid,  with  glandular  heads  at  the  ends  of  the  hairs,  cam- 
panulate, longer  than  the  roundish  nut ;  limb  spreading,  tooth-serrate. 

roslrata,W.  (beaked  hazel.  0.  Ap.  h.)  leaves  oblong-ovaie,  acumi- 
nate :  stipules  lance-linear  :  calyx  of  the  fruit  bell-tubular,  2-parted  j 
divisions  gash-toothed  ;  elongated  beyond  the  nut  into  a  beak. 

5 — 2.     Crantzia.  N.    45.  60. 

lineata,  (1)  (false  navel-wort.  D.  w.  M.  If.)  stem  creeping,  terete,  fili- 
form :  peduncles  axillary,  in  many-flowered  simple  umbels,  (8  to  12  :) 
involucres  about  5-Ieaved  :  leaves  wedge-linear,  obtuse,  sessile. 
Small ;  in  salt  marshes. 

12—5.     Crat.€gus.     3n.  92. 

cbccinea,  A.  {2)  (thorn-bush.  O.w.  M.  f?.)  thorny :  leaves  heart-ovate, 
t^ash-angled,  glabrous,  acute,  serrate  ;  petioles  and  calyx  pubescent, 
glandular :  petals  orbicular  :  styles  5.  Var.  viridis,  has  lance-ovate 
leaves,  sub-trilobate  :  stem  unarmed.  The  berries  are  large,  red 
and  pleasant  tasted. 

'pyrifolm,  A.  (3)  (pear-leaf  thorn.  T.  C.  P.  w.  J.  ^.)  thorny  or  unarm- 
ed :  leaves  oval-ovate,  gash-serrate,  so.newhat  plaited  and   rather 


(1)  Hydrocotyle lineata, Mx.  {2)  MpsoHus  aestivalis,  Wr. 

(3)  cornii'olia,  P.    leucopheu?,  Mn.    Jlespilus  latifolia,  Lk. 


276  CRAT-^GUS,    CROCUS. 

rough-haired  :  calyx  a  little  villose  ;  leafets  lance-linear,  serrate  : 
flowers  with  3  styles. 

populifolia,  Wr.  (1)  (P.  w.  J.  fp .)  thorny  :  leaves  heart-ovate,  truncate 
at  the  base,  gash-angled,  glabrous  :  petioles  and  calyx  without 
glands  :  styles  5.     jberries  small,  red. 

elliptica,  W. (2)  (P.  C.  M.  >>.)  thorny  :  leaves  oval,  unequally  serrate, 
glabrous :  petioles  and  calyx  glandular  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  ob- 
tuse :  berry  globose,  5-seeded. 

glandulosa,V»\  (3)  (0.  w.  M.  fp.)  thorny  :  leaves  wedge-obovate,  an- 
gled, glabrous,  shining  :  petioles,  stipules  and  calyx  glandular  :  ber- 
ries oval,  5-seeded.  Berries  red,  naiddle  size.  Stamens  sometimes 
10. 

^ara, W.(4)  (yellow-berried  thorn.  Vermont.  M.  ^)  thorny;  leaves 
wedge-obovate,  sub-lobate,  crenate-sorrate  :  petioles  short :  stipules 
cordate,  glandular  :  flowers  sub-solitary  :  herry  4-seeded,  turbinate. 

punctata,  W  (5)  (common  thorn  tree  0.  w.  M.  Tp.)  thorny  or  unarmed  : 
leaves  wedge-obovate,  sub-plicate,  glabrous,  gash-serrate,  decurrent 
into  the  petiole  :  calyx  villose,  divisions  subulate,  entire  :  berry  sub- 
globose,  depressed.  Var. rubra,  has  red  berries.  Yar.  a«rea,  yellow 
ben-ies  with  dark  specks. 

crus-galli,  W.  (G)  (thorn  tree.  O.  w.  M.  fp.)  thorny  :  leaves  wedge-ob- 
ovate, sub-sessile,  shining,  leathery  :  corymbs  compound  :  leafets  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  sub-serrate  :  styles  2.  Var.  splendens,  leaves 
wedge-obovate.  Var.  pyracanthifolia,  leaves  lance-oblong,  sub-cu- 
neiform.    VB^r.salicifolia,  leaves  lanceolate.     Berries  small,  red, 

parvifolia,  W.  (7)  (low  thorn.  D.  w.  M.  ^.)  thorny  :  leaves  wedge- 
ovaie,  gashed,  serrate,  sub-tomentose  :  leafets  of  the  calyx  lanceo- 
late, gashed,  of  the  length  of  the  fruit  .-  flowers  solitary,  styles  5  : 
fruit  sub-turbinate,  warty-punctate.     Fruit  greenish-yellow. 

oxyacantha  {quickaet. '£.  \v.  M.  '^.)  leaves  obtuse,  somewhat  3-cIeft, 
serrate,  glabrous  :  peduncles  and  calyx  somewhat  glabrous  :  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute  ;  styles  2.     Naturalized. 

3 — 1.     Crocus.     6.  18. 

officinalis  (saffron.  E.  y.  2^.)  leaves  linear,  with  revolute  margins  :  stig- 

(\ )  cordata,  A.    Mespilus  phoenopyrum,  L.    acerifolia,  Lk. 

(£;  prunifolia,  Lk.  (3)  Mespilus  rolundifolia,  Eh. 

(4)  virulis,  vVr.    gl.-indulosa,  Mx.    michaux,  P. 

(o)  Mespilus  cunftifolia,  Eh.    cornifolla,  Lk.  (G;  lucida,  Wm.    hrenialis,  We. 

r*)  tomentosa,L.    Mespilus  laciniala,  Wr. 


CROTALARIA,    CUCUMIS.  277 

mii  exsert,  with  long  linear  segments.     V^ar.  safiviis,  having  violet 
corols. 

17—10,     Crotalaria.    32,  93. 

iaglHalis,  Mx.  (rattle-box.  T.  N.  C.  P.  y.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute,  erect,  branch- 
ing :  leaves  simple,  lance-oblong :  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
decun-ent :  racemes  opposite  to  the  leaves,  about  3-flowered  :  corol 
less  than  the  calyx. 

parviflora,  W.  (1)  (P.  C.  y.  J.  0.)  hirsute,  erect,  branching  :  leaves 
simple,  lance-linear  :  stipules  above  decurrent,  with  two  short  teeth  ' 
racemes  opposite  to  the  leaves  :  corol  smaller  than  the  calj^x, 

22—2.     Crvph^a.     56.  4. 

hcieromnlla,  stem  branching,  diffuse  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute  1- 
nerved  :  capsules  lateral,  sub-sessile.     On  trunks. 

3—2.     Crypsis.  Lk.    4.  10, 
rirginica,  (2)  (C.  D.  P.  S.  U-)  spikes  oblong,  thick-Iobed  :  stem   pro- 
cumbent, geniculate  j  joints  numerous,  approximate  :  leaves  invo- 
lute, rigid,  pungent ;  calyx  keeled,  shorter  tlian  the  corol. 

2—2.  Crvpta.  N.  13.  86. 
minima,  (3)  (mud  purslane.  P.  T.  w-g.  S.)  stem  dichotomous,  decum- 
bent, striate  :  leaves  wedge-oval  or  obovate,  opposite,  sessile,  entire 
papillose  above,  with  very  minute  stipules  :  flowers  axillary,  sessile 
solitary.  Very  abundant  on  the  shores  oi  the  Hudson  between  high 
and  low  water  mark,  about  a  mile  below  Albany. 

10 — 3.     CucuBALus.     22.  82. 

behen,  (bladder  campiou.  C.  P.  w.  Ju.  2i.)  giabrous,  glaucous,  decum- 
bent :  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute,  nerveless  :  calyx  inflated-membra- 
naceous,  veiny. 

steUalvs,  (Y.  C.  P.  T.  N-eivburgh.  w.  Ju..2^.)  pubescent,  erect:  leaves 
whorlod,  in  fours,  lance-oval,  very  long-acuminate.  About  2  or  3 
feet  high. 

20—16.     Crci'Mis.    34.  97. 

colocynthis,  (bitter  apple.  E.  ^.)  leaves  many-cleft:  pomaceous  berrr 
globose,  glabrous.     Fruit  very  bitter. 

(!)  A  rariety  of  sa^ttalis,  Mx.    (2)  A^stis  virginica,  W.    C^JTeplis  «inericai]a,  Th, 

JU 


278  CUCUMIS^    CUPIIEA. 

anguria,  (pricey  cucumber.  E.)  leaves  palmate-sinuate  :  fruit  globose, 
ecliinate. 

anguinis,  (snake  cucumber.  E.  0.)  leaves  lobed :  pomaceous  berry 
cylindric,  very  loni,  smooth,  contorted,  plaited. 

melo,  (muskmelon.  E.  y.  Ju.  #.)  angles  of  the  leaves  rounded:  pome 
oblongj  torulose.     Sweet-scented. 

sutivus,  (cucumber.  E.  y.  Ju.  0)  angles  of  the  leaves  straight :  poma- 
ceous berry  oblou ;;,  scab'ou?.     Brought  from  Asia. 
20—16.     CucuRBiTA.    34.  97. 

oi-ifera,  (er^j-squa  h.  E.  f-.)  leaves  cordate,  angled-5-lobed,  denticu- 
late, pubescent :  pompceou:  berry  with  fillet-like  stripes  lengthwise. 

verrucosa,  (club  squish.  E.  y.  J.  ©.)  leaves  cordate,  deeply  5-lobed; 

middle  lobe  narrowed  at  the  base,  denticulate  :  pomaceous  berry 

clavate,  a  little  warty. 

nielopcpo,  (ilaf  squa=h.  E.y.  J.  @.)  leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  sub-o-lobed, 

denticulate  :  pomaceous  ben y  depress-based,  swelled  at  the  margin. 

jjepo,  (pumpkin.  E.  y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  sub-5-lobed, 
denticulate :  pomaceous  berry  roundish  or  oblong,  smooth.  Var. 
poilro,  has  the  fruit  mere  or  less  flattened.     From  Asia. 

cilrullus,  (watermelon.  E.  y.  Au.  %.)  leaves  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid,  obtuse  :  pomaceous  berry  oval,  smooth.  Fruit  wa- 
teiy,  often  striped.     From  Africa,  and  the  south  of  Asia. 

lagenaria,  (gourd,  calabash.  E.  w.  Au.  @.)  leaves  cordate,  round-ob- 
tuse, pubescent,  denticulate  ;  with  2  glands  at  the  base  on  the  under 
side  j  pomaceous  berry  clavate,  somewhat  woody. 
14—1.     CuNiLA.     42.  39. 

itiariana,  (1)  (dittany.  C.  P.  Highlands,  r-b.  J.  2|.)  leaves  ovate,,  ser- 
rate, sessile  :  corymbi  terminal,  dichotomous.  Dry  places.  Dia- 
phoretic. B. 

Cunila,  see  Hedeoma. 

11  —  1.      CUPHEA.      54.  91. 

riscoslssima,  (wax-bush.  V.  P.  p.  J.  1?.)  viscous:  leaves  opposite,  pe- 
tioled,  ovate-oblong  :  flowers  with  12  stamens,  lateral,  solitary:  pe- 
duncles very  short.  This  plant  is  said  to  be  sometimes  herbaceous. 
Dr.  M.  Stevenson  found  it  in  Cambridge,  N.  Y.  where  it  grows  about 
14  inches  high  on  wet  ground,  with  a  frutescent  stem. 

(I)  Zlziphora  raariana.  Rs. 


CUPRESSUS^    CYNOGLOSSUM.  279 

20—10.     CupRESSus.     51.  100. 

(hijoideSj  Wm.  (white  cedar.  D.  C.  M,  Tp.)  branchlets  compressed  : 
leaves  imbricate  four  ways,  ovate,  tubercled  at  the  base  :  strobile 
globular. 

5—2.     CuscuTA.     29.  43. 

^jnericana,  W.  (dodder.  O.  w.  Au.  @.)  flowers  peduneled,  umbelled, 
5-cleft  :  stigma  capitate.  A  bright  yellow  leafless  vine,  twining 
around  other  w^eeds  in  damp  places.  In  some  parts  of  New-England 
it  is  called  gold-thread  vine. 

curopea,  (T.  w.  Au.  0.)  flowers  sub-sessile:  stigma  acute:  stamens 
mostly  5.     Grows  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.     Tracy. 

22— e.     Cyathus.     53.  1. 
slriatus,  (tunnel  fungus.)  dark-brown,  villous,  striate  within,  cbesnut- 

brown.     On  the  earth  and  fallen  branches  in  woods,  late  in  autumn. 
oUa,  cinereous  outside,  or  becoming   sooty-yellow,  sub-tomentose  ; 

lead-livid  within. 
nifidus,  (bird-nest  fungus.)  campanulate,  grey,  tomcntose,  margin  at 

length  revolute ;  shining  lead-colour  within,  striate  with  concentric 

zones.    In  sand  and  on  wood,  in  summer  and  autumn. 
crucibidum,    sub-cylindric,    indurated,  sub-tomentose,  ochre-yelloM'. 

In  pine  woods,  rarely  in  gardens,  on  branches,  chips,  kc. 

19 — 1.     Cymbidium.     7.  21. 
pukheUiu7},S\\.(\)  (grass  pink.  O.r.Ju.  2^.)  leaves  radical,  ensiform, 
nerved  :  scape  few-flowered  ;  lip  erect,  slender  at  the  base  :  lamina 
spread  ;  disk  concave,  bearded. 

18—1.     Cyxara.     49.  54. 

cardunculus,  (cardoon.  E.  2^.)  leaves  spinose,  all  pinnatifid  :  scales  of 

the  calyx  ovate. 
scolymus,  (garden  artichoke.  E.  U-)  leaves  sub-spinose,  pinnate  :  scales 

of  the  calyx  ovate. 

5 — 1.     Cynoglossum.    41.  42. 
officinale,  (hound-tongue.  O.   p.  Ju.    $ .)  very  soft-pubescent:  leaves 
broad-lanceolate,  sessile  :  panicled  racemes. 

(i;  Limodorum  tuberosum,  L.    Calopogon  pulchelluro,  Br.    See  Corallorbiza. 


280  CYNOGLOSSUM^    CYPERUS. 

amplexicaule,  Mx.  (1)  (W.  V.  P.  w.  k  h.  J.  21.)  very  hirsute  :  leaves 
oval-oblong}  upper  ones  clasping  ;  corymbs  terminal,  leafless,  long- 
pedunclecl. 

*  3—2.     CvNODOS.  Rd.    4.  10. 

dactylon,(2)  (flat  finger-grass.  O.Ju.  If.)  spikes  digitate:  flowers  im- 
bricate in  a  single  series,  solitary.  A  creeping  grass,  and  grows  best 
on  dry  sandy  land. 

3—1.     CypERUs.    3.  9. 
1.  Sjnkeleis  aggregate. 

Licolor,  M.  (P.  Au.)  umbel  compound  :  rachis  an^lar :  spikeFets  coffi' 
pressed,  lanceolate,  acute  :  scales  lanceolate,  purple  on  the  margin, 
obtuse  :  pistil  long,  2-cleft :  seed  oval,  ash-colour,  smooth  -.  involucre 
3-leaved,  much  longer  than  the  umbel.     Vid.  Barton's  Flo.  Phil. 

poceformis,  Ph.  (O.  g-p.  Au.)  spikelets  oblong,  flat,  fascicle-corymbed  j 
fascicles  sessile  and  peduncled  :  involucre  3-leaved,  very  long. 

tincinaiv.s,  Ph.  (3)  (0.  J.  <? .)  little  heads  sub-globose,  glomerate  ; 
spikelets  linear,  about  8-flowered  :  valves  lanceolate,  recurve-acu- 
minate  :  involucre  about  2-leaved,  very  long. 

2.  Umbels  with  elongated  rays:  spikelets  terminal,  umhelled. 

tenuis,  Vahl.  (C.)  umbel  terminal,  .simple:  involucre  3  or  4-leaved, 
longer  than  the  spikelets,  rough  at  the  apex  ;  peduncles  unequal  : 
spikelets  lanceolate,  alternate,  yellow,  acute,  10  to  17-floweredj 
bracted  at  the  base.     Swamps. 

brizeeus,  Rd.  (C.  Ju.  If.)  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  :  umbels  crowd- 
ed, leafless;  leaves  narrow: 

injlexus,  (P.Ju.)  umbels  3-leaved,  simple:  spikes  3,  ovate,  one  sessile, 
the  others  peduncled,  canglomerate  :  spikelets  oblong,  green,  com- 
pressed, 7-flowered  :  plant  sweet-scented. 

3.  Umbels  icith  elongated  rays :  spikelets  alternate. 

phymatodcs,  M.  (P.  Au.  11.)  umbels  simple  or  decompound,  rayed  : 
involucre  3  to  9-leaved,  unequal ;  three  of  the  leafets  very  long,  sca- 
brous at  the  margin  :  peduncles  compressed  :  spikelets  2-ranked,  li- 
near ;  lower  ones  compound ;  upper  ones  simple,  15-flowered  :  bracts 
linear. 

(1)  virt,-inianuin,  L.  (2)  DigUaria  dactylon,  M-    Panicum  dactylort>  I 

^a)  iiiflexus,  2i' 


CYPEIIUS,    CYPRIPEDIUM.  281 

erylhrorhizus,  M.  (1)  (0.  Au.  0.)  umbel  decompound,  3-leaved  ;  um- 
bellets  mostly  wanting :  involucre  3  to  6-leaved,  very  long,  scabrous  : 
spikelets  alternate,  linear,  approximate,  long,  horizontal,  12-flower- 
ed,  terete-compressed. 

parvijlorus,  M.  (P.  D.  V.  Au.)  umbel  compound  :  involucre  3-leaved, 
longer  than  the  peduncles  :  peduncles  glabrous,  many  (6  to  10,)  3- 
sided  :  spikelets  3,  compressed,  alternate,  ovate,  S-flowered.  Mud, 
&c. 

diandruSfTorrey.  (C.  Au.)  culm  obtusely  three-cornered,  and  weak  : 
umbel  about  1-rayed,  with  the  flowers  in  fascicles  :  involucre  3- 
leaved,  2  leaves  much  longer  than  the  umbel :  spikes  chesnut-brown, 
lance-oblong,  compressed,  many-flowered  (14  to  16  :)  glumes  acutish, 
keeled  ;  stamens  but  2  :  style  bifid  :  seed  ovate-compressed.  See 
Torrey's  catalogue,  p.  90. 

flavescens,  (C.  P.  Pittsfield.  Au.  <J.)  spikelets  lance-linear,  crowded  : 
involucre  3-leaved,  longer  than  the  3-cleft  umbel.  Bog  meadows, 
salt  and  fresh. 

sfrigosus,  Vahl.  (O.  g-y.  Au.  14.)  spikes  oblong,  lax  :  spikelets  subulate, 
spreading,  remotisli :  Lnvolucres  nearly  wanting  :  rays  of  the  umbel- 
lets  alternate.     Meadows. 

4.  Umbels  with  short  rays :  spikes  digitate, 
ceespif^sus,  Torrey.  (C.  Au.  If.)  culm  acutely  3-cornered :  umbel  ra- 
diate or  sub-radiate,  tax  ;  rays  short  :  involucre  4-leaved,  two  of  the 
leaves  very  long  :  spikes  lance-linear,  compressed,  acute  :  stamens 
2:  style  2-cleft :  seed  oblong,  obtuse,  compressed.  5  to  12  inches 
high.  Seed  glabrous.  Salt  marshes.  See  Torrey's  catalogue  of 
New- York  plants,  p.  89. 

19—2.     Cypripediui.!.     7.  21. 

candidum,  M.  (white  ladies'  slipper.  P.  w.  M.  ^.)  stem  leafy  ;  leaves 
lance-oblong  :  lobe  of  the  style  lanceolate,  obtusish  :  lip  compress- 
ed, shorter  than  the  lanceolate  petals. 

parviflorum,  Sy.  (2)  (C.  P.  y-g.  M.  U-)  stem  leafy  :  lobe  of  the  style 
triangular,  acute  ;  outer  petals  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  ;  inner  ones 
linear,  contorted  :  lip  shorter  than  petals,  compressed. 

vubescens,  W.  (3)  (yellow  ladies'  slipper.  H.  y.  M.  U-)  stem  leafy  :  lobe 

(1)  strigosus,  Sw,  (2)  calceelus,  Mx. 

(S)  Qavescen?,  Redoute.    calceolusJWr. 

Z  2 


282  CYPPaPEDlUM^    DANTHONIA. 

of  the  style  triangular-oblong,  obtuse  :  outer  petals  oblon^-ovafe, 
acuminate  ;  inner  ones  very  long,  linear,  contorted  :  lip  compress- 
ed, shorter  than  the  petals.     Woods. 

spedabile,  W.  (1)  (gay  ladies'  slipper.  W.  T.  C.  V.  P.  w.  fc  p.  J.  2^.) 
stem  leafy  :  lobe  of  the  styi«  oval -cordate,  obtuse  :  outer  petals 
broad-oval,  obtuse  :  lip  longer  than  the  petals,  split  before.     Woods. 

humile,  W.  (2)  (low  ladies*  slipper.  O.  w.  &-  p.  M.  L^.)  scape  leafless,  1- 
flowered  :  leaves  radical,  in  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse  :  lobe  of  the  style 
round-rhomboid,  acuminate,  deflexed  ;  lip  longer  than  the  lanceo- 
late petals,  split  before.     Woods. 

aridinum,  A.  (Can.  w.  r.  g.  M.  ^.)  stem  leafy  :  lobe  of  the  style  orbi- 
cular, obtusish  ;  petals  5,  2  lower  ones  lance-linear,  horizontal,  up- 
per one  ovate-oblo«g,  acute  3  lip  of  the  length  of  the  petals,  ob-conic 
before,  saccate.    Damp, 


3—2.     Dactvlis.     4.  10. 

frlomeruta  (orchard  grass.  0.  J.  H-)  panicle  one-sided,  glomerate: 

12—13.     Dalibarda.     35.  92. 
rq-)tns,  Lk.  (3)  (H.  w.  J.  K)  villose  :  having  creeping  shoots  :  leaves 

simple,  cordate,  crenate  :  peduncles  1-flowered. 
fragaroides,  Mx.  (4)  (dry  strawberry.  H.  y.  M.  2^.)  leaves  ternate  :  lea- 

fets  wedge-form,   gash-serrate,  ciiiate  :  peduncles  many-flowered  : 

tube  of  the  calyx  obconic. 

3_o,     Danthonia,  Dc.    4.  10. 

spicata  (3)  (wild  oats.  O.  J.  It)  leaves  subulate,  short;  the  radical 
ones  often  hairy  on  the  upper  side  :  stifulfes  obsolete,  ciiiate  :  ra- 
ceme simple,  or  divided  near  the  base  :  spikelets  4  to  9  :  calyx  lon- 
ger than  the  spikelets  :  florets  6  or  7. 

ncricea  (D.  Ju.)  culm  erect  :  raceme  compound  ;  branches  2  and  3- 
flowered,  spVkelets  9  to  13,  8  and  9-flowered,  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  calyx  :  valves  of  the  corol  very  unequal,  outer  lanceolate  dense- 
ly villose  on  the  margin,  bristly,  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  with  a  central 
twisted  awn  :  inner  valve  ciiiate,  much  shorten. 

(t)  ciTiadense,  Mx.    albun,  A.     reginae,  Wr.        (2)  acaule-,  A. 

(3)  V •■  oli. i-.u'u ies,  Mx.    Kubus  dalibarda,  W.  (-i)  X>rj  as  UifoUata,  Pallasi 

C5}  Avena  spicata. 


BAPHNEj    DELPHINIUM.  283 

8—1.     Daphne.    31.  25. 

meserewn  (mezereon.  E.  M.  ^.)  flowers  sessile,  cauline,   iu   threes; 

leaves  lanceolate. 
e(/ora  (sweet  mezereon.  E.  w.  Ap.  ^.)  having  many  flowers  in  littlfr 

terminal  heads  }  leaves  scattered,  lance-oblong,  glabrous. 

21—1.3.     Datisca.     54.  98  .' 
hirta,  W.  (false  hemp.  P.  y.  If.)  stem  hirsute  :  leaves  pinnate  :  leafets 
running  together  at  the  base.     Flowers  small,  panicled. 

5—1.     Datura.     28.  41. 
stramonium  (thorn  apple.w  -b.  Au.  0.)  pericarps  spinose,  erect,  ovate  • 

leaves  ovate,  glabrous.     Odour  very  disagreeable. 
tatula  (O.  b.  Ju.  0.)  pericarps  spinose,  erect,  ovate  :  leaves  cordate, 

glabrous,  toothed. 

5—2.     Daccus.     45.  60. 

carota  (carrot.  E.  w.  J.  ^ .)  seeds  hispid  :  petioles  nerved  underside  : 
divisions  of  the  leeifets  narrow-linear,  acute. 

22—6.     Dedalea.     58.  1. 

qiiercina,  coriaceous,  pale-woody  :  pileus  regular,  glabrous;  laminae 
branch-sinuate  with  the  hollows  large.    On  trunks  of  oaks,  kc. 

22 — 4.     Delesseria.    57.  2. 

alata,  stem  compressed  :  leaves  pinnate,  confluent,  ribbed,  linear,  en- 
tire.   In  the  sea. 

13—2.     Delphinium.    26.  61. 

Tconsolidum  (larkspur.  E.  b.  Ju.  0.)  nectaries  1-leaved  :  stem  sub-divi- 
ded. 

ajacis  (rocket  larkspur.  E.  b.  Au.  0.)  nectary  1-leaved  :  stem  simple. 

exaltatum,  W.  (1)  (P.  b.  Ju.  2^.)  nectary  i-leaved  ;  lip  oblong,  2-cleft; 
divisions  lanceolate,  equal :  leaves  3-parted,  divisions  3-cleft. 

asureum,  W.  (2)  (Southern  states,  b.  M.  TJ.)  stem  stiffly  erect :  leaves 
linear,  many-cleft :  flowers  spiked  ;  petals  very  downy  :  spur  arched, 

staphisagria  (E.b.  <? .)  nectary  4-leaved,  shorter  than  the  petals :  leaves 
palmate,  with  obtuse  lobes. 

(i;  trydactylum,  Ms.     OTceolalum,  Jn.          ^)  carolinianum,  Wi!^ 


284  DENTAUIA,    eiCKSONIA. 

15—2.    DentarIxV.    39.  63. 
diphylla,  Mx.  (tooth  root,  ^trickle,  pepper-root.  O.  y.  &i  r.  M.  U)  stem 

with  2  leaves  near  each  other ;  which  are  ternate,  ovate-oblong,  une* 

qually  gash-toothed  :  root  toothed.    The  root  is  white,  brittle,  and 

has  a  strong  taste  resembling  the  horse-radish. 
laciniata,  W.  (1)    (New-England.  C.  P.  Niagara,  p.   M.  IT.)  leaves  ia 

threes,  ternate  ;  leafets  3-parted,  linear-oblong,  gash-toothed  :  root 

tuberous,  raoniliforra. 
heterophylla,  N.  (P.  p.  w.  J.)  stem  2-ieaved ;  leaves  ternate,  petioled, 

leafets  linear,   sub-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  margin  rough,  ciliate  : 

radical  leafets  ovate-oblong,   coarsely  gash-toothed.     Very  small.— 

Always  one  radical  leaf  with  a  long  petiole. 

10—2.     DiANTHUs.     22.  82. 
JarJa^Ms  (sweet  William.  E.  r.  few.  Ju.  U-)  flowers  fascicled:  scales 

of  the  calyx  ovate-subulate,  equalling  the  tube  :  leaves  lanceolate. 
armeria  (pink.  New-Jersey  ?  r.  Ju.  #.)  flowers  aggregate,  fascicled  : 

scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  villose,  equalling  the  tube. 
caryophyllus  (carnation.  E.  r.  Lw.  U-)  flowers  solitary  :  scales  of  the 

calyx  sub-rhomboid,  very  short:  petals  crenate,  beardless  :  leaves 

linear-subulate,   channelled.    By  rich  culture,  the  stamens  mostly 

change  to  petals. 
chinensis  (china  pink.  E.  Ju.  #.)  flowers  solitary :  scales  of  the  calyx 

subulate,  spreading,  leafy,  equalling  the  tube  :  petals  crenate  :  leaves 

lanceolate. 
plumarius  (single  pink.  E.  r.  &.  w.  U-)  flowers  solitary  :  scales  of  the 

calyx  sub-ovate,  very  short  and  obtuse,  awnless  }  corol  many-cleft, 

with  the  throat  hairy. 

5—1.     DiAPENSiA.    21.  43. 

lapponica,  W.  (2)  (Whitehills.  B\v.  w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  spatulate,  gla- 
brous :  anthers  oblique,  awnless. 

cunei/o/ia,  Sy.  (3)  (Whitehills.  Peck.  C.  w.  J.  T?.)  leaves  lance  wedge- 
form,  pubescent  below  :  anthers  horizontal,  beaked  at  the  base. 

22—1.     DicKSONiA.    55.  5. 
pilosiuscula,  W.  (4)  (fine-haired  fern.  O.)  frond  doubly-pinnate  ;  leafets 

(i)  concatenata,  Mx.  ("2)  obtugifolJa,  Sy.       (3)  Pyxidanthera  barbulala,  2Jj. 

'4)  pubescens,  Sh» 

M'-  < 


BICRANUM.  285 

Unce-oblong,    pinnatifid  ;  divisions  gash-toothed  at  the  upper  mar- 
gin :  stem  sub-pilose. 

22—2.     DicRANUM.    56.  4. 
1.   Capsule  icith  apophyses, 

cerviculatum,  monoecious  ;  stem  simple  :  leaves  capillary,  Avilhost 
nerves,  spreading,  lax:  capsule  ventricose,  erectish  ;  apoph3'sis  gib- 
fa  ose. 

virens,  stems  divided  ;  branchlets  erect,  sub-divided  :  leaves  clasping 
Rt  the  base,  linear,  flat,  spreading,  coiled:  caisules  nc^diug,^at 
length  curved;  apophysis  wen-like. 
fragile,  stem  erect,  ramose,  very  fragile  :  leaves  erect,  densely  crowd- 
ed together,  somewhat  whorled,  lai  ce-ovate,  acuminate,  sub-entire, 
with  the  margin  undulated  :  capsule  nodding,  elongated;  apophysis 
wen-like,  at  length  striate. 

2.  Capsules  ivithout  apophysis,  or  truncated  processes  on  the  foreside  of 
the  base. 

(Leaves  turned  to  one  sidj^  ) 

scoparium,  stem  ramose:  leaves  lance-ovat-^  acumiii?te,  keeled,  fal- 
cate :  pedicels  sheathed,  solitary :  lid  long-beak-'d. 

condensalum,  stem  slrort,  simple  :  leaves  la.ice-oblong,  macroc^te^ 
with  extended  fascicular  points  :  capsules  nodding  ;  lids  subufate. 
On  the  earth. 

heleromuUum,  stem  sub-simple :  leaves  capillary,  ooe-nerved,  dilated 
at  the  base  :  capsule  ovate  ;  lid  long-beaked. 

orthocarpon,  small  :  stem  short,  simple  :  leaves  setaceous,  dilated  at 
the  base  :  peduncle  lateral,  longish  :  capsule  sub-erect,  oblong-ovate  ; 
lid  beaked. 

tarium,  stem  sub-simple  :  leaves  somewhat  one-sided  ;  lower  ones 
lanceolate,  upper  ones  subulate  :  capsules  urqeolate,  somewhat  nod- 
ding; lid  conic. 

(Leaves  not  one-sided.) 

xanthodon,    minute  ;     leaves  lanceolate,    long-aeuminate  :    capsul&s 

ovate  :  teeth  of  the  peristome  yellow. 
polycarpon,  stem  ramose  :  leaves  linear-subulate,  twisted  when  dry, 

investing  the  stem  on  all  sides  :  capsule  obovate,  €rectiib;fuiTOWfid-. 

On  rocks  ia  mountains.  ^ 


286  DICRANUM^    DIGITAIilA. 

glauRum,  small  :  stem  ramose,  thick,  with  a  dense  foliation  :  lea^e? 
glaucous,  convex-channelled  :  capsule  sub-inclined,  oblong-ovate  ; 
lid  slenderly  subulate,  sub-inflexed. 

3.  Capsules  willi  truncated  prominences  on  the  foreside  of  the  base. 

purpureuMj  stem  dichotomous  :  leaves  lanceolate,  twisted  when  dry, 
furnished  with  a  purple  nerve  :  capsule  oval ;  lid  conic. 

22—2.     DiDYMODON.     56.  4. 
rigidulum,  leaves  lanceolate,  cuspidate  from  the  middle  nerve,  some- 
what rigid  :  lid  subulate,  a  little  curved. 

5—1.      DiERVILLA.      4S.   58. 

humiliSy'T.  (1)  (bush  honeysuckle.  O.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  peduncles  axillary 
and  terminal,  dichotomous,  3-flowered  :  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  acu- 
minate.    Variable  in  size,  1  foot  to  6. 

14—2.     Digitalis.     40.  40. 

purpurea,  (foxglove.  E.  p.  Ju.  ^ .)  leafets  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute  ; 
corol  obtuse  j  upper  lip  entire  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  rugose. 

intermediaj  (E.  p.  Ju.)  leafets  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  equal :  corol 
slightly  pubescent ;  upper  lip  emarginate,  2-cleit :  leaves  pubescent 
at  the  margins  and  base.  Both  species  are  powerful  diuretics  and 
absorbents.  The  purp'irea  is  extensively  cultivated  by  the  Shakers 
near  Albany. 

3—2.      DiGITARIA.      4.    10. 

sanguinalis,  M.  (2)  (finger-grass.  0.  g-p.  Ju.  0.)  spikes  many  :  flowers 
imbricate,  in  pairs :  sheaths  and  leaves  papillose-pilose  :  culm  creep- 
ing. 

jyaspaloides,  Mx.  (3)  (C.  P.  Au.  ^.)  spikes  in  pairs,  sub-villose  at  the 
base  :  rachis  broadish,  glabrous  :  flowers  solitary,  imbricate  two 
ways,  glabrous  :  leaves  spreading  ;  sheaths  glabrous,  villose  at  the 
neck :  culm  creeping. 

filiformis,  M.  (4)  (C.  D.  P.  Ju.  ^.)  racemes  terminal,  in  pairs  and 
threes,  alternate,  pilose  at  the  base,  erect ;  rachis  flexuose,  glabrous  ; 
florets  1  to  4,  pcdiceiled  :  one.  valve  of  the  calyx  3-nerved,  the  other 

(1)  luea,  Ph.    tournefortiijMx.    canadensis,  M.    Lonicera  diervilla,  L. 

(2^  Panicum  sanguinale,  L.        i  ('3)  iscbxmum,  M.     Paspalus  digitaria,  Pt. 

(4;  pilosa .-"  Mx.    Milium  f  anicffin,  Sw.    I'aspalus  filiformls.Rs. 


DILATRIS^    DIPSACUS.  287 

S'nerved  :  seeds  black  ;  leaves   glabrous  beneath  :  lower  sheaths 
hairy,  upper  ones  glabrous  :  culm  straight,  with  dark  glabrous  joints. 

3—1.      DiLATRIS.      6.    18. 

tinctoria,  Ph.  (1)  (red-root.  C.  y.  Ju.  2S-)  petals  lanceolate,  doAvny 
outside  :  panicle  corymbed,  downy  ;  leaves  long,  naked,  linear, 

10— 1.     DioN.«A.     20.  68. 
musclpida,  W.  (Venus'  fly-trap.  Southern   states,  w.  Ju.    Z/.)  radical 
leaves,  with  terminal  ciliate  appendages,  somev»'hat  resembling  a  rat- 
;trap  ;  this  is  suddenly  closed  on  being  irritated.     Swamps. 

21—6.      DiOSCOREA.       11.    12, 

villosa,  (2)  (yamroot.  P.  C.  Highlands.  J.  2^.)  leaves  alternate,  opjro- 
site  and  whorled,  cordate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  9-nerved  ; 
lateral  nerves  simple.     Stem  cltrabing, 

glauca,^!.  (P.  J.  If.)  leaves  glaucous,  glabrous,  cordate,  acuminate, 
9-nerved,  in  fours,  alternate.     Stem  tAvining. 

21—13.     DiosPYROs.     18.  Of}. 
■virginiana,  (persimon,  seeded  plum.  C.  P.  w-y.  M,  h  )  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  glabrous,  reticulate-veined  :  petioles  pubescent : 
buds  glabrous. 

22 — 2.     DiPHysciLM.     56.  4. 

foUosinn,  stemless  :  capsule  sub-sessile  :  leaves  lance-linear. 

22—2.     DiPLocoMiuM.  (3)     56.  4. 

longisetiim,  caulescent  :  leaves  gradually  narrow-acute  ;  upper  ones 
subulate-acuminate  from  a  broad  base  :  peduncle  very  long  3  lid 
conic  :  the  setaceous  teeth  of  the  inner  peristome  about  four  times 
as  long  as  those  of  the  outer  peristome. 

4—1.     DipsAcus.     48.  56. 

fnUomim,  (teasel.  E.w.Ju.  <? .)  leaves  sessile,  serrate:  chaff  hooked. 
si/lvestrisj  (wild  teasel.  P.  C.  Sheffield,  Mass.  Ju.   ^  .)  leaves  connate, 

sinuate :  chaff  straight  :  head  involucred.     Very  abundant  in  Pom- 

pey,  N;Y. 


►  -^ 


(1)  beritiera,  B.    Heriliera  graelini,  Mx.  ^. 

(2;  paniciUaOQKx.  (3)  Mee^Hed, 


288  BIRCA,    DRAC^XA. 

8—1.     DiRCA.    31.  25. 
palustris,  (leather-wood,  moose-wood,  american  mezereon.  O.  y.  Ap, 
1^.)  leaves  oval  :  flowers  axillary,  2  or  3  in  a  hairy  bud-like  invo- 
lucre.    Small  bush  :  bark  very  tough.    Woods. 

5—1.      DOOECATIIEON.      20.  34. 

meadia,  W.  (false  cowslip.  P.  p.  M.  U-)  leaves  oblong-oval,  repand- 
toothed :  umbels  many-tlowered,  lax  :  bracts  oval.  Woods  near 
rivdrs. 

iritegrifjlium,  Mx.  (P.  b.  J.  U-)  leaves  spatulate,  entire :  umbels  few- 
flowered,  straight :  bracts  I'.ncar. 

17— lO.     DoLic  .0        :;2,  93. 

pruriens,  (cowa^e,  or  co-.v'tch.  K.  o. 'i^.)  twJai.jg:  leaves  hairy  be- 
neath :  lej^uines  in  racemes  ;  valves  slightly  keeled,  hairy  :  pedun- 
cles in  threes. 

jmrpvytiis,  (wild  cowhage.  P.  p.  dj  twining:  stem  glabrous:  petioles 
pubescent :  corol  with  spreadin!<  wings. 

18—2.     DoKO.MruM.    49.  55. 

nudioaule,  Mx.  (1)  (leopard's  bant.  P.  y.  J.  11-)  stem  nearly  leafless : 
in  some  the  peduncles  are  divided  at  the  top  :  leaves  decussate,  op- 
posite, oblong-ovate. 

15—1.    Drab  A.    39.  63. 

verna,  (whitlow  grass.  C.  P.  w.  Ap.  #.)  scape  naked  :  leaves  oblong, 
acute,  <^ub  .-(-rrate,  rough^haired  :  petals  bifid  :  stigma  sessile. 

umhellaiay  M.  !;2)  (C.  p.  w.  Ap.  ©.)  scape  naked:  leaves  oval,  acute, 
very  hirsute,  silicles,  long-linear, glabrous,  approximate. 
'  arabisans,  Mx.  (P  New-England.  M.  <? .)  stera  leafy,  somewhat  branch- 
ed :  radical  leaves  v/edge-lanceolate ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate ;  all 
acute,  divaricate-toothed :  sillcles  acuminate  with  the  perraanen"* 
style. 

6—1.      DRACiENA.      11.   12. 
ftorca/w,  W.  (3)  (wild  lily  of  the  valley,  or  dragoness-plant.  H.g.  y.J. 
2^.)    sub-caulescent:  leaves  oval-obovate ;    margin  ciliate  :    scape 

(1)  acaule  Wr.    Arnica  claytoni,  Ph.  (2;  carolimana,"Wr.    hispidula,  Mx. 

(33  Convallaiia  umbellata,  Mjf.  the  best  name.    Smilacina  borealis,  Ph»  or  probably 
bisS.umbellata. 


DRACOCEPHALUM,    ECHIUM.  289 

pubescent:  umbel  corymbed,  sometimes   proliferous:  pedicels  na- 
ked, nodding.    (1) 

14 — 1.     Dracocephalum.    40.  40. 

virginianum,  W.  (dragon-head.  P.  p.  Au.  U.)  spikes  elongated,  with 
the  flowers  crowded  :  bracts  subulate :  teeth  of  the  calyx  nearly 
equal,  short :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate. 

canarieiise,  (balm  of  gilead  herb.  E.)  flowers  spiked :  leaves  ternate, 
oblong. 

denticulahun,  W  (2)  (P.  p.  Ju.  If.)  spikes  elongated,  with  remote  flow- 
ers :  bracts  subulate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal ;  leaves  obo- 
vate-lanceolate,  toothed  above. 

Draconlium,  see  Ictodes. 

5 — 1.     Drosera.     20.  68. 

rotundifolia,  (sun-dew.  O.  y-w.  Au.  2^.)  scape  simple  :  leaves  nearly 

orbicular,  narrowed  at  the  base  :  petioles  long,   downy.    Wet  or 

damp. 
longifolia,  (S)  (Y.  P.  C.  y-w.  Ju.  11.)  scape  simple:  leaves  spatulate- 

obovate  :  petioles  long,  naked.     Wet. 
Jiliformis,  R.  (4)  (D.  p.  J.  Z/.)    scape  sub-ramose,   terete,   glabrous  : 

leaves  very  long,  filiform  :  styles  6  to  9.     Wet. 

3—1.     DuLicHiuM.  (5)     3.  9. 

spathaceum,  Rd.  (galingale.  O.  g-y.  Ju.  If.)  culm  3-cornered,  leafy: 
spikelets  spreading,  about  6-flowered.     Wet. 

E. 

IS— 5.     EcHiNOPS.     49.  54. 
sphccrocephalus,  (globe  thistle.  E.)  leaves  pinnatifid :  stem  branching. 

5— i.    EcHiUM.    41.  42. 
vulgare,  (viper's  bugloss,  blue  thistle.  C.  P.  Fishkill.  b.  Ju.  ^ .)  stem 

(1)  Tbis  is  the  Clintonia  nutans  of  Mr.  Rafinesque.  My  personal  oblig;ations  to  Mr. 
CliTton  would  rertainly  induce  me  lo  unite  in  any  act  of  justice  to  his  literary  and  sci- 
entific merit-,  but  to  aid  in  an  attempt  lo  force  his  name  upon  an  old  genus,  would  not 
comport  with  my  views  of  propriety,  and  I  am  sure  it  would  be  offensive  to  him. 

(2)  Prasium  purpureum,  Wr.  (4)  temiifolia,  M. 

^3)  americana,  M.  (5)  Schospus,!,.    Scirpus,  Mx.    Cyperus,  TT. 

Aa  'f- 


290  ELEPIIANTOPUS,    EMPETRUM. 

tuberculate-hispid  :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate-hispid  :  flowers  spiked, 
lateral. 

18 — 5.     Elephantopus.    49.  55. 

earolinianus,  W.  (1)  (elephant-foot.  P.  Collins,  r.  Au.  If.)  leaves  ra* 
dical,  and  cauline  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  pilose  on  both 
sides  :  stem  simple,  erect,  pilose. 

3—2.    Eleusine.    4.  10. 

indica,  Mx.  (2)  (dog-tail  grass,  wire  grass.  C.  P.  Ju.  ^.)  glabrous  : 
sheaths  compressed,  pilose  at  the  neck :  spikes  digitate,  long-linear, 
straight :  spikelets  about  6-flowered  :  flowers  lanceolate. 

3—2.     Elymus.    4.  10. 

villosus,  (wild  rye,  lime  grass.  O.  Ju.  2^.)  spikes  erect :  spikelets  3- 
fiowered,  awned,  villose,  ternate  :  calyx  awned,  exceeding  the  spike- 
lets. 

canadensis,  (0.  Ju.  IJ..)  spike  nodding,  spreading :  spikelets  6-flowered, 
awned ;  lower  one  ternate,  upper  ones  binate. 

virginicus,  (0.  J.  2i.)  spike  erect :  spikelets  3-flowered,  awned,  gla- 
brous, in  pairs  :  calyx  lanceolate,  nerved,  equalling  the  spikelets. 

striatus,  (W.  T.  P.  Ju.  If.)  spike  erect:  spikelets  2-flowered,  awned, 
hispid,  in  pairs  :  rachis  pubescent :  involucre  4  to  6-leaved  ;  leaves 
2-nerved,  pubescent,  awned :  calyx  linear,  nerved,  awned,  rather 
exceeding  the  spikelets :  leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous. 

hystrix,  (P.  V.  C.  Ju.  2^.)  spike  terminal,  erect :  rachis  scabrous  :  spike- 
lets 6  to  9-flowered,  diverging  :  involucre  1  or  2-leaved  ;  lateral 
leafets  linear,  of  the  length  of  the  corol :  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous, 
with  scabrous  margins  :  sheaths  glabrous.  One  variety  has  pubes- 
cent sheaths. 

glaucifolius,  W.  (3)  (C.  T.  W.  V.  P.  Ju.  U-)  spike  nodding,  somewhat 
spreading,  with  d  compressed  rachis,  having  a  ^pubescent  margin; 
spikelets  ternate  below  and  binate  above,  2  and  3-flowered  :  involu- 
cre 4  or  5-leaved  :  sheaths  ner\'ed,  glabrous. 

21—3.     Empetrum.     18.  51. 

nigrum,  Mx.  (black  crowberry.  Whitehills.  Bw.  Ju.  T?.)  procumbent: 
branchlets  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  with  a  revolute  mar- 
gin- V 
^1)  scaber,  Mx.  (2)  Cyfl^rus  indica,  L.  (D;  philadelpticus,  S>w. 


ENDOCAHPOX,    EPILOBIUM.  291 

22 — 5.     Endocarpox.     57.  2. 

kedwigii,  frond  sub-cartilaginous,  roundisli-angled  and  lobed,  some- 
what olive-coloured  ;  under  side  pale  at  the  edge,  then  dark-colour- 
ed and  fibrous  :  the  little  mouths  sub-prominent,  dark  sooty-yellow. 
On  naked  earth,  rocks  and  sides  of  mountains.  Var.  lachneum,  has 
the  frond  with  aggregated  sub-imbricated  lobes  ;  margin  elevated, 
repand-lobed,  undulated,  dark  woolly  beneath. 

muhlenbergii,  frond  thick,  crusty-cartilaginous,  foliaceous,  orbicular, 
peltate,  obscurely  tawny-green,  thin,  rugose-plicate,  and  somewhat 
in  chinks  ;  dark  tawny  and  tubercled  beneath  :  little  mouths  convex. 

tniniatum,  frond  thick,  crusty-cartilaginous,  foliaceous,  orbicular,  pel- 
tate becoming  cinereous,  repand  at  the  periphery,  flexuose-plicate  ; 
beneath  smooth,  becoming  rugose  and  yellowish  :  little  mouths 
minute,  few,  sub-approximate,  tawny. 

10—1.     Epigaea.     18.  51. 

re;)en5  (trailing  arbutus.  O.  r.  &,  w.  Ap.  ^.)  stem  creeping:  branche* 

and  petioles  very  hirsute  :  leaves  cordate,  entire  :  corol  cylindric. 

8 — 1.     Epilobium.     17.  88. 

£picalum,'P.  (1)  (willow-herb.  H.p.  Ju.  I^.)  leaves  scattered,  lance-lin_ 
ear,  veiny,  glabrous  :  flowers  unequal  :  stamens  declined.  Thif 
species  grows  from  4  to  6  feet  high. 

lineare,  M.  (2)  (O.  w.  ^  r.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  terete,  pubescent,  wand-like, 
branched  above  :  cauline  leaves  opposite,  branch-leaves  alternate, 
linear,  very  entire  :  flowers  few,  terminal,  long-peduncled.  Flow- 
ers small. 

eoloratum,  M.  (3)  (0.  r.  Ju.  11.)  stem  terete,  pubescent,  leaves  lanceo- 
late, serrulate,  petioled,  opposite  ;  upper  ones  alternate,  glabrous, 
red-veined.  Var.  tetragoniwi,  has  the  stem  4-cornered  part  of  its 
length.     Damp  or  wet. 

palusire,  W.  (W.  P.  Ju.  11.)  stem  terete  :  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate, 
sub-denticulate  :  stigma  undivided.     Damp. 

alpinum  (Whitehills.  w-r.  Au.  H.)  stem  simple,  sub-terete,  1  or  2- 
fiowered  :  leaves  opposite,  oval,  entire  :  flowers  sessile.  Very  mi- 
nute. 

Epipactis,  see  Listera. 

Ci)  angustifolium,  W.       (2)oliganthBnJ,  Mx.    rosinarinifolium,  Ph.    squamatum.N. 
(a;  levigatum,  Le  Con«e,  JjjL 


292  EPIPHEGUS^    ERICA. 

14—2.     Epiphegus,  N.  (1)     40.  35- 

virginiaj'ius  (2)  (beech  drops,  cancer-root.  0.  y.  p.  Ju.  H.)  stem  very 
branching  :  flowers  alternate,  distant  :  calyx  short,  cup-form,  short- 
er than  the  capsule.  The  whole  plant  is  yellowish-white  and  of  a 
naked  appearance.  I  have  retained  the  old  specific  name,  for  there 
is  a  species  of  Orobanche  in  our  district  called  americana  ;  and  this 
genus  being  taken  from  that,  it  would  be  a  violation  of  the  Linnean 
rule  to  follow  Nuttall  in  naming  this  plant  americanus.  Barton  says 
this  plant  is  an  astringent ;  and  that  it  is  useful  in  cases  of  indolent 
ulcers,  and  perhaps  cancers,  applied  externally. 

22 — 1.     Eqlisetum.     55.  5. 

arvense,  (horse-tail.  O.  Ap.  H.)  barren  stems  with  simple  branches  ,; 
the  branches  scabrous,  4-sided  :  fructification  simple  -^  sheaths  cylin- 
dric,  gash-toothed  ;  teeth  acute. 

syh'aticutn,W.  (0.  Ap.  2Lf.)  barren  and  fertile  stems  doubly-branched  : 
branches  scabrous,  deflected,  4-sided  ;  branchlets  somewhat  3-sided 

uliginosum,  (D.  P.  W.  M.  H.)  stem  sub-ramose  :  branches  generally 
in  fours,  4-sided,  glabrous :  spike  terminal,  cylindric.    Wet  or  damp. 

torreyanumj  Stewart.  (C.)  stems  branched;  branches  thick,  roughish^ 
hexagonal,  close-pressed  to  the  stem  :  spike  terminal.  Vide  Stew- 
art's article  in  the  Wernerian  Transactions  ;  w'herein  he  dedicates 
this  new  species  to  Dr.  John  Torrey  of  New-York.  ^ 

palusfre,  Sh.  (D.  M.2i.)  stem  simply  ramose,  glabrous,  sulcate  -.branch- 
es pentagonal,  bearing  spikes  at  their  apexes. 

scirpoides,  Mx.  (C.  W.  V.  D.  Ju.  U-)  stem  simple,  ascending,  glabrous, 
filiform,  bearing  a  spike  at  the  top  :  sheaths  3-toothed  ;  teeth  wither- 
ing, with  caducous  awns  at  the  apex.     Wet.  , 

hyenxale,  Sh.  (scouring  rush.  O.  Ju.  U-)  stems  erect,  very  scabrous, 
bearing  spikes  at  the  apex  :  sheaths  2-coloured,  withering  at  the  base 
and  apex  :  teeth  with  caducous  awns. 

8—1.     Erica.     18.  51. 

puhescens,  (downy  heath.  E.  r.  M.)  corol  linear,  pubescent,  with  the 

limb  erect :  capsule  glabrous  :  leaves  fringed. 
tetralix,  (E.  f?.)  anthers  awned  :  corol  ovate:  style  enslosed  :  leaves 

in  fours,  ciliate  :  flowers  in  heads 

(1)  Orobanche,!.  ("2)  am«rieanus,N". 


ERIGENIA,    ERIOCAULON.  293 

5—2.     Erigenia,  N.     45.  60. 
knlbosa,  (1)  (bulbous  navel-wort.  P.  g-w.  Ap.  H.)  leaf  solitary,  radical, 
biternate ;  segments  many-cleft :  scape   terete,   with  an  involucre- 
like leaf.     About  4  or  5  inches  high.     Anthers  dark  purple. 

18 — 2.     Erigeron.     49.  55. 

caiiadense^  (2)  (flea-bane,  pride-weed.  01  w.  Ju.  ^3.)  stem. hispid,  pa- 
nicled  :  leaves  lance-linear,  ciliate  :  calyx  cylindric  :  rays  crowded, 
short.  Flowers  small.  Plant  strong-scented.  ^Powdered  leaves 
useful  in  stopping  blood, 

strigosum,  M..  (P.  C.  W.  w.  Ju.  <?.)  strigose-pilose ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  both  ends :  in  the  middle  are  a  few  coarse  teeth,  or  it  is 
entire :  flowers  corymb-panicled. 

heterophifllum,  M.  (3)  (O.  w.  J.  i .)  radical  leaves  round-ovate,  deeply- 
toothed,  petioled  ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  in  the 
middle  :  corymb  terminal. 

philadclphicum,  (O.  b-p.  Au.  U-)  pubescent  :  leaves  wedge-oblong, 
rarely  gash-toothed  ;  cauline  ones  half-clasping  :  stem  weak,  simple, 
corymbed  above  :  peduncles  elongated,  1-flowered  :  rays  capillary, 
twice  as  long  as  the  hemispheric  calyx. 

purpurtmn,  A.  (P.  W.  V.  C.  p.  Ju.  11.)  pubescent  :  leaves  oblong, 
toothed,  clasping  ;  upper  ones  entire  :  peduncles  thickened,  corymb- 
ed ;  lower  ones  elongated .  scales  of  the  calyx  hairy  on  the  keel ; 
rays  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

hdlidifoliu7n,W.  (4)  (O.  b.  &  w.  M.  U-)  hirsute,  hoary^ radical  leaves 
obovate,  sub-serrate  ;  cauline  ones  few,  distant,  lanceolate,  entire  ; 
stem  about  3-flowered  :  rays  long. 

22 — 6.     Erineum.     58.  1. 

acerinum,  depressed,  broadish,   reddish-tawny  ;  at   first  thick-clotted 

and  pale. 
fagineum,  sub-immersed,  compact,  sub-elliptic,  chesnut-brown. 
pyrinum,  oblong,  lax,  chesnut-brown. 

20—3.     Eriocaulok.     6.  13. 

pellucidum,  Mx.  (pipe-Avort.  0.  g.  Au.  U-)  scape  very  slender,  about 
7-striped:  leaves  linear-subulate,  channelled,  glabrous,  [jellucid,  5- 

(1)  Sison  bulbosum,  Ms.    Ilydrocotylebipinnrxte,  M.    composita  and  aiubieua,  Ph. 

(2)  iHisillum.  N.  (S;  Asier  annuus^L.  (■*;  pulchelluui,  Ms. 

Aa2- 


^94  EKIOCAULON^    ERVUm/ 

nerved,  transversely-striate :  head  small,  globose;  scales  of  the  ia-' 
volucre  oval-obtuse.     Grows  in  water  from  6  to  12  inches  high. 

decangulare,  Mx.  (i)  (tailpipe-wort.  P.  D.  S.  U-)  scape    10-striped 
leaves  ensiform,  glabrous  :  heads  large,  depressed-globose  :  scales  o£ 
tlie  involucre  ovate,  acute  :  chafT  of  the  receptacle  mucronate.    3  or 
4  feet  high. 

gnnphalioides,  Mx.  (2)  (Sheffield,  Mass.  D.  Ju.  2/.)  scape  sub-com- 
pressed, with  10  grooves  :  leaves  short,  subulate-ensiform,  glabrous  : 
heads  hemispheric-convex:  the  involucre  consists  of  shining  scarious,- 
ovalj  round-obtuse  scales. 

3 — 1.    Eriophorum.    3.  9. 

mrginicum,  (cotton  grass.  W.  C.  P.  J.  11.)  culm  terete,  leafy:  leaves 
flat :  spikes  crowded,  sub-sessile,  shorter  than  the  involucre.  In  bog- 
meadows,  as  all  Ihe  following  species  are. 

angustifolium,  (O.  J.  2/.)  culm  leafy,  terete  :  leaves  3-sided,  channel- 
'      led  ;  spikes  peduncled  :   seeds  ovate. 

polystachimn,  (3)  (C.  V.  P.  Ju.  U)  culm  leafy,  terete  :  leaves  flat  i 
spikes  peduncled  :  seed  ovate. 

cespiiosum,  Host.  (P.  V.  Stoc'cbridge,  Mass.  J.  U-)  culm  3-cornered 
above  :  spikes  simple,  oblong  ;  scales  scarious.  Very  slender  ;  8  to 
14  inches  high.     Oa  marshes  in  Stockbridge,  and  in  Castleton,  Vt. 

16 — 5.     Erodiim.     14.  73. 

ciconium,  (.stoA-bill  geranium.  E.  0.)  peduncle  many-flowered  : 
leaves  pinxiate :  leafets  pinnatifid,  toothed  :  petals  oblong,  obtuse  : 
stem  ascending. 

dcutanuMj  (hemlock  geranium.  P.  p.  Ap.  0.)  peduncles  many-flow- 
ered: leaves  pinnate;  leafets  sessile,  pinnatifid,  gashed  :  corol  larger 
than  the  calyx  :  stem  prostrate,  hirsute. 

moschaium,  (musk  geranium.  E.0.)  peduncles  many-flowered  :  leaves 
pinnate  ;  leafets  sub-petioled,  oblong,  gash-toothed  :  petals  equal- 
ling the  calyx :  stem  procumbent. 

17—10.     Ervcm.    32.  93. 

~  hirsulum,  W.  (4)  (creeping  vetch.  C.  Y  p.  J.  0.)  peduncles  many- 
flowered  :  legumes  hirsute,  2-seeded  :  leafets  linear,  obtuse. 

(1)  serotinair.,  Wr.  (C)  decangulare,  Wr.    compressuxD,  M. 

{o)  niljare,  P.  (4).Vieia  milchilla,  R. 


tiRYNGIUM;    EUPATORtUM.  293 

6 — 2.     Eryngicm.     45.  60. 

tj:aUfoHum,Mx.  (1)  (sea-holly.  P.  D.  b.  Ju.  2^.)  simple:  leaves  heart- 
ovate,  with  very  short  petioles  :  heads  all  peduncled  :  leafets  of  the 
involucre  chaffy  and  3-cleft :  stem  wand-like,  branching  above,  not 
below. 

virginianum,  Lk.  (2)  (P.  C.  Y.  g.  k  b.  Ju.  1/.)  very  tall :  leaves  long- 
lance-linear,  serrate  :  branches  linear,  many-parted  :  leafets  of  the 
involucre  longer  than  the  head,  chaffy,  3  to  5-cleft :  heads  panicled. 

15—2.    Erysimum.    39.  63. 

fifficinale,  (hedge  mustard.  O.  y.  J.  0.)  »iliques  close-pressed  to  the  rj- 
chis  of  the  spike  ;  leaves  ruucinate. 

Erysimum,  see  Barbarea. 

6 — 1.     Erythronium.     11.  14. 
dens-canis,  Mx.  (3)  dog-tooth  violet,  adder's-tongue.  O.  y.   Ap.   2^.) 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  glabrous,   spotted.     Scape  4  to  8  inches  high. 
Wood's. 

6 — 1.     EuoNYMUs.    43.  95. 

etropurpuretis,  Jn.  (spindle  tree.  D.P. p.  J.  fp.)  leaves  petioled, lanc5- 
oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  :  peduncles  divaricate,  many-flowered  ; 
flowers  4-cleft :  fruit  smooth.     Fruit  red. 

emericanus,  W.  (burning  bush.  D.  P.  r-y.  J.  fp.)  branches  4-angled  : 
leaves  sub-sessile,  lance-oval,  acute,  serrate  :  peduncles  about  3- 
floweredj  flowers  all  o-cleft :  fruit  warty-muricate.  Fruit  red.  Said 
to  grow  in  New-England. 

obomtus,  N.  (P.  p-g.  J.)  stem  prostrate,  rooting  ;  twigs  erect,  obtusely 
4-cornered  :  leaves  broad-obovate,  obtuse,  acute  at  the  base,  sub- 
sessile,  acutely  serrate,  flat  :  peduncles  3-flowered.  About  a  foot 
high.     Stamens,  as  well  as  petals,  sometimes  but  4. 

18—1.     EuPATORiuM.     49.  55. 

1.  Calyxes  not  more  than  5-flowered. 

hyssopifolium,  W.  (hyssop  thorough-wort,  hemp-weed.  C.  w.  Au.  2/.) 
leaves  opposite,  somewhat  whorled,  linear,  entire,  pubescent,  3- 
nerved,  punctate  ;  radical  ones  sub-dentate.     About  one  foot  high. 

(1)  virgatum,Lk.    integrifolium,  Wr.  (2)  aquaticum,  Mz. 

i3)  lanceolatuno.  Ph.    longifoliuni,  Ft.    americanuin, S. 


296  EUPATORIUM. 

sessilifolium,  W.  (P.  C.  W.  Au.  U-)  leaves  sessile,  clasping,  distinct, 
lance-ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  serrate,  very  glabrous  :  stem  some- 
what glabrous.    About  two  feet  high.     Grows  in  rocky  hills. 

truncatum,  W.  (P.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  sessile,  clasping,  distinct,  lanceolate, 
truncate  at  the  base,  serrate,  somewhat  glabrous  :  stem  pubescent. 
Resembles  the  last. 

album,  W.  (P.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  sub-sessile,  lance-oblong,  roughish,  ser- 
rate; inner  scales  of  the  calyx  long,  lanceolate,  scarious,  coloured. 
About  18  inches  high. 

lanceolatum,  W.  (P.  Au.  2|.)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  lance-oblong,  sca- 
brous, deeply  serrate  :  scales  of  the  calyx  one-coloured.  Resem- 
bles the  last. 

trifoliatiim,  W.  (D.  P.  Au.  I|:.)  leaves  petioled,  in  threes  or  fours^ 
ovate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  serrate,  roughish.     Tall,  not  branched. 

teucrifolium,  W .  (I)  (P.  D.  W.  Au.  U-)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  ovate, 
scabrous  ;  upper  ones  with  coarse  teeth  at  the  base  and  with  the 
summit  entire.     About  two  feet  high. 

melissioidcs,  W.  (P.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  petioled,?ovate,  obtusish,  obtusely- 
serrate,  veiny,  somewhat  glabrous.     Resembling  the  last. 

rotund  if olium,  W.  (P.  Au.  If.)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  round-cordate^ 
obtusely-serrate,  veiny  :  scales  of  the  calyx  acuminate.  About  12 
to  18  inches  high. 

fuhtscens,  W.  (2)  (C.  P.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  ovate,  scabrous, 
veiny  ;  lower  ones  doubly-serrate,  upper  ones  sub-serrate,  stem  pan- 
icled,  pubescent ;  branches  fastigiate.     Not  above  two  feet  high. 

altissimum,W.  (P.  Au.  IC.)  leaves  sub-sessile,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  ta- 
pering to  both  ends,  pubescent ;  lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle. — 
From  3  to  7  feet  high. 

Mmoenum,  Ph.  (C.  p.  S.  2^.)  leaves  with  short  petioles,  opposite  and  in 
threes,  lance-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  serrate,  sub-glabrous,  sub- 
rugose,  net-veined  beneath  :  corymb  fastigiate  ;  scales  of  the  calyx 
oblong,  coloured.    2  feet  high. 

ceanothifuiium,  W.  (C.  P.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate, 
toothed,  3-nerved,  glabrous.  Resembles,  in  general  aspect, the  New- 
Jersey  tea. 

laevigatum,  Torrey.  (D.  p.  Au.  24)  calyx  mostly  5-flowered  :  leaves  in 
fives,  petioled,  lanceolate,  very  glabrous  both  sides,  slender  :  stem 

(1)  pilosuni,  Wr.    verbenaefolium,  Mx. 

(2)  glandulosum,  Mx. 


EUPATORIUM,  EUPHORBIA.         297 

hollow,  smooth,  sub-glaucous.    5  or  6  feet  high— stem  marked  with 
purple  lines.     Vide  Torrey's  catalogue,  p.  92, 

2.   Calyxes  more  than  ^-flowered. 
;jMr?)wre  urn  (purple  thoroughwort,  or  joe-pye.  (1)  O.p.Au.  U-)  leaves 

in  fours  or  fives,  petioled,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  rugose.veined,rough- 

ish  :  stem  hollow.     5  or  6 feet  high. 
maculatum  (C.  W.  P.  p.  Au.  If.)  leaves  in  fours  or  fives,  unequally  ser- 
rate, pubescent  beneath  :  stem  solid,  furrowed.     Hardly  so  tall  as 

the  last. 
pundatum,  W.  (P.  D.  p.  Au.  I/.) leaves  in  fours  or  fives,  petioled,  ovate, 

acuminate,  serrate,  scabrous  both  sides  :  stem  solid,  terete.     Hardly 

so  tall  as  the  last. 
verticillatum,  W  (joe-pye's  weed.  O.  p.  Au.  U-)  leaves  in  threes  orfourP, 

lance-ovate,  wedge-form  at  the  base,  unequally  serrate,  somewhat 

glabrous  :  stem  solid,  smooth,  4  to  6  feet  high. 
perfoHatum  (2)  (boneset,  thoroughwort.  O.  w.  Au.  If-)  leaves  connate- 

perfoliale,  oblong-serrate,  rugose,    downy  beneath  :  stem  villose.— 

About  3  feet  high.     Excellent  tonic  and  diaphoretic.  B.     Also  a  mild 

cathartic  and  emetic.  Hosack. 
coelestinum,  W.  (P.  b.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  petioled,  heart-ovate,  obtusish,3- 

nerved,  obtusely-serrate  :  flowers  corymbed. 
ageratoides,W.  (S)  (O.  w.  Au.  U-)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate, 

3-nerved,  unequally  and  coarsely  toothed,  serrate,  glabrous  ;  corymb 

many-flowered,  spreading  :  ca!yx  simple.     About  2  feet  high, 

11—3.     Euphorbia.     38    96. 
1 .  Floivers not  in  iniolucred unibels. 
hypericifoUa,  W.  (4)  (spurge.  O.  J u.  #.)  dichotomous,  glabrous,  very 
branching,  sub-erect,  spreading ;  leaves  opposite,  serrate,  oval-oblong, 
sub-falcate  :  corymb  terminal. 
depressa,  R.  (5)  (spotted  spurge.  O.  w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  prostrate,  spread- 
ing :  leaves  opposite,  serrate,  oblong,  hairy  :  flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary: appendages  to  the  calyx  coloured.     Leaves,  when  young  andin 
dry  ground,  spotted. 

(1)  The  two  species,  called  joe-pye,  (from  tlienime  of  an  Indian)  are  in  common  usfi 
ill  the  -western  counties  of  Ma^sachusetts  as  diaphoretics,  Sec.  in  typhus  fever.  President 
Moore  of  Williams  Col.  (now  of  Amherst  Col.)  ascribes  Iiis  recovery  from  a  very  alarm . 
ing-  fever  to  the  liberr.l  and  continued  use  of  a  tea  made  with  these  plants. 

(2;  connatum,  Mx.        (S)  iirticaefolium,  Mx.    Ageratum  altissiinum.  I., 

(4)  laaculata,  I..  (.5)  maculala  ?  W. 


298  EUPHORBIA^    PEDIA. 

dentata,  Mx.  (P.  Ju.  0.)  small,  hirsute  :  leaves  opposite,  oval,  dentate  ; 
flowers  crowded  together  at  the  summit.     Upper  leaves  spotted. 

polygonifolia,  Jn.  (C.  P.  Ju.  If.)  very  glabrous,  diffused  :  leaves  oppo- 
site, entire,  lance-linear,  obtuse  :  flowers  solitary,  axillary. 

ipecacuanhae,  W.  (D.  P.  Ju.  U)  procumbent,  small,  glabrous  ;  leaves 
opposite,  oboval  or  lanceolate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  1- 
flowered.  Very  long  root.  Emetic,  a  good  substitute  for  the  ipe- 
cac. B. 

portulacoides,  W.  (P.  Ju.  2^.)  erect:  leaves  entire,  oval,  retuse  :  pe- 
duncles axillary,  1-flowered,  equalling  the  leaves. 

Flowers  with  involucred  umbels,  (1) 

lathyrus  (spurge  caper.  E.  J.  $ .)  umbel  4-cleft,  dichotoraous  :  leaves 

opposite,  entire,  lanceolate,  pointiag  four  ways. 
pepluSy  W.  (wild  caper.  P.  Ju.  ^.)  umbel  3-cleft,  dichotomous  ',  involu- 

cels  ovate  :  leaves  entire,  obovate,  petioled. 
mercurialina,  Mx.  (P.  Ju.  11.)  stems  slender,  weak  ;  leaves  opposite,  or 

in  threes,  sub-sessile,  oval,  entire  :  peduncles  terminal,   solitary,  1- 

flowered. 
corollata,  W.  (C.  T.  P.  Ju.  If.)  umbel  5-cleft,  3-cleft,  and  dichotoraous  j 

involucels  and  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  :  petals  obovate  and  resembling 

appendages  of  the  calyx. 

14—2.     Euphrasia.     40.  35. 

nffkinalis  (eyebrlght.  Can.  P.  w.  Ju.  @.)  leaves  ovate,  obtusely  tooth- 
ed :  lower  divisions  of  the  lip  emarginate. 

F. 

20—13.     Fagus.     50.  99. 

/erruginea,  A.  (red  beach.  O.y-w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acumi- 
nate, pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  toothed,  at  the  base  obtuse,  sub- 
cordate-oblique  :  nuts  ovate,  acutely  3-sided.     Middling  sized  tree. 

tylvatica,  Mx.  (white  beach.  O.  y-w.  M.  2^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
slightly  toothed,  ciliate  at  the  margin,  acute  at  the  base  :  nuts  ovate, 
3-sided,  obtuse  mucronate. 

3—1.    Fedia.    48.  56. 
olitoria  (lamb  lettuce.  E.)  stem  dichotomous  :  leaves  lance-lineaf. 

Q)  Tbis  sectien  comprizes  the  genas  Esula,  2d  Ed. 


PEDIA;    FISSIDEXS.  299 

radieta,  Mx.  (1)  (wild  lamb  lettuce.  T.  C.  P.  vv.  J.  0.)  leaves  spatulate- 
oblong,  sub-entire  :  fruit  pubescent,  about  4-sidecl,  naked  at  the  apex. 
I  found  it  on  the  side  of  the  stage  road  between  Troy  and  Albany. 

3—2.     Festuca.  (-2)    4.  10. 

tlatior,  S.  (fescue-grass.  O.J.  If.)  panicle  nodding,  very  branching,  lax; 
spikelets  lance-ovate,  acute  :  florets  at  first  cylindric  and  closed, 
spreading  in  maturity,  obsoletely  nerved. 

poaeoides,  Mx.  (Can.  Ju.  y.)  panicle  somewhat  crowded  ;  lower 
brancbes  simple  :  spikelets  alternate,  oblong,  sub-sessile,  awnless : 
leaves  flat,  very  glabrous. 

Jluitans,  Sr.  (water-fescue.  C.  P.  J.  2/.)  panicle  long,  lax  ;  branches 
simple:  spikelets  close-pressed,  linear-terete,  many-flowered;  flor- 
ets awnless,  striate  :  culm  decumbent :  leaves  very  glabrous. 

nutans,  W.  (New-England,  C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  branches  of  the  panicle  one- 
way, nodding,  scabrous  :  spikelets  ovate,  compressed,  about  6-flovr- 
ered,  acute,  awned  :  leaves  lance-linear. 

elandestina,  M.  (C.)  panicle  concealed  ;  brancbes  solitary  ;  one 
spikelet  sessile,  another  peduncled  :  leaves  with  long  sheaths,  linear 
nerved ;  stipules  acuminate. 

ienellcu,\Y.  (3)  (C.W.  P.J.  0.)  panicle  very  simple,  one-way  :  spike- 
lets about  9-flowered,  awned  :  leaves  linear-setaceous ;  stipules  2- 
eared  -.  culm  4-sided  above,  branching  at  the  base. 

duriuscula,  S.  (C.  J.  H.)  panicle  one-way,  diff'use  :  florets  awned  : 
culm  terete  :    caiiline  leaves  flat  :  root  fibrous. 

rubra?  M.  (P.  It.)  culm  striate,  red  at  the  base,  pubescent,  geniculate, 
with  dark-coloured  joints  :  panicle  contracted,  erect  and  a  little  nod- 
ding ;  rachis  3-sided, zigzag:  spikelets  lanceolate, terete, pedicelled, 
having  pedicelled  florets:  leaves  very  long,  with  striate  glabrous 
sheaths. 

21—3.     Ficus.     53.  98. 
carica   (fig  tree.  E.  g.  Ju.    ^.)  leaves  cordate,  3  or  5-lobed,  repand- 
toothcd  :  lobes  obtuse,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath. 

22—2.     FissiDENS.     56.  4. 
hyoides,  stem  short  :  leaves  facing  2  ways,  lanceolate  :  pedicels  termi- 
nal ;  capsules  erect.     In  damp  shades. 

(1)  Valeriana  radiata,  P.  (2)  Scbenodorus,  Rs. 

'">;  bromoides.  Mx.    ocuoflora,  W- 


300  FISSIDENS;    FRAGARIA. 

faxifolius,  stem  short :  leaves  facing  2  ways,  lanceolate,  slenderly  den- 
ticulate :  capsules  erect.     In  damp  shades. 

adianthoides,  stem  elongated,  ramose :  leaves  lanceolate,  sheathed  at 
the  base  :  pedicels  lateral  ;  capsules  sub-erect.  In  wet  woods  and 
meadows. 

6 — 1.    Floerkea.     15.  22, 

uliginosa,  M.  (1)  (false  mermaid.  T.  P.  w-y.  Ap.  2^.)  leaves  alternate  ; 
those  under  water  ternate,  those  above  Avater  quinate-pinnate. — 
Found  in  ditches  between  Albany  and  Troy,  by  Dr.  E.  James. 

22 — 2.     FoxTiNALis.     56.  4. 

capillacea  (water  moss.)  leaves  acute,  linear-awl-form,  spread,  longer 
than  the  capsule  :  sheaths  and  peduncles  long  filiform. 

antepyretica,  stem  branched,  3-sided  :  leaves  facing  three  ways,  lance- 
ovate,  carinate,  acute,  pericheth  obtuse.  In  water,  both  stagnant 
and  flowing. 

12—13.      FOTHERGILLA.      50.    99. 

alnifolia,  W.  (2)  (witch  alder.  Southern  states  w.  Ap.  "^.)  leaves 
wedge-obovate,  crenate-toothed  above.  Var.  major,  has  ovate-ob- 
long leaves,  sub-cordate.     Var.  acuta,  has  ovate-acute  leaves. 

12—13.     Fragaria.     35    92. 

vesca,  (english  strawberry.  E.  w.  M.  24..)  calyx  of  the  fruit  refiexed  : 
hairs  on  the  petioles  spreading,  on  the  peduncle  close-pressed. 

elatior,  (hautboy  strawbeiTy.  E.  w.  2X.)  calyx  of  the  fruit  reflexed  : 
hairs  on  the  peduncle  and  petiole  spreading.  , 

grandijiora,  (pine-apple  strawberry.  E.  w.  11.)  calyx  of  the  fruit  erect: 
hairs  on  the  peduncle  and  petiole  erect :  leaves  coriaceous,  some- 
what glabrous  above. 

vtrginiana,  W.  (3)  (wild  strawberry.  0.  w.  M.  11.)  calyx  of  the  fruit 
spreading  :  hairs  on  the  petioles  erect,  on  the  peduncles  close-press- 
ed :  leaves  somewhat  glabrous  above. 

canadensis,  Mx.  (mountain  strawberry.  Can.  P.  w.  M.  If.)  large  :  leaf- 
ets  broad-oval,  lateral  ones  manifestly  petioled  :  pedicels  long,  re- 
curve-pendulous  :  receptacle  of  the  seeds  globose,  honeycomb-scro- 
biculate,  villose.    Is  it  a  variety  of  virginiana  ? 

(0  Nectris  pinnata,  Ph.  (2)  gardeni,  Mx.  (3)  glabra.  Du  HameL 


FRASERA^    FUCUS.  301 

4 — 1.     Frasera.    47.  40. 

taroliniensis,  Wr.  (1)  (pyramid  flower,  colurabo  root.  P.  r.  Ac  y.  Ju.  ^  .) 
leaves  whorled  or  opposite  :  flowers  in  clusters.  From  3  to  0  feel 
high.    Tonic  bitter,  mild  cathartic  and  emetic.  B. 

21—2.     Fraxinus.    44.  37. 

ja^uminat a,  Lk.  (2)  (white  ash.  O.  w-g.  M.  ^.)  leafetspetioled,obloDg, 
shilling,  acuminate,  very  entire,  glaucous  beneath  ;  Cowers  calycled. 

juglandifolia,W.  (S)  (walnut-leaf  ash,  swamp  ash.  P.  W.  M.  fp.)  leaf- 
ets  petioled,  ovate,  opake,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath  ;  axils  of  the 
veins  pubescent :  branchlets  glabrous  :  flowers  calycled. 

pubescens,  Wr.  {4)  (red  ash.  P.M.  ^.)  leafets  petioled,  oval-ovate,  ser- 
rate ;  petioles  and  branchlets  downy  beneath  :  flowers  calycled. 

sambucifolia,  Mx.  (black  ash,  O.  M.  ^.)  leafets  sessile,  lance-ovate, 
serrate,  rugose-shining,  round-oblique  at  the  base  ;  axils  of  the  veins 
villose  beneath  :  flowers  naked,  not  calycled. 

epipfera,  Vahl.  (-5)  (P.  D.  Can.  M.  ^.)  leafets  lance-oval,  sub-serrate  : 
samaras  wedge-form,  obtuse-emarginate  at  the  apex,  terete  below. 

,platycarpa,W.  (C.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  sub-sessile,  lance-oval ;  leaves  and 
samaras  serrate  outwardly. 

6—1.     Fritillaria.     10.  14. 

■imperiaU^  (crown  imperial.  E.  r.  &t  y.  M.  ZJ!.)  flowers  under  a  leafy- 
crown,  nodding:  leaves  lance-linear,  entire.     From  Persia. 

maleagris,  (fritiliary,  guinea-hen  flower.  E.  p.  k,  y.  M.  IJ..)  leaves  al- 
ternate, linear,  channelled  :  stem  1-flowered  :  nectaiy  linear.  Flow- 
er checkered. 

8—1.     Fuchsia.     17.  88. 

magellanica,1.k.  (6)  (ear-drop.  E.  r.)  peduncles  axillar}",  1-flowered  : 
leaves  opposite  or  in  threes,  very  entire.     Flowers  pendulous. 

22—4.     Frcus.     67.  2. 

slliquosus,  stem  compressed  :  branches  2-ranked,  .-ilternate  :  vesicles 
articulated,  beaked  ;  rpceptacles  beaked,  lance-linear,  compressed, 
petioled.     In  the  sea,  bearing  fruit  in  the  winter. 

no-IosKS,  stem  compressed:  vesicles  imbedded,  some  of  them  inflated ; 
receptacles  sub-opposite,  pear-form,  peduncled.    In  the  sea. 

(1)  walteri,  Mx.  (2J  concolor,  Mx.    auiericana,  W.  (.3)  caroliniana,  Wm. 

(4)  tomenlosa,  Mx.     ($)  discolor,  Mx.  (t^)  coccinea,  A. 

Bb 


802  rucus^  galactia. 

vesiculosus,  frond  flat,  ribbed,linear,  dichotomous,  very  entire  :  vesicles 
spherical,  in  pairs,  imbedded  in  the  frond:  receptacles  terminal, 
thick-oval.  In  the  sea,  large.  Var,  spiralis,  frond  slender,  without 
vesicles,  spirally  twisted.     At  the  mouths  of  rivers. 

lorens,  stem  very  short,  dilated  into  a  cup,  sending  out  a  fusiform,  di- 
chotomous receptacle.     In  the  ocean. 

3—1.      FUIRENA.      3.  9. 

sqiiarrosa,  Mx.  (umbrella  grass.  D.  Ju.  24!.)  flowers  in  simple  umbels: 
spikelets  ovate  :  culm  glabrous  :  leaves  ciliate  ;  sheaths  hairy. 

22—6.     FuLiGo.    58.  1. 

rufa,  (soot  fungus.)  cushioned,  reddish-yellow  ;  bark  "sub-rugose,  fra- 
gile, sub-compact.  On  trunks  in  summer  and  autumn.  Sometimes 
globose  in  the  young  state,  and  sometimes  hemispheric ;  from  half 
an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter. 

fiava,  opening  and  roundish,  yellow,  with  a  cellular,  fibrous  bark.  On 
deciduous  leaves,  trunks,  mosses,  fee.  in  autumn. 

ivaporana,  at  first  covered,  veiny,  creeping ;  when  mature  broad-ces- 
pitose,  thick,  cellular-fibrous,  cinnamon-yellow.  Among  pulverized 
bark,  at  first  appearing  like  vapour,  then  fibrous  and  coriaceous. 

17—6.    FuMARiA.     24.  62. 
ejlcinalis,  (fumitory.  Y.  C.  P.   Gr.  Barrirtgton,  Mass.  r.  J.   ©.)  stem 
branching,  spread :  leaves  more  than  decompound  ;  leafets  wedge- 
lanceolate,  gashed. 

22 — 2.     FuNARiA.     56.  4. 

hygromeiica,  (hygrometer  moss.)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  concave,  entire, 
inflected:  capsules  swelling,  drooping,  pear-form:  pedicels  very 
long,  twisting  spirally  when  dry. 

Jlavicans,  leaves  setaceous,  long-acuminate  :  peduncle  capillary,  pale. 

7nuhlenbergii,  leaves  obovate,  awned,  concave,  serrulate,  spread ;  cap- 
sule obovate,  oblique. 

G. 

n— 10.     Galactia.     32.  93. 
glabella,  Mx.  (1)  (milk-way  plant.  D.  P.   r.   &  w.  J.  U-)  prostrate, 

(1)  Dolichos  vegularis,  W.    Ervum  volubile,  Wr. 


GALACTIA,    GALIUM.  303 

somewhat  twining  and  glabrous  :  leaves  ternate,  oval-oblong,  obtuse, 
emarginate  at  both  ends:  racemes  axillary,  simple,  abbreviated, 
few-flowered  :  legumes  villose.  Root  long,  fusiform. 
mollis,  Mx.  (1)  (D.P.  rM  w.  Ju.  It-)  twining,  having  soft  whitish  pu- 
bescence :  leaves  ternate,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  smoothlsh,  glaucous 
beneath  :  racemes  axillary,  simple,  elongated,  few-flowered :  legumes 
villose. 

6 — 1.     Galanthus.    6.  17. 

nivalis,  (snow-drop.  E.  w.  Ap.  If.)  leaves  linear,  keeled,  acute,  radi- 
cal :  scape  1-flowered. 

17—10.     Galega.    32.  93. 

virgiiiiana,  (2)  (goat's  rue.  T.  V.  P.  Y.  r.  11.)  erect,  having  whitish 
down  :  leafets  (17  to  21)  oval-oblong,  acuminate  :  raceme  terminal, 
short,  sub-sessile  :  legumes  reversed-falcate,  villose  :  calyx  woolly 
Sandy  alluvion. 

14—1.     Galeopsis.    42.  39. 
tetrahit,  (flowering  nettle.  0.  r.  &l  w.  Ju.  0.)  the  space?  between  the 
joints  of  the  stem  thicken  upwards  :  the  upper  whorls  nearer  toge- 
ther :  calyx  prickly,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corol ;  stem  rough-haired. 

4 — 1.     Galium.    47.  57. 
1.  Fruit  glabrous. 

trijidum,  W.  (3)  (bed-straw.  AV.  C.  P.  w  Ju.  If.)  stem  procumbent; 
scabrous  backwards  .  cauline  leaves  in  fives  ;  branch  leaves  in  fours, 
linear,  obtuse,  scabrous  at  the  margin  and  on  the  nerves:  fascicles 
terminal,  few-flowered  ;  pedicels  short :  corols  mostly  3-cleft. 

tinetorium,  (dyer's  cleavers.  O.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  diffuse,  smoothish  : 
cauline  leaves  in  sixes  ;  branch  leaves  in  fours,  liuear-acutish  :  mar- 
gins and  nerves  with  slender  prickles :  peduncles  terminal,  elonga- 
ted, mostly  3-flowered. 

asprellum,  Mx.  (rough  bed-straw.  0.  w.  Ju.  11.)  stem  diffuse,  very 
branching,  prickly  backwards  :  cauline  leaves  in  sixes  ;  branch 
leaves  mostly  in  fours,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  margins  and  nerves 
prickly :  branchlets  flower-bearing,  many-flowered  :  pedicels  short. 

(i;  Hedysarum  volubile,  W. 
(2)  Plakeueu,  Tephrosia  virguiica,  P.  (H)  claytoni,  Mi- 


304  GALIUM,    GAULTHERIA. 

2.  Fruit  hirsute. 

hrachiatum,  Ph.  (bed-straAV.  V.  C.  P.  vv.  Ju.  U)  stem  IlraUer,  long, 
brachiate-ramose,  hispid  ;  branches  short :  leaves  in  sixes,  lance-ob- 
long, acuminate,  glabrous,  margin  and  keel  ciliate  :  branches  Avhorl- 
ed,  the  longest  dichotomous  :  pedicels  2-flowered  :  fruit  with  hooks. 
Pursh. 

btrmudianum,  W.  (1)  (P.  T.  p.  Ju.  1^.)  stem  very-  branching,  scarcely- 
pubescent  :  leaves  in  fours,  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous  ;  margins  and 
nerves  pubescent,  sometimes  pellucid:  bran  chlets  florifero.us,  elon- 
gated :  fruit  with  hooked  bristles. 

micranilium,  Ph.  (Can.  C.  P.  w.  Ju.  U-)  stem  very  branching,  prickly 
backwards :  leaves  shorty  lanceolate,  mucronate,  glabrous,  margin 
and  keel  prickly  :  pedicels  about  2-flowered  :  fruit  hispid.  Flowers 
small,  many. 

clrccEzans,  Mx.  (2)  (wild  liquorice.  0.  w-y.  J.  2^.)  stem  erect,  smooth  ; 
leaves  in  fours,  oval,  obtuse,  glabrous  ;  margins  and  nerves  a  little 
ciliate  :  peduncles  few-flowered  :  flowers  remote,  sub-sessile  :  fruit 
with  hooked  bristles.     Leaves  taste  much  like  liquorice. 

irijiorum,  Mx.  (O.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  procumbent,  smoothish  :  leaves  in 
fives  or  sixes,  lance-obovate,  mucronate,  glabrous,  scarcely  ciliate  at 
the  margin:  branchlets  3-flowered  at  the  end ;  flowers  pedicelled: 
fruit  small,  hispid, 

aparine,  W.  (C.  W.  P.  w.  J.  ^ .)  stem  limber,  scabrous  backwards  : 
leaves  in  about  eights,  lance-linear,  mucronate,  hispid  above,  mar- 
gin and  keel  prickly  :  branchlets  of  the  length  of  the  leaves,  about 
3-flowered  :  fruit  hook-bristled. 

pilosum,  W.  (C.  T.  P.  N.  p.  J.  If.)  stem  nearly  simple,  long,  ascend- 
ing, remotely  geniculate,  hispid  :  leaves  in  fours,  oval,  short-mucro- 
nate,  very  hirsute  both  sides,  nerveless  :  branchlets  nearly  simple, 
about  3tflowered  at  the  end  :  fruit  pilose. 

strktum,  Eddy,  (3)  (C.  T.  P.  w.  Ju.  If.)  stem  stiffly  erect,  smoothish. 
branching  :  branches  short,  erect :  leaves  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate . 
obtuse,  3-nerved.  with  involute  scabrous  margins  :  flowers  panicled^ 
crowded  :  peduncles  short,  3-flowered  at  the  top,  forked,  hispid. 

IC — L     Gacltheria.     18.  5L 
procumbens,  (spicy  wintergreen.  O.  w.  J.   li.  or    ^.)    stem    procum- 
bent: branches  erect:  leaves  obovate,  acute  at'the  base  ;  flowers 

(1)  turpureuia,  Wr.    puncticuIoiHm,  Mx.       f^)  bracliiaUinijM,       rS)  bo>e?.'f  Pb. 


gaulTheria,  gentiana.  305 

few,  nodding.  Berries  red,  conslsiing  in  part  of  the  permanent  ca- 
lyx ;  a  little  mealy,  pleasant  tasted.  Stimulant  and  anodyne.  B. 
hispidula,  M.  (1)  (creeping  wintcrgreen.  H.  k  jN.  w.  M.  ^.)  stem 
creeping,  hispid  :  leaves  oval,  acute  :  flowers  soiitury,  axillary,  sub- 
sessile,  havmg  but  8  stamens,  short-bell-form.  Sensible  properties 
Hkethe  last. 

8—1.     Gaura.     17.  SS. 

biennis,  W.  (virginian  loosestrife.  T.  P.  Hudson,  r.  k.  y.  Au.  ^  .)  leaves 
lanceolate,  toothed  :  spike  crowded  :  fruit  roundisli-4-coniered,  pu- 
bescent. 

22—6.      TrEASTRUM.       58.    1. 

ru/e5cerw,  rays  many-cleft,  reddish  :  fruit  sessile,  glabrous,  pale.     In 

pine  woods. 
hygromdricum,  rays  many-cleft,  inflexed,  liver-brown  :  fruit  reticulate, 

sessile,  nearly  of  an  uniform  colour.     On  gravelly  soil,  in  spring  and 

autumn. 

17—10.     Genista.     32.  93. 

findoriuy  (dyer's  broom.  E.  y.  Au.  11.)  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous  : 
branches  terete,  striate,  erect  ••  legumes  glabrous. 

5 — 2.     Gextiana.     47.  46. 

iutea,  (yellow  gentian.  D.  y.)  leaves  broad-ovate,  nerved  :  corols 
about  5-cleft,  wheel-form,  whorled.  Muhlenberg  quotes  Kalm  as  an 
authority  for  this  l>eing  found  in  New-Jersey. 

pneumonanthe,Vi\  (calathiaii  violet.  P.  Can.  b.  Au.'5i.)  stem  terete: 
leaves  lance-linear,  obtusish  :  flowers  tfirminal,  fascicled ;  lateral 
ones  soUtaiy,  peduncled  :  corol  5-cleft,  bell-form  ;  divisions  round- 
ish, inner  folds  with  one  acute  tooth. 

saponaria,  W.  (2)  (soap  gentian.  O.  b.  k  vv.  S.  2^.)  stem  terete  :  gla- 
brous :  leaves  lance-oblong,  3-nerved  :  flowt^'s  sessile,  fascicled,  ter- 
minal and  axillary  :  corol  5-cleft,  bell-ventricose,  almost  closed  at 
the  top;  inner  folds  toothed.     Damp. 

^chroleuca,  W.  (3)  (C.  D.  P.  y.  k  b.  S.  U-)  stem  somewhat  angled, 
roughish :  leaves   lance-ovate,  roughish  :  flowers  sessile,  fascicled, 

(1)  sefpillifolia.  Ph.    Vacciniura  hispidiilurrj,  L.    Oxycoccus  Isispidulus,  P.    ArbutO? 
tbymifolia,  A.    filiformis,  Lk.  (2)  fimbriata,  Vahl.    CatesbojL  Wr. 

(3)  saponaria,  Wr.    villoja,  "W. 

Bb  9. 


306  GENTIAN  A,    GERANIUM. 

terminal :  corol  5-cleft,  bell-ventricose  ;  divisions  acute,  inner  fold? 
simple,  acute. 

linearis,  \Y.  (1)  (P.  b.  Au.  2/.)  stem  roughish  v  leaves  lanee-lineay. 
undulate,  ciliate  as  the  calyxes :  flowers  5-cleft,  bell-form,  termiaal, 
sessile,  crowded  ;  divisions  short,  obtuse  ;  interior  folds  denticulate- 

quinqutflora,  W.  (2)  (H.  fc  T.  b.  Au.  $ .)  stem  4-cornered,  branching  : 
leaves  half-clasping,  oval,  acute.  3-nerved  :  flowers  5-cleft,  bell-tu- 
bular, with  a  glabrous  throat,  terminal  and  lateral,  in  threes  or  fives, 
sub-pedicelled ;  divisions  lanceolate,  acuminate  :  calyx  short,  nap- 
row. 

angustifolia,  Mx.  (3)  (D.  b.  S,  11.)  stem  terete,  simple,  1-flowered  : 
leaves  narrow-linear,  spreading:  corol  S-cleft;  divisions  oval,  inner 
folds  torn. 

crinila,  W.  (4)  (fringed  gentian.  O.  b.  S.  U-)  stem  terete:  branches 
long,  1-flowered  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  :  corol  4-cleft }  divisions 
obovate,  gash-ciliate,  interior  folds  simple.     Damp. 

22 — 6.     Geoclossum.     58.    1. 

hirsutum,  sub-fascicled,  hirsute,  black. 

viride,  fascicled,  green  ;  clavate  pileus  obtuse  :  stipe  scaly. 

16—10.     Geranium.     14.  73. 

sanguineunv,  (bloody  sreranium.  E.  Z(.)  peduncle  1-flowered:  leaves 
5-parted,  3-cleft,  orbicular  :  capsule  bristly  at  the  top. 

maculatum,  (crow-foot  geranium.  O.  r.  &  b.  J.  21.)  erect:  pubescence 
reversed;  stem  dlchotomous  :  leaves  opposite,  3  or  5-parted,  upper 
ones  sessile  :  peduncles  2-fiowered  :  petals  obovate.  The  root  is  a 
powerful  astringent. 

caroii'i  iaiLuni,  (D  w.r.  Ju.  <?  .)  diffuse,  pubescent :  leaves  opposite,  5- 
lobed  ;  lobi:s  o-clef!:,  gashed  :  peduncles  2-flowered,  sub-fascicled  : 
petals  eraarginate,  equalling  in  length  the  awned  calyx  :  arils  villose. 

eolumbinum,  (P.  C.  b.  M.  24..)  peduncles  2-flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves  :  leaves  5-parted  :  lobes  many-cleft,  linear  :  petals  emargin- 
ate,  of  the  lei\^th  of  the  awned  calyx  :  arils  glabrous. 

pusilluni,\N.  (P.  b.  M.  0.)  peduncles  2-flowered  ;  flowers  pentandrous  : 
petals  emariiinate,  of  the  length  of  the  awnless  calyx  :  leaves  about 
7-lobed,  3-cleft :  arils  pubescent. 

roheriianum,  (herb  robert.  0.  r.  J.  ^  .)  spread,  hirsute  :  leaves  oppo- 

Ci)  yubi-rula,  Mx.  (2)  quinquefnlia,  L.    amarelloides,  Jtlx". 

(3)  purpurea,  Wr.  (y  fibriataj  Cot.  rep. 


GERANIUM^    GEUM.  307 

site,  teruate  and  quinate,  3-cleft,  pinnatilid:  peduncles  2-flovvered  : 
petals  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  aw  ned  calyx  :  aril  net-veined. 
Several  centuries  ago,  this  plant  was  highly  commended  in  hemor- 
rhage, fresh  woundS;  and  old  ulcers. 
dissetum,  VV.  (D.  r.  J.  0.)  spread,  hairy:  leaves  opposite,  5-parted  : 
lobes  3-cleft,  gashed,  linear:  peduncles  2-flowered,  long:  petals 
emargiuate,  the  length  of  the  aw  ned  calyx  :  aril  with  glandular  hairs. 

Geranium,  see  Pelargonium  and  Erodium. 
14—2.     Gerardia.    40.  40. 
flam,  (false  foxglove.  0.  y.  Ju.  U-)  pubescent:  stem  simple:  leaves 

sub-sessile,  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed  ;  lower  ones  sub-pin natiiid, 
gashed  :  flowers  axillary,  opposite,  sub-sessile.    2  or  3  feet  hiirh. 
^lauca,  Eddy,  (1)  (oak-leaf  foxglove.  0.  y.  Ju.  2^.)    glabrous:  stem 

glaucous,   purple,   panicle-like  :  leaves  petioled,  sinuate-pinnatlfid, 

with  acute-lanceolate  divisions  :  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  entire.    3 

to  5  feet  high. 
jpedkularia,  (louse-wort  foxglove.  N.  Y.  C.  P.  y.  S.  ^ .)    pubescent 

brachiate-panicled  :  leaves  oblong,  doubly  gash-serrate,  and  pinnati- 

fid :  flowers  axillary,   opposite,   pedicelled  :  divisions  of  the  calyx 

leafy,  gash-toothed. 
jpurpurea,  (P.  Y.  C.  p.  Au.  ^ .  #.)  stem  with  opposite  branches  :  leaves 

linear,  slender :  flowers  axillary,  opposite,  sub-sessile. 
crinita,  Eddy.  (2)  (W.  C.  T.  p.  Ju.  ^ .)  stem  with  opposite  branches  : 

leaves  short  and  fleshy.     Discovered  by  Dr.  C.  W.  Eddy.  Resembles 

the  purpurea.     It  is  from  6  to  12  inches  high. 
auriculaia,  Mx.  (.S)  (P.  p.  An.  0.)  ueyly  simple,  rough  :  leaves  lance- 

ovate,  2.eared  at  the  base,  entire  :  flowers  axiilary,  opposite  :  leaves 

and  flowers  closely  sessile.     About  8  inches  high, 
mc/a,  Vahl   (4)  (P.  C.  p.  Au.  ^  .)  small,  ramose-panicled  :  leaves  very 

narrow-linear :  peduncles  capillary,  longer  than  tiie  floAver. 
setacen,  Wr.  (P.  Au.   #.)    stem    very  branching  :    leaves   setaceous  ; 

branches  axillary,  longer  than  the  leaves,  mostly  1-flowered. 

12—1.3.     Geum.     35.  92. 
virginimum,    (avens.    O.  w.  Ju.  U-)    pubescent  :    radical   and  lower 
cauline  leaves  teruate,  upper  ones  lanceolate  :  stipules  ovate.  §ub- 

(i;  .(uecoifolin,  F'h.     Rfainanthus  vlrginicus  G- 

(2)  inai  itima,  R.    crasdfolia,  Var.  of  purpurea,  Ph. 

(3;  Ennus  africaaus,  M.  r    r       ,       tenuifolia,  W. 


308  GEtlM,    GLAUX. 

entire  :  flowers  erect :  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  awns  hooked; 
naked  ;  at  the  apex  twisted,  hairy. 

stridum,  W.  (1)  (upright  avens.  W.  V.  Can.  C.  y.  J.  2^.)  hirsute  :  leaves 
all  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  odd  one  largest :  leafets  ovate,  tooth- 
ed :  stipules  gashed  ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  5,  alternately  linear, 
short  J  flowers  erect,  petals  roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx  :  awns 
naked,  hooked. 

geniculatum,  Mx.  (Can.  2^.)  many-floAvered,  sub-panicled  :  cauline- 
leaves  sub-sessile,  3-parted  :  stipules  entire  :  petals  wedge-obcordate  : 
awns  all  over  hairy,  geniculate  in  the  middle. 

rivale,Mx.  (purple  avens.  O.  p.  M.  If.)  pubescent:  stem  simple:  ra- 
dical leaves  interriiptedly  pinnate  ;  cauline  ones  3-cleft :  flowers 
nodding  ;  petals  of  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  awns  plumose,  nakedish 
above,  a  little  hooked.     Excellent  trnic.     Damp. 

album.  W.  (2)  (P.  w.  Ju.  If.)  pubescent:  radical  leaves  pinnate  ;  cau- 
line ones  ternate  ;  upper  ones  simple,  3-cleft  :  lower  stipules  gash- 
ed :  flowers  erect ;  petals  of  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  awns  hooked, 
naked,  hairy  at  the  end. 

jicckii,  (Whitehills.  Jn.  2^.)  somewhat  glabrous  :  stem  1-flowered  : 
radical  leaves  reniform,  rounded;  sub-truncate  at  the  base,  gash- 
toothed  :  petioles  very  long,  sometimes  appendaged  :  petals  of  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  Discovered  by  Professor  Peck,  of  Harvard  col- 
lege. 

12—5.     GiLLENiA.     36.  92. 

irifoliata,  Mn.  (3)  (Indian  physic,  Bowman's  root.  P.  D.  w  J.  2X-) 
leaves  ternate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  nearly  equal :  stipules  linear,  en- 
tire :  flowers  terminal,  in  loose  panicles:  calyx  bell-tubular.  Styles 
6.     An  emetic  and  tonic.  B. 

$tipulacea,  (P.  w  J.  2^.)  '.eaves  ternate,  lanceolate,  gash-serrate,  nearly 
equal  •  stipules  leafv,  ovate,  gash-toothed  :  flowers  in  a  lax  panicle  : 
calyx  belUform.     Medicinal  properties  like  the  last.  B. 

5—1.     Glaux.     17.  91. 

inaritima,  W.  (sea  milk-wort.  Can.  r.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  oblong,  smooth  : 
flowers  axillary,  sessile.     In  salt  marshes. 

(1)  'fTJinen^e,  Mr.    alrpp'^vim,  Jn. 

(2)  caardfriEP,  Jn.    carolinianuBD,  Wr. 
C3)    Spiraea,  Mx. 


GNAPHALIUM.  SO^ 

14—1.     Glkchoma.     42.  39. 

hedei'ttcea,  (ground-ivy,  gill-overground.  O.  b.  S:^  r.  M.  11.)  leaves  reni- 

form,  crenate  :  stem  rooting. 
cordata,  M.  (P.  b.  24)  leaves  heart-form. 

21—6.     Gleditschia.     S3.  93. 
triacaiitha,  (honey  locust.  P.  w.  J.    Tp.)  thorn  strong,  cross-branched  : 
leaves  linear-oblong  :  legumes  very  long,  corc[)ressed.     A  large  tree. 
One  side  of  the  long  flat  legume  contains  a  swtet  pulp.     Cultivated* 

17—10.     Glycine.     32.  93. 

angnlosa,  (1)  (wild  bean.  P.  p.  Au.  ^.)  stem  prostrate,  sometimes 
twining :  leaves  ternate  ;  lateral  leafets  2-lobe'J;  terminal  leafet  \^  ith 
a  rounded  apex,  (or  parabolical :)  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  : 
flowers  capitate.  E. 

apios,  (2)  (ground-nut.  O.  b.  &l  p.  Au.  2^.)  twining,  glabrous  :  leaves 
unequally  pinnate  ;  leafets  5  or  7,  lance-ovate,  upper  ones  narrow  : 
racemes  crowded,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Roots  tuberous,  farina- 
ceous, and  in  taste  resembling  the  cocoa-nut.     In  loose  rich  soil. 

umbillata,  E.  (P.  w.  p.  Au.  0.)  prostrate,  sometimes  twining:  leaves, 
ternate,  ovate,  glabrous :  peduncles  umbelled,  longer  than  the  pe- 
tioles :  legumes  linear. 

helva(n,'E.  (3)  (D  P.  r.)  prostrate,  sometimes  twining :  leaves  ternate, 
deltoid-oblong  :  flowers  capitate  :  banner  short ;  wings  large,  ex- 
panded. 

•peduncular is,  E.  (4)  (P.  p  Ju.  %.)  stem  prostrate,  sometimes  twining  : 
leaves  ternate,  oblong-ovate  and  deltoid  :  flowei's  capitate  :  banner 
rather  large,  emarginate  ;  the  other  petals  small :  seed  woolly. 
Remark.     I  adopt  Elliott's  arrangement  of  the  species  of  Phaceolus 

and  Glycine. 

n— 10.     Glycvrrhiza.     32,  93. 

officinalis,  (liquorice.  E.  2^.)  leaves  pinnate,  the  terminal  one  petioled. 
Root  tuberous-cylindric,  sweet. 

18—2.     Gnaphalicm.     49.  55. 

margaritaceum  (large-flowered  life-everlasting.  O.  y.  &,  w.  Ju.  2^.) 
leaves    lanceolate,  gradually   narrowing,    acute 

(1)  Pha$eolus  trilobiis,  Mx.  (2)  Apios  itiberosa,  Ph. 

(3;;  Fhaseolirs  belTo]'.!?,  W  (4)  Pluseolu^  bekolH?.  Mx.    vexillatns,rh. 


310  GNAPHALIUM. 

above  :  corymb  fastigiate  :  flowers  pedicelled.  About  18  inches 
high.  Flowers  with  white  pearly  rays  and  yellow  disks.  Wrongly 
applied  in  the  Boston  Florula. 
polycephalum,  Mx.  (1)  (sweet-scented  life-everlasting.  0.  y-w.  Ju.  #.) 
leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  glabrous  above,  downy  beneath  :  stem 
panicled,  downy  ;  corymbs  terminal.  The  heads  of  this  species  are 
more  numerous  than  of  the  preceding,  more  close,  and  the  flowers 
are  smaller.     Grows  to  about  the  same  height. 

decurrens,  Ives,  (2)  (neglected  life-everlasting.  0.  y-w.  Ju.  #.)  leaves 
lanceolate,  broad  at  the  base,  acute,  decurrent,  somew^hat  scabrous 
above,  tomentose  beneath  ;  stem  leafy,  branched,  spreading.  From 
one  to  three  feet  high.  This  plant  has  always  been  confounded 
with  the  polycephalum,  until  Professor  Ives  detected  its  essential 
differences.  Since  he  published  the  distinctive  characteristics,  I 
have  found  it  at  Hudson,  Troy,  and  various  parts  of  Vermont  and 
Massachusetts  ;  and  I  have  seen  a  specimen  of  it  from  Niagara. 

plantagineum  (early  life-everlasting.  0.  w.  Ap.  2^.)  shoots  procumbent : 
stem  simple :  radical  leaves  obovate,  nerved  :  corymb  close-press- 
ed :  flowers  dioecious  :  inner  scales  of  the  calyx  elongated,  acutish, 
coloured.     About  6  inches  high. 

dioicum,  P.  (mousear.  W.  P.  w.  J.  2^.)  shoots  procumbent :  stem  sim- 
ple :  radical  leaves  spatulate  :  corymb  close-pressed  :  flowers  dioe- 
cious :  inter  scales  of  the  calyx  elongated,  obtuse,  coloured.  Dif- 
fers from  the  last  a  little  in  the  forms  of  the  radical  Leaves,  the  scales 
of  the  calyx  and  time  of  flowering.  But  perhaps  it  may  be  a  variety 
of  it. 

purpureum,  W.  (C.  P.  p.  Ju.  H.)  leaves  linear-spatulate,  downy  be- 
neath :  stem  erect,  simple  :  flowers  sessile,  glomerate,  terminal  and 
axillary.     Hardly  so  tall  as  the  two  last  species.     Calyx  purple. 

uliginosum  (mud  life-everlasting.  O.  w^  Ju.  0.)  stem  branched,  spread, 
woolly  :  leaves  lance-litiear,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  downy  :  flowers 
terminal,  heaped  ;  4or  5  inches  long,  half-prostrate,  calyxes  brown. 
Damp. 

germanicum  (P.w.  Ju.  #.)  stem  erect,  dichotomous  ;  leaves  lance-lin- 
ear, acute,  tomentose  :  flowers  in  a  globular  head,  terminal  and  lat- 
eral, 5  or  6  inches  high. 

jpemylvaniaan,  M.  (3)  (P.  C.  w.  J.  0.)  leaves  lance-obovate,  acute, 

(1)  nbtusifolium,  W.  (2)  luteo-album  '  M.  (S)  americanum,  W. 


UOMPHRENAj    GRAPHIS.  311 

glabrous  above,   tomentose  beneath  ;    margin   pubescent ;  flowers 
sub-sessile,  axillaiy  and  terminal,  crowded.  B. 

5 1.      GOMPHRENA.      54.   30. 

globosa  (globe  amaranth,  bachelor's  button.  E.  r.  Au.  ^.)  stem  erect '. 
leaves  lance-ovate  :  heads  solitary :  peduncles  2.1eaved. 

19 — 5.     GoNOLOBUs.     30.  47. 
obliquus  (false  choak-dog.  P.  p.  J.  If.)  stem  twining,  hirsute  :  leaves 
heart-ovate,  acute  :  corymbs  axillary;  segments  of  the  corol  ovate, 
acuminate. 

19—1.     GooDYErA,  Br.  (1)     7.  21. 

pubescens  (rattle-snake  leaf,  scrophula-weed.  O.  y.  w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves 
radical,  ovate,  petioled,  veins  coloured,  reticulate  :  scape  sheatlied  ; 
scape  and  flowers  pubescent :  lip  ovate-acuminate;  petals  ovate. 
This  plant  is  confounded  with  the  Hieracium  venosura  by  our  root 
doctors,  as  the  leaves  of  both  are  reticulate,  radical  and  depressed. — 
Said  to  be  useful  in  scrofula. 

16—13.     GoRDONiA.    37.  74. 

lasianthus  {\o\\y  hay.  B.S.  fp.)  flowers  long-peduncled  :  leaves  coria* 
ceous,  glabrous  :  capsules  ovate. 

16—13.     GossYFiDM.    37.  74. 

herba^eum  (cotton.  E.  Au.  ^  .)  leaves  5-lobed,  mucronate,  one  gland 
Ijeneath  :  stem  herbaceous,  smooth. 

22—5.  Graphis.  57.  2. 
scripta,  crust  membranaceous,  smooth,  somewhat  shining,  white  and 
l>ecoming  somewhat  cinereous  :  receptacles  rising  up,  naked,  flexu- 
ose,  simple  and  branched  ;  disk  somewhat  in  the  form  of  chinks ; 
margin  frond-like,  elevated,  membranaceous.  On  smooth  bark,  &,c. 
Var.  rnacrocarpa,  crust  effuse,  becoming  white :  receptacles  very 
long,  strait,  sub-parallel,  simple  and  forked  at  the  apex.  Var.pulve- 
Tulenta,  crust  effuse,  membranaceous,  becoming  white  :  receptacles 
rising  up,  flexuose  ;  disk  channelled,  dehiscent,  bluish-white  ;  mar- 
gin frond-like,  elevated,  a  little  tumid.  Var.  ccrasi,  crust  very  thin, 
white,  becoming  glaucous,  shining  :  receptacles  rising  up,  straight, 

(1)  Neottia. 


S12  GRAPHIS,    GRIMMIA. 

elongated,  somewhat  simple,  acuminate,  suL-parallel  :  disk  channel- 
led, somewhat  frosty-white;  margin  frond-like,  thin.  On  the  bark 
of  cherry  and  plum  trees. 
^erpentinay  crust  cartilaginous-membranaceous,  not  uniform,  a  little 
rugose,  determinate,  white  and  cinereous  :  receptacles  immersed, 
elongated,  crowded,  flexuose,  sub-simple  and  ramose,  obtuse,  bluish- 
white  ;  disk  at  length  flat,  margin  frond-like,  lateral,  thick  On 
bark  of  trees. 

2—1.     Gkatiola.    40.  40. 

-<iurea,  M.  (liedge  hyssop.  O.  y.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  broad-linear,  sessile, 
entire,  3-nerviid,  punctate  above  :  peduncles  opposite,  iiardly  so 
long  as  the  leaves  :  filaments  sometimes  wanting  and  sometimes 
without  anthers,     in  damp  ground. 

jcirginica,  Ph.  (1)  (creeping  hedge-hyssop.  Y.  P.  C.  w-y.  Ju.  IX-)  leaves 
oblanceolate,  attenuate  below,  remotely  toothed,  nerved,  glabrous  : 
peduncles  alternate,  xery  short  :  capsules  acuminate,  longer  than 
the  calyx,     in  wet  ground. 

acuminata,  Wr.  (P.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent: 
peduncles  opposiie,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  leafets  of  the  calyx  lin- 
ear, of  the  length  of  the  sub-globose  capsule.     In  wet  places. 

neg/edff,  Torrey,  (C.  T.  W.  V.  w-y.  Ju.  11.)  stem  pubescent,  assurgent, 
terete  :  leaves  glabrous,  lanceolate,  sparingly  tooth-serrate,  tapering 
and  connate  at  the  base  :  leafets  of  the  calyx  equal  :  no  barren  fila- 
ments.    See  Torrey's  catalogue,  p.  89. 

22—2.     Grimmia.     5<5.  4. 

1.   Capsuhs  sub-sessile,  immersed. 

ul2ncolay  stem  ramose  :  leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish  :  capsule  ovate-ur- 
ceolate,  smooth,  sub-sessile  ;  culyptre  torn  at  the  base  ;  lid  obliquely 
beaked. 

japocarpaj  stem  ramose  .  Reaves  ovate-acuminate,  carinate,  naked  at 
the  apex  :  capsule  oblong,  -triate,  sub-sessile.     On  moist  trunks. 

tnichauxi,  Torrey,  slenderly  caulescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  terminat- 
ing in  a  capillary,  white-pellucid  and  roughish  point :  pedicel  termi- 
nal :  capsule  short-ovate,  smooth.  Michaux  describes  this  species 
under  the  name  gracilis  ;  but  this  name  having  been  applied  to  ano- 

1)  officinalis,  Mx. 


GRIMMIA^    GYROPHORA.  313 

thcr  species,  Dr.  Torrey  substituted   the  name  of  its  discoverer. — 
Herb.  Tor. 
pilifcra,  stem  erect,  branching  :  leaves  densely  imbricate,  lanceolate, 
erect-spreading  and  incurved  :    hairy   pericheth    large  :    capsules 
ovate,  sub-sessile  :  lid  conic,  cuspidate. 

2.  Capsules  peduncled,  exserl,  short. 

ovata,  stem  very  branching,  fastigiate  :  leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish, 
erect-spreading,  somewhat  indexed,  hairy  :  capsules  oblong-ovate  : 
lid  convex-conic. 

22—5.     Gyalecta,     57.  2. 

hri/ophila,  crust  rugose-plicate,  Avhite,  becoming  somewhat  cinereous  : 
receptacles  dark-blue,  dilated  at  the  bottom  :  the  periphery  elevated, 
inflexed,  somewhat  contracted,  acutish  :  at  length  crowned  at  the 
base. 

22 — 2.     Gymnostomum.     56.  4. 
1.  Stem  simple,  erect. 

pyriforme,  stem  veiy  short :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  flat ;  dioecious  :  cap- 
sules erect,  pear-form  ;  lid  obtusely  conic  ;  calyptr^  split  laterally. 

turbinatum,  stem  short,  simple  :  leaves  lanceolate,  apiculale,  serrulate  : 
capsules  somewhat  oblong-turbinate  ;  lid  convex,  obtuse,  acuminate. 

splachnoideum,  capsules  contracted  in  the  middle :  leaves  deeply  ser- 
rate at  the  margin. 

2.  Stems  divided,  procumbent  or  fioating. 

prorepens,  stipe  creeping :  stem  erect,  short,  obtuse :  leaves  closely 
imbricate,  lance-oval,  acuminate  :  capsules  globose  ;  lids  subulate. 

6—3.     Gyromia,  N.  (1)     11.  12. 
virginica,  (Indian  cucumber.  O.  y.  g.  M.  11.)  several  leaves  in  a  whorl 
near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  and  3  in  a  whorl  at  the  top,  lance-oval : 
pedicels  aggregate,  terminal.     Root  white.     Diuretic.  B. 

22 — 5.     Gyrophora.     67.  2. 

postidata,  frond  papulose,  becoming  cinereous-green  ;  deeply  pitted 
or  lacunose  beneath,  and  smooth,  naked,  pals-lawny:  receptacles 
distant,  flat,  marginated  ;  disk  sub-equal,  pajJllose  and  plicate.    On 


rocks,  Sac. 
(1)  Medeola,  L. 


Cc 


314  GYROPHORA,    HEDEOMA. 

papulosa,  frond  rugose,  papulose,  obscurely  cinereous  ;  under-side  la- 
cunose,  pale-tawny  :  receptacles  very  thick  together,  minute,  urceo- 
late  ;  disk  uniform  and  plicate  in  some  places  heaped  and  conglo- 
merate.    On  rocks. 

pcnsi/lvanica,  frond  papulose,  tawny-oliye  ;  under-side  pitted  or  lacU- 
nose,  rough-granulate,  dark-coloured  :  receptacles  marginated  ;  disk 
flattish,  uniform  and  plicate.     On  rocks  and  mountains. 

muhlenbcrgii,  frond  somewhat  glabrous,  lacunose-reticulate,  tawny- 
olive  ;  under-side  papulose,  with  ridges  lacerated,  and  joining  ends  ; 
scales  of  one  colour:  receptacles  in  pits,  depressed,  flattish,  round- 
plicate.     On  mountains. 

mammuloia,  frond  smooth,  pale-oliye,  at  length  dark-tawny;  under- 
side very  dark,  scabrous  and  fibrous  :  receptacles  convex,  rugose- 
chinked,  nearly  destitute  of  any  margin  j  disk  sometimes  concave 
and  papillose.     On  rocks. 

vdlea,  frond  smoothish,  becoming  dull-cinereous  ;  under-side  fibrous, 
hirsute,  nearly  of  an  uniform  colour,  dark  tawny :  receptacles  sessile, 
flat,  marginated  ;  folds  or  wrinkles  concentric.  On  rocks  in  moun- 
tains. 

H. 

22—4.     Halymenia.     57.  2. 

falrtiala,  frond  flat,  sub-palmate  ;  divisions  oblong,  sub-simple  :  colour 
reddish-purple  ;  substance  at  first  thin  and  membranaceous,  at  length 
passing  into  a  soft  leathery  substance.     In  the  sea. 

4 — 2.     Hamamelis.     54.  78. 

tiir^inica,  W.  (witch  hazle.  0.  y.  Oc.  ^.)  leaves  obovate,  acute,  tooth- 
ed, cordate  with  a  small  sinus.  Flowers  in  the  fall,  and  perfects 
the  fruit  the  next  summer.     A  shrub,  from  5  to  15  feet  high. 

21—5.     Hamiltonia.     43.  95. 
eleifera,W.  (1)  (oil-nut.  P.  g-y.  J.  ^.)  pubescent:  leaves  oblong,  en- 
tire, acuminate  :  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.     A  shrub  about  5  or  6 
feet  high.     Flowers  small. 

14—1.     Hedeoma.     42.  39. 
pulegioideS)  (penny-royal.  O.b.J.  #.)  pubescent :  leaves  oblong,  ser- 

^1)  PyrHlariapubera,MK. 


HEDEOMA,    HEDYSARUM.  315 

rale  :  peduncles  axillary,  wliorled  :  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  with  two 
ciliate  bristles.     5  or  6  inches  high. 
glabra,  (C.  2^.)  glabrous :  lower  leaves  oblong  ;  upper  ones  lanceO' 
late,  remotely  serrate  :  peduncles  terminal,  ternate. 

5 — 1.     Hedera.     46.  58. 

helix,  (english  ivy.  E.  g-v>'.  S.  Tp.)  leaves  3  or  5-lobed  }  floral  ones 
ovate  :  umbel  erect. 

4—1.     Hedyotis,  Mx.  (1)     13.  84. 

glomcrala,  (creeping  green-head.  W.  D.  w-g.  M.  0.)  procumbent  : 
leaves  lance-ovate  :  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  united  or  heaped 
in  heads,  pedicelled  :  germs  hispid.     Damp  or  wet. 

17—10.     Hedysarcji.     32.  93. 

canadense,  (bush  trefoil.  O.  r.  Ju.  24..)  erect,  smoothish:  leaves  ter- 
nate, lance-oblong  :  stipules  filiform  :  flowers  racemed  :  joints  of  the 
loraent  obtusely  triangled,  hispid. 

canesctns,  AV.  (P.  C  r-b.  Au.  11.)  erect,  pilose  :  stem  anded-ciliate, 
hispid  :  leaves  ternate,  roundish,  with  close-pressed  hairs  beneath  : 
stipules  ovate,  acuminate  :  racemes  panicled  :  bractj  cordate  :  joints 
of  the  loment  triangular,  hispid. 

marilandicum,  (C.  P.  p.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  branching,  pilose:  leaves  ter- 
nate, oblong,  villose  beneath  :  stipules  subulate  :  racemes  panicled  : 
loment  3-jointed ;  the  joints  rhomboid,  reticulate,  a  little  hairy. 
Flowers  large. 

obfusum,  W.  (C.  P.  p.  &i  g.  Au.  TJ..)  erect,  pubescent-  leaves  ternate, 
ovate,  obtuse,  sub-cordate  at  the  base  :  stipules  lance-subulate  :  pa- 
nicle terminal :  joints  of  the  loment  sub-orbiculate,  reticulate,  hispid : 
loments  rough  ;  joints  oval. 

viridijlorum,  (C.  D.  g.  &.  p.  Au.  2^.)  erect,  branching,  pubescent :  leaves 
ternate,  ovate-oblong,  scabrous  beneath  :  stipules  lance-cuspidate  : 
racemes  panicled,  bracted  About  3  feet  high.  Flowers  become 
greenish  when  old. 

gtabellum,  Mx.  (2)  (0.  p.  Ju.  H.)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  ternate, 
o^'ate-obtuse,  sub-glaucous  beneath :  stipules  small,  subulate  :  pa- 
nicle terminal :  joints  of  the  loraent  rhomb-trians^ular. 

eiliare,  W.  (0.  p.  Au.  If.)  eroct,  a  little  glabrous  :  leaves  ternate,  ovate^ 

(J)  Oldenlandja,  L.  (2)  paniculatuin,  W.. 


316  IIEDYSARUM. 

ppbesccnt  beneath,  margin  ciliate  :  stipules  filiform:  panicle  termi- 
nal :  joints  of  the  loment  (2  or  3)  half-orbicular,  hispid. 

rctundifoliuni,  Mx.  (O.  p.  Au.  11.)  prostrate,  hirsute:  leaves  ternate, 
orbicular,  pilose  both  sides  :  stipules  round-cordate,  reflexed  :  ra- 
cemes anillary,  and  in  the  terminal  panicles  few-flowered  :  bracts 
cordaie  :  joints  of  the  loment  sub-rhombic,  reticulate-scabrous. 

bracteosum,  Mx.  (0.  r.  Au.  24..)  erect,  glabrous  :  leaves  ternate,  oblong- 
oval,  acuminate  :  stiitules  subulate  :  racemes  terminal^  with  scatter- 
ed floAvers  :  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  striate,  glabrous  :  joints  of  the 
loment  sub-oval.     Flowers  large. 

cuspidaturriy  W.  (P.  C.  W.  p.  Au.  11.)  erect,  glabrous  :  leaves  ternate, 
petioied,  ovate-oblong,  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  margin  scabrous  ^ 
stipule?  lance-ovate  :  panicle  terminal :  joints  of  the  loment  triangu- 
lar, reticulate,  glabrous,  at  the  margin  pubescent.  Is  this  a  variety 
of  t)ie  last .' 

Iceiigatu7n,  (D.)  very  smooth  :  stem  simple,  erect,  sub-glaucous  :  leaves 
lernate,  long-petioied  ;  leafets  ovate,  acute  :  stipules  subulate,  mi- 
nute, caducous :  panicle  terminal,  sub-simple:  flowers  in  pairs  on 
long  peduncles  :  bracts  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  flower-buds. 
The  smoothest  of  all  American  species. 

glutinosum,\y.  (0.  p.  Ji'.  Ij!.)  erect,  simple  :  leaves  long-petioled,  ter- 
nate, round-Ovate,  acuminate  :  panicle  scape-like,  proceeding  from 
one  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem  :  peduncles  with  glutinous  hairs  : 
joints  of  the  loment  oblong-triangular,  a  little  glabrous. 

nudiflorum,  (C.  p.  Ju.  li.)  erect,  simple,  glabrous  :  leaves  ternate, 
broad-oval,  acuminate  :  scape  panicled,  glabrous,  radical  ;  stem- 
bearing  leaves  higher :  joints  of  the  loment  round-triangular,  some- 
X^hat  glabrous. 

acuminatum,  Mx.  (1)  (0.  p.  Ju.  U-)  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  at 
the  summit :  leaves  ternate,  ovate,  long-acuminate,  Avith  scattered 
hairs  on  both  sides,  close-pressed,  long-petioled ;  the  odd  leafet 
round-rhomboid  :  panicle  long-peduncled,  terminal. 

stridum,  Ph.  (0.  p.  Ju.  2^.)  stiffly  erect,  glabrous,  simple  :  leaves  pe- 
tioied, ternate,  linear-oval,  glabrous,  net-veined,  glaucous  beneath  • 
stipules  subulate  :  panicle  terminal,  peduncled,  few-flowered.  Re^ 
sembles  the  glabellum. 

Hedysurum,  see  Lespedeza. 

(1)  This  is  raade  a  vaiietyof  |-<i;tinosum  by  soi..e  nitliors.    On  comparing  many 
specimens  iu  the  growicg  slate,  they  appear  to  be  manileitly  distinct. 


MELENIUMj    HELIANTIIUS.  317 

18—2.     Helenium.     49.  55. 

«iutumnah,  (false  sunflower.  D.  T.  P.  y.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  lanceolate^ 
serrate,  sub-decurrent :  stem  corymbed  above  :  diirk  florets  5-cleft  j 
rays  flat,  reflexed.  Damp  ;  at  Hudson  it  grows  in  the  mud  of  South 
Bay. 

18 — 3.     Heliantiius.     49.  55 

1.  Leaves  opposite. 

alroruhens,  W.  (P.  y.  &,  p.  \u.  2^.)  hispid  :  stem  nakedish  above,  lax- 
panicled  -.  leaves spatulate,  ovate,  crenate,  3-nerved,  scabrous  :  scales 
of  the  calyx  lance-ovate,  of  the  length  of  the  disk. 

irachelifolius,  W.  (1)  (C.  W.  P.  V.  Can.  y.  Au  !(.)  leaves  lance-ovate, 
acuminata  serrate,  3-nerved,  very  rough  both  sides  ;  scales  of  the 
calyx  lance-linear,  clliate,  outer  ones  longest.     About  3  feet  high. 

dicaricaiusy  W.  (C.  T.  P.  Can.  y.  Au.  2^.)  stem  glabrous,  very  branch- 
ing: leaves  nearly  opposite,  sessile,  lance-ovate,  3-nerved  :  panicle 
trichotomous,  slender,  few-floAvered.     5  or  6  feet  high. 

frondosus,  (C.  T.  P.  Can.  y.  Ju.  If.)  stem  glabrous  below  :  leaves 
ovate,  sharply  serrate  :  peduncles  scabrous :  calyx  squarrose,  undu- 
late, leafy,  ciliate  :  rays  8-flo\vered.     4  feet  high. 

2.  Upper  leaves  alternate. 

annuus,  (common  sunflower.  E.  y.  St  w.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  all  cordate,  3- 
nerved:  peduncles  thickening  upwards  :  flowers  nodding.  Culti- 
vated for  the  fixed  oil  obteiined  from  the  seed  by  compression.  6  to 
10  feet  high  :  flowers  very  large. 

macropkyllus,  W.  (P.  y.  Au.  11)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved, 
serrate,  scabrous  above,  white-pubescent  beneath  :  scales  of  the  ca- 
lyx linear,  squarrose. 

iuberosus,  (Jerusalem  artichoke.  E.  y.  S.  U-)  leaves  3-nerved,  scabrous, 
lower  ones  heart-ovate  ;  upper  ones  ovate,  acuminate  :  petioles  ci- 
liate.    Root  tuberous.     Naturalized. 

strumosiis,W.  (New-England.  T.  11.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
3-nerved,  scabrous  beneath  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lance-linear,  ciliate 
at  the  base. 

ultissimus,  (C.  P.  y.  Au.  U-)  leaves  alternate, lance-ovate,  serrate,  sca- 
brous, 3-nerved,  slender  at  the  apex,  with  ciliate  petioles  :  scales  of 

(1)  gigus,  uix. 

Cc2 


gl8         HELIANTHUS,  HELONIAS. 

the  calyx  lanceolate,  ciliate.     Chaff  on  the  receptacle  green  :  stem 

purple. 
decapetalus,  (0.  y.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate, 

3-nerved,  scabrous  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  sub-equal,  sub- 

ciliate  :  rays  ten  or  twelve.     3  or  4  feet  high. 
mollis,  W.  (1)  (P.  y.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  with 

close-pressed  serratures,  scabrous  above,  white-pubescent  beneath, 

very  soft :  scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  close-pressed. 
cmgustifolius,  W,    (2)  (D.  y.  S.  2/.)  stem  slender,   about    1-flowered  : 

leaves  linear,  with  a  revolutc   margin,  very  rough.     Rays  yellow, 

disk  brown.     In  pine  barrens. 

18—2.     Heliopsis.     49.  55. 

lavis,  P.  (3)  (ox-eye.  O.  Ju.  2i.)  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  serrate,  3-nerv- 
ed. Tall,  resembling  the  sunflower,  for  which  it  is  often  mistaken 
by  botanists. 

5 — 1.     Heliotropium.     41.  42. 

indicum,  (turnsole.  Southern  states,  b.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  heart-ovate, 
acute,  roughish  :  spikes  solitary  :  frait  bifid.     Cultivated. 

13—13      Helleborus.     26.  61. 

foetidus  (hellebore.  E.)  stem  many-flowered,  leafy  :  leaves  pedate,  re- 
motely serrate,  coriaceous  :  corol  somewhat  converging. 
Helleborus,  see  Coptis. 

6—3.     Helonias.     10.  13. 

tatifolia,  Mx.  (4)  (helonias.  D.  P.  p.  M.  24-.)  scape  almost  leafless  ; 
spike  ovate,  crowded  :  bract  lance-linear,  mucronate,  nerved.  An- 
thers blue. 

trylhrnsptrma^  Mx.  (5)  (P.  w.  &.  g.  J.  2^.)  scape  leafy  :  racemes  ob- 
long :  bracts  sho^rt,  oblong :  leaves  glabrous,  lance-linear  :  seed 
ovate,  reddish  :  pericarp  legume-like,  fleshy. 

dioica,  Ph.  (6)  (blazing  star,  false  unicorn  root.   C.  T.  Catskill.  Great 

(1)  tomentof^us,  Mx.  (2)  Rudbeckia  angustifolia,  W.  in  the  same  work. 

(3)  Heliaiithus  laevis,  L.  RHribeckia  oppti.«;tifolia,  L.  in  ai  other  place.  Buphtbal- 
mum  hf  lianihoides,  W.    Silphium  soliUaginoides,  L.  the  last  time  he  notices  it. 

(4)  buHata,  V-  . 

(5)  Mfianihiumluteum,  W.  phalangioides,  Lk.  muscaetoxicum,  Wr.  Anthfricum 
SUbtri^ii.um,  Jn. 

(6;  puniilo,Jv).  M.)aiithM;m  diclcum,  VVr.  densum,  Lk.  Veratrum  luteum,  L  It 
is  «till  jdac.  u  w  l.erc  LinneusleiV  it  by  N.  Nyt  it  differs  too  widely  in  habit  and  sensible 
•inalities  to  remain  with  the  VerairuDa  viride. 


HELVELLAj    HESPERIS.  319 

Barrington.  w,  J.  2^.)  scape  leafy:  racemes  spiked,  nodding:  pedi- 
cels short,  sub-bracted  :  lilamenls  longer  than  the  corol  :  petals  lin- 
ear: leaves  lance-oblong.  Always  dioecious.  From  6  to  18  inches 
high. 

22 — 6.     Helvella.     58.  1. 

nigricans,  small,  from  sooty-yellow  becoming  black  :  pileus  free  but 
pressed  together  both  sides  :  pileus  smooth,  having  bran-like  scales 
in  some  cases. 

6 — 1.     Hemerocallis.     10.  16. 

Jiava  (yellow  day-lily.  E.  y.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  broad-linear,  keeled  :  pet- 
als flat,  acute  ;  nerves  of  the  petals  undivided. 

fulva  (tawny  day-lily.  E.  y.  Ju.  2/.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  keeled  : 
three,  inner  petals  obtuse,  undulate;  nerves  of  the  outer  petals 
branching. 

2—1.     Hemianthus,  N.    40.  40. 

micranthemoides,  N.  (D.)  leaves  entire,  opposite  and  whorled  :  flowera 
axillary,  alternate  and  pedicelled,  minute.  A  small  creeping  plant, 
in  marshes. 

13—13.     Hepatica.    26.  61. 

triloba,  W.  (1)  (liverleaf.  O.  w.  ^  b.  Ap.  y.)  leaves  3-lobed,  entire, 
obtuse  :  calyx  leaves  broad-ovate,  obtuse.  Var.  Acuta,  leaves  3to  5» 
lobed,  acute  :  calyx  leaves  acute. 

6 — 2.     Heracleum.    45.  60. 

tanatum,  Mx.  (0.  w.  Ju.  14..)  petioles  and  nerves  of  the  leaves  very  vil- 
lose  beneath  :  leafets  petioled,  broad,  round-cordat^;-,  sub-palmate- 
lobed  :  seed  orbicular.  A  large  umbelliferous  plant  of  a  white 
woolly  appearance.  Meadows  and  other  damp  places.  Very  poig-- 
onous. 

15—2.     Hesperis.     39.  63. 

tristis  (yellow  rocket.  E.  ^ .)  stem  hispid  ;  branches  spreading  ;  leaves 

lance-ovate  :  sitiqae  sworJ-torm. 
malronalis  (garden    ruCKCt,   dame  violet.  E.  H  )  stem   simple,  erect  : 

leaves  lauce-ovate,  denliculale  :  petals  emarginale,  mucrODate><»" 

Var.  hsrttnsis,  ilouers  double,  odoril'erous,  white. 

(1)  Aaemone  hepaUca,  Xt> 


320  HESPERIS,    HIBISCUS. 

pinnatifida,  Mx.  (wild  rocket.  P.J.  <? .)  leaves  sharply  serrate  ;  upper 
ones  lanceolate,  lower  ones  pinnatifid  :  silique  sub-peduncled, 
shortish. 

3 — 1.     Heteranthera.    6.  17. 

reniformis,  Mx.  (1)  (mud-plantain.  T.  D.  P.  Hudson,  g-w.  Ju.  2^.) 
leaves  heart-reniform,  long-petioled,  glabrous,  bearing  the  flowers  on 
the  sides  of  the  pet.oles  and  clasping  the  peduncles  with  membrana- 
ceous wings.  Flowers  very  obscure,  and  an  inattentive  student 
would  not  suppose  it  to  be  in  flower  even  w  hen  in  full  bloom.  About 
3  or  4  inches  high  ;  in  muddy  overflowed  places.  Very  abundant  in 
South  Bay,  below  Hudson  city. 

5 — 2.  Heuchera.     13.  84. 

fiscida,  Ph.  (2)  (allum  root.  C.  T.  P.  Catskill.  r.  Ju.  U-)  viscid-pubes- 
cent:  scape  and  leaves  roughish  :  leaves  moderately  round-lobed, 
with  dilated  obtuse  mucronate  teeth  :  peduncles  of  the  panicle  veiy 
dichotomeus,  spread  :  calyx  short,  obtuse.  In  dry  woods  and  bushy- 
fields.     An  active  astringent.  B. 

pubesctns,Fh.  (P.  r.  U  y.  J.  Z^.)  dusty-pubescent  :  scape  glabrous  be- 
low :  leaves  sub-acute-lobed,  toothed,  glabrous  beneath  :  peduncles 
of  the  panicle  short,  with  crowded  flowers  :  calyx  large,  bell-form  : 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  large. 

16—13.     Hibiscus.    37.  74. 

moscheutos,  W.  (3)  (marsh  mallow.  C.  w.  k  p.  Au.  If.)  leaves  ovate, 
acnminate,  serrate,  sub-3-lobed,pub-5-nerved,  white-downy  beneath: 
peduncles  flower-bearing,  calyx  downy  :  capsule  glabrous. 

paludris  (marsh  hibiscus.  C.  P.  Newburgh.  p.  Au.  24-)  leaves  broad- 
oval,  obtusely  serrate,  sub-3-lobed,  3-nerved,  dow  ny  beneath  :  pe- 
duncles axillary,  longer  than  the  petiole. 

ripcnus  (P.  p.  Au.  TJ.)  very  glabrous  :  leaves  3-lobed-hastate,  acumin- 
ate, serrate  :  corol  tubular-bell-form  :  capsules  ovate,  acuminate, 
glabrous  ;  seeds  silky. 

syriacis  ^syrian  mallow.  E.  vv.  h  p.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  wedge-ovate, 3-lob- 
ed,  toothed  :  outer  calyx  about  8-leaved,  of  the  length  of  the  inner  : 
stem  woody.     A  shrub  4  to  6  feet  high. 

fhoj:<ctUi^  (I'heniceau  mallows.  E.  r.  Ju.  I/)  leaves  ovate,  acuminat^. 

(1)  - .  u  a  Villi.    Lepianthus  reniforinis,  Mx.    virgiuica,  P- 

(2)  coitusa,Mx.    am«ricana,W.  (3)  paiustris,  Wr. 


HIBISCUSj    HIERACIUM.  321 

serrate  and  crenate,  lower  ones  S-cuspidate  :  peduncles  jointed  : 
seeds  woolly.     6  to  8  feet  high. 

esculentis  (okra  E.  ^.)  leaves  heart-5-lobed,  obtuslsli,  toothed  :  peti- 
ole longer  than  the  flower  :  outer  calyx  about  5-leaved,  deciduous, 
bursting  lengthwise. 

virgi7iicus,  (1)  (sweat  weed.  C.  P.  r.  Au.  U-)  downy,  rough  :  leaves 
acuminate,  unequally  toothed  ;  lower  ones  cordate,  undivided ; 
upper  ones  cordate-oblong,  3-lobed  :  peduncles  axillaiy,  and  iu 
terminal  racemes  }  flowers  nodding  :  pistils  nodding  In  salt 
marshes. 

trionum  (bladder  ketmia,  flower  of  an  hour.  E.  0.)  outer  calyx  many- 
leaved,  inner  one  inflated  :  capsule  membranaceous  :  leaves  tooth- 
ed, upper  ones  3-parted. 

18—1.     HiERACiUM.    49.  53. 

nurantiacum  (orange  hawkweed.  E.  y.  H)  scape  leafy,  hispid  :  flow- 
ers corymbed :  peduncles  glomerate  :  leaves  oblong,  acutish,  pilose- 
hispid. 

rc«o.<t?///t  (vein-leaf  hawkn-eed.  O.  y.Ju.  24^.)  scape  naked,  connub-pa-^ 
nicled,  glabrous  :  pedicels  tiliform  :  leaves  lance-obovale  with  thin 
hairs  above  and  naked  beneath,  margin  ciiiate,  glandular-toothed, 
veins  coloured  :  calyx  glabrous. 

gronovii  (C.  T.  P.  Ju.  11.)  scape  somewhat  leafy,  or  naked,  corymb- 
panicled  :  calyx  pubescent  :  radicalieaves  entire,  obovate,  obtuse, 
ciiiate. 

vaniculatmn  (0.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  very  glabrous  :  stem  erect,  leafy,  panicled, 
white-woolly  beneath  :  pedicels  capillary  -,  leaves  lanceolate,  na- 
ked, toothed,  membranaceous. 

marianum,  W  (2)  (O.  y.  Ju.  H)  stem  erect,  villose  :  leaves  oval-obo- 
vate,  stiigose,  villose  on  the  keel,  lower  ones  sub-dentate  :  pedun- 
cles and  calyxes  downy.     Resembles  the  H.  gronovii. 

kalmii,  W.  (0.  y.  Au.  H  )  stem  erect,  many-flowered,  glabrous  :  leaves 
£ub-sessile,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  toothed  outside  :  pedun- 
cles cauline,  near  the  top  of  the  stem  alternate,  about  l-flowered, 
downy. 

virgatmn,  Ph.  (3)  (0.  Ju,  2i.)  stem  erect,  simple,  villose  :  leaves  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous:,  pilose  beneath,  sharply  repand- 
toothed  at  the  margin,  entire  towards  ihe  apex  :  panicle  sub-corym-* 
bed  :  calyx  and  peduncle  tomeatose. 

(1)  cl^peatus,  Wr.  (2)  scabruro.  Ms.  (3)  canadenscj  ftl^. 


322  HIERACIUM,    ttORDEUM. 

fasciculaium,  Ph.  (Can.  Middlebnry,  Vt.  James.  Au.  If )  a  little  glab- 
rous :  stem  erect,  leafy,  simple,  glabrous  :  leaves  sessile,  oblong, 
acute,  sharp-toothed  and  the  teeth  elongated  :  branches  of  the  pani- 
cle divaricate,  short :  pedicels  sub-fascicled,  pubescent. 

3—2.      HiEROCHLOA.      4.    10. 

edorata  (1)  (sweet  summer  grass,  seneca  grass.  C.  P.  Seneca  Ipke.  M. 
21.)  panicle  spreading  :  glumes  3-flowered,  awuless  :  florets  crowd- 
ed, a  perfect  diandrous  glabrous  one  in  the  middle,  and  a  staminate 
one  triandrous. 

22—6.    Himantia:    58.  1. 

domestica,  large  tawny  violet,  soft ;  somewhat  cohering  in  a  membrane. 
Often  between  timbers  of  a  building. 

sulphurea,  pale  sulphur-yellow,  flaxen  and  fibrous  ;  branches  sub-te- 
rete, interwoven.     Oil  trunks. 

Candida,  white,  thin  and  tender  ;  dilated  at  the  apex  and  sub-plumose. 
On  fallen  leaves. 

21—4.     HippoPHAE.     16.    24. 
ennadensiSjW.  (sea  buckthorn.  Can.  D.  P.  M.  1?.)  leaves  ovate,  acutish, 
a  little  scabrous  above,  silver-haired  and  brilliant  beneath  ;  scales 
scattered,  ferruginous.     Near  rivers  and  lakes. 

1—1.     HippuRis.     15.  88. 
vulgaris  (mares  tail.  T.  P.  y-g.  M.  U-)  leaves  mostly  in  sixes,  linear .'-* 
In  water.     Rare.     Dr.  L.  C.  Beck  found  it  near  Schenectady. 

3—2.     HoLcus.     4.  10. 
lanatus,  Sr.   (soft  grass.  P.  C.  J.  U-)  glumes  2-flowered,  the  perfect 

flower  awnless,  the  staminate  one  awned,  recurved,  flower  much 

shorter. 
monticola,  Bw.  (Whitehills.  Ju)  glumes  3-flowered,  intermediate  one 

diandrous,  perfect  ;  lateral  ones  staminate,  triandrous  ;  outer  valve 

awned  upon  the  back. 

3—2.      HORDEUM.    4.    10. 

vulgare  (barley.  E.  Ju.  0.)  florets  all  perfect,  aAvned  :  in  two  erec4 


j{l)  frcgracSjRs.    Holcus  odoratus,  Mx,    lanatus,  J.. 


HORDEUM,    HUTCHIXSIA.  323 

jubatum,  A.  (New-Eiiglaud.  Ju.  ^  .)  awns  and  involucres  setaceous^ 
very  long. 

10 3.      HORTENSIA.      13.   84. 

speciosa  (changeable  hydrangea.  E.  r.  k,  w.  J.  ^  )  leaves  broadly  ovate 

serrate,   acuminate  :  flowers  corymbed.     From  the   East  Indies. 

This  is  the  common  flower-pot  shrub,  usually  called  hyderindia. 
5—1.      HOTTOKIA.      21.   34, 

jpalustris,  (water  violet.  D.  Ju.  If.)  flowers  whorled,  sub-sessile  :  stem 
geniculate,  with  inflated  joints.     In  stagnant  waters. 

4—1.     HorsTONiA.     47.  57. 

carulen,  (1)  (Venus'  pride.  O.  b.  k  w.  M.  U.)  stem  erect,  setaceous, 
dichotomous  :  radical  leaves  spatulate  ;  cauline  ones  oblanceolate 
opposite  :  peduncles  1-flowered,  elongated. 

purpurea,  W.  (2)  (D.  T.  P.  p.  w.  Ju.  IT.)  stem  erect,  branching  above, 
pubescent  at  the  knee-joints  :  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  lanceolate  or 
lance-linear :  fascicles  terminal,  corymbed.  4  to  8  inches  high.  Most 
abundant  near  Lansingburgh,  and  on  the  dry  ridges  in  Catskill  five- 
mile  woods. 

lon^ifolia,  (3)  (P.  p.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  erect,  very  branching,  glabrous; 
leaves  linear  :  flowers  terminal,  fascicled,  sub-sessile,  often  ternate. 

11  —  1.      HUDSONIA.      18.    80. 

ericoides,  (false  heath.  D.  y.  J.  ^.)  leaves  acerose-subulate,  hirsute  : 
peduncles  filiform,  solitary.  About 6  inches  high;  a  very  delicate 
shrub.     Pine  barrens. 

21—5.     HuMULcs.     53.  98. 

lupulus,  (hop.  O.  g-y.  Au.  11.)  stem  twining  with  the  sun  :  leaves 
lobed.     One  of  the  best  of  tonics. 

22 — 4.     HuTcniNsiA.     57.  2. 
fastigiata,  threads   dichotomous,  sub-equal,   fastifiate  :  joints  shorter 

than  their  diameters,  marked  in  the  middle  with  dark  dots.     In  the 

sea.     Will  not  adhere  to  paper. 
.violacea,  very  branching,  diffuse  :  branches  wand-like,  spreading  :  low- 

(1)  linnei,  Mx.    Anonymous.  Wr. 

(2)  variant  Mx.    Hedyotis  uaibellata,  Wr.    Knoxia  purpurea,  Lk. 
(S)  angustilolia.  Mx. 


324  HUTCHIXSIA,    HYDRANGEA. 

er  joints  shorter  than  their  diameter,  those  of  the  branches  six  times 
as  long.     In  the  sea.     Adheres  to  paper  loosely. 
strida,  threads  straight,  equal ,  branches  dichotomous,  erectish  -.joints 
about  thrice  as  long  as  the  diameter. 

6 — 1.     Hyacinthus.     10.  16. 

orie7itaIis,  (garden  hyacinth.  E.  r.  Ap.  21.)  corol  funnel-form,  half-6- 

cleft,  ventricose  at  the  base. 
muscari,  (musk  hyacinth.  E.  b.  Ap.  H.)  corol s  ovate,  all  equal. 
botryoides,  (grape  hyacinth.  E.  b.  Ap.  2^.)    corols  globose,  uniform  : 

leaves  cylindric,  channelled,  straight. 
C07nosus,  (purple  grape  hyacinth.  E.  p.)  corol  angular-cylindric,  at  the 

summit  sterile,  long-peduncled,  erect. 
racemosus,  (hare-bell  hyacinth.  'E.ll.)  flowers  thick,  ovate,  those  at 

the  top  sessile  ;  leaves  lax,  pendant,  linear,  carinate. 
22—6.     Hydnum.     58.  1. 

imbricatum,  (prickly  fungus.)  pileus  fleshy,  umbilicate,  scaly  .  scales 
thick,  sub-erect,  obscure. 

repandum,  pale-fleshy  :  pileus  rugose,  flexuose,  somewhat  lobed,  gla- 
brous :  teeth  thickish,  mostly  compressed :  stipe  tuberous,  a  little 
out  of  the  centre  of  the  pileus.     Sometimes  it  is  halved. 

concrescens,  in  groups,  confluent:  pileus  corky,  funnel-form,  having 
zones,  chesnut-brown  :  teeth  slender,  shining-tawny:  stipe  short, 
sub-tuberous,  deformed.     Colour  varies  with  the  season. 

gelatinosum,  gelatinous,  white-glaucous :  pileus  fiat  both  sides  :  stipe 
lateral.     About  three-fourths  of  an  inch  broad. 

coraUoides,  large,  very  branching  :  branches  crowded,  incurved  :  ter- 
minal teeth  sub-fascicled. 

chrysorhizw/n,  (paper  punk.)  yellow,  membranaceous, stemless,  spread  : 
root  golden-yellow,  filiform,  with  intersecting  branches  j  extending 
far  along  the  grains  of  decaying  v.ood.  The  root  of  this  fungus  has 
been  often  noticed  several  yards  in  length  ;  but  Dr.  J.  Torrey,  of 
New-York,  was  the  first,  I  believe,  who  traced  it  to  the  pileus,  and 
proved  it  a  kydn itm.  (1 ) 

10_2.     Hydrangea.     13.  84. 

vulgaris,  VI.  (hydrangea.  P.  w.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at 

(1)  Pr.  Torrey  did  not  publisb  thisspecies  in  Ins  catalogue,  because  soirie  .ioubf*  had 
arisen  since  the  oublicati.iii.jf  th^^  se'^ond  e iHion  .  >'  tbs  Al»ni>«>;.  I  ha^  ->  c.i^n'.dei  to 
Jet  it  remain  '"or  ike  present  I  ar>i  siil;  inclined  to  leii-'ve  i'  is  a  hydnum;  but  the 
fiicus  is  rarely  fsund.    I  have  a  very  perfect  specimen  now  before  me. 


HYDRANGEA^    HYDROPHYLLUM.  325 

the  base,  acuminate,  toothed,  ghibrous  beneath  :  cymes  naked.     A 
shrub  about  5  feet  high. 
tiivea,  Mx.  (P.  w.  Ju.  ^.)    leaves   ovate,   acuminate,   toothed,   snow- 
white  dowu  beneath  :  serratures  mucronate  :  cymes  radiate. 

Hydrangea^  see  Hortentia. 

13—13.     Hydrastis.     26.  61. 

canadensis^  (orange  root.  C.  P.  w-r.  Ap.  2/.)  stem  with  two  opposite 
leav^es  above  :  leaves  petioled,  emardnate  at  the  base,  palmate,  ser- 
rate, gashed;  peduncle  terminal,  solitary,  1-flowered.  Roots  yellow. 

5 — 2.     Hydrocotyle.     45.  60. 

umbellata,  W.  (water  navel- wort.  P.  M.  2^.)  leaves  peltate,  crenate, 
at  the  base  eraarginate  :  umbels  peduncled,  many-flowered. 

americana,  (O.  g-w.  J.  U-)  glabrous,  tuberous:  leaves  sub-peltate,  or- 
bicular, doubly-crenate,  sub-urabelled  :  glomerules  few-flowei-ed. 
Flowers  very  small.     Plant  low  and  sub-prostrate.    Damp. 

vulgaris,  (P.  Can.  g-w.  J.  I^.)  leaves  orbit  u!ar,  peltate,  slightly  cre- 
nate :  scape  interruptedly  spiked,  few-flowered. 

13—13,     Hydropeltis.     26.  61. 

purpurea,  Mx.  (1)  (water  shield.  O.  p.  Au.  24.-)  leaves  peltate,  oval,  en- 
tire :  peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered.  The  leaves  float  on  the  surface 
of  water,  having  long  flexible  petioles.  Plant  mostly  covered  with 
mucilage.     In  all  stagnant  ponds. 

5 — 1.     Hydrophyllum.    41.  42. 

appendiculalmn,  Mx.  (water-leaf.  P.  b.  M.  H.)  very  hirsute  :  radical 
leaves  snb-pinnatifid,  cauline  ones  lobe-angled  :  sinuses  of  the  calyx 
appendaged  :  the  fascicles  of  flowers  sub-panicled.  Calyx  very 
hispid. 

virginicum,  (burr-flower.  O.  b.  J.  2^.)  glabrous  and  hairy :  leaves  pin- 
nate and  pinnatind  ;  divisions  lance-oval,  gash-serrate  :  fascicles  of 
the  flowers  conglomerate.  The  flowers  have  the  appearance  of  a 
burr  several  weeks  before  they  expand.     Damp. 

canadense,  W.  (rough  burr-flower.  W.  P.  p.  &  w.  Ju.  2^.)  hirsute  :  leaves 
lobe-angled  :  fascicles  of  the  flowers  crowded.  Resembles  the  last 
in  some  respects ;  but  the  leaves  are  much  larger. 

(1)  Brasenia  peltata,  PIi. 


326  HYOSCYAMUS,    HYPERICUM. 

5 — 1.     Hyoscyamus.    28.  41. 

•niger,  (henbane.  E.  Ju.  ^ .)  leaves  clasping,  sinuate  :  flowers  veiny, 
sessile.    Naturalized  about  Middlebury  college.    An  active  narcotic. 

13—5.     Hypericum.    20.  68. 
1.  Flowers  with  5  styles. 

ascyroides,  W.  (1)  (St.  John's  wort.  W.  P.  T.  C.  V.  y.  Ju.  U-)  herba- 
ceous, glabrous :  stem  simple,  4-cornered :  leaves  sessile,  oblong, 
acute,  glabrous :  flowers  terminal ;  styles  of  the  length  of  the  star 
mens  :  leafets  of  the  calyx  lance-ovate.     Flowers  very  large. 

prolificum,  W.  (2)  (P.  Lake  Huron.  J.  11.  or  ^.)  branches  2-edged  : 
leaves  lance-linear,  obtusish  :  corymbs  axillary  and  terminal,  few- 
flowered  :  flowers  at  first  sessile  ;  stamens  and  styles  of  the  length  of 
the  petals  :  leafets  of  the  calyx  lanceolate. 

2.  Flowers  with  3  styles,  or  fewer. 

angulosum,  Mx.  (3)  (C.  P.  y-r.  Ju.  2^.)  erect:  stem  4-sided:  leaves 

oblong,    acute,    closely   sessile  :    panicle  terminal,    dichotomous : 

branches  divaricate,  with  distant,  alternate  flowers  :  calyx  sub-cam- 

panulate  ;  divisions  lanceolate,  acute,  keeled  below,  almost  as  long 

'  as  the  corol :  petals  with  a  single  lateral  tooth. 

canadense,  (N.  C.  W.  P.  Ju.  ©.)  erect,  small-flowered :  stem  4-sided, 
dichotomous  above  :  leaves  sessile,  linear,  slender  at  the  base  :  the 
branches  of  the  panicle  opposite,  the  branchlets  dichotomous  :  cap- 
sule long,  conic,  coloured.     Capsules  red. 

tirginicumj  (4)  (0.  p.  Au.  2^.)  flowers  with  9  or  12  stamens,  distinctly 
arranged  in  three  parcels,  and  separated  by  nectaries :  leaves  oval, 
obtuse,  clasping :  stem  compressed. 

adpressum,  B.  (P.  y.  Ju.  2/.)  stem  erect,  2-edged  immediately  below 
each  pair  of  leaves,  and  sub-cylindric  near  the  root  :  leaves  opposite^ 
closely  sessile,  lanceolate-obtuse,  transparently  punctate  with  very- 
fine  dots  ;  those  of  the  branches  sub-linear,  crowded ;  those  of  the 
cymes  small,  acute,  crowded :  flowers  terminal  and  axillary,  witii 
obtuse  entire  petals  :  style  1  :  capsule  sub-conic. 

peliolatum,Wi'.  (5)  (P.  y.  Ju.  I([.)  leaves  petioled,  oblong-oval,  round- 
obtuse  :  flowers  opposite,  axillary,  sub-sessile,  sub-ternate  ;  stamens 
adnate  as  far  as  the  middle  :  capsule  oblong. 

(1)  macrocarpum,  Mx.  (2)  kalmianum,  Du  Roi.  (3)  dcEticulatum,  Wr. 

(4)  campanulatum,  Wr.    Elodea  campanulata,  Ph. 
0)  axillare,  Mx.    Elodea  petiolata,  PL. 


HYPERICUM;    HYPNUM.  327 

parviflorunij  W.  (1)  (O.  y.  Ju.  2/.)  erect,  small,  glabrous  ;  dichotomous- 
ramose,  somewhat  4-sided  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sub-cordate,  ob- 
tuse, nerved,  sessile  -.  panicles  terminal,  dichotomous-corymbed  :  pe- 
tals shorter  than  the  lanceolate  calyx. 

rorymbosum^  W,  (2)  (0.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  erect,  glabrous,  darkly-punctate ; 
stem  terete,  branching:  leaves  clasping,  oblong-oval,  obtuse:  co- 
rymbs terminal,  brachiate,  dense-flowered  :  divisions  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate,  acute. 

perforatum,  (S)  (0.  y.  J.  If .)  erect,  branching:  stem  2-edged  :  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse,  transparently-punctate  :  panicle  terminal,  brachiate, 
leafy :  petals  twice  jas  long  as  the  acute,  lanceolate  calyx.  This  is 
the  common  St.  John's  wort,  so  troublesome  to  farmers. 

22—2,     HvpNUM.    56.  4. 

1.  Leaves  tico-ranked. 

syhaticum^  branches  divided  :  leaves  imbricate,  compressed,  spread  at 

the  apex,  lance-ovate,  entire,  nerveless  :  lid  subulate.     Woods. 
ihnticulatum,  stems  simple  :  leaves  imbricate,  compressed,  spreading  at 

the  apex,  jlance-ovate,  entire,  nerveless:  lid  conic.     On  trunks  and 

^ound  in  woods. 
jsetrulatum,  shoots  creeping ;  branches  simple,  bearing  fruit  at  the  base 

and  middle  :  lid  beaked. 
prcelongum,  stem  pinnate,  creeping  :  leaves  lance-ovate,   acuminate, 

serrate,  1-nerved,  spreading  :  lid  subulate,  incurved.  (4) 
riparium,  stem  ramose,  spreading  :  leaves  lax,  lance-ovate,  entire,  one- 

nerved  :  lid  convex,  slightly  mucronate.    On  stones,  &,c.  in  flowing 

streams. 

3.  Leaves  imbricate^  dose-pressed — sometimes  a  little  spreading,  pari  of 
their  length. 

£uspidatum,  stem  pinnate,  sub-erect  :  branches  cuspidate  :  leaves 
lance-oblong,  nerveless,  smooth  :  lid  conic.    In  ditches  and  brooka 

illecebrum,  stem  with  scattered  obtuse  branches  :  leaves  ovate,  ventri- 
cose,  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  obsoletely  one-nerved.  Woods  and  mea- 
dows. 

abietinum,  stem  pinnate,  villose;  leaves  lance-ovate,  entire,  one-nerv- 
ed, 2-furrowed  :  lid  conic.    In  dry  places  and^among  pines,  k,c. 

(1)  quinquenervium,  Wr.    mutiliim,  L. 

(2)  punctatum,  Lk.    macu latum.  Wr  (3)  virglnicum  ?  Wr. 

(4)  This  description,  taken  from  Lk.  andDc.  is  similar  lo  that  given  in  Turtoii'i  LiK-. 
jfijs  tf  the  sernilatHin, 


328  HYPNUM. 

splcjuhns,  stem  bipinnate  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  almost  nerveless,  shin.- 
incf,  close-pressed  ;  lid  subulate,  recurved.     In  woods. 

delicatuhim,  stem  decumbent,  bipinnate  :  leaves  cordate,  with  ruptured 
nerves  and  2  grooves,  scabrous  :  lid  beaked. 

minululum,  veiy  slender,  decumbent,  pinnately  branched  :  leaves  ve- 
ry minute,  oval,  acute  ;  margins  and  keel  somewhat  scabrous,  sepa- 
rately incurved  when  dry  :  capsule  recurved  ;  lid  long  beaked. 

adnatum,  small ;  branchlets  simple  :  leaves  cordate-acuminate,  desti- 
tute of  fascicles  :  capsules  nodding  ;  lids  conic. 

3.  Leaves  imbricate,  spreading. 

g^i-aminicolor,  stem  creeping  ;  branches  sub-simple,  erectish  :  leaves 
lax,  sub-alternate,  heart-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  with 
a  nerve  somewhat  continued  :  capsules  ascending,  oblong,  unequal  ; 
lid  round  conic. 

hians.  siem  decumbent ;  branches  short,  simple  :  leaves  somewhat  lax, 
heart-ovate,  acute,  serrulate  :  peduncles  a  little  scabrous ;  capsules 
oblong,  slightly  inclined  ;  lid  conic. 

asprellum,  stem  decumbent,  sub-pinnate  :  leaves  remotish,  somewhat 
bifariously  imbricate,  acuminate,  serrulate  with  sub-continued 
nerves  :  capsules  oblong,  a  little  curved  ;  lid  uuulc,  sub-mutronate. 

lutesceiis,  stem  procumbent,  ramose  ;  leaves  imbricate,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, 3-striate  :  peduncles  a  little  scabrous  :  lid  conic,  acute.  On 
dry  earth,  walls  and  rocks. 

rutabulum,  stem  procumbent :  branches  erect,  sub-simple  :  leaves 
lance-ovate,  acuminate,  one-nerved  :  peduncles  scabrous  :  lid  co- 
nic.    On  the  earth  and  trunks. 

chrysostomurn,  procumbent  ;  inordinately  branched  :  leaves  laxish, 
spreadiiig,  lance-oval,  acuminate,  entire,  sub-linear  :  peduncles 
smoothish  :  capsules  oblong,  recurved  }  lid  perfectly  conic,  with  a 
very  acute  spinr^se  tip. :  peristome  yellow. 

triquetrum,  stem  sub-erect,  ramose  :  leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  striate,  ~ 
somewhat  nerveless,  spreading  every  way  :  capsule  ovate  ;  lid  conic, 
obtuse. 

4.  Leaves  imbricate,  sub-rejlexed  or  recurved. 

fragile,  outer  peristome  has  the  teeth  lanceolate,  remotely  tubercled, 
yellow  ;  inner  one  is  a  membrane,  extended  into  an  equal  number 
of  c  >lirl,  lance-acumir.ate,  very  acute  teeth,  with  ciliae  a  little  les^ 
than  the  teeth,  capillary,  very  acute. 


HYPNUM.  329 

dellatum,  stem  weak,  procumbent  :  leaves  ovate,  long-acuminate, 
nerveless,  entire,  spreading  :  capsule  oblong  ;  lid  with  an  ubiuse 
apex. 

squarrosuvi,  stem  ascending  :  leaves  keeled,  nerveless,  ovate  at  the 
base,  close-pressed,  acuminate  at  the  ai)ex,recurved-spreadiiig  :  cap- 
sule ovate  ;  lid  sbort,  conic. 

5.  Leaves  turned  to  one  side,  and  conical  falcate. 

crista-castrensis,  stem  elougated,  somewhat  simple,  recurvedly  and  ele- 
gantly wing-branched  :  leaves  recurve-curled  one-way,  subulate, 
with  slender  lineate  nerves  :  capsules  very  long-pedi|icled,  oblong, 
arched  :  lid  conic. 

commuiatum,  stem  procumbent,  ramose  ;  branches  sub-ramose  ;  cap- 
sule large,  becoming  white,  striate  ;  peduncles  pretty  large  In  wa- 
ter or  mud. 

cupressiforme,  stem  prostrate,  sub-ramose  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  falcate, 
aierveless :  lid  conic. 

impojiens,  very  short,  somewhat  feather-branched,  recurved  :  leaves 
uncinate,  one-way,  nerveless  :  capsule^  erect,  cylindric-oblong  ;  lid 
conic,  obtusely  beaked. 

(orregoriiuin,  SJ.  {This  is  a  new  species,  named  by  Professor  Sprengel, 
of  Halle,  in  honor  of  Dr.  John  Torrey.  I  mislaid  SprengeTs  descrip- 
tion, and  could  not  obtain  another  in  season  to  publish  here  ;  but 
vid.  additions  and  corrections.] 

6.  Leaves  turned  to  one  side,  and  not  circinal-falcale. 

Jluvialile,  branches  rather  long,  simple  .  leaves  lance-ovate,  laxish, 
somewhat  spreading  ;  cap.-ules  oblong,  erect-nodding.  On  rocks 
under  water  in  rivers,  tec. 

ortliocladon,  decumbent,  buibiferous  ;  branches  simple  :  leaves  ovate, 
nerves  solid,  very  entire  :  lid  conic.  Flowers  monoecious.  Calyp- 
tre  subulate,  white.  Bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  at  the  apexes 
of  the  branches. 

7.  Leaves  remote,  lax-spreading. 

serpens,  stem  creeping:  leaves  laxish,  small,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
one-nerved  at  the  base  :  capsule  elongated,  obconic  ;  liU  convex, 
inucronate,    Shades. 

Dd  2 


330 

10—1.     HypopiTHYS,  N.  (1)     18.  51. 

lanuginosa  (false  beech-drops.  0.  y-w.  Ju.  ZJ!.)  scape  spike-flower- 
ed ;  whole  plant,  including  the  flower,  woolly,  except  the  base  of 
the  stem.     Grows  on  roots  of  trees,  he.  whole  plant  yellowish-white- 

eurovea,  N.  (2)  (yellow  beech  drops.  P.  Can.  y.  J.  If.)  scape  spike- 
flowered  :  flowers  and  scales  on  the  stem  glabrous  outside  ;  lateral 
flowers  octandrous. 

6—1.     Hypoxis.     10.  n. 

ereda,  W.  (3)  (star-grass.  O.  y.  Ju.  !(!.)  pilose  :  scape  2  or3-flowered  : 
leaves  lance-linear :  divisions  of  the  corol  lance-oblong.  Var.  gram- 
inea,  has  longer  and  narrower  leaves  ;  more  flowers,  longer  lance- 
linear  divisions  to  the  corol — and  altogether  a  more  grassy  appear- 
ance. 

14—1.     Hvssopus.    42.  39. 

officinalis  (hyssop.  E.  Ju.  It.)  flowers  whorled,  racemes  one-way:  in- 
te<  mediate  division  of  the  corol  2-lobed,  entire  :  leaves  lance-linear, 

ncpeloides,W.  (giant  hyssop.  T.  C.  P.  W.  g-y.  Ju.  11-)  spikes  whorled, 
cyliitdric  :  leav^es  sub-cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  toothed. — 
r^Jepr  Williams  college  and  in  Pownal,  it  grows  from  4  to  7  feet  high. 

scrophularifolius,  W  (P.  W.  p.  Ju.  21.)  spikes  whorled,  cylindric  :  styles 
longer  than  the  corol :  leaves  heart-ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  tooth- 
ed.    About  two  feet  high.  (4) 

20—6.     HysteriuM.     58.  1. 
pulvicare,  gregarious,  oblong  or  oval,  striate.     On  oaks. 
/raa;im,  bursting,  black,  sub-ovate  ;  lips  a  little  swollen.     On  the  bran- 

ches  of  ash  and  maple. 
quercinum,  bursting,  flexuose,  sub-ventricose,  soft,  dark-cinereous.   On 

the  young  branches  of  oaks. 

I. 

15—1.    Iberis.    89.  63. 

Mnibellntn  (candy  tuft.  E.  w.  J.  0  ) leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  low- 
er oi.es  serrate,  upper  ones  entire. 

(1")  Mrnoriopa.  L.  (2)  Monotropahyjopitbys,  L.  (3)  caroliniensis,  Mx. 

(4^  Tliese  wo  indigenous  spetits  cnfferin  bal  it  very  widely  from  our  exotic .speciCS. 
Their  whorled  spikes  sre  larger  than  those  cf  Nepetiis. 


ICTODES,    INULA.  331 

4 — 1.     IcTODEs.  (1)     2.  7- 
fcctida,  Mx.    (skunk  cabbage,  fetid  hellebore.  0.  p.  Ap.  H.)  stemlesy 
leaves  radical,  heart-ovale,  very  large  :  spadix  supporting  the  flow- 
ers  in  a  sub-globose  head.     Odour   resembles  that  of  the  skunk. — 
Valuable  expectorant  and  antispasmodic.  B. 

4—4.     Ilex.     43.  95. 

canadensis,  Mx.  (2)  (mountain  holly.  H.  &,  Y.  Mt.  g-y.  M.  ^.)  leaves 
deciduous,  ovate,  entire,  or  a  little  serrate  at  the  apex,  glabrous  :  pe- 
duncles sub-solitary,  long,  1-flowered  :  fruit  somewhat  4-sided.  A 
shrub  3  to  5  feet  high. 

opaca,  A.  (evergreen  holly.  Y.  C.  P.  g-w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  evergreen, 
ovate,  acute,  spinose,  glabrous,  flat  :  flowers  scattered  at  the  base  of 
the  shoots  of  the  preceding  year.    A  middle  sized  tree. 

5 — 1.     Impatiens.     24.  73. 

feaZsamina  (balsam  weed.  E.  y.  Au.  #.)  peduncles  aggregate,  1-flower- 
ed :  leaves  lanceolate,  upper  ones  alternate  :  nectary  shorter  than 
the  flowers. 

nolitnngere  (3)  (jewel-weed,  touch-me-not.  O.  y.  Ju.  0.)  peduncles 
many-flowered,  solitary  :  leaves  ovate,  obtusely  toothed  :  joints  of 
the  stem  tumid. 

hiflora,  W.  (4)  (speckled  jewels.  C  W.  T.  P.  y.  &  r.  Ju.  #.)  peduncle* 
mostly  2-flowered,  solitary  :  leaves  ovate,  sharply  toothed.  Is  not 
this  a  variety  of  the  last  ^ 

5 — 2.     Imperatoria.    45.  60. 
ostruthium  (masterwort.  E.  24..)  leaves  ternate,  broadish,  serrate. 

17—10.     I.vdigofera.     32.  93. 
tinctoria  (indigo.  E.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate,  oblong,  glabrous,  in  four  pairs  ; 
racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves:  legume  terete,  somewhat  arched.—- 
From  the  East  Indies. 

18—2.     Inula.     49.  55. 
fuUnium  (elecampane.  O.y.  Au.  2^.)  leaves  clasping,  ovate,  rugose,  to« 
mentose  beneath  :  scales  of  the  calyx  ovate. 

(1)  Pitthos,  L.    Symplocarpiis,  Sy.    Dracontium,  L.  in  another  part  of  his  work. 

(2)  N'emophanthus  fascicularis,  R.  This  species  certainly  differs  much  in  habit  from 
the  opaca,  and  |)erhaps  it  ought  to  form  a  new  genus.  Prof.  Dewey  of  Williams  col. 
proposes  the  following-  description  for  a  new  genus,  but  does  not  propose  any  name. 
Calyx  o  :  petals  4,  lam-eolate,  sub-acute,  alternating  with  the  stamens  :  stigmas  sessile; 
pericarp  4-celieil,  l->ef.lP(;.    Stamens  3to5,  Ftiginas3  loo.     Polygamous.  jVIS. 

(3)  aurea,  M.     pallida,  N. 

(4)  maculata,  M*    fulva,  N.    Yar.  of  nolitangere  or  noli-me-tangere,  Ms. 


S32  INULA,    IRIS. 

falcata,  Ph.  (D.  y.  S.  2^.)  woolly  :  leaves  sessile,  linear,  very  acute": 
sub-falcate,  nerves  hairy  both  sides  .  peduncles  few,  axillary,  co- 
ryrabed  :  calyx  and  peduncle  villose.     5  or  6  inches  high. 

mariana  (1)  (D.  y.  Au.  2^.)  villose  :  leaves  sessile,  lance  oblong,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  obtuse,  glandular-toothed,  lower  ones  petioled,  ser-^ 
rate  :  peduncles  axillary,  corymbed,  glandular-hairy.  About  12  or 
14  inches  high. 

argentea,  P.  (P.  y.  24!.)  silky  :  leaves  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  erect,  zig- 
zag ;  corymb  sub-compound,  erect :  scales  of  the  calyx  flat,  pubes- 
cent. 

5—1.    Ipomaea.    29.  43. 

quamoclit,  W.  (jasmine  bindweed.  P.  r.  w.  Au.  #.)  leaves  pinnatifid  li- 
near :  flowxrs  sub-solitary  ;  corol  sub-tubular. 

t'occinea,  Mx.  (Southern  states,  y-r.  Ju.©.)  pubescent :  leaves  cordate, 
acuminate,  sub-angled  :  peduncles  about  5-flowered  :  calyx  awned  : 
corol  tubular  :  limb  sub-entire.     Cultivated. 

lacunosa,  Mx.  (P.  w.  ^  p.  J.  #•)  glabrous  :  flowers  cordate,  acumin- 
ate, scrobiculate,  angled  at  the  base  :  peduncles  short,  about  one- 
flowered  :  calyx  hairy  :  corol  tubular,  short :  capsules  hairy. 

bo7ia-nox,  W.  (Southern  states,  w.  Ju.  ^.)  very  glabrous  :  leaves  cor- 
date entire  or  angled  :  peduncle  1  to  3-flowered  :  calyx  awned  : 
corol  undivided,  tube  long.     Cultivated. 

nil,  Mx.  (2)  (morning  glory.  P.  b.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute  :  leaves  ventricose, 
3-lobed  :  peduncles  short,  1  or  2-flowered :  bracts  subulate :  calyx 
very  villose,  long-acuminate. 

purpurea.  Ph.  (3)  (common  morning  glory.  E.  b.  p.  J.  %)  pubescent : 
leaves  cordate,  entire  :  peduncles  2  to  5-flowered  :  pedicels  nodding, 
thickened  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate  :  capsules  glabrous, 

3—1.     Ihis.     6.  18. 

'fumila,  (dwarf  flower-de-luce.  E.  b.  M.  2.^.)  bearded:  scape  1-flower- 
ed  :  leaves  ensiform,  glabrous:  tube  of  the  corol  exsert:  petals  ob- 
long, obtuse. 

prumatica,  P.  (4)  (boston  iris.  Y.  D.  Boston,  b.  y.  J.  It-)  beardless  : 
stem  solid,  terete,  equalling  the  leaves  :  leaves  very  narrow,  long  : 
capsules  elongated,  prismatic,  acute  at  both  ends,  with  2  grooves  on 

(1)  trlavidulosa,  Lk.  (2)  Convolvulus  nil,  W. 

(3)  Convolvulus  purpureus,  W-  (4)  gracilis,  Bw. 


IRIS^    ISXARDIA.  333 

each  side.  Very  abundant  north  side  of  Pine  rock,  New-Haven, 
half  a  mile  east  of  Mr.  Lewis  Bradley's. 

pUcnfa,  (garden  iris.  E.  p.  w.  M.  If.)  bearded  :  stem  many-flowered, 
higher  tiian  the  leaves  :  petals  undulate-plicate,  erect  ones  broadest, 

virginica,  W.  (1)  (wild  flag,  wild  iris.  O.  b.  p.  y.  J.  If.)  beardless: 
stem  2-edged,  many-flowered,  taller  than  the  ensiform  leaves  :  stig- 
mas shorter  than  the  inner  petals :  capsules  oblong,  with  fuiTowed 
angles. 

ochroleuca,  (yellow  iris.  E.  y.  M.)  beardless:  leaves  ensiform,  depress- 
ed, striate  :  scape  sub-terete  :  germ  6-cornered. 

versicolor,  W.  (C.  p.  J.  I/.)  beardless  :  stem  terete,  zigzag,  equalling 
the  leaves  :  leaves  ensiform  :  stigmas  equalling  the  inner  petals  : 
capsules  ovate,  angles  obtuse. 

lacusiris,  N.  (Great  lakes,  b.  If.)  beardless  :  leaves  short,  ensiform  : 
scape  much  shorter  than  the  leaf,  1-flowered  :  petals  sub-equal  .''  at- 
tenuated on  the  tube  :  capsule  turbinate,  3-sided,  margined  :  seed 
roundish,  smooth  :  root  tuberous. 

14—1.     IsANTiius.    42.  39. 
tueruleus,  M.  (blue  gentian,  false  pennyroyal.  C.  T.  P.  b.  Ju.  0.)  viscid- 
hairy  :  leaves  lance-oval,   acute  at  both  ends,  3-nerved  :  peduncles 
1   or  2-flowered.     Along  ilie  Hudson  from  Sllllwatci  to   the   High- 
lands.    Odour  resembles  the  spikenard. 

22^6.    Is  ARIA.    58.  1. 

mucida,  cespitose,  effuse :  branchlets  sub-depressed,  forked,  nearly 
soft.     On  decaying  wood  in  summer  and  autumn, 

15—1.     IsATis.     39.  63. 

tindoria,  (woad.  E.  J.  <? .)  radical  leaves  crenate  ;  cauline  ones  sagit- 
tate, oblong. 

22—5.     IsiDiuM.     57.  2. 

coralUnum,  (coral  lichen.)  crust  tartarous,  somewhat  cushioned  or 
areolate  ;  becoming  somewhat  cinereous  :  peduncle  (podetia)  at 
length  rather  long,  terete,  simple  and  branched  :  lamina  of  the  re- 
ceptacle tawny-cinereous.     Among  rocks. 

4—1,       liNARDIA.       17.    88. 

palustris,  (2)  (water  purslane.  O.  g.  J.  H.)  leaves  ovate,  entire  :  flow- 
ers axillary,  solitary,  sessile.     In  Avater,  and  wet  places. 

(1)  iiesagona;  Wr,  (2)  LyUmgia  palustris,  £.    nitM^Mx. 


334  ISOETES,   JUGLANS, 

22 — 1.    IsoETES.     55.  5. 
lacusiris,  (quill- wort,  li-)  frond  dilated  and  imbricate  at  the  base,  nar- 
row and  subulate  above,  flat  :  root  fibrous.    From  2  to  12  inches 
high  :  colour  green  :  growing  immersed,  or  at  the  margin  of  ponds. 
Resembles  a  zophyte. 

5—1.    Itea.     18.  50. 
tirginica^W.  (itea.  P.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  serrate.    4  to  6  feet 
high. 

18—4.     IvA.    49.  55. 
frutescens,  (high-water  shrub.  L.  g.  Au.  >>.)  leaves  lanceolate,  punc- 
tate-scabrous,  deeply  serrate  :  glomerules  of  florets  globose,  depress- 
ed.    Somewhat  shrubby,  3  or  4  feet  high.     GroAVS  along  the  margin 
of  salt  marshes,  &,c. 

3—1.     IxiA.     6.  18. 

chinensis,  (blackberry  lily.  E.  j.  r.  J.  U-)  corol  about  6-petaUed :  stem 
flexuose :  leaves  ensiform. 

J. 

2 — 1.    Jasminum.    44,  37. 

jTuticans,  (jasmine.  E.  y.  ^.)  leaves  alternate,  ternate,  simple  :  leafets 

obovate,  wedge-form,  obtuse  :  branches  angled. 
f^cinale,  (jasmine.  E.  w.   ^.)  leaves  pinnate,  opposite:  leafets  acu- 
minate. 

8—1.    Jeffersonia.     27.  62. 

diphylla^'B.  (\)  (twin-leaf  V.  w.  M.  H.)  stemless  •  peduncles  naked, 
1-flowered  :  leaves  in  pairs. 

20—13.    JuGLANS.  (2)    60.  94. 

regia,  (madeira  nut.  E.  M.  fp.)  leafets  about  9,  oval,  glabrous,  sub- 
serrate,  sub-equal  ;  fruit  globose.  Var.  Jraximfolia,  has  9  or  10 
leafets,  oblong,  serrate,  smooth,  latej-al  lower  one  adnate  on  the 
common  petiole.  It  is  said  that  this  variety  is  indigenous  to  North 
America. 

nigra,    (black  walnut.  P.  C.  M.  "n.)    leafets  numerous,  lance«ovate, 

cy  Podophyllum  dj^hyllum  t.  f?)  See  Csrya. 


JUGLANS^   JUNCUS.  335 

serrate,  sub-cordate,  narrowed  above  :  petioles  and  under-sides  of 
he  leaves  sub-pubescent  :  fruit  globose,  with  scabrous  punctures : 
nut  wrinkled. 
cinerea,  (butternut.  0.  M.  ^.)  leafets  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  soft-pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  villose  :  fruit 
oblong-ovate,  viscid,  long-peduncled  :  nut  roughly  sculptured.  The 
bark  is  a  strong  cathartic. 

6 — 1.    JuNcus.    5.  13. 

1 .  Culms  leafless. 

effusus,  S.  (rush-grass.  O.  J.  2_f .)  culm  straight :  panicle  lateral,  spread, 
more  than  decompound  :  capsules  obtuse.  Resembles  the  Scirpus 
acutus  in  habit. 

acutus,  S.  (1)  (D.  Ju.  U-)  culm  terete,  panicled,  terminal  :  involucre 
2-leaved  :  spinose  capsules  roundish,  mucronate.     Sea-coast. 

setaceus,  M.  (Y.  P.  Ju.  U-)  culm  filiform,  nodding  :  umbels  lateral, 
compound,  few-flowered  :  peduncles  many-flowered  :  calyx  subulate. 

viarginatus,  M.  (2)  (C.  P.  J.  2S-)  leaves  flat,  glabrous :  corymb  termi- 
nal, simple,  proliferous  ;  little  heads  about  10-flowered  :  calyx  equal- 
ling the  obtuse  capsule. 

nodosus,  M.  (0.  Ju.  l^.)  leaves  with  nodding  joints,  terete  :  corymb 
simple  ;  little  beads  globose  :  capsules  acuminate,  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

2.  Culms  leafy. 

polycephalus,  Mx.  (3)  (0.  J.  2^.)  stem  erect,  few-leaved  :  leaves  with 
knotted  joints  :  little  heads  globose,  many-flowered,  sub-panicled  . 
calyx  linear,  triandrous.    Var.  tenuifolius,  has  filiform  leaves. 

sub-verticillatus,  M.  (4)  (Can.)  culm  compressed,  erect,  hollow  :  leaves 
compressed,  jointed  :  peduncles  somewhat  whorled,  sheathed  at  the 
base,  unequal,  flat  or  terete,  terminating  in  3  to  5-flowered  glome- 
rules  :  outer  calyx  2-leaved,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  inner  one  6-leaved, 
linear,  somewhatawned  :  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. 

conglomeratus,  S.  (D.  J.  2^.)  stem  naked,  upright  :  panicle  lateral- 
conglomerate  :  capsule  retuse :  triandrous. 

Mcuminatus,  Mx.  (5)  (C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  culm  leafy,  erect :  leaves  some- 
what knotty -jointed  :  panicle  terminal ;  compound  glomerules  about 

(1)  maritimus,  Lk.  (2)  aristatus,  Nx. 

(3)  Var.  crassifolius,  Six.    nodoSUS,  Var.  polycepbalus,  P. 

(4)  fluitans,  Mx.  (5)  svlvaticus,  M« 


B36  JUNCUS^    JUNGERMANNIA. 

3-flowered,  peduncled  and  sessile  :  calyx  slender,  acuminate.    Tri- 
androus. 

bidbosus,  M.  (l)  (C.  Ju.  If.)  stem  sub-compressed,  undivided  :  leaves 
linear,  channelled  :  corymb  terminal  :  calyx  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  roundish  obtuse  capsule.     On  dry  ground. 

tenuis,  Roth.  (2)  (O.  J.  U-)  culm  leafy,  simple,  teretish  :  leaves  chan- 
nelled :  corymb  terminal,  dichotomous,  shorter  than  the  bracts  : 
capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

bufonius,  (O.  J.  #.)  culm  leafy,  dichotomous  :  leaves  angled,  sub-se- 
taceous :  flowers  oblong,  solitary,  sessile. 

spicatus,  (Whitehills.  Au.  Bw.)  leaves  flat :  spike  racemed,  nodding, 
compound  at  the  base  :  capsules  acute. 
Remark.  The  three  following  species  have  been  placed  under  genus 

Luzula  by  Willdenow,  Desvous,  and  some  others. 

jnlosus,  (O.  Ap.  If.)  leaves  flat,  hairy:  corymb  sub-simple  :  peduncles 
single-flowered,  nodding ;  petals  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  cap- 
sule. 

campestris,  (0.  Ap.  If.)  leaves  flat,  with  long  fine  hairs  :  spikelets  pe- 
duncled, somewhat  nodding,  intermediate  one  sessile  :  leafets  of  the 
calyx  mucronate,  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule. 

melanocarpus,  (Whitehills.  Ju.)  culm  leafy  :  leaves  broadish,  sub-lan- 
ceolate, glabrous  :  panicle  capillaiy,  reiy  lax  :  flowers  distinctly  pe- 
dicelled :  capsules  becoming  black. 

22 — 3.      JCNGERMANNIA.      57.   3. 

1.  Fronds  bearing  simple  leaves, 
epiphylla,  fronds  sinuate,  bearing  capsules  in  the  middle.  On  the  earth 

in  damp  woods,  k,c. 
pinguis,  fronds  oblong,  sinuate  :  pedicels   arising  from  the  margin  of 

the  frond  beneath.     On  moist  earth. 
multijida,  fronds  many-cleft :  lobes  narrow,  mostly  2-parted  :  pedicels 

arising  from  the  axils  of  the  lobes  near  the  base.     On  damp  earth, 

and  rotten  wood. 
palmaia,   frond  digitate-palmate,  bearing  capsules  at  the   base.    In 

mountain  woods,  on  bark,  the  earth,  kc.    Very  small. 
2.  Fronds  pinnate, 
piisilla,  frond  smooth,   simply  pinnate  :  leafets  toothed,   or  obtusely 

lobed.     On  moist  earth. 

(1)  dichotomus,  E.  (2)  bicorois,  Mx. 


JUNGERMANNIA,    JUSTICIA,  33T 

scalaris,  fronds   simply  pinnate  :  leafets  very  entire,  ovate,  2-ranked, 

alternate  ;  the    stem  or  cauline  plant  bearing  globules  at  the  apex. 

In  groves. 
bkuspidala,  fronds   simply  pinnate,  bearing  capsules  in  the  middle  ; 

leafets  imbricate,  2-toothed.     In  moist  shades. 
bidentatay  fronds  simply  pinnate,  bearing  capsules  at  the  apes  :  leafets 

round-ovate,  emarginate  and  2-toothed  at  the  apex.    In  woods,   on 

the  earth,  and  rotten  wood. 
titicidosaj  fronds  sub-ramose,  two-ranked  :  leafets  entire,   round-ob- 
tuse :  pedicels  scattered.     In  damp  woods. 
poiyanthos,  fronds  simply  pinnate,  bearijig  capsules  at  the  base  :  leafets 

roundish,  sub-imbricate,  convex,  entire.     In  groves. 
lanctolala,  fronds  simply  pinnate,  bearing  capsules  at  the  apex  :  leafets 

flat,  obtuse,  very  entire.     On  the  earth  in  damp  shades. 
dilatala,  fronds    doubly   compound-pinnate,   bearing   capsules  at  the 

apex,  covered  beneath  with  stipules  in  triple  order.     On  rocks  and 

trunks  of  trees. 
complanata,  (plaited  moss.)  frond  doubly  compound-pinnate  :  leafets 

imbricate,  lying  flat,  round,  eared  below.  Very  common  on  trees,  &,c 
nemorosa,  fronds  erect,  simple,  or  sub-ramose  :  leafets   auricled  and 

ciliate.     In  damp  groves. 

21—16.     JuN-iPERUs.     51.  100. 

sabina,  (savin.  Can.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  obtuse,  glandular  in  the 
middle,  imbricate  four  ways,  delicate,  acute,  opposite,  A  low  shrub, 
in  clefts  of  rocks. 

jrrosirata,  (american  savin.  P.  Can.  fp.)  leaves  opposite,  acute,  imbri- 
cate about  4  ways,  smooth,  glaucous:  branches  horizontal  or  pros- 
trate.    A  shrub. 

virginiana,^Vm.  (red  cedar.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  in  threes,  adnate  at  their 
bases ;  in  the  young  state  they  are  imbricate,  older  they  become 
spreading.     Hardly  a  middle-sized  tree. 

coitimunis,  (juniper.  Y.N.  T.  C.  M.  >>.)  leaves  in  threes,  spreading, 
mucronate,  longer  than  the  berry.  On  the  sand  plains  at  the  foot  of 
Pine  rock  in  New-Haven,  a  root  of  it  often  sends  off"  shoots  about  3 
feet  in  length,  so  close  to  each  other  as  to  make  a  kind  of  mat  12  or 
14  feet  in  diameter. 

2—1.    JusTiciA.    40.  36. 
adhatoda,  (malabar  nut.  E.  p.  ^.)  leaves  lance-ovate:  bracts  ovate, 
nerved,  permanent :  helmet  of  the  corol  concave. 

£e 


888  JUSTICIAR    KYLLINGIA. 

peduncidosa,  Vabl.  (1)  (Niagara  river.  Cooper.  Ju.  >>.)  spikes  axil- 
lary :  flowers  crowded  :  peduncles  elongated,  alternate  :  leaves  lan- 
ceolate. 

K. 

h 

10—1.    Kalmia.     18.  50.  ^ 

latifolia,  (laurel.  O.  r.  Ju.  T?.)  leaves  long-petioled,  scattered,  and  in 
threes,  oval,  smooth  both  sides  :  corymbs  terminal,  with  viscid  hairs. 
Generally  4  or  5  feet  high  ;  but  on  Catskill  mountain  it  is  found 
more  than  20  feet  high. 
ittngustifolia,  (sheep  laurel.  O.J.  ^.)  leaves  in  threes,  petioled,  oblong, 
obtuse,  sometimes  rusty  beneath  :  corymbs  lateral  :  bracts  linear  : 
peduncles  and  calyx  with  glandular  hairs.  A  shrub  one  or  two  feet 
high. 
glauca,  A.  (2)  (swamp  laurel.  P.  N.  Plainfield  and  Hinsdale,  Mass.  r. 
M.  ^.)  brauchlets  2-edged  :  leaves  opposite,  sub-sessile,  oblong, 
smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  margin  revolute  :  corymb  terminal,  bract- 
ed  :  peduncles  and  calyxes  very  glabrous.  Variety,  rosmarimfoUa, 
leaves  linear,  green  beneath. 

18—1.  Krigia.  49.  53. 
virginica,  W.  (3)  (dwarf  dandelion.  O.  y.  M.  0.)  small:  leaves  ly  rate, 
glaucous,  smoothish,  ciliate  :  scape  1-flowered,  twice  as  long  as  the 
leaves  :  calyx  about  8-leaved.  Var.  dichotoma,  caulescent,  dichoto- 
mous.  Nuttall  considers  it  a  new  species.  Barton  calls  it  a  variety, 
A  caulescent  variety,  probably  the  same,  is  often  seen  about  Cats- 
kill,  New-Haven,  he. 

18—1.     KuHNiA.     49.55. 

tiqiatorioides,  W.  (4)  (false  boneset.  P.  w.  Au.  2^.)  glabrous  :  leave? 
petioled,  broad-lanceolate,  serrate  :  corymbs  terminal,  few-flowered- 
compact. 

crUonia,  W.  (5)  (P.  y.  Au.  21.)  pubescent  :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate, 
about  2-toothed  below,  petioled,  punctate  beneath  :  upper  ones  li- 
near, entire,  sessile  :  panicle  terminal,  spreading. 

3—1.     Kyli.ingia.     3.  9. 
monocephala,  M.  (false  bog-rush.  D.  N.  T.  If.)  culm  filiform,  3-sided 

(1)  Dianthera  americana,  L.    eBsiformis,  Wr. 

(2)  polifnlia,  Wm.  (3)  Hyoseris,  L. 

f  4)  Eupatorium  alteraifolium,  t-  (5)  Critonia  kuhnia,  Mx. 


LACTUCA,    LATHYRUS.  339 

with  a  leafy  base  :  heads  globose,  sessile  ;  involucres  3-leaved,  very 
fong. 

L. 

18—1.     Lactuca.     49.  53. 

saliva,  (lettuce.  E.  y.Ju.  ||J.)  leaves  roundish  ;  cauline  ones  cordate  ■ 
stem  corymbed.  Var.  romana,  has  oblong,  straight  leaves,  narrowed 
at  the  base.  Var.  crispa,  has  sinuate-crenate  leaves,  toothed,  undu- 
lated, crisped ;  radical  ones  hairy  on  the  keel.  Var.  laaniala,  has 
the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  and  the  upper  ones  runciuate. 

elongata,  (1)  (wild  lettuce.  O.  y.  J.  ,?  .  or  2^.)  leaves  smooth  beneath, 
lower  ones  runciuate,  entire,  clasping;  lowest  ones  toothed,  highest 
ones  lanceolate  :  flowers  corymb-panicled.     3  to  6  leet  high. 

22—4.  Lami.varia.  57.  2. 
esculenta,  frond  ribbed  :  stipe  pinnate,  with  petioled  wedge-form  leaves, 
running  through  a  sub-coriaceous  ensiform  frond.  Colour  olive, 
becoming  sooty-yellow  when  dry.  On  the  sea-shore. 
saccharina,  frond  not  ribbed,  coriaceous  :  stipe  flattened  into  a  nerve- 
less, ensiform,  entire  frond,  ovate  at  the  base.  Colour  olive.  On 
the  sea-shore. 

14—1.     Lamium.    42.  39. 

garganicum,  (dead  nettle.  E.  11.)  leaves  cordate,  concave  :  throat  of 

the  corol  inflated,  tube  short. 
purpureum,    (P.  p.  0.)    leaves    cordate,  obtuse,  toothed,  petioled, 

crowded  at  the  top  :  stem  nakedish  downwards. 
amplexicaule,  (hen-bit,  dead  nettle.  O.  p.  M.  0.)  floral  leaves  sessile, 

clasping,  gashed  :  radical  leaves  lobed. 

22—2.     La  SI  A.     56.  4. 

frkhomitrion,  branch  compressed  :  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  striate  lon- 
gitudinally :  peduncle  of  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  capsule  ovate  : 
calyptre  profusely  haiiy.     In  mountains. 

marginata^  in  very  branching  fascicles  :  branchlets  erect,  tapering, 
filiform  :  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  revolute  both  sides  so  as  to  appear 
as  if  margined  :  nerves  prominent  :  capsule  oblong  ;  lid  subulate. 

17—10.    Lathvrus.    32.  93. 
palustris,  W.  (Can.  w-p.  Ju.  U-)    stem  winged  :  stipules  lance-semi; 

(J)  longifolia,  Mx. 


340  LATHYRUS,  LAVATERA. 

sagittate  -.  leafets  six,  lance-linear;  acute  :  peduncles  about  3-8ovver- 
ed. 

myrtifcHus,W.  (1)  (C.  P.  T.  Hudson,  r.  Ju.  1^.)  stem  naked,  winged, 
4-cornered  :  stipules  semi-sagittate,  lance-ovate,  acuminate  :  leafets 
4,  lance-oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  net-veined  :  peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves,  about  4  or  o-llovvered.     Damp. 

venosus.  W.  (P.  p.  Ju.  11.)  stem  naked,  4-cornered  :  stipules  semi-sa- 
gittate, ovate,  acuminate  :  leafets  numerous,  somewhat  alternate, 
ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  veiny  :  peduncles  5,  shorter  than  the 
leaves. 

odoratus,  (sweet  pea.  E.  J.  0.)  peduncles  2-flowered  :  tendril  with  2 
ovate-oblong  leafets  :  legumes  hirsute. 

latijblius,  (everlasting  pea.  E.  Au.  1(.)  peduncles  many-flowered  : 
tendril  with  2  laace-ovate  leaves  ;  membranaceous  between  joints. 

cly.'ienum,  (various  pea.  E.  %.)  peduncles  2-flowered  ;  tendril  with 
many  laucoolate  leafets  :  stipules  toothed. 

articu'atus,  Jointed  pea.  E.  Ju.  ^s.)  peduncles  about  1-flowered:  ten- 
dril wiih  inany  alternate  lanceolate  leafets:  legume  jointed. 

sativHs,  (chick  vetch.  E.  0.)  peduncles  1-flowered  :  tendrils  with  2 
and  4  leafets  :  legumes  ovate,  compressed,  with  tw  o  narrow  wings 
on  the  back. 

9—1.     Laurus.     12.  27. 

camphoratus,  (camphor  tree.  E.  ^.)  leaves  about  3-nerved,  lance- 
ovate  :  panicle  spreading.     From  Japan. 

benzoin,  (spice  bush,  fever  bush.  O.  g.  y.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  wedge-obo- 
vate  :  flowers  in  urabelled  glomerules.  A  shrub  from  4  to  8  feet 
high,  spicy  tasted.     Aromatic,  stimulant  and  tonic.  B 

sassafras,  (sassafras  tree.  O.  y.  M.  f?.)  leaves  entire  and  lobed  on  the 
same  plant.  Size  from  a  low  shrub  to  a  smallish  tree.  The  bark  of 
the  root  is  very  fragrant.  The  gum  is  useful  for  inflamed  eyes.  Sil- 
liman. 

14—1.     Lavandula.    42.  39. 

spica,  (lavender.  E.  Au.  U-)  leaves  sessile,  lance-linear,  with  revolute 
margins  :  spike  interruptedly  naked. 

16—13.     Lavatera.     37.  74. 

thuringiaca,  (gay  mallow?.  E.  U-)  lower  leaves  angled  ;  upper  oues 
S-lobed,  with  tuc  middle  one  longest  :  peduncles  solitary. 

(1)  stipnlacsus,  Le  Cant. 


LAVATERA^    LECIDKA.  341 

aihorca,  (tree  mallows.  E.  S.  $ .)  leaves  7-angled  :  peduncles  crowd- 
ed. 

22 — 5.     Lecanora.    .57  ?  2. 

[See  Appendix.] 

3—3.     Lechea.     22.  82. 

major,  (pin-weed.  0.  g-p.  Ju.  2^.)  hirsute  :  leaves  lance-oblong,  mu- 
cronate  :  panicle  leafy  :  branches  bearing  flowers  at  their  tops  : 
flowers  in  fascicled  racemes,  one-way,  short-pedicelled  :  stem  erect. 
A  dull  unsightly  weed,  in  barren  fields,  about  one  foot  hi^h. 

■minor ^  (O.  g-p.  Ju.  2Lf .)  smoothish  :  leaves  lance-linear,  acute  :  panicle 
leafy :  branches  elongated,  bearing  flowers  on  all  parts :  stem  as- 
cending. 

racemulosa^  Mx.  (C.  Ju.  2^.)  pubescence  close-pressed  ;  leaves  linear, 
acute,  ciliate  :  panicle  slender,  very  branching,  nakedish  :  flowers 
small,  alternate,  pedicelled  :  stem  erect. 

ihymifolia,  Mx.  (C.  Dr.  P.  Townsend.)  white  down  close-pressed  on 
all  sides  :  leaves  linear,  acute  :  panicle  elongated,  leafy :  branches 
short :  flowers  in  lateral  and  terminal  fascicles  :  pedicels  very  short ; 
flowei's  white-downy,  and  very  small  :  stem  erect. 

22—5.     Lecidea.     57.  2. 

1.  Receptacles  black  and  naked  constantly. 

airata,  crust  tliin,  in  little  cracks,  punctate,  very  black  :  receptacles  in 

the  crust,  wart-form,  one-coloured :  disk  unceolate.     Dry  rocks. 
Inpicida,  crust  tartarous,  cracked,  becoming  white-cinereous :  recep" 

tacles  depressed  between  the  elevations  of  the  crust,  flat,  at  length. 

convex,  sub-confluent,  dark  ;  corneous  within,  and  becoming  dark- 

cinereous  :  margin  thin.     On  stones. 
parasema,  crust  thin,  sub-membranaceous,  white,  becoming  cinereous, 

with  dark  edges,  at  length  efluse,  sub-granulated  :  receptacles  flat- 

tish,  sessile,  margined,  dark  ;  becoming  dark  within.     On  barks  of 

trees,  and  on  wood. 
emeroleuca,  crust  sub-cartilaginous,  becoming  cinereous  :  receptacles 

close-pressed,  flattish,  somewhat  margined,  dark,  w  hite  within.     On 

bark  of  trees  and  decaying  woods. 
subuletorum,  crust  elfuse,   granulated,  in  some  parts  lobe-branched, 

Avhite-cinereous  :  receptacles  crowded,  sessile;  plano-conveSf  hcmi- 

Ee2 


342  LECIDEA. 

spheric,  sub-confluent,  somewhat  margined,  dark  ;  somewhat  dusty 
within,  one-coloured.  Var.  geochroa,  is  fuscous-cinereous  :  recep' 
tacles  sub-globose,  often  crowded  into  conglomerate  masses,  and 
shining.     On  the  earth  and  decayed  moss. 

alba,  crust  sub-determinate,  membranaceous,  somewhat  cracked, 
white,  with  conglomerated-cinereous  or  greenish-milky  dust  at  length 
scattered  over  it :  receptacles  minute,  close-pressed,  flat,  dark.  On 
trunks  of  trees. 

asserculorum,  crust  effuse,  thin,  unequal,  dark-sooty :  receptacles  ses- 
sile, a  little  plano-concave,  dark  ;  one-coloured  within.  On  timber 
and  dead  wood. 

urceolala,  crust  cartilaginous,  membranaceous,  determinate,  rugose- 
cracked,  glabrous,  very  white  :  receptacles  sessile,  urceolate,  white- 
hoary ;  corneous  and  livid  within  under  the  disk :  maj-gin  inflexedj 
sub-coarcate.    On  bark  of  trees, 

2.  Receptacles  black  and  naked,  becoming  reddish  or  sooiy-yellow  when 

dump. 

immersa,  crusts  effuse,  thin,  contiguous,  becoming  white  :  receptacles 
plano-convex,  immersed  in  the  stone  :  margins  dark  ;  disks  some- 
what hoary,  when  moistened  dark  red,  at  length  somewhat  convex, 
becoming  white  within.     On  stones,  particularly  on  lime-stones. 

3.  Receptacles  dark-glaucous,  grey,  becoming  hoary. 

alboccerulescens,  crusts  tartarous,  contiguous,  uniform,  at  length  crack- 
ed, whitish  :  receptacles  sessile  and  elevated,  flat,  dark,  becoming 
bluish-hoary  j  margin  free,  flexuose,  naked,  black.  On  rocks  and 
stones. 

roriicola,  crust  sub-tartarous,  granular-areolate,  unequal,  very  white  : 
receptacles  minute,  sub-immersed,  grey-hoary ;  at  length  5^ub-glo- 
bose,  immarginate,  naked,  dark,  becoming  cinereous  within.  On 
the  bark  and  trunks  of  trees 

4.  Receptacles  dark-fuscous,  or  becoming  fuscous,  blended  with  some  other 

colour. 

spadicea,  crust  cartilaginous,  unequal,  sub-granulated,  becoming  white- 
cinereous  :  receptacles  thick,  flat,  fuscous,  liver-brown,  at  length  be- 
coming dark  :  margin  very  thin,  and  a  little  wrinkled,  at  length  a 
little  convex,  with  the  margin  evanescent  :  colour  uniform  witbia. 
Op  bark  of  trtes 


LEG'IDfiA.  34S 

'Stariaas,  crust  sub-membranaceous,  cracked,  afterwards  granulated, 
becoming  green-cinereous,  with  dark  limits  :  receptacles  small, 
crowded,  yellowish,  fuscous  and  dark,  impressed  in  the  middle,  sub- 
immarginate.     On  the  bark  of  ash  trees,  he. 

russela,  crust  sub-cartilaginous,  rugose,  areolate-rimose,  becoming  pale- 
green  with  dark  limits  :  receptacles  sessile,  glabrous,  a  little  tumid, 
red-fuscous  ;  the  disk  higher  than  the  pale  thin  entire  margin.  On 
bark  of  trees. 

pineti,  crust  very  thin,  dirty  pale  cinereous:  receptacles  sessile,  minute, 
aggregated,  urceolate,  yellowish  flesh-colour,  entire.  In  pine  woods 
on  roots,  &lc. 

sanguineoatra,  crust  thin,  membranaceous,  effuse,  light  green  cinere- 
ous, at  length  sprinkled  over  with  granulated  dust  :  receptacles  hem- 
ispheric, sub-immarginate,  somewhat  glabrous,  dark  purple  and  at 
length  black. 

5.  Receptacles  red  or  light  flesh-coloured^ 

icmadophila,  crust  leprous-like,  unequal,  sub-granulated,  whitish-green  : 
receptacles  sub-sessile,  fla.t,  flesh-coloured,  at  length  fl^xuose  ;  the 
disk  a  little  wrinkled  5  the  margin  thin  or  none.  On  the  earth,  on 
trunks  and  decaying  wood. 

cupularis,  crust  sub-tartarous,  whitish-green  :  receptacles  superficial, 
urceolate,  white;  disk  light  brick-colour,  scattered  pulverulent  spots 
on  the  outside.  This  is  a  variety  oi  marmorea  of  Acharius.  On  lime 
and  slate  rocks, 

6.  Receptacles  pale,  becoming  yellow,  wax-coloured  and  orange, 

lutea-alba,  crust  thin,  smooth,  white  ;  receptacles  crowded,  at  length 
convex,  hemispheric  margined,  yellowish  red,  white  within.  Var. 
holocarpa  has  a  dirty  cinereous  yellow  crust  and  minute  flattish  yel- 
lowish orange  sub-obliterated  receptacles.  On  the  bark  of  trees, 
rarely  on  rocks. 

7.  Crust  deformed  or  foliaceous. 

globifera,  crust  imbricate,  fuscous  ;  lobes  round,  entire  and  sub-lobed, 
flexuose,  sub-rugose,  white  beneath  :  receptacles  at  length  sub-im- 
marginate, sub-globose,  obscurely  redaish-yellow.     On  rocks. 

dicipiens^  crust  sub-imbricate  ;  lobes  somewhat  sepai-ated,  su1)-peltate, 
roundish,  flesh-coloured  and  becoming  fuscous,  white   beneath  :  re- 


344  LECIDEA,    LEMNA. 

ceptacles  marginal,  convex  and  sub-globose,  9ub-immargiaate,black. 
the  earth  in  mountains,  particularly  lime-stone  mountains 
sortdiata,  crust  orbicular,  rugose-plicate,  imbricate,  cinereous,  margins 
of  the  lobes  elevated  and  bearing  the  fruit-dots,   dark   beneath  with 
spongy  fibres  :  receptacles  scattered,  close-pressed,  flat,  dark. 

10—1.     Ledum.     18.  50. 

palustre,W.  (marsh-tea.  Can.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  linear,  margins  revo- 
lute,  iron-rust  down  beneath  :  stamens  longer  than  the  corol. 

latifoliam,  Lk.  (1)  (labrador-tea.  T.  P.  Pittsfield,  Mass.  w.  r.  J.  ^.) 
leaves  linear-oblong,  folded  in  at  the  margin,  iron-rust  down  be- 
neath :  stamens  mostly  5,  equalling  the  corol.    About  swamps. 

Ledum,  see  Leiophyllum. 

3—2.     Leersia.  (2)     4.  10. 

mrginicay'W.  (cut  grass.  O.  Ju.  !{..)  panicle  contracted  :  glumes  semi- 
oval,  close-pressed,  keel  ciliate.  In  water  and  wet  ground.  A  very 
rough  harsh  grass. 

oryzoides,  Sw.  (Y.  C.  Au.  2^.)  panicle  diffused  :  glumes  white  pubes- 
cent, with  ciliate  margins.     Wet. 

10 — 1.      LEIOfHYLLUM.       18.    50. 

ihymifoliuni,'P.{3)  (sand  myrtle,  D.  M.  w.  T?.)  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
glabrous  ;  umbels  terminal,  head-form,  sessile. 

22 — 4.     Lemania.     57.  2. 

Jiiiviatilis,    threads    sub-simple,   olive-colour   ;    papillae  sub-ternate, 

internodes  cylindric,  the  length  5  times  the  diameter.     In  rivers. 

20 — 2.     Lemna.     54.  6. 

trisulca,  M.  (duck-meat.  Stockbridge,  Mass.  Sagana,  Mich.  Litchfield, 
Con.  Wallingford,  Vt.  P.)  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  into  the  peti- 
ole and  adhering  together,  cross-for     :  root  single. 

minor  (green  duck-meat.  O.J.  ||l.)  leaves  round-oval,  flat,  adhering  by 
their  bases,  a  single  root  proceeding  from  the  under  side  of  each  leaf. 
Water. 

polyrfiisa  (water  flaxseed.  W.  P.  T.  V.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  round-oval,  flat, 
adhering  by  the  bases  :  several  roots  proceed  from  the  under  side  of 

(1>  ps lustre,  Mx.  (2)  Phalaris,  L.    Asprella,  Lk. 

(3)  buxifolium,  A.    Amyrshiebuxifolia, Ph.    Ledum  tbymifoliuni,  Lli. 


LEPTAKDRA^  LEONTODON.         345 

eachleaf  in  a  fascicle.  The  leaves  of  this  species  become  purplish 
and  greatly  resemble  flaxseed,  scattered  on  the  surface  of  the  stag- 
uant  waters.  The  roots  rarely  reach  the  ground  ;  but  merely  ex- 
tend downwards  a  few  inches  into  the  water. 

18 — 1.     Leontodon.     49.  53. 

/araxacum  (dandelion.  0.   y.  Ap.  2^.)  outer  calyx   reflexed :  scape  1- 
flowered  :  leaves  runcinate,  with  toothed  divisions.  ^ 

14 — 1.     Leonurus.     42.  39. 

farrfiaca  (motherwort.  O.  w-r.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  3-lobed,  toothed,  bases 
wedge-form  :  calyx  prickly,  less  than  the  corol. 

22—6.     Leotia.     68.  1. 

bulliardi,  stipe  elongated,  snow-white, undulated  :  pileus  ovate,  obtuse, 

orange-coloured. 
lubrica,  yellowish-green,  sub-tremulous  :  pileus   convex  :  stipe  cylin- 

dric. 

15—1.     Lepidium.     39.  63. 

sativum  (peppergrass.  E.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  many-cleft. 

virginicum  (wild  peppergrass.  Y.  C.  P.  J.  ^  .)  radical  leaves  pinnatifidi 
cauline  ones  lance-linear,  somewhat  gash-serrate  :  flowers  4-petall- 
ed,  mostly  with  but  two  stamens  :  silicles  lens-form. 

22 — 5.     Lepraria.     57.  2. 

chlorina  (leprous  lichen,)  crust  thick,  cushion-like,  greenish-yellow  ; 
made  up  of  little  pulverulent  masses  aggregated  into  sub-villose  glo- 
bules.    On  lime  rocks,  i>LC. 

Jiava,  crust  etFuse,  equal,  thin,  sub-rimose,  very  yellow  ;  made  up  of 
n  akedish,  sub-globose  granulations.     On  bark  of  trees  and  walls. 

farinosa,  crust  veiy  thin,  membranaceous,  becoming  white  :  suttused 
with  white  conglobated  dust.     On  the  bark  of  old  trees. 

2 — 1.     Leptandra,  N.  (1)     40.  35. 

tirginica  (Culver's  physic.  O.  w.  Au.  11-)  spikes  terminal  ;  leaves  in 
fours  or  fives,  whorled.     3  to  8  feet  high. 

(1)  Callistachia,  Raf.    Veronica,  Ij. 


M6  LEPTANTHUS^    LESPEDEZA. 

3 — 1.     Leptanthus.     6.  17. 
Sramineus,  Mx.  (1)  (yellow-eyed  water-grass.  O.  y.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  alt 
linear  :  stem  slender,  dichotomous,  floating. 

Le^/a7if^MJ,  see  Ileteranthera. 

22—2.     Leskia.     56.  4. 

compressa,  decumbent ;  branches  two-ranked,  facing  two  ways,  com- 
pressed :  leaves  lanceolate,  flattish,  somewhat  extended :  capsule 
oblong,  straight ;  lid  conic.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

acuminata,  creeping :  branches  short,  sub-simple  :  leaves  lance-acu- 
minate, extended,  fascicled  :  capsule  erect ;  lid  oblique,  conic.  On 
trunks  of  trees. 

imbricata,  creeping:  branches  shortish,  simple,  erect, bearing  flowers : 
leaves  extended,  ovate,  acutish,  imbricate  :  capsule  oblong,  erect ; 
lid  conic. 

gracilescens,  creeping:  branches  somewhat  simple  :  leaves  acute,  lan- 
ceolate, extended,  imbricate-spreading  :  capsule  straight ;  lid  conic. 
On  the  earth. 

rupincola,  creeping :  branches  somewhat  simple,  rising :  leaves  cor- 
date-acuminate, imbricate,  spreading  :  capsule  cylindric,  erect.  On 
rocks. 

n^ciculosa,  creeping  :  branches  often  crowded  together  in  fascicles^ 
short,  simple  :  leaves  cordate,  extended,  imbricate  :  calyx  extended, 
long-acuminate  :  capsule  nodding.     In  damp  places-. 

varia,  creeping  :  branchlets  simple,  ereotish,  varying  in  length  :  leaves 
concave,  spreading,  lance-acuminate  :  calyx  and  leaves  oblong,  ex- 
tended, fascicled  :  capsule  nodding. 

squarrosa,  creeping  :  the  foliation  somewhat  2-ranked,  depressed,  lax- 
imbricate,  with  squarrose  hooks  behind  :  leaves  lanceolate,  slenderly 
acuminate  :  calyx  rather  long,  linear-subulate  :  capsule  nodding  in 
an  arch.     Damp  places. 

37—10.     Lespedeza.    32.  93. 
sessUiflora,  Mx.  (2)  (bush  clover.  O.  p.  Ju.  24.-)  erect:  leaves  oblong: 
fascicles  of  flowers  sessile,  numerous  :  legume  nearly  naked,  acute  : 
calyx  minute.     Var.  reticulata,  stem  simple,  erect  or  ereotish  :  leaves 
pubescent  beneath. 

(1)  Heteranthera,  Ph.    Schollera,  M.    Commelina  dubia,  Jn. 

(2)  Hedysarum  reticulaium.  M.    Medicag-o  vir^inica,  L 


LESPEDEZA,    LIATRTS.  347 

tiolacea,  P.  (1)  (T.  Y.  C.  V.  P.  p.  Ju.  If.)  very  branching,  spreading  : 
leaves  long-petioled  :  leafets  oval,  obtuse,  with  close-pressed  hairs 
beneath  :  racemes  short,  umbelled  :  floners  in  pairs  :  legume  rhom- 
bic, reticulate,  glabrous. 

rtpens,  (P.  p.  Au.  U-)  leaves  round-oval,  emarginate  :  racemes  axil- 
lary: legume  repand-toothed  :  stem  creeping. 

stuvei,  N.  (D.  p.)  erect,  simple,  soft-downy :  leafets  oval :  spikes  pe- 
duncled,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves  :  legume  naked,  pubescent. 

divergens,B.  (P.  p.  Ju.  IC.)  diffuse,  branched  :  leafets  oblong,  obtuse, 
close-pressed,  hairy  beneath  :  racemes  longer  than  the  petioles  : 
flowers  in  pairs  :  legumes  ovate,  reticulate,  smooth. 

j)rocumhens,M\.  {2)  (C.  P.  p.  y.  J.  If.)  procumbent,  slender,  haiiy  : 
leaves  oval :  peduncles  long:  legumes  naked,  with  minute  calyx. 

capitata,  Mx.  (3)  (O.  w-p.  J  I^.)  erect,  simple  :  leaves  sub-sessile  ; 
leafets  oval  :  spikes  capitate,  short-peduncled,  axillary,  and  in  ter- 
minal glomerules  ;  calyx  viilose,  of  the  length  of  the  corol  :  legume 
much  smaller  than  the  calyx- 

polystachia,  Mx.  (4)  (O.  w-r.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  branching,  very  viilose  : 
leaves  sub-sessile  ;  leafets  round-oval :  spikes  axillary,  long-pedun- 
cled :  corol  and  legume  about  equal  to  the  calyx. 

22 — 2.     Leucoddn.     56.  4. 

sciuroides,  stem  elongated,  sub-simple,  curved  when  dry  :  leaves  close- 
ly imbricated,  lanceolate,  striate:  peduncle. lateral,  shortish,  wholly 
sheathed  within  the  long  calyx  or  pericheth. 

.18—1.     LiATRis.     49.  54. 

spicata,  W.  (5)  (gay  feather,  button  snakeroot.  P.  r.  Au.  2+.)  stem  sim- 
ple, tall:  leaves  linear,  glabrous,  ciliate  at  the  base,  nerved,  and 
punctate  :  spike  very  long :  flowers  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  calyx  li- 
near-oblong, obtuse,  close-pressed.  Diuretic  and  tonic.  B.  Under 
the  direction  of  one  of  their  members,  Garret  Lawrence,  who  is  a 
very  accurate  botanist,  the  New-Lebanon  Shakers  cultivate  this  and 
many  other  indigenous  plants,  for  medical  uses. 

(tcariosa,  W .  (6)  (P.  D.  Au.  If.)  stem  simple,  sub-pubescent:  leave? 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  glabrous,  with  scabrous  margins  : 
calyxes  squarrose  below,  racemed,  alternate,  distant :  scales  spatu- 
late,  with  membranous  coloured  margins. 

(1)  diverg-ens,  Ph.  (2)  prostrata,  Ph.    Hedysarum  prostrafiim,  V>' 

(3)  fruticosa,  P.    Hedysarum  frutesccns,  L.  (4)  Hedysarum  hirium,  L. 

(5)  niacrostachia,  Mx.    Anonymos  graroinifolius,  Wr.    Scrratula  spicata,  L 
<6,     serralula,  L. 


348  LIATRIS,    LILIUM. 

squarrusa,  W,  (1)  (C.  T.  N.  Y.  r.  Au.  2^.)  stem  simple,  hairy:  leavea 
long-linear,  nerved  j  margins  a  little  scabrous  :  raceme  few-flower- 
ed :  scales  of  the  calyx  leafy  above,  lanceolate,  rigid,  spreading. 

5 — 2.     LiGusTicuM.     45.  60. 

levisticum,  (lovage,  smellage.  E.  \\\  IX.)  leaves  long,  numerous;  leaf- 
ets  above  gashed.     Strong-scented. 

scolicum,  Mx.  (Can.  Ju.  11  )  cauline  leaves  biternate,  upper  ones  trifo- 
liate ;  lateral  leafets  trapezoid,  terminal  one  rhomboid  :  umbels  stiiF- 
ly  erect ;  involucres  many-leaved. 

2 — 1.     LiGusTRUM.     44.  37. 

t'ulgare  (prim.  Y.  C.  P.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acutish  :  panicle 
compact.  Common  in  the  woods  about  New-Haven,  though  it  may 
have  been  introduced. 

6—1.     LiLicM.     10.  14. 

f.andidum  (white  lily.  E.  av.  J.  H.)  leaves  lanceolate,  scattered,  taper- 
ing to  the  base  :  corol  bell-form,  glabrous  within. 

catesbaeiy  Wr.  (2)  (southern  lily.  P.  y-r.  J.  11.)  leaves  scattered,  lance- 
linear  :  stem  1-flowered  ;  corol  erect  ;  petals  with  long  claws,  mar- 
gin undulate,  apex  retiexed.     About  a  foot  high. 

suptrhum  (superb  lily.  P.  Y.  T.  C.  Catskill.  y.p.  Ju.  li.)  leaves  lance- 
linear,  3-nerved,  glabrous,  lower  ones  whorled,  upper  ones  scatter- 
ed :  flowers  in  a  pyr?.mid-racerae,  reflexed  ;  petals  revotute.  3  to  6 
feet  high. 

canadense  (nodding lily.  0.  y.  r.  Ju.  H.)  leaves  remotely  whorled,  lance- 
olate, 3-nerved>  sub-hirsute  beneath  at  the  nerves  :  peduncles  termi- 
nal, elongated,  niostly  in  threes:  corol  nodding, raceme  spreading. 

philadeJpliicum  (red  lily.  O.  r.  y.  J.  11.)  leaves  whorled,  lance-linear  : 
stem  about  2-jjowered  :  corol  erect,  bell-form,  spreading:  petals 
lanceolate,  having  claws. 

peimsylvanicwn  (P.  Sandusky.r.y.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  scattered, lance-linear  ; 
the  uppennoL-t  ones  whorled,  about  equal  to  the  flowers  ;  stem  about 
l-flo\vered,  somewhat  5-sided  :  peduncles  woolly  :  corol  erect, 
•woolly  outside.  » 

bulbiferum  (or^  ;ge  lily.  E.  y.  J.  2^.)  leaves  scattered,  3-nerved  :  corol 
campanulatt,  erect,  scabrous  within. 

(1)  Serratula,  L.  (2)  Spectabile,  Sy.    caroliqianum,  Lk. 


•     LIMNETIS,    LTNUM.  ,349 

3—1.      LiMNETIS.      3.   9. 

jnncea,  V.  (1)  (rush  salt  grass.  L.  Ju.  U)  leaves  2-ranked,  shortish,  se- 
taceous-convolute :  spikes  few,  remote,  spreading  :  calyx  acumin- 
ate, keel  rough. 

polystachia,  P.  (many-spiked  saltgrass.  L.  T.  Au.  If.)  spikes  many  (10) 
approximate  on  a  3-cornered  ractiis,  scabrous,  sliort-peduncled  : 
leaves  flat,  the  margins  scabrous  ;  sheath  striate  j^labrous  :  one  valve 
of  the  corol  hispid  ou  the  keel.  Very  abundant  near  the  Patroon's 
mansion  house,  in  Albany. 

glabra,  M.  (L.  Ju.  24..)  spikes  6  to  10,  close-pressed  :  rachis  compressed 
and  3-sided,  glabrous,  with  sessile  florets  ;  leaves  convolute,  nerved, 
pungent,  glabrous  :  calyx  and  corol  awnless. 

14 — 2.  LiMOSELLA.  40.  40. 
QUhulala  (mudwort.  Y.)  leaves  radical,  cylindric,  twice  as  long  as  the 
scdpe.  Very  minute.  This  is  a  new  species,  first  discovered  by 
professor  Ives  on  the  banks  of  the  Housatonick,  in  the  summer  of 
1816;  and  afterwards  it  was  found  by  Messrs.  Nuttall  and  Collins, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware. 

2 1.      LiNDERNIA.      40.  40. 

aitenuata,  M.  (2)  (false  hed.<re  hyssop.  O.  b.  Au  0.)  leaves  repand- 

toothed  :  peduncles  short.     Damp. 
diiatatn,  M.  (O.  b.  Au.  #.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obsolelely  toothed, 

sessile  :  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered.     Damp. 

4—1.     LisNAEA.     48.  58. 

hormlis,  W.  (twin-flower.  H.  N.  T.  w-r.  J.  2/.)  stem  prostrate  :  branch- 
es erect,  each  bearing  2  flowers  :  leaves  roundish,  crenate  forward 
Woods. 

5—5.     LiNUM.     14.  82. 

usiiatissimum  (flax.  E.  b.  Ju.  ^.)  leafets  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  3' 
nerved  :  petals  crenate  :  leaves  lanceolate,  alternate  ;  stem  sub-sol- 
itary. 

virgivinnum  (wild  flax.  O.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  leafets  of  the  calyx  acute  :  pani- 

0)  SvJirtini    Sr.    Tracbyn.itia.  Mx.     Daclvlis  cynoaurnides,  Wr. 
(2;  Pyiidaria,  Ph.    Cratioia  anagalloidea,  Mx.    inequalis,  Wr. 

Ff 


350  li:num,  lobelia. 

cle  terminal  :  flowers  remotely  alternate  :  leaves  laace-linear,  scat- 
tered :  radical  ones  ovate. 
perenne  (earden  flax.  E.  b.  Ju.  U-)  calyxes  and  capsules  obtuse  -.leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  entire  :  stems  numerous. 

20 — 13.      LiQUIDAMBAR.      61.      99, 

styraciflua  (sweet  gum.  T.  C.  P.  N.  M.  Tp  )  leaves  palmate,  with  acu- 
minate lobes,  serrate,  villose  at  the  meeting  of  the  veins  beneath. 

Liquiritia,  see  Glycyrrhiza.    ; 

13 13.      LiRIODENDRON.      52.  >75. 

lulipifera  (white  wood,  tulip  tree.  C.  T.N.  Catskill.  P.  y.  r.  J  ^.) 
leaves  truncate  at  the  end,  with  2  side  lobes.  A  beautiful  flowering 
tree.  The  timber  is  useful  to  cabinet  makers.  It  is  also  a  useful  to- 
nic. B. 

19—1.  LisTERA,  Br.  7.  21. 
convallaroides  (1)  (lily  orchis.  H.  D.  g-p.  M.  74..)  stem  with  two  round 
cordate,  acuminate,  opposite  leaves  ;  spike  few-flowered  :  lip  ob- 
lonq;,  dilated  at  iheanev,  obtusely  2-lobed  :  germ  sub-globose  :  root 
fibroiis.  Grows  from  4  to  6  inches  high  in  the  spruce  woods  on 
Catskill  mountain. 

5 — 1.      LiTHOSPERMUM.      41.  42, 

latifolium,  Mx.  (P.  T.  y-w.  .T.  21.)  seed  turgid,  ovate,  shining,  with  hol- 
lowed punctures  :  calyx  spreading,  exceeding  the  corol  :  leaves 
ovate-oblon?,  nerved. 

arvense  (steen-cront,  stone-seed,  wheat-thief.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  seed  ru- 
gose :  corol  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  :  leaves  obtuse,  veinless. 

5—1.     Lobelia.     29.  52. 

cardinalis  (cardinal  flower.  O.  r.  Ju.  U-)  erect,  simple,  pubescent  ■ 
leaves  lance-ovate,' acuminate,  erectly-denticulate  .  racemes  some- 
what one-sided,  many-flowered  :  stamens  longer  than  corols.  Damp 
Said  to  be  anthelmintic. 

kalmii  (O.  b.  Ju.  0.)  slender,  erect,  sub-simple  :  radical  leaves  spatu- 
late,  cauline  ones  linear,  delicately  toothed  :  flowers  racemed,  al- 
ternate, remote,  pedicelled.    Var.  gracilis,  hdiS  B.  minutely  scabrous 

(1)  Epipactis,  Sw.^  Ophrys  cordata-  Mx. 


LOBELIA,    LONICERA.  351 

stem  r  peduncles  shorter  than  the  flowers :  segments   of  the  calyx 
longer  than  the  capsule. 

pallida,  M.  (O.b.  J.  11)  somewhat  hairy  :  stem  erect,  slender,  simple  : 
leaves  oblong-spatulate,  toothed  :  flowers  in  a  spike. 

dortmannia,  Mx.  (T.  D.  Boston,  b.  Ju.  11.)  radical  leaves  linear,  recur- 
ved, fistulous,  with  two  cavities,  entire  :  scape  simple,  racemose, 
somewhat  naked  ;  flowers  remote,  peduncled. 

siphilitica  (C.T.  \V.  V.  P.  b.  Ju.  11.)  erect,  simple,  hirsute  with  short 
hairs  :  leaves   lance-ovate,   sub-serrate  :  raceme    leafy  :  calyx  hir- 
sute, with  reflexed  sinuses.     Flowers  much  larger  than  those  of  the 
•  pallida  and  inflata.     Emetic,  cathartic  and  diuretic,  but  not  so  ac- 
tive as  the  inflata.  B. 

infiala  (wild  tobacco.  O.  b.  Ju.  0.)  erect,  branching,  very  hirsute  ; 
leaves  ovate,  serrate  :  racemes  leafy  :  capsules  inflated.  A  power- 
ful emetic  and  expectorant.  B. 

puberula,  Mx.  (P.  b.  Ju.  11-)  erect,  very  simple,  pubescent  :  leaves  ob- 
long-oval, repand-serrulate  :  flowers  spiked,  alternate,  sub-sessile  ; 
germs  hispid  :  calyx  ciliate. 

dayloniana,  Mx.  (1)  (C.  P.  V.  b.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  si  nple;  sub-pubescent . 
leaves  oblong,  obtusish  ;  radical  ones  entire,  cauline  ones  denticu- 
late above  :  raceme  wand-like  :  bracts  subulate. 

3—2.     LoLiuM.     4.  10. 

verenne  (darnel  grass.  O.M.  11.)  spike  awnless  :  spikelcts compressed,. 

many-flowered. 
*amulentum  (P.  New-England.  Ju.  #.)  spikes  awned  ;  spikelets  com 

pressed,  about  6-flowered,  equalling  the  calyx. 

5— L     LoNiCERA.  (2)     48.  58. 

-aprifolium  (honeysuckle.  E.  fp.)  corols  ringent-like,  terminal,  sessile 
leaves  connate-perfoliate  at  the  top. 

periclymtnum  (woodbine.  E.J.  ^.)  flowers  in  ovate,  imbricate,  termi- 
nal heads  :  leayes  all  distinct.     Var.  quercifolia,  leaves  sinuate. 

fraseri,  Ph.  (3)  (Catskill  Mt.  y.  J.  ^.)  spikes  with  whorled  heads  :  corol 
sub-ringent-like,  with  divisions  oblong,  obtuse  :  leaves  ovate,  glau- 
cous beneath,  Avith  cartilaginous  margins  ;  upper  ones  connate-per- 
foliate. 

grata,  W.  (C.  r.  y.  J.  >>.)  spike  with  whorls  very  near  each  other  :  co- 

(1)  spicata,  Ui.    g^ocdenioideSjW-  f2)  Carrifolium.  J.  (3)  flava,  C. 


352  LONICERA,    LUPINUS, 

rol  ringent-like,  with  a  long  tube  :  leaves  perennial,  obovate,  sub' 
mucronate,  net-veined  aid  paler  beneath,  upper  ones  connate-per- 
foliate. 

parvijicra,  Lk.  (1)  (O.  y.  J.  ^.)  spikes  with  whorled  heads,  sub-sessile  r 
corol  shortish,  riugent-like,  gibbous  at  the  base  :  filaments  bearded  : 
leaves  decidaous,  glaucous  beneath,  mostly  connate,  floral  ones  per- 
foliate. 

sempervirens,  W.  (C.  P.  r.  y.  M.  T?.)  spikes  with  distant,  nakedish 
whoils  :  corols  sub-equal,  tube  ventricose  above  :  leaves  ovate  and 
obovate,  glaucous  beneath,  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate. 

hirsuta,  Eaton,  (rough  woodbine.  VV.  V.  y.  J.  ^.)  leaves  hirsute,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  lower  ones  obovate.  Found  at  Williams  college 
in  the  summer  of  1817.  It  grows  in  great  plenty  on  a  hill  two  miles 
\vest  of  the  college.  It  twines  around  trees  from  left  to  right  to  the 
height  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet.  Mr.  Le  Conte  gathered  the  same 
plant  in  the  state  of  New-York.  Mr.  J,  Rice  found  it  near  Middlebu- 
IT  college,  Vt.  also. 

Lonictra,  see  Diervilla  and  Xylosteum. 

4 — 1.     LuDwiGiA.     17.  88. 

alternifolia,  L.  (2)  (seed  box.  O.y.  Ju.  ^.  or  If.)  erect,  branching^,  sab- 
glabrous  :  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  hoary  beneath :  peduncles 
axillary,  1-flowered:  capsules  4-sided  :  divisions  of  Ihe  calyx  large^ 
coloured.     Damp. 

j)ilosa,  Wr.  (3)  (D.  Ju.  2i.)  erect,  branching,  hirsute  :  leaves  alternate, 
oblong,  sessile,  hirsute  both  sides  ;  capsule  with  2  bracts  at  the  base. 

15—1.     LuNARiA.    39.  63. 

aimua  (honesty.  E.  p  $ .)  leaves  obtusely  toothed  :  silicles  oval,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends. 

rediviva  (satin  flower.  E.  b-p.  lt~)  leaves  with  mucronate  teeth  :  sili- 
cles tapering  to  both  ends.     Flowers  odorous. 

17—10.     LupiNus.    32.  93. 

perennis  (wild  lupine.  O.  b.  M.  If.)  stem  and  leaves  smoothish  :  leaves 
digitate  with  about  8  to  10  leafets,  which  are  oblanceolate,  obtusish: 
calyxes  alternate,  not  appendaged  :  banner  emarginate,  keel  entire. 
The  keel  terminates  in  a  kind  of  beak  when  the  flowers  are  first  open. 

(1)  dioica  et  media,  L.     Caprifoliiim  bracfeosum,  Mx. 
(i?)  oaacrocarpa,  Mx.  (3)  hirsuta,  Lk. 


LUPlNUSj    LYCOPERDON.  353 

hifsulus  (garden  lupine.  E.  b.  0.)  calyxes  appendaged,  alternate  :  ban- 
ner 2-parted,  keel  3-toothed. 

pilosus  (rose  lupine.  E.r.  w.  Q.)  calyxes  appendaged,  whorled  :  banner 
2-parted,  keel  entire. 

futeits  (yellow  lupine.  E.  y.  #.)  calyxes  appendaged,  whorled  :  banner 
2-parted,  keel  3-toolhed. 

villosus  (hairy  lupine.  Southern  states,  w.  r.  p.  J.  If.)  very  villose  : 
leaves  simple,  oblong:  calyxes  not  appendaged,  alternate  in  a  long 
spike  :  banner  2-cleft,  keel  entire,  long. 

albus  (white  lupine.  E.  w.  An.  ^.)  calyxes  not  appendaged,  alternate 
banner  entire,  keel  3-toothed. 

10—5.     Lychnis.     22.  82. 

ckalcedonica  (scarlet  lichnis.  E.  r.  J.  2^.)  flowers  fascicled,  level-top,  or 
convex. 
"^    viscaria  (clammy  lichnis,  E.  11.)  stem  geniculate,  Viscous  :  petals  en- 
tire :  capsule  5-celled. 
Jlos-caculi,  (ragged  robin.  E.  U)  petals  torn -.  capsule  1-celled,  round- 
ish. 

4  or  5 — 1.     LyciuM.    28.  41. 
barbarum,  (matrimony  vine.  E.  r.  .1.  y.  11.)    stem   angled  :    branches 
erect  :  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  ;  calyx  mostly  3-cleft. 

22—6.     Lycogala.     58.  1. 

punctata,  cespitose,  round,  punctate,  sub-cinereous. 

miniata,  gregarious,  globose,  at  first  scarlet ;  at  length  dark-yellow, 
with  rose-coloured  dust.  Frequent  on  trunks  in  summer  and  au- 
tumn after  a  storm. 

22 — 6.     Lycoperdon.     58.  1. 

bovista,  (common  puff-ball.  0.)  at  first  white  and  obconic,  becoming 
black  and  spherical :  outer  coat  downy,  which  pealing  off  leaves 
the  leathery  inner  coat :  seeds  black,  lighter  than  air,  and  appearing 
like  smoke.     In  meadows. 

giganteum,  almost  stipeless,  globose,  large ;  from  white  becoming 
pale  :  scales  scattered,  sub-obsolete.  In  grassy  situations  in  autumn. 

pralense,  white,  soft :  fru".  hemispheric,  smoothish;  having  small  warts  : 
stipe  very  short.     I:»  meadows,  ^.nd.  on  i^rassy  hills,  in  the  summer. 

excipulij'orme ,  large,  white,  various :  fruit  sub-globose,  with  scattered 

Ff  2 


354       LYCOPERDON;  LYCOPODIUM. 

spinose  warts  :  stem  sub-terete,  long,  plicate.  Scattered  on  tkc 
earth  in  autumn,  in  pine  woods,&,c. 

iimbrinvm,  turbinate,  somewhat  bossed  ;  at  first  cinereous,  at  length 
dark-brown  ;  rough  with  slender  warts.  Gregarious  in  pine  woods 
in  autumn. 

pyriforme,  dirty  brownish-white  :  an  inch  and  an  half  high  :  base  ta- 
pering ;  top  pointed :  stales  thin  :  roots  fibrous,  long.  On  putrid 
trunks. 

22 — 1.     LycopoDiUM.     55.  5. 
1.  Spikes  peduncled. 

clavctum,W.  (club-moss.  O.  g.  Ju.)  stem  creeping;  branches  ascend- 
ing :  leaves  scattered,  incurve-bristle-bearing  :  spikes  in  pairs  or 
single,  cylindric  :  scales  ovate,  acuminate,  erose-dentate.     Woods. 

complanaivm,  (ground-pine.  O.  g-y.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  erect :  branches  al- 
ternate, dichotcmous  ;  leaves  bifareous,  connate,  spreading  at  the 
tips  :  peduncles  4-cleft,  4-spiked  :  spikes  terete.     Woods. 

caroIinianvm,'W.  (P.  C.Ju.  1^.)  stem  creeping :  leaves  somewhat  2- 
ranked,  spreading,  lanceolate,  close-pressed  :  peduncles  erect,  soli- 
tary, elongated,  1-spiked  :  bracts  sub-lanceolate. 

2.  Spikes  sessile  :  leaves  surrounding  the  stem. 

dtndroideum,  W.  (tree-weed.  0.  g.  Ju.  24..)  stem  erect:  branches  al- 
ternate, crowded,  dichotomous,  spreading :  leaves  scattered,  point- 
ing 6  ways,  lance-linear,  spreading  :  spikes  solitary,  terminal.  L. 
obscurum.    Woods. 

annctinum,  W.  (P.  Can.  Ju.  11.)  stem  creeping  :  branches  twice  2- 
parted,  ascending :  leaves  pointing  5  ways,  lance-linear,  mucronate, 
spreading  and  serrulate  near  the  tips  :  spike  solitary,  terminal. 

inundaivm,  W.  (D  Ju.  2^.)  stem  creeping,  sub-ramose  ;  branches  sim- 
ple, solitary,  erect,  1-spiked  at  the  top  :  spike  leafy:  leaves  linear, 
scattered,  acute,  entire,  curved  above. 

iilopecuroides,W.  (D.  P.  Ju.  U)  stem  creeping,  sub-ramose  :  branches 
simple,  long,  ascending,  1-spiked  at  the  top  :  leaves  linear-subulate, 
ciliate-toothed  at  the  base,  spreading  :  spike  leafy. 

sdaginoides,\\.  (C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  creeping:  branches  simple,  as- 
tending  :  leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  spreading,  ciliate-toothed  : 
spikes  solitary,  terminal,  leafy. 

rupesire,  W.  (festoon  pine.  T.   C.  N.  P.  Taghkonnuk.  Ju.   U-)  stem 


LYCOPODIUM,    LYSIMACHIA.  855 

creeping,  branching  •.  branches  sub-divided,  ascending  :  leaves  scat- 
tered, lance-linear,  ciliate,  with  hairs  at  the  apex  :  spikes  solitary, 
terminal.    Rocks  and  gravelly  banks. 

3.  Spikes  sessile  :  leaves  2-ranked. 

albidulum,  W.  (P.  An.  2^.)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  denticulate,  alternate, 

close-pressed  :  spikes  terminal,  long,  4-sided. 
apodum,  W.  (P.  C.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  round-ovate,  acute,  flat,  denticulate  ; 

with  superficial  ones,  alternate,  acuminate  :  stem  branching,  rooting 

near  the  base  :  spike  terminal,  sub-solitary. 

4.  Capsules  axillary, 
lucidulum,  W.  (1)  (moon-fruit  pine.  O.  M.  y.  2^.)  leaves  pointing  8 
ways,  lance-linear,  denticulate,  acute,  reflexed-spreading;  stem  as- 
cending bifid  :  fruit  lunulate.     Woods. 

2—1.     Lycopus.     42.  39. 

europcBus,  L.  (2)  (water  horehound.  T.  V.  C.  Y.  P.  w.  Ju.  U.)  lower 
leaves  gashed  ;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  serrate  :  calyx  acuminate- 
spined.     Flowers  small,  whorled.     Damp. 

virginicus,  (bugle  weed.  O.  w.  J.  2^.)  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate, 
at  the  base  narrowed  and  entire  :  calyx  very  short,  spineless.  Var. 
quercifolius,  leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid.     Damp. 

unijiorus,  Mx.  (3)  (Can.  w.  J.  11.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-serrate,  gla- 
brous :  suckers  procumbent.  A  low  plant,  with  flowers  mostly  soli- 
tary. 

22 — 1.     Ltgodium.  (4)     55.  5. 

palmatum,  Sw.  (climbing  fern.  Granby,  Amherst,  Mass.  g-y.  Au.  2^.) 
stem  climbing  :  leaves  palmate,  5-lobed  ;  divisions  lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse ;  spikelets  terminal,  compound-panicled.  It  generally  climbs 
to  the  height  of  about  3  or  4  feet. 

5 — 1.     LvsiMACHiA.    20.  34. 

racemosa,  Mx.  (5)  (loose-strife.  0.  y.  Ju.  24-)  very  glabrous,  tallish  : 
leaves  lance-oval,  opposite  :  raceme  terminal,  long,  lax  :  divisions 
of  the  corol  oblong-ovate.  Often  bears  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.    Damp. 

iapitata,  Ph.  (6)  (C.  T.  V.  P.  y.  J.  Z^.)  glabrous  :  stem   very  simple, 

(1)  reflexum,  Sh.  (2)  vulgaris,  P.    americanus,  M.  (3)  pumilus,  VaW. 

(4)  Hvilroglost^um,  W.     0}<hioglossuiii,  L-    'Jteisiurn  paniculatum,  jix. 

(5)  stiricla,  A.    bulbifera,  C.  (6)  thyrsifolia,  Mx. 


356  LYSIMACHIA^    MACROTYS. 

punctate  :  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  punctate  :• 
peduncles  lateral,  elongated  :  flowers  in  compact  heads.     Damp. 

quadrifolia,  L.  (1)  (O.  y.  J.  If.)  pubescent  :  leaves  sub-sessile,  oval, 
acuminate,  punctate,  whorled,  or  in  nearly  opposite  pairs,  with  ax- 
illary, 1-flowered  peduncles  :  divisions  of  the  corol  oval,  entire. 
Near  the  outlet  of  the  Beaver  pond,  New-Haven,  I  found  this  species 
with  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  6  leaves  together ;  though  Linneus  allows  but  4. 
Damp. 

ciliata,  Mx.  (O.  y.  J.  2^.)  sub-pubescent  :  leaves  opposite,  long-petiol- 
ed,  sub-cordate-oval ;  margin  pubescent  ;  petioles  ciliate  :  pedicels 
somewhat  in  pairs  :  flowers  nodding  :  divisions  of  the  corol  round- 
ish, acuminate,  crenate. 

hybrida,  Mx.  (P.  D^y.  J.  It-)  glabrous  :  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  lan- 
ceolate, acute  at  both  ends  ;  petioles  ciliate  :  flowers  nodding  :  corol 
shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  divisions  crenulate. 

revoiuta,  N.  (Northern  lakes,  y.  J.  It.)  smooth  :  stem  4-sided,  simple  : 
leaves  opposite,  linear,  sessile,  tapering  to  both  ends  ;  margin  revo- 
lute  :  peduncle  solitary ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  very 
acute  :  segments  of  the  corol  round-oval,  abruptly  acuminate.  Six 
to  eight  inches  high, 

11—1.     Lythrum.     17.  91. 

sulicaria,  (milk  willow-herb.  Can.  New-England,  p.  Ju.  It.)  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  opposite  and  ternate,  sessile,  lanceolate,  cordate  at  the 
base  :  flowers  terminal,  whorled-spiked  :  capsules  oblong  :  stamens 
always  12.    About  two  feet  high. 

zerticillatum,  L.  (2)  (swamp  willow-herb,  grass  poley.  O.  p.  Au.  It-) 
pubescent :  leaves  opposite,  or  in  threes,  lanceolate,  petioled  :  flow- 
ers axillary,  corymbed,  aggregated,  somewhat  in  whorls  :  fruit  glo- 
bose :  stamens  often  10.     Wet. 

hifssopifolium,  ^ .  (St.  Clair,  Detroit,  w.  p.  It-)  leaves  alternate  and 
opposite,  longer  than  the  flowers,  lance-linear,  somewhat  oval  : 
flowers  solitary,  axillary.    Hexandrous. 

M. 

13—1.     Macrotys,  R.  (3)     26.  61. 
serpeniariaj  (bug-bane,  black  snake-root,  cohosh.  Y.  C.  P.  Hudson,  w. 

(1)  birsuta,  Mx.  (2)  Anonymos  aquatica,  Wr.    Decodon  aquaticuni,  Gmcl* 

(3)  Cimicifuga  serpentaria,  Ph.    racemosa,  N.    Actaea,  l** 


MAGNOLIA,    MALVA.  357 

Ju.  It.)   leaves  decompound )  leafets  oblong-ovate,  gash-toothed  : 
racemes  in  wand-like  spikes.    From  3  to  9  feet  high.    In  woods- 
13 — 13.     Magnolia.     52.  75. 

glauca,  (beaver  tree,  swamp  laurel.  Cape  Ann,  Highlands.  C.  P.  D. 
w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  glaucous  beneath  :  petals  obovate,  tapering 
to  the  base.  Var.  latifolia,  has  obtusish  leaves.  Var.  longifolia,  has 
leaves  acute  at  both  ends.  Valuable  tonic.  B.  Highlands,  by  Dr. 
Bartlett. 

acuminata,  Mx.  (cucumber tree.  P.  b-y.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  dcuminatC, 
pubescent  beneath  :  petals  obovate,  obtusish. 

tripetala,\\.  (})  (umbrella  tree.  P.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  wedge- 
obovate,  acute  ;  in  the  young  state  all  over  silky  :  petals  9,  oval, 
acute  ;    outer  ones  reflexed. 

grandifiora,  W.  (big  laurel,  magnolia.  Southern  states,  w.  M.  >>.) 
leaves  evergreen,  oval,  thick,  leathery  :  petals  broad-obovate,  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  into  a  claw.     Cultivated. 

19—1.     Malaxis,  Sw.  (2)     7.  21. 

liliifolia,  (twayblade.  O.  w.  y.  p.  J.  If.)  leaves  2,  lance-ovate  or  oval : 
scape  3-cornered :  inner  petals  filiform,  reflexed,  2-coIoured :  lip 
concave,  obovate,  mucronate.  This  species  is  ofien  mentioned  as 
someAvhat  rare  ;  but  I  have  seen  hundreds  in  flower  at  one  time 
along  the  north  side  of  Pine  rock,  New-Haven. 

Malaxis,  see  Microstylis. 

16—13.    Malva.    37.  74. 

aniericana,  M.  (rough  mallows.  P.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
toothed,  scabrous :  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  terminal,  head-spiked. 

rotwidifolia,  (low  mallows.  0.  r.  w.  J.  2^.)  leaves  heart-orbicular,  ob- 
soletely  5-lobed  :  peduncles  bearing  the  fruit  declined  :  stem  pros- 
trate. 

sylvestris,  (mallows.  E.r-b.  J.  ^.  and  U)  stem  erect:  leaves  about  7- 
lobed,  acutish  :  peduncles  and  petioles  hairy. 

crispa,  (curled  mallows.  E.  Au.  0.)  stem  erect:  leaves  angular,  crisp- 
ed :  flowers  axillary,  glomerate. 

moschata,  (musk  mallows.  E.  11.)  stem  erect :  radical  leaves  reniform, 
gashed  ;  cauline  ones  5-parted,  pinnate,  many-cleft :  leafets  of  the 
outer  calyx  linear. 

(1)  umbrella,  Lk.  (2)  Ophrys,  L 


858  MALVA,   MARllUBIUM. 

virgata,  (whip  stalk  mallows.  E,  r,  2/.  and  >>.)  leaves  deeply  3-lobed, 
toothed,  wedge-form  at  the  base  ;  peduncles  in  pairs,  longer  than  the 
petiole. 

22—3.     Marchantia.    57.  3. 

polymorpha,  (brook  liverwort.  0.  g-y.  Ju.  2^.)  receptacles  fiat:  pistil- 
late ones  deeply  10-parted  ;  lobes  linear  :  staminate  ones  8-lobed, 
toothed,  broad,  roundish.  On  earth  and  stones  in  wet  or  damp 
places. 

hemispherica,  pistillate  receptacle^  hemispheric,  obtusely  5  or  6-lobed, 
no  pericheth.     On  shady  mountains. 

Conica,  pistillate  receptf.cles  conic,  sub-ovate,  5  to  Y-lobed,  and  bearing 
as  many  capsules.     Damp  shady  places. 

oruciata,  pistillate  receptacles  deeply  4  or  5-parted  :  lobes  sub-tubular. 
Damp. 

3 — 1.     Mariscus.     3.  9. 

eckinatus,  E.  (1)  (hedgehog  club-rush.  C.  Ju.  2i.)  culm  3-sided,  nearly 
naked,  glabrous  :  spike  ovate-globose  ;  spikelets  horizontal,  4-flow- 
ered  :  involucre  3  or  4-leaved  :  root  globose. 

retrofractus,  Vahl.  (2)  (P.  C.  Ju.  2^.)  spikes  6  to  8,  erect,  ovate,  ped- 
uncled,  on  a  many-angled  receptacle  :  involucre  3-leaved  ;  outer  one 
very  long,  scabrous  :  peduncles  6  to  8.  unequal,  compressed, glabrous, 
sheathed  at  the  base  ;  the  spikelets  linear,  acute,  terete,  imbricate, 
sub-pedicelled  :  bracts  3-flowered,  upper  ones  erect,  the  rest  at 
length  reilexed  :  lower  valve  ovate,  middle  one  lanceolate,  terminal 
one  subulate  :  culm  3-sided,  1  or  2  feet  high,  striate,  nearly  leafless  : 
the  sub-radical  leaves  lanceolate  striate,  keeled,  glaucous  beneath  : 
sheath  striate  :  seed  3-sided,  peduncled,  beardless. 

fi/periformis,  (3)  (D.  C.  Ju.  11.)  spikes  roundish,  terminal,  3  peduncled 
and  one  sessile,  (sometimes  but  the  one  sessile  ;)  involucre  longer 
than  the  spike,  3  or  4-lcaved,  channelled  }  margin  scabrous  :  spike- 
lets 7-9owered,  linear,  alternate,  terete  ;  glumes  alternate,  remote, 
ovate,  obtuse,  upper  ones  acute  :  culm  3-sided,  almost  leafless,  a  span 
high  :  sub-radical  leaves  linear,  glabrous :  .seed  3-sided,  beardless. 

14—1.     Marrubium.     42.  39. 
yulgare,  (horehound.  O.  v/.  Ju.  2.^.)  leaves  round-ovate,  toothed,  ru- 
gose-veined :  calyx  toothed,  setaceous,  uncinate. 

(1)  ovularis,  Vahl.    Scirpas,  M.     Kvllingia  ovularis,,  Mx. 

(?)  Scirpus,  M.  (3)  glouipratus,  B.    umbellatuSjPh.    Scirpus,  M. 


MABTYNIA,    MELANTHIUM.  359 

14—2.     Martynia.    40.  45. 
froboscideUy  W.   (1)  (unicorn  plant.  Western  states,  w.  p.  y.  Ju.  ©.) 
stem  branching:  leaves  alternate,  cordate,  entire,  viliose.    Fruit 
somewhat  gourd-like,  with  one  long  born. 

17—10.    Medicago.    32.  93. 

sativa,  (lucerne  medick.  E.  Ju.  It.)  peduncles  racemed :  legume 
smooth,  cochleate  -.  stipules  entire  :  leaves  oblong,  toothed. 

lupt  Una,  (hop  medick.  0.  y.  J.  ^.)  spikes  oval  :  legumes  reniform, 
1-seeded  :  stipules  entire  :  leaves  obovate    stem  procumbent. 

tribiiloides,  (hedge-hog.  E.  f^.)  peduncles  2-flo\vered  :  legu;  e  cO' 
chleate,  cylii.dric,  flat  both  sides,  aculeate,  conic  2-ways,  reflexed: 
stipules  toothed  :  leaves  toothed,  obovate. 

scutellata,  (snail-shell,  bee-hive.  E.  Ju  0.)  peduncles  about  2-flower 
ed  :  legumes  unarmed,  cochleate  in  an  orbicular  form,  with  a  convex 
base  and  a  flat  top  :  stipules  toothed  :  leaves  obioiig,  toothed. 

macuiata,  (P.  y.  Ju.  0.)  peduncles  about  2-flowered  :  Ictrumes  cochle- 
ate, compressed  both  sides,  aculeate,  subulate,  archjed :  stipules 
toothed  :  leafets  obcordate,  toothed,  spotted. 

22—2.     Meesia.     56.  4. 
uliginosa,  stem  simple,  short:  leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse:  capsule 
pear-form  ;  lid  convex.     In  marshes. 

14 — 2.     Melampyrum.    40.  35. 
americanum,M%.  (2)  (cow-wheat.  O.y.Ju.  #.)  slender :  lower  leaves 
Hnear,  entire  ;  floral  ones  lanceolate,   toothed  behind  :  flowers  axil- 
lary, distinct.    Var.  latifolium,  has  veiy  broad  leaves.    Woods. 

6—3.     Melanthil'm.     10.  13. 
virginicum,   W.   (3)  (black  flower.  D.  P.  w.  becoming  black.  J.   U.) 

panicle  pyrainid-rorm :  petals  oval,   s.ib-hastaie,  flat,  with  2  spots  : 

flowers  mosUy  perfect.     Flowers  at  first  greeaish-wiiite,  afterwards 

turn  to  dark  brow  n. 
race^nosum,  i%ix.    (4)  (bunch  flower.  P.  w.  J.  "4.)    panicles  racemed 

above,   pi^tillute  :  petals  roundi.h,  having  claws,  undulaie-plaitcd, 

hardly  spotted,  hirsute  outside. 
glaucam,N.  (Northern  lakes,  g-w.  Ju.)  root  bulbous  :  leaves  glaucous. 


360  MELIA,    MELOTHRIA. 

margined  :  raceme  mostly  simple,  few-flowered  :  petals  roundish; 
tmguiculate,  with  two  peculiar  spots :  seed  subulate,  alated. 

10—1.     M£LiA.     54.  71. 

ttedarach  (bead  tree.  E.  ^.)  leaves  doubly-pinnate  :  leafets,  smooth, 
ovate,  toothed. 

3—2.    Melica.    4.  \0. 

ipeeiosa,M.   (melic  grass.  P.  J.  2^.)  panicle  1-sided  :  branches  of  the 

panicle  solitary,  3-flowered  ;  stipules  2-cleft. 
9riJlora,   Bw.  (Whitebills.  Au.)  villose  :  panicle   coarctate  :  glumes  3- 

flowered,  with  a  small  appendage  :  florets  awned. 

17—10.     Melilotus.    32.  93. 

fj.f  fJttZgam  (melilot.  T.  P.  y.  J.  Hi.  or  <J.)  stem  erect:  leaves  obovate, 
serrate  :  spikes  axillary,  panicled  ;  le.^umes  2-seeded,  rugose,  acute. 
Var.  alba,  (1)  has  white  flowers.  There  seems  to  have  been  some 
confusion  among  modern  botanists  respecting  the  yellow-floweied 
and  white-flowered  varieties  of  this  species,  both  in  Europe  and 
America.  Both  varieties  are  very  abundant  on  the  islands  near 
Troy,  in  Schodack  and  Schaghticoke.  On  comparing  them  with 
Parkinson's  descriptions,  v  ritten  about  two  centuries  ago,  I  find  he 
had  the  same  plants  before  him.  To  avoid  perplexity,  I  have  adopt- 
ed his  names,  &lc.    See  page  718,  London  ed.  1640. 

14—1.     Melissa.    42.  39. 

officinalis  (balm.  E.  w.  b.  Ju.  14..)  flowers  whorled  half  way  around, 
sub-sessile  :  bracts  oblong,  pedicelled  :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate. 

«e/)e<rt  (calami  nt.  P.  r.b.  S.  H)  peduncles  axillary,  many-flowered,  di- 
chotomous-corymbed  :  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  sub-serrate,  somewhat 
glabrous  :  stem  sub-hirsute  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  about  equal,  gla- 
brous. 

20 — 16.     Melothria.    34.  97. 

pencfula,  Mx.  (crftepine:  cucumber.  T.  P.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  snb-reniform, 
lobe-anf;led  ;  terminal  lobe  equalling  the  rest :  berry  cyliudric,  ovate. 
River  alluvion. 

(1)  o&ciaalis,  i?h.    Trifolium  officinale,  L- 


MENISPERMUM,    MERISMA.  361 

21—13.     Menispermum.     11.  77. 

canudcnse  (moonseed.  O.  w-y.  Ju.  fp.)  stem  climbing  :  leaves  sub-cor- 
date, round-angled,  peltate,  with  the  petiole  near  the  base. 

virginicum,  W.  (P.  w- J.  ^.)  leaves  lobed,  cordate, pubescent  beneath, 
sub-peltate.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  last. 

14—1.     Mentha.     42.  39. 

viridis,  Wr.  (1)  (spear  mint.  0.  w.  J.  H.)  spikes  oblong,  interrupted  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  naked,  serrate,  sessile  :  stamens  longer  than  the 
corol.     Damp. 

2nperita  (peppermint.  E.  p.  Au.  I^.)  spikes  obtuse,  interrupted  below: 
leaves  subovate,  somewhat  glabrous,  petioled  :  stem  glabrous  at  the 
base. 

gracilis,  M.  (slender  mint.  P.  w.  b.  Ju.  11-)  flowers  whorled  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  sub-sessile  :  stem  branching,  erect :  calyx  at  the  base 
and  pedicels,  glabrous. 

borealis,  Mx.  (2)  (northern  mint.  O.  w.  Ju.  If.)  ascending,  pubescent : 
leaves  petioled,  lance-oval,  acute  at  both  ends  :  flowers  whorled  : 
stamens  exsert.     Damp. 

canademis,  (D.  Can.)  flowers  whorled:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  pe- 
tioled, pilose  :  stamens  equalling  the  corol. 

5 — 1.      MENyANTHES.     47.   46. 

Irifoliata,  (buck-bean.  C.  T.  W.  V.  Pittsfield,  Mass.  P.  r.  J.  U-)  leaves 
ternate  :  corols  densely  bearded  above.     In  stagnant  waters. 

Menyanthes,  see  Villarsia. 

8 — 1.     Menziesia.     18.  50. 

ccerulea,  Sw.  (3)  (mountain  heath.  Whitehills.  r.  Ju.  fp.)  leaves  scat- 
tered, crowded,  linear,  obtuse,  cartilaginous-toothed  :  peduncles  ter- 
minal, aggregate,  1-flowered  :  flowers  bell-form  :  calyx  acute.  De- 
candrous.    Very  small. 

22—6.     Merisma.     58.  1. 

fcedda,  fuscous-purple  :  branches   palmate,   approximate  ;  white  and 
shining  at  the  apex.     On  the  earth  in  woods. 

(1)  tenuis,  Mx.  (2)  acu^ifolia. 

(3)  AnUromeda  taxifoUs,  Pallas.    jErica  coerulea,  W.    Phyllodoce  taxifolia,  Sy. 

Gg 


362  MERULIUS^    MIKAMA, 

22—6.     Merulius.     58.  1. 
1.  Pilev.s  entire:  stipe  central. 

caniharelhis,  ia  groups,  all  reddish-yellow  :  pileus  fleshy,  glabrous,  de- 
pressed. 

cornucopoides,    cespitose,  beconiing    black  :    pileus    membranaceous, 
scaly  :  veins  obsolete.     In  woods  in  autumn. 
2.  Effuse,  stemless. 

serpens,  coriaceous,  elongated,  glabrous,  white  becoming  red  in  thf 
middle  :  folds  or  veins  sub-obsolete,  and  resembling  wrinkles. 

12 — 5.       MZSEMBRYANTHEMCM.       13.    87. 

crysfaUinvrn,  (ice  plant.  E.  w.  Au.  1^.)  branching  :  leaves  alternate, 
ovate,  paT)illose  :  flowers  sessile :  calyx  broad-ovate,  acute,  retu.«e 
From  Greece.  "^ 

22—6.     Mesenteric  A.     58.  1. 

luiea,  orange  or  gold  colour. 

12—5.     Me?pilus.     36.  93. 

germanica,  (medlar.  E.  ^.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  doAvny  beneath  :  flow- 
ers sessile,  solitary. 

10—4.     MicRopETAi.uM,  P.  (1)     22.  82. 

lanrcolaium,  (blind  star-Mort.  H.  Ju.lf.)  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate, 
narrow  at  both  ends  :  flowers  panicled  :  petals  ovate,  very  short  or 
wanting.  Damp.  I  have  found  this  plant  on  Catskill  mountain, 
and  its  western  spurs  near  Williams  college,  and  in  the  mountain 
towns  of  Vermont. 

19—1.     MicRosTVLis,  N.  (2)     7.  21. 

opkioglo&soide'i,  W.  (.3)  (adder-mouth.  T.  C.  Y.  V.  g-w.  J.  Z^.)  leaves 
two,  lance-ovate  :  scape  3-sided. 

18—1.     MiKANiA.     49.  55. 
scandens,  \\.  (4)  (climbing  thorough-wort.  P.  Y.  C.  Newburgh.  av.  Au. 
If.)  stem  glabrous,  climbing:  leaves  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acu- 
minate, lobed,  divaricate,  unequal  :  flowers  corymbed.     Damp  or 
wet. 

(1)  Spei-gulastruni,:,Ix.  (2)  Malaxis,  Sw.    Opbrj-s,  L. 

(3)  uuitolia,  Mx.  (4)  Eupatorium  scandens,  t 


M1KA.X1A,    MIRABILIS.  •  363 

tiiclisso'foHa,  W.  (1)  (P.  \v.  p.  S.  2^.)  pubescent  :  stem  erect:  leaves 
ovate,  ci-enate,  sessile,  pubescent  beneatli;  corymbs  terminal. 

3—2.     Milium.     4.  10. 

nigricans,  (African  millet.  E.)  flowers  panlcled,  crowded  :  valves  of 
the  calyx  shining,  becoming  black  :  leaves  ensiform,  very  long. 

fffusiim,  (common  millet.  E.)  flowers  in  whorled  panicles,  dispersed, 
awjied. 

ciHatum,  M.  (2)  (millet  grass.  D.  Ju.)  culm  glabrous  :  leaves  lance- 
linear,  hirsute,  ciliate  :  panicle  simple  :  branches  erect,  bearing  ra- 
cemes :  perfect  flowers  lanceolate,  3-nerved  ;  pistillate  flowers  on  a 
siieathed,  radical,  one-flowered  scape  :  glumes  oblong,  ventricose, 
acuminate,  glabrous.     Torrey's  catalogue,  p.  90. 

ruccmosum,  S.  (clustered  millet-grass.  W.)  flowers  in  a  simple  upright 
raceme  :  calyx-glume  oval,  acute,  ribbed  :  corol  long-awned,  hairy  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  with  smooth  sheaths.  Sent  to  Dr.  Smith  of  Lon- 
don, by  the  Rev.  Ur.  Muhlenberg.  It  was  collected  by  him  in  Lan- 
caster, Peiin.  It  has  recently  been  collected  by  Prof.  Dewey,  near 
Williams  college,  Mass.  It  greatly  resembles  the  Oryzopsis  in  its 
generic  character.     Described  by  Smith  in  Rees'  Cyclopo?dia. 

10—10.     Mimosa.     3:3.  93. 

soisilira,  (sensitive  plant.  E.)  prickly  :  leaves  pinnate ;  the  leafets  ih 
pairs  ;  inmost  ones  minute. 

H— 2.     MiMui.us.     40.  40. 

i'tngen9,  (monkey-flower.  O.h.Jn.ir.)  erect,  glabrous  :  leaves  sessile, 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate  :    peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  longer 

than  the  flower :  teeth  of  the  calyx  acuminate. 
alatns,  (C.  T.  P.  b.  Ju.  21.)    erect,  glabrous :    leaves  petioled,   ovate, 

acuminate,  serrate  :  peduncles  axillary,   opposite,  shorCer  than  the 

flower  :  stem  winged  at  the  4  corners. 

5 — 1      MiRABiLis.     54.  32. 

uifapa,  (four  o'clock.  E.  r.  y.  Ju.  U-)  flowers  heaped,  peduncled  : 
leaves  glal)rous. 

longi flora,  (E.  w.  Au.  U-)  flowers  crowded,  very  loug,  a  little  nod- 
ding: leaves  sub-viliose, 

(1)  piJbesce.ns.  ¥..  .2)  amnhicarpon,  Ph, 


364  MITCHELLA^    MOMORDICA. 

4—1.       MiTCHELLA.      48.    57. 

repens,  (partridge  berry,  checker  berry.  0.  w.  J.  2X-)  stem  creeping  ; 
leaves  roundish.     Woods. 

10—2.      MiTELLA.      13.  84. 

diphylla,  W.  (currant  leaf.  0.  w.  Ap.  11.)  leaves  cordate,  sub-trilobate; 
dentate  :  scape  2-leaved.     Woods, 

cordifolin,  Mx.  (P.  w.  M.  11.)  leaves  round-reniform,  somewhat  doubly 
crenate  :  scape  setaceous,  leafless. 

prostrata,  Mx.  (V.  Pittsfield,  Mass.  w.  M.  11.)  leaves  round-cordate  ; 
stem  prostrate,  leafy.  Wet  ground.  I  have  found  scores  of  speci- 
mens in  Pittsfield  and  Lenox  of  this  species,  which  agreed  perfectly 
with  the  description  of  cordifoUa.  Is  not  the  cordifolia  a  variety  oi' 
the  prostrata,  which  happens  to  be  without  the  sarmentose  shoot  ^ 

reniformis,  Lk.  (1)  (V  ?  w.  J.  2/.)  leaves  reniform,  repand,  ciliate  : 
scape  naked. 

22—2.     Mnium.    56.  4. 

hornum,  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate;  peduncles  curved  :  capsule  ovate, 

pendulous :  lid  obtuse. 
palustre,  stem  erect,  elongated,  branching :  leaves  lanceolate,  keeled^ 

acute  ; upper  ones  bent  over  to  one  side  :  capsule  oblong, sub-erect: 

lid  conic,  acute.     In  damp  w^oods  and  fens. 

3—3.     MoLLUGO.    22.  82. 

verticillata,  (carpet  weed.  O.  w.  Ju.  #.)  stem  sub-divided,  prostrate 
leaves  in  whorl?,  wedge-form,  acute  :  peduncles  1-flowered.    Gene- 
rally grows  in  gardens  among  purslane. 

14—1.      MOLUCELLA.      42.   39. 

Iccvis,  (molucca  balm,  shell-flower.  E.  w.  g.  Ju.  0  )  calyx  campanu 
late,  5-toothed  :  teeth  equal,  awnless  :  leaves  petioled,  round-ovate^ 
toothed.     Calyx  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  corol. 

20—16.     MoMOKDicA.    34.  97. 

balsamina,  (balsam  apple.  E.  S.  ^.)  poraaceous  berry  angled,  tuber- 

cled  :  leaves  glabrous,  spreading,  palmate. 
echinata,  (W.  T.  P.  w.  Au.  0.)  pomaceous  berry  4-seeded,  roundish  : 

(1)  nuda,  W. 


MOXARDA.  365 

selosc-echinale  ;  leaves  cordate,  6-iobe-angleclj   acuminate,  entire. 
Calyx  6-clett :  corol  G-parted. 

2—1.      MONARDA.      42.   39. 

didpna,  W.  (1)  (mountain  mint.  P.  T.J.lt.)  somewhat  glabrous: 
heads  large,  proliferous  :  outer  bracts  coloured,  large,  oblong,  acu- 
minate, sub-entire  :  calyx  and  corol  long;  leaves  broad  ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  acuminate,  serrate,  rugose  :  serratures  mucronate  :  stem 
glabrous. 

fcalmiaua,  Ph.  (Oswego  tea.  Oswego  county,  r.  If.)  thinly  hirsute  : 
heads  large,  simple  :  outer  bracts  coloured,  lanceolate,  slender  :  ca- 
lyx and  corol  pubescent :  corols  very  long  :  leaves  obiong-tapering, 
serrate,  having  thin  scattered  rough  hairs  all  over:  stem  sharp-cor- 
nered: stem  and  petioles  ciliale,  hairy. 

clinopodia,  W.  (2)  (Can.  P.  St,  Clair's  river,  y.  p.  Ju.  U.)  glabrous : 
heads  small,  simple,  terminal:  outer  bi-acts  broad-ovate,  acute,  en- 
tire, smoothish  :  calyx  ciliate,  short  :  corol  pubescent,  slender  : 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate,  a  little  hairy :  stem  obtuse- 
angled,  glabrous. 

(^iliata,  VV.  (P.  V.  C.  p.  Au.  If.)  hirsute  :  flowers  small,  whorled  :  bracts 
ovate,  glabrous,  veiny,  ciliate,  equalling  the  calyx:  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  tapering,  sub-sessile,  serrate,  sub-pilose  :  stem  acute-angled, 
hirsute.     Salem,  N.  Y.    J.  Smith. 

oblongata-,  A.  (3)  (P,  W.  T.  C.  y.  r.  Ju.  11.)  hirsute  :  head  simple  : 
outer  bracts  ovate,  acute  :  calyx  short,  bearded  in  the  throat ;  teeth 
spreading  :  stem  obtuse-angled,  hirsute  above. 

Jistidosa,  Ph.  (P.  D.  Can.  p.  Ju.  2^.)  hirsute  with  scattered  hairs  :  heads 
simple, proliferous,  leafy  :  outer  bracts  oblong, acute,  glabrous  ;  calyx 
long,  bearded:  corol  hirsute,  of  middling  length  :  leaves  ovate,  acu- 
minate, serrate  :  petioles  long,  ciliate  :  stem  glabi'ous,  obtuse-angled. 
ugosa,  A.  (Can.  w.  Ju.  If.)  smoothish  :  heads  simple,  middling  size  : 
outer  bracts  oblong:  calyx  smoothish:  leaves  ovate,  sub-cordate, 
aoute,  rugose,  glabrous  :  nerves  coloured  and  pilose  beneath  :  stem 
acute-angled,  hirsute. 

pimctata,  W.  (4)  (D.  P.  y.  J.  Zf.)  smoothish  :  flower  middling  size, 
whorled  :  bracts  lanceolate,  nerved,  coloured,  longer  than  the 
Avhorls  :  leaves  lance-oblong,  remotely  serrate,  glabrous  •  stem  ob* 
luse-angled,  with  whitish  down. 

(1)  purpurea,  Lk.    coccinea,  Mx.  (2)  glabra,  Lk, 

'Ji)  aUophylla,  Ms.    mollis,  W.  (4}  luiea,  Jix. 

Gg2 


366  MONILA^    MUHLENBERGIA, 

22—6.     MoNiLA.     58.  1. 

aurea,  stiped  :  threads  constituting  a  little  head  :  cespitose,  golden- 
yellow, 

frucligena,  stemless,  cespitose,  roundish,  white-cinereous  :  threads 
mould-like,  indeterminately  eflfuse,  having  ovate  articulations. 

10 1.      MONOTROPA.      18.   51. 

uniflora,  (bird's  nest,  Indian  pipe.  0.  w.  J.  24..)  stem  1-flowered  :  flow- 
er nodding  at  first,  at  length  erect :  scales  of  the  stem  approximate. 
Whole  plant  ivory-white  at  first. 

20—4.    MoKus.     53.  98. 
alba,  (white  mulberry.  E.  M.  I7.)  leaves  heart-form,  with  oblique  base, 

ovate   or  lobed,   unequally  serrate,  smoothish.     From    China  and 

Persia. 
nigra,  (black  mulberry.  E.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  cordate,   ovate,   or  sub-5- 

lobed,  unequally  toothed,  scabrous.     From  Persia. 
rubra,  (P.    C.  M.    ^.)  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  or  3-lobed, 

equally  serrate,  scabrous,  soft  hairs  beneath  :  pistillate  spikes  cylin- 

dric. 

22—6.     MucoR.     58.  1. 

1.  Siipe  racenied. 
aipergillus,  (mould.)  stipe  filiform,  dichotomous  :  little  heads  terminal^ 
sub-conjugate,  oblong  when  mature.     On  putrid  fungi  in  autumn  •- 
grey. 

2.  Stipe  simple. 

muctda,  receptacle  or  fruit  inflated,  dark-grey  :  mouth  round,  dehis* 
cent  about  the  stipe.     On  putrid  cabbage,  in  autumn  and  winter. 

caninus,  crowded  together,  byssus-like  or  flax-like,  white :  fruit  minute, 
becoming  yellowish.  Stipe  long  and  lax.  In  mild  winters  and  after 
storms,  on  manure,  &ic. 

3.  Without  a  stipe. 

herbariorum,  yellow,  permanent  :  fruit  globose,  sitting  among  down. 

On  dry  plants  in  moist  places. 

3—2.     MUHLENEERGIA,   Sr.   (1)     4.   10. 
diffusa,  (drop-seed  grass.  Y.  C.  P.   J.    2^.)    culm   weak,  branching  ■ 

branches  and  leaves  glabrous  :  panicle  compact :  calyx  1-valved. 

(;j)  Dilepycum,  M» 


MYOSOTIS,    MYRIOPHYLLUM.  367 

treda,  (woods  drop-seed  grass.  H.  Ju.  11.)  culm  etronjr,  simple  ;  culm 
a?id  leaves  pubescent:  panicle  lax:  calyx  2-valved  ;  awn  long, 
Dry  woods. 

6 — 1.     Myosotis.    41.  42. 

seorpioides,  W.  (1)  (scorpion  weed.  Hudson.  C.  P.  M.  2^.)  seeds 
smooth  :  calyx  leaves  sub-oval,  about  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rol  :  stem  sub-ramose  :  leaves  laiice-oval  :  racemes  bractless. 

virginiana,  (H.  w-b.  J.  0.)  pilose :  seed  prickly-bearded  :  leaves 
lance-oi'ate,  acuminate  :  racemes  divaricate.  Flowers  small :  leaves 
large. 

arvensis,  (forget-me-not.  C.  T.  P.  w-b.  J  ^.)  seeds  smooth  :  calyx- 
leaves  oval,  acuminate,  very  hirsute,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rol :  stem  very  branching:  racemes  conjugate  :  leaves  lance-ovate. 
Flowers  small. 

lappula  (W.  C.  T.  V.  Can.  b.  Ju.  0.)  hispid:  seeds  prickly,  bearded  : 
leaves  linear-oblong  :  stem  stifBy  branched. 

21—4.     Myrica.     50.  99. 

gale,  (sweet  gale.  Y,  H.  M.  ^.)  leaves  w^edge-lanceolate,  obtuse,  ser- 
rate at  the  apex  :  staminate  aments  imbricate  ;  scales  acuminate, 
ciliate  :  fruit  in  a  scaly  head.  Very  abundant  at  the  margin  of 
Crooked  lake,  in  Plainfield. 

cerifera,  (bayberry.  Y.  C.  P.  g-p.  M.  fp.)  leaves  wedge-lanceolate, 
acute,  with  distant  serratures  at  the  apex  :  staminate  aments  lax  ; 
scales  acute  :  fruit  small,  globose,  covered  with  a  whitish  wax,  in  a 
mealy  state.  This  is  the  bayberry  tallow,  which  is  obtained  by 
melting  it  off  in  hot  water. 

taroliiiiensis,  W.  (New-England.  Pursh.  M.  ^.)  leaves  wedge-oblong, 
coarsely  toothed  :  staminate  aments  lax  ;  scales  acute  :  berries  gIo>- 
bose,  large.    Three  or  four  feet  high. 

20 — 13.     Myriophyllum.     15.  88. 

verticillatum,  (water  mi'foil.  C.  P.  Can.  Schenectady.  Beck.  Ju.  If.) 
leaves  capillaceous;  upper  ones  pectinat^-pinnatifid  :  flowers  all  in 
axillary  whorls  ;  lower  ones  pistillate  j  upper  ones  staminate  or  per- 
fect, octandrous.    In  stagnant  waters. 

(1)  palustris,  Rotb. 


368  MYRIOPHYLLUM^    NARCISSUS, 

spicatmn,  (Can.  D.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  all  pinnate,  capillaceous  :  spikes  in- 
terruptedly naked  :  flowers  staminate,  polyandrous. 

ecmbiguutn,  N.  (D.)  stem  floating,  dichotomous  :  leaves  petioled,  obso- 
letely  pinnate  ;  lowest  ones  capillary,  middle  ones  pectinate,  upper 
ones  nearly  entire.  Var.  limosum,  stem  rooting,  erect:  leaves  rigid, 
mostly  3-cleft :  segments  setaceous,  acute. 

5—2.     Myrrhis.     45.  60. 

canadensis^  (hone-wort,  mock  sanicle.  0.  w.  J.  11)  leaves  ternate  : 
general  involucre  wanting  :  seeds  oval-oblong.  Stem  1  to  2  feet 
high,  branched,  terete,  smooth  :  umbels  slender  and  few-rayed.  Syn. 
Sison  canadensis. 

12—1.     Myrtus.     19.  39. 

Communis,  (myrtle.  E.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  flowers  solitary :  involucre  2-leav 
ed :  leaves  ovate. 

N; 

22—6,     N^MASPORA.    58.  1. 

chrysosperma,   receptacle   manifest,   spherical,   sub-conic,    truncate  ; 

hairs  gold-yellow.     Under  the  bark  of  poplar. 
crocea,  receptacle  obsolete  or  none,  naked  ;  hairs   crowded,  uuequal, 

somewhat  w^oody,  saffron-yellow.     Chiefly  on  beech  wood  in  winter. 

20—1.    Najas.     15.  6. 
canadensis,  Mx.  (water  nymph.  W,   Can.)    small,  filiform,   smooth  : 
leaves  narrow-linear. 

16—13.    NAPiEA.    37.  74. 

ifcvu,  L.  (1)  (false  mallows.  P.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  heart-5-lobed,  gla- 
brous :  lobes  oblong,  acuminate,  toothed :  peduncles  many-flower- 
ed :  capsules  awnless,  acuminate.    2  to  4  feet  high. 

scabra,  L.  (2)  (P.  w.  Oc.  2^!.)  leaves  7-lobe-palmate,  scabrous :  lobes 
lanceolate,  gash-toothed  :  corymbs  bracted  :  flowers  dioecious. 

6—1.    Narcissus.    9.  17. 

]f>seudo-narcissus,  (daffodil.  E.  M.  24^.)  spathe  1-flowered :  nectary  bell- 
form,  erect,  crisped,  equalling  the  ovate  petals. 

(1)  Sida  napaea,  W.  (2)  Sida  droica,  W. 


NARCISSUS,    NELUMBIUM.  369 

taseita,  (polyanthos.  E.  M.  !(..)  spathe  many-flowered :  nectary  bell- 
form,  plicate,  truncate,  thrice  as  short  as  the  petals  :  petals  alternate- 
ly broader :  leaves  flat. 

jo7iquilla,  (jonquil.  E.  M.  11.)  spathe  many-flowered:  nectary  bell- 
form,  short  :  leav^es  subulate. 

poeticus,  (poet's  narcissus.  E.  2^.)  spathe  1-flowered  :  nectarj"  Avheel- 
form,  very  short,  scarious,  (red,)  crenulate  :  leaves  indexed  at  the 
margin. 

6 — 1.     Narthecium      10.  16, 

americanum,  Ker.  (1)  (false  asphodel.  D.  y.  Ju.  If.)  racemes  some- 
times interruptedly  spiked,  lax  :  one  cauline  bract  clasping  the  pedi- 
cel, another  chaff-bristle-form  below  :  filaments  with  short  w^ool. 

22—2.     Neckera.     56.  4. 

1.  Leaves  2-ranJced. 

pennala,  foliage  2-ranked,  compressed  ;  leaves  lance-oval,  acuminate, 
nerveless,  disk  undulated  :  capsule  immersed  in  the  calyx  (pericheth) 
lid  sub-conic  and  somewhat  cuspidate.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

matropodia,  decumbent,  sub-ramose  :  leaves  flattish,  lanceolate,  facing 
2  ways :  capsule  cylindric,  straight,  terminating  in  a  long  bristle, 

2.  Leaves  imbricate  every  way. 

cladorhizans,  creeping  :  branchlets  spreading  and  somewhat  2-ranked : 
summit  rooting  in  some  :  leaves  somewhat  depressed-imbricate, 
oval,  acute,  nerveless  :  capsule  cylindric  ;  lid  somewhat  conic,  ob- 
long, obtuse — columella  exsert.     On  trees, 

sediictrix,  creeping,  somewhat  ascending  ;  branchlets  erect,  in  some 
places  fascicled  :  leaves  closely  imbricate  in  a  cylinder,  oval,  acu- 
minate, nerveless  :  capsule  cylindric  ;  lid  from  the  base  conic,  short- 
ish, cuspidate. 

viticulosa,  stem  ascending,  simple  or  withfew  branches  :  leaves  lax, 
from  the  side  of  the  base  ligulate-obtuse  :  capsule  oblong  ;  lid  co- 
nic, long-cuspidiite,  small.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

JVeclris,  see  Floerkia. 
13 — 13.     Nelumbium.     26.  61. 
hdeum,  Mx.  (2)  (sacred  bean.  P.  y.  Ju.  U-)  leaves  peltate,  orbicular^ 
entire :corol  polypetalous:  anthers  linear  above.  A  most  superb  plant. 

(1)  Phnlangium  ossifragum,  M. 

0  speciosum,  W.    Cyainus,Sy.    Nymphaea  rielambQ,  L. 


370  XEOTTIA,    XIGELLA, 


IP — 1.     Xeottia.     7.  21. 

aeslivalis,  P.  (1)  (summer  ladies'  tresses.  O.  \v.  J.  If.)  stem  leafy  :  roots 
bulbs  oblong,  aggregate  :  leaves  lance-linear :  spikes  spiral  :  flowers 
one-sided  :  lip  crenate,  crispid. 

ceniua,  Sw.  (2)  (uoddiug  ladies'  tresses.  O.  w.  An.  H.)  leaves  lanceo- 
late, 3-nerved  :  stem  sheathed  :  spike  oblong,  dense-flowered  ;  flow- 
ers recurve-nodding  :  lip  oblong,  entire,  acute.  The  high  primitive 
mountains  east  of  Pittsfieid,  Mass.  exhibit  patches  white  Avith  these 
flowers,  in  Oct.  and  Nov. 

14—1.     Nepeta.     42.  39. 

caiaria  (catmint,  catnep  O.  b-w.  H.)  flowers  in  whorled  spikes  ;.  leaves- 
petioled,  cordate,  tooth-serrate. 

22 — 5.     Nephroma.     57.  2. 

resupinata,  frond  crustaceous-livid,  palish, pubescent,  granulated  :  fer- 
tile lobes  short  :  laminae  of  the  receptacle  reddish-yellow.  On  the 
earth  at  the  roots  of  trees  in  mountains. 

5—2.     Neuium.     30.  47. 

oleander  (rose  bay,  oleander.  E.  Au.  ^p.)  leaves  lanceolate,  narrow^ 
ternate,  ribbed  beneath  ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  squarrose  :  nectary 
flat;  tricuspidate. 

JS'icandra.  see  Atropa, 

5—1.     Nicotian  A.     28.  41. 

labacum  (virginian  tobacco.  E.  w-r.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  ses- 
sile, decurrent  :  flowers  acute. 

rustica  (common  tobacco.  E.  Au.  0.)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  entire  : 
flowers  obtuse. 

pdiiiculaia  (small-flowered  tobacco.  Au.  %.)  leaves  petioled,  cordate, 
entire  :  flowers  panicled,  obtuse,  clavate. 

13 5.      NiGELLA.      26.   61. 

damasctna  (fennel-flower.  E.  M.  ?^.)  flower  surrounded  with  a  leafy 

involucre. 
aativn  (E.)  pistils  5  :  capsules  muricate,  rough  leaves  subpllose. 

(1)  Uirtilis,  \V.      Opbrys  aestivali?,  Mx.      Satyrium  spirale,  Sw.     Limodorum  t^xx- 
Ccz>  Wr-  C2)  Ophrys  eei-nua,  L.    LJmodorcni  autumnaie.  Wr. 


XOSTOC^    OBOLARIA.  371 

22 — 4.     iNosToc.     67.  2. 
:mmune,  on  the  earth  :  frond  ])lated-lobed,  ventiiposc,   gelatinous. — 
On  the  earth  after  a  storm,  an  inch  or  two  in  extent,  olive-green. 
prunij'ormc,  frond  solitary,  spherical,  smooth,  olive,   gelatinous,  coria- 
ceous, surface  smooth  :  threads  iuterwoven-crisped.     In  lakes. 
botrj/oides,  fronds  minute,  globular,  aggregated  into  a  green  crust.     In 
moist  shady  places,  and  on  decaying  Avood. 

13—1.     NupHAR,  S.  (1)     13.  62. 

lutea,  A.  (water  lily.  T.  V.  C.  P.  y.  J.  U-)  leaves  cordate,  entire  :  lobes 
near  each  other  ,  calyx  5-leaved  :  stigma  repand,  with  14  to  20  ra- 
diated lines,  and  a  deep  central  hole.  Water. 
.  Icahniana,  A.  (2)  (C.  T.  Can.y.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  cordate,  lobes  near  each 
other :  calyx  o-leaved  :  stigma  gashed,  with  8  to  12  radiated  lines. — 
Flowers  small.     Water. 

»dveiia,  A.  (O.  y.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  erect,  cordate,  entire  :  lobes  spreading 
asunder  :  calyx  6-leaved  :  stigma  with  a  slight  central  depression, 
and  13  radiating  lines  :  pericarp  furrow^ed=    In  stagnant  waters. 

13 — 1.     ZS'ymphaea.     13.  62. 

odoraia,  A.  (S)  (pond  lily.  0.  w.  Ju.  24!.)  leaves  round-coi'date,  entire, 
sub-emarginate  :  lobes  spreading  asunder,  acuminate,  obtuse  :  petal? 
equalling  the  4-leaved  calyx  :  stigma  with  16  to  20  radiating  erectish 
lines.  Var.  rosea,  has  the  (lower  purplish  beneath,  and  the  hind 
lobes  of  the  leaves  acutish.    Water. 

21—5.     Nyssa.     12.  24. 

'tiriosn,M-s..(4)  (pepperidge,tupelo.O.  y-g.  M.  >).)leaves  oblong,  entire, 
acute  at  both  ends  ;  the  petioles,  midribs  and  margins  villose  :  pis- 
tillate petioles  sub-3-flowered  :  nut  short-obovate,  obtuse,  striate. 

blflora,  Mx.  (5)  (sour  gum.  C.  M.  ^.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  entire,  acute 
at  both  ends,  glabrous  :  pistillate  peduncles  2-flo\vered  :  drupe  shon 
,obovate  ;  nut  obtusely  striate. 


14—2.     0.?OLARiA.     40.  35. 

■tirginica,  W.  (penny-wort.  P.  r.  Ap.  ZX-)  stem  simple  .-  leaves  oi>iongj 
truncate,  fleshy,  purple  beneath  :  flow^ers  axillary,  solitarj-,  sessile. 

(1)  Nymphaea,L.  (2)  minima,  M.  (>)  aIba,Mx.  (})  muliiflora,  W'r 

{5)  aquaiica,  L.    inte  jril'olia,  A. 


372  OCYMUM^    OBNOTHERA. 

14—1.     OcYMCM.     42.  39. 
hasilicum  (basil.  E.  1^.)  leaves  ovate,  glabrous  :  calyx  ciliate. 
5—2.     CEnanthe.     45.  60. 

amhigua,  N.  (water  dropwort.  D.  P.  if.)  leaves  few,  obsoletely  pin- 
nate ;  leafets  in  3  to  5  pair,  narrow-linear,  long,  entire,  acute, 
sessile,  glaucous  beneath  :  involucre  2  or  3-leaved  :  umbels  termi- 
nal, sub-solitary.     Grows  6  to  10  feet  high  in  marshes. 

rigidus,  N.  (1)  (D.  P.  w,  S.  21.)  leaves  obsoletely  pinnate  >  leafets  in 
4  or  5  pair,  sessile,  lance-oblong,  entire  or  gash-toothed  :  involucre 
none  :  styles  dilated  at  the  base  in  a  peltate  form,  very  short  ;  fruit 
sub-oval.     About  3  feet  high.  ^ 

8—1.      (ExXOTHERA.      17.  88. 

biennis  (scabish,  tree-primrose.  O.  y.  J.  $ .)  stem  villose,  scabrous: 
leaves  lance-ovate,  flat,  toothed  :  flowers  terminal,  sub-spiked,  ses- 
sile ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  cprol.     Phosphorescent.     Pursh. 

parvijlora,  W.  (C.  D.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  stem  smooth,  sub-villose  :  leaves 
lance-ovate,  flat  :  stamens  longer  than  the  corol. 

longiflorttf  Ju.  (P.  T.  y.  #.  or  ^ .)  leaves  denticulate  :  stem  simple, 
pilose  :  petals  distant,  2-lobed  :  tube  of  the  flower  very  long  :  cap- 
sule hirsute. 

grandijlora,  W.  (P.  y.  Ju.  <?  .)  stem  glabrous,  branching  :  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  glabrous  :  stamens  declined.     Flowers  very  large. 

sinuata,  W.  (P.y.  J.  0.)  stem  diffused,  having  soft  hairs  :  leaves  oval- 
oblong,  tooth-sinuate  :  flowers  axillary,  villose  :  capsules  prismatic 
Barton  says  this  species  is  semi-decumbent. 

fruticosa,  W.  (sundrops.  C.  Y,  P.  T.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  smoothish  :  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, sub-dentate,  acute  :  capsules  pedicelled,  oblong-clavate, 
angled.  Var.  anibigua,  is  somewhat  hairy  :  stem  simple  :  leaves 
lanceolate  or  lance-ovate,  acute,  sub-denticulate:  petals  obcordate, 
width  exceeding  the  length  :  capsule  sub-sessile,  smooth,  oblong,  4- 
winged. 

muricata,\y.  (P.T.  y.  Ju.  $ .)  stem  purple,  muricate  :  leav^es  lanceo- 
late, flat :  stamens  of  the  length  of  the  corol. 

pusilla,M\.  (P.  Can.  y.  Ju.  li.)  sub-pubescent:  stem  small,  sub-sim- 
ple :  leaves  lance-oblong,  obtusish,  entire  :  flowers  axillary  at  the 
top  :  capsules  clavate  turbinate,  about  equally  8-sided, 

(1^  Slum  rigidus,  L-    Sison  marginatum,  Mx. 


CENOTHERA,  OPEGRAPHA.         373 

ihr^antha,  Mx.  (dwarf  scabish.  O.  y.  J.  2/.)  stem  slender,  pubescent ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  oblusish,  flat,  entire  :  tube  of  the  calyx  but  half 
as  long  as  the  divisions:  capsule  clavate,  acute-angled,  mostly  ses- 
sile. 

22—1.     Onoclea.    65.  5. 

^ensibilis,  W.  (sensitive  fern.  O.J.  If )  barren  frond  pinnate,  fertile  one 

doubly-pinnate  :  stem  glabrous.     The  leafets  slowly  approach  each 

other,  on  squeezing  the  stem  in  the  hand. 
ebtusiloha,  Sh.  (P.)  barren  frond  pinnate  ;  fertile  one  doubly  pinnate  : 

5tem  scaly. 
nodulosa,  Sb.  (1)  (P.  2X.)  lower  frond  bipinnatifid  :  divisions  entire, 

obtuse  ;  lower  ones  elongated,  acute. 

18 — 1.     Onopordon.    49.  54. 
acanlhhim,  (cotton  thistle.  Pittsfield,  Boston,  p.  Ju.  ^ .)  scales  of  the 
calyx  spreading  every  way,  acuminate  :  leave?  ovate-oblon?,  tooth- 
ed-spinose,  woolly.     Dr.  Bigelow  says  this  exotic  is  now  naturalized 
about  Boston. 

5. — 1.     Onosmodiom.     41.  42. 

hispidum,  Mx.  (2)  (false  gromw^eli.  Y.  C.  y-w.  J.  I^.)  very  hispid  : 
leaves  iance-oval,  acute,  pHpilloie-punctate  :  divisions  of  the  corol 
subulate.  Very  abundant  on  the  barrea  plains  between  Ball's  springs 
and  Love's  tavern,  New-Haven. 

22—6.     Onygena.     58.  1. 
equina,  gregarious,  pale-white  and  reddish ;  fruit  orbicular,  glabrous, 
rugose,  bran-like  ;  stipe  short,  somewhat  fibrous.     O'.i  hoofs  of  hord- 
es and  horns  of  cattle,  Avhich  are  thrown  into  w^et  places. 

22—5.     Opegrapha.     57.  2. 

tnacularis  (lettered  lichen)  crust  determinate,  unequal,  dark -fuscous  : 
receptacles  minute, crowded,  round-oval,  at  length  rugose,  irregular: 
disk  rimose-like.     On  the  bark  of  beech  and  oak. 

abnormis,  crust  thin,  softish,  white  :  receptacles  immersed,  very  tbiu, 
short  and  long,  flexuose,  coafluent,  rugose-crisped  :  scarcely  any  dis- 
tinct margin  and  disk.     On  the  hard  bark  of  trees. 

(1)  Strut kiopteris  pennsvlvaoica,  W. 

(2)  Litbosperiuum  virginianum,  L.    Purshia  hispida,  SI- 

Hh 


374  OPEGRAPHA,    ORCHIS. 

rimalisj  crust  effuse,  becoming  cinereous  :  receptacles  sessile,  oblong, 
straightish,  simple,  tumid  :  disk  channelled,  concave  ;  margins  ele- 
vated, sub-inflexed,  parallel.     On  bark  ot  trees. 
22 — 1.     Ophioglossum.     55.  5. 
vulgatum,  addertongue  fern.  T.  C.  P.  M.  2^.)frond  ovate,  simple:  spikes 

about  an  inch  long. 
hulbosum,  W.  (1)  (D.  i\I.  2^.)  rootbulbous:  frond  heart-ovate,  obtuse. 
19—1.     Orchis.     7.  21. 

1.  Roots  oval  or  palmate. 

ciliaris  (orchis.  C.  Y.  P.  T.  y  Ju.  11.)  lip  lance-oblong,  pinnate-ciliate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  petals  :  spur  longer  than  the  germ. 

blephariglotlis,  W.  (D.  T.  Plainfield,  Mass.  w.  J.  2^.)  lip  lanceolate,  ci- 
liate,  of  the  length  of  the  upper  petal  :  spur  longer  than  the  germ. — 
Resembles  the  last. 

psycodes,\Y.  (P.  Can.  y.  J.  2^)  lip  3-parted,  divisions  capillary-many - 
cleft  :  petals  obtuse  :  spur  filiforni-clavate,  ascending,  of  the  length 
of  the  germ. 

crisiafrt,  Mx.  (C.  P.  y.  J.  IX)  lip  oblong,  pinnate-ciliate:  petals  round, 
2  lateral  ones  toothed  :  spur  shorter  than  the  gerja. 

lacera,  M\.  (C.  Y.  T.  g-\v.  Ju.  2i.)  lip  3-parted-;.  d'ivisions  sub-digitate- 
filiform  :  spur  about  equalling  the  germ  :  fishers  alternate. 

discolor, Fh.  (D.  Ju.  2^.)  lip  3-parted,  longer  than  the  petals;  lateral 
divisions  short  acute  ;  middle  one  extended,  spatulate  :  spur  fili- 
form, about  twice  as  long  as  the  germ  ;  leaf  one,  radical,  heart-ovate. 

Jlava,  Vv .  (P.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  lip  3-cleft,  entire,  middle  division  larger  :  spur 
filiform,  of  the  length  of  the  germ:  spike  elongated,  compact :  bracts 
longer  tiian  the  flower. 

trideiituta,  W.  (C.  Y.  P.  w^  J.  11.)  lip  lanceolate,  3-toothed  at  the  apex  : 
petals  obtuse :  spur  filiform,  clavate,  ascending,  longer  than  the 
germ. 

bradeaia,  W.  (2)  (vegetable  satyr.  O.  g-w.  M.  H-)  lip  linear,  emargin- 
ate  at  the  apex,  obsoletely  3-toothed  :  spur  short,  sub-inflated,  some- 
what 2-l()bed  :  bracts  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers,  leaf-like,  spread- 
ing :  roots  palmate.  6  to  10  inches  high. 
obsoleta,\\\  (2)  (JSevv-England.  P.  J.  2^.)  lip  lance-oblong,  undivided: 
bracts  short  :  germ  pedicelled  :  scape  naked:  spur  short,  sub-iufla- 
ted,  somewhat  2-lobed  :  root  palmate. 

(1)  crotaiopharoide?,  Wr.  (2;  Satjrium,  p. 


ORCHIS.  375 

spectabilis,yV.  (1)(0.  r.  M.  2^.)  lip  obovate,  undivided,  crenate,  retuse: 
petals  straight,  lateral  ones  longest :  spur  clavate,  shorter  than  the 
germ  :  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  :  stem  lea!les=.  Three  to  five 
inches  high. 

2.  Roots  fascicled. 

virescens,  W.  (P.  g.  Ju.  1/.)  lip  lanceolate,  crenate  :  bracts  longer  than 
the  flowers  :  spur  short  sub-inflated,  somewhat  2-lobed  :  root  fasci- 
cled.    12  to  18  inches  high. 

fuscescens,  W.  (Catskill  Mt.  P.  p-y.  Ju.  Z^.)  lip  ov^ate,  toothed  at  the 
base  :  petals  spreading:  spur  subulate,  of  the  length  of  the  germ 
bracts  longer  than  the  flowers. 

incisa,\W.  (C.  P.  w-p.  Ju.  It.)  lip  3-parted,  divisions  v.edge-forra,  gash- 
toothed,  middle  one  emarginate  :  lateral  petals  obtuse,  sub-dentate  ; 
spur  subulate,  ascending,  of  the  length  of  the  germ.  -Very  tall. 

rotundifolia,  Ph.  (P.  w.  J.  If.)  lip  3-cleft, intermediate  divisions  2-cleft  • 
spur  shorter  than  the  germ  :  leaves  round-oval. 

fimbriata,  W.  (0.  p.  Ju.  2^.)  lips  .3-parted  ;  divisions  wedge-form,  ciliate- 
fringed  :  lateral  petals  ovate,  toothed  :  spur  filiform,  clavate,  longer 
than  the  germ.     Damp. 

orhiculata,  Ph.  (H.g-w.  J.  11.)  lip  linear,  entire,  obtusish  ;  3  upper  pe- 
•  tals  converging,  upper  one  deltoid,  obtuse  :  2  lateral  ones  oblique 
at  the  base  ;  spur  longer  than  the  germ,  clavate,  flattish,  curved  : 
leaves  2,  radical,  orbicular,  prostrate,  glabrous,  very  shining.  Flow- 
ers green  and  white.     Mountain  woods. 

bifolia,  L.  (H.  g-y  J.  11.)  lip  lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate  :  spur  lon- 
ger than  the  germ,  terete,  straightish  :  upper  petal  ovate,  acute  : 
leaves  2,  radical,  broad-oval,  ascending,  t.labrous.  Flowers  green 
and  yellow.  This  plant  has  long  been  collected  and  labelled  pro- 
miscuously with  the  orbiculata.  It  is  certainly  a  diff'erent  species  ; 
but  future  collectors  may  possibly  call  it  a  new  species.  It  is  very 
abundant  on  the  side  of  the  mountain  a  mile  east  of  the  village  of 
Great  Barrington,  Mass.  I  have  collected  it  in  Stockbridge,  Pitts- 
field,  and  near  Williams  college  also 

fissa,  W.(P.  p.  Ju.  U.)  lip  3-parted  ;  divisions  wedpe-form,  toothed, 
intermediate  one  2-lobed  :  spur  filiform,  clavate,  ascending,  longer 
than  the  germ.     Tall, 

(1)  Humilis,  Mx. 


376  ORCHIS,    ORTHOTRICHUM, 

dilatata,  Ph.  (giant  orchis.  T.  V.  W.  w.  or  g.  J.  11.)  spur  shorter  than 
the  germ  ;  lip  entire,  linear,  with  the  base  dilated,  of  the  length  of 
the  spur  :  bracts  of  the  length  of  the  flower  :  stem  leafy.  In  the 
mountain  woods,  the  flowers  are  green  :  in  the  open  meadows, 
white.     It  may  be  found  in  flower  from  1  to  4  feet  high. 

14—1.    Origanum.    42.  39. 

vulgare  (wild  marjoram.  Y.  T.  V.  P.  r.  Ju.  2^.)  spikes  round-panicled, 
heaped  :  bracts  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

«ia;ora7ia  (sweet  marjoram.  E.  ^.)  spikes  roundish,  ternate,  compact^ 
peduncled  :  leaves  petioled,  oval,  obtuse,  smoothish.  From  Pales- 
tine. 

6 — 1.    Ornithogalum.    10.  16. 

umbellatum  (star-of-betblehera.  E.  M.  U-)  flowers  corymbed,  pedun- 
cles higher  ;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base. 

14 — 2.     Orobanche.    40.  35. 

uniflora  (squaw-root,  cancer-root.  O.  p-w.  J.  2^.)  scape  naked,  1-flow- 
ered  :  calyx  without  bracts  :  corol  recui'ved.  About  3  inches  high, 
of  a  yellowish  white  colour.     Astringent  and  antiseptic.  B. 

americana  (P.  W.  V.  p-y.  Ju.  U-)  stem  simple,,  covered  with  imbricate 
lance-oval  scales  :  spike  terminal,  glabrous  :  corol  recurved  :  sta- 
mens exsert.  Hardly  a  span  high  :  brownish  yellow.  In  clay 
woods  near  Hudson. 

6 — 1.     Orontium.    2.  7. 

aquaticum  (golden  club.  Y.  P.C,  Hudson.  y.M.  2^.)  leaves  lance-ovate  t 
spike  cylindric,  on  a  scape.  Very  plentiful  in  the  west  meadows,  2 
miles  from  New-Haven,  and  in  South  Bay,  Hudson. 

22 — 2.     Orthotrichum.    56.  4. 

cupulatum^  peristome  simple,  teeth  with  pitts  ;  capsule  immersed,  sub- 
sulcate  ;  calyptre  globe-bellforra,  glabrous  :  stem  ramose  :  leaves 
lance-ovate. 

strangulalum,  peristome  simple  ;  teeth  16,  entire  ',  capsule  immersed^ 
sulcate,  contracted  in  the  middle  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-entire,  ob* 
tusish  :  stems  cespitose,  erect,  sub-ramose,  calyptre  campanulate. 
with  8  furrows. 


ORTHOTRICHUM,    OXALIS.  377 

tbcardalum,  inner  peristome  8-toothed  :  germ  exsert  at  the  extremities, 

plaited. 
striatum,  teeth  of  the  inner  peristome  16,  lanceolate,  erose  ;  germ  im 

mersedj  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate. 

6—2.     Oryza.    4.  10, 

saliva  {rice.  E.  0.)  culm  jointed  :  leaves  clasping:  panicle  terminal 

3 — 2.     Oryzopsis.     4.  10- 
asperifoUa,  Mx.  (mountain   rice.  O.  M.   U-)    culm  nakedish  :  leavcp 
i-ough.  erect,  somewhat  pungent.     Woods  and  bushy  fields. 

22—1.     Osmund  A.     55.  5. 

€innamomea,  Mx.  (flowering  fern.  O.  y.  J.  If)  frond  doubly  pinnatifid  ,: 

fertile  ones  distinct  and  panicle-raceraed.     Damp. 
iiitcrrup!a,  Mx.  (O.  g-y.    J.  U-)  barren    leafets   on  the  frond  with  the 

fertile    ones  above  and  belov/  and  sometimes  among  them.     Damp. 
reg«/j>,  Mx.  (1)  (O.r-y.  J.  2-f.)  frond  bipinnate,  terminating  in  several 

racemes,  very  branching,  and  without  hairs.     Wet. 

20—13.     OsTRYA.     50.  99. 
.ifginicajW.  (2)  (iron-wood,  hop  hornbeam.  O.  g.  M.  f^.)  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  sub-cordate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate  :  strobiles  oblong- 
ovate,  erect :  buds  acute. 

10—5.     OxALis.     14.  73. 

atetosella  (woodiorrel.  H.  T.  C.  w.  r.  M.  If.)  stemless  :  scape  l-flow- 
ered,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  leaves  ternate,  broad  obcordate,  with 
rounded  hind  lobes.     Woods. 

tiola-cea  (violet  woodsorrel.  Y.  T.  C.  p.  J.  2/.)  stemless  :  scape  umbel- 
liferous ;  pedicels  sub-pubescent  :  flowers  nodding  :  leaves  ternate, 
obcordate,  glabrous  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  callous  at  the  apex  : 
styles  shorter  than  the  outer  stamens.     Damp. 

zlricia^  W.  (yellow  woodsorrel.  O.  y.  J.  %.)  all  over  hirsute  :  stem 
erect,  branching  :  peduncles  umbelliferous,  leaves  ternate,  obcor- 
date :  petals  obovate  :  styles  of  the  length  of  the  inner  stamens. 

torniculata  (C.  P.  y.  M.  0.)  all  over  pubescent  :  stem  branching,  dif- 
fused, or  procambent :  peduncles  umbellate,  shorter  thaa  the  peti- 

(1)  spectabiliSjW.  (2)  Carpinus  virginiana,  Lk. 

HU  2 


-378  oxYcoccus,  panicum. 

oles :  leaves  ternate,  obcordate  :  petals  wedge-form,  erose  at  the 
apex  :  styles  of  the  length  of  the  inner  stamens. 

8 — 1.     Oxvcoccus.     18.  51. 

vulgaris,  Ph.  (1)  (low  cranberry.  H.  T.  r.  J.  ^.)  creeping  :  leaves 
oval,  entire,  margin  revolute,  sub-acute,  glabrous,  becoming  white 
beneath  :  pedicels  elongated  :  divisions  of  the  coral  oval.     Wet. 

macrocarpus,  P.  (2)  (cranberiy.  O.  r.  J.  Tp.)  creeping,  stem  ascending  j 
leaves  oblong,  entire,  flattish,  obtuse,  glabrous,  becoming  white  be- 
neath i  pedicels  elongated  :  divisions  of  the  corol  lanceolate.    Wet, 

P. 

13—5.     PiEONiA.     36.  61. 

ojicinalis  (peony.  E.  r.  J.  11.)  leaves  decompound  ;  leafets  lobed,  lobes 
broad-lanceolate  :  capsules  downy.     Improperly  called  pina. 

5—2.    Panax.     46.  59. 

«ri/bZia  (dwarf  ground-nut.  O.  w.  11.)  leaves  in  threes,  ternate  or  qni- 
nate  ;  leafets  serrate,  lance-oblong,  sub-sessile  ;  root  tuberous,  roun- 
dish. Styles  generally  three.  Root  round-tuberous,  and  very  deep 
in  the  earth  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  plant. 

quinquefolia  (ginseng.  0.  w.  M.  IX.)  root  fusiform  :  leaves  ternate,  qui- 
nate  :  leafets  oval,  acuminate,  petioled,  serrate.  Larger  than  the 
last.  The  Chinese  panacea,  or  cure  for  all  diseases.  Mild  stimu- 
lant. B.     It  is  also  a  sialagogue. 

3—2.     Panicum.     4.  10. 

crus-galli,  L.  (3)  (barn  grass.  0.  Ju.  0.)  spikes  alternate  and  in  pairs, 
thick,  squarrose  :  glumes  hispid,  awned  :  rachis  angled  :  sheath  glia- 
brous. 

capillare  (0.  S.  0.)  panicle  capillary,  very  branching,  lax  :  flowers  mi- 
nute, all  pedicelled,  solitary,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  awnless : 
leaves  and  sheaths  very  hirsute.  The  rachis  is  angled.  Branches  of 
the  panicle  are  opposite  and  alternate,  jointed  at  the  base  :  branch- 
lets  ternate,  nodding. 

mrgatum  (O.  Ju.  U-)  panicle  very  branching,  wand-like  :  glumes 
ovate,  acuminate,  awnless,  2-flowered  :  leaves  very  long,  flat.    The 

(1)  palustris,  2d  ed.  P.    Vaccinium  oxycoccus,  Mx^ 

CO  Vaccinium  macrocarpon,  A.    Yar.  objongifolius,  Ms-.  (3)  Echinochloa,  Rs. 


PANICUM.  379 

rdchis,  or  main  peduncle,  is  coloured.     Lower  branches  of  the  pani- 
cle are'whorled,  the  others  solitary. 

iaiifolium  (0.  J.  24!.)  panicle  moderately  spreading  :  glumes  ovate, 
acutish,  sub-pubescent :  leaves  lance-ovate,  clasping  the  stem  with 
the  base  above  the  sheath,  glabrous,  broad  ;  sheath  pilose.  The 
leaves  vary  in  breadth  ;  but  the  broadest  are  lance-cordate,  and  en- 
close most  of  the  few-flowered  panicle  with  the  sheath  when  young. 
Willdenow  calls  this  the  variety  clandestinum.  Muhl.  makes  it  a  new 
species. 

nitidum,  Lk.  (O.  Ju.  1(.)  panicle  capillaceous,  branching  :  glumes  stri- 
ate, pubescent :  seed  shining  :  leaves  somewhat  distant,  lance-linear, 
bearded  at  the  neck  of  the  sheaths  :  stem  glabrous. 

umbrosum,  Le  Conte.  (C.)  culm  glabrous,  erect  ;  joints  naked  :  leaves 
long-linear,  glabrous  ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  neck  :  panicle  simple, 
few-flowered  :  glumes  with  long  erect  pedicels,  large,  ovate,  gla- 
brous, striate  :  seed  2-furrowed  on  opposite  sides.  See  Torrey's  ca- 
talogue, p.  91. 

scoparium,  Ms.  (D.  P.  J.  11-)  panicle  erect,  compound,  setaceous, 
branched:  glumes  obovate,  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  villose. 
The  sheaths  are  soft,  and  when  young,  glutinous.  The  lateral  pani- 
cles are  partly  concealed. 

hispidum,  M.  (1)  (C.)  sheath  hispid,  striate  :  spike  compound,  nodding  . 
spikelets  alternate,  oblong,  awned  ;  rachis  pilose,  scabrous  :  calyx 
3-valved,  one  very  small  and  mucronate,  the  others  nerved,  hispid, 
awned. 

geniculatum,  M.  (2)  (C.  P.  S.)  culm  glabrous,  dichotomous,  geniculate 
at  the  base  :  panicle  diffuse,  very  branching,  dichotomous :  branches 
jointed  at  the  base,  scabrous,  solitary  :  pedicels  thickened,  or  clavate 
under  the  cal5rx,  scabrous:  one  valve  short,  obtuse,  sub-3-lobed  ; 
the  others  acuminate,  glabrous. 

vernicosum  M.  (C)  culm  with  enlarged  joints  :  terminal  panicle 
spreading  ;  lateral  ones  from  the  sheaths  :  branches  alternate,  soli- 
tary, divided,  zigzag,  glabrous:  calyx  3-valved  }  one  small,  acute  ; 
two  others  warty,  3-nerved. 

walleri,  M.  (3)  (C.  Can.  Ju.  ^.)  spikes  alternate,  erect,  .«!olitary,  sim- 
ple :  glumes   ovate,   muricate-hispid,  awned ;  one  awn  very  long  : 

(1)  crus-galli,  Nov.    hispidum,  E.    muriraturo,Mx.   waiter!, Ph.     Setaria  muricate, 
Rs.    Also  Echinochloaechinala,  Ks.  ™, .    .  .  ,^     .    rnc 

(2)  dichotomiflorum,  m.    proUferum,  tk.  (3)  This  is  not  the  walten  of  Ph. 


8S0  PAMCUM. 

rachis  3-cornered :  sheaths  very  hispid  :  leaves   glabrous.     Grows 
near  salt  water. 

agrostoides,  M.  (C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  branching  : 
branches  distant,  in  threes,  pairs  and  solitary,  erect  when  young,  at 
length  horizontal  and  reflexed,  jointed  at  the  base,  scabrous  ;  branch- 
lets  scabrous,  divided,  close-pressed  :  pedicels  short :  leaves  keeled, 
glabrous. 

nervosum,  M.  (C.)  panicle  terminal :  branches  numerous,  spreading, 
glabrous,  somewhat  zigzag :  calyx  unequal ;  the  small  one  ovate, 
acute ;  the  others  acute,  nerved :  leaves  scabrous  at  the  margins, 
ciliate  at  the  base  :  sheaths  long,  striate,  pubescent  at  the  margin. 

puhescens,  M.  (C.  P.  J.  11.)  erect,  very  branching,  pubescent ;  panicles 
small,  few-flowered,  lax,  sessile  :  glumes  globe-ovate,  sub-pedicelled, 
pubescent.     The  branches  of  the  panicle  horizontal,  zigzag. 

macrocarpon,  (C.)  culm  erect ;  culm  and  sheaths  pubescent :  joints 
naked  :  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  nerved  and  glabrous  both  sides, 
ciliate  :  panicle  sub-compound,  ramose,  glaucous,  largish,  turgid, 
ovate  :  branches  pubescent,  striate.  Le  Conte.  See  Torrey's  cata- 
logue, p.  91. 

umbromm,  (C.  Ju.)  slender,  erect,  small,  glabrous  :  culm  purple  : 
joints  naked  :  leaves  remotish,  spreading,  lanceolate  :  sheaths  cili- 
ate :  panicle  smallish,  simple  :  glumes  ovate,  glabrous,  striate.  Le 
Conte.     A  new  species. 

angustifolium,  (D.)  culm  glabrous,  erect :  joints  naked :  leaves  gla- 
brous, long-linear  :  sheaths  bearded  at  the  neck  :  panicle  few-flow- 
ered, long-pedicelled,  largish,  ovate,  glabrous,  striate.  Le  Conte. 
A  new  species. 

barbatum,  (C.  J.)  erect,  slender,  glabrous  :  joints  bearded  :  leaves 
lance-linear,  distant,  spreading,  short ;  radical  ones  lanceolate,  with 
ciliate  sheaths  :  panicle  sub-compound,  racemose,  glaucous,  pubes- 
cent, striate.     Le  Conte.     A  new  species. 

discolor,  Sh.  (1)  (P.  J.  U-)  panicle  terminal,  sub-simple  :  branches  ho- 
rizontal, in  pairs  and  solitary,  zigzag,  glabrous :  florets  all  pedicel- 
led:  calyx  3-valved,  1-flowered  ;  one  valve  minute  and  coloured: 
radical  leaves  abbreviated ;  those  of  the  culm  lanceolate,  hairy  at 
the  base  ;  margin  crisped. 

dichotomum,  M.   (2)  (C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  panicles  perfectly   simple,  few- 

(1)  heteropbylluDi,  Sr.    lasiflorum,  Lk.    barbulatum.' QIx« 

(2)  ramulosum,SSx> 


PANICUMj    PARMELIA.  381 

flowered  ;  glumes  obovate  :  leaves  lance-linear,  divaricate,  glabrous  ; 
bearded  at  the  base  and  neck  of  the  sheath  :  stem  dichotomous.  The 
lower  joints  are  hairy,  the  upper  ones  glabrous.  Radical  leaves  are 
lance-cordate  and  abbreviated  ;  those  of  the  culm  lance-linear, 
nerved,  glabrous. 

depauperatum,  M.  (P.  V.  J.)  panicle  terminal,  erect,  few-flowered,  (de- 
pauperate) branches  in  pairs  j  one  abbreviated,  1-flowered  ;  the 
other  2-flowered  and  twisted  :  leaves  lance-linear,  the  lower  ones 
abbreviated,  the  upper  ones  elongated. 

anceps,  Mx.  (P.  Ju.  2S-)  erect :  branches  of  the  panicle  simple,  inter- 
ruptedly racemed  :  sheaths  2-edged,  rough-haired  below  :  the  per- 
fect flowers  have  2-valved  corols  ;  the  staminate  flowers  have  1- 
valved  corols. 

13—1.    Papaver,    27.  62. 

rhens,  (wild  poppy.  O.  r.  J.  0.)  capsules  glabrous,  sub-globose  :  stem 
many-flowered,  pilose,  with  the  hairs  spreading  :  leaves  gash-pinna- 
tifid.  This  is  usually  considered  as  an  exotic  ;  if  it  was  introduced, 
it  is  certainly  most  effectually  naturalized  in  many  places. 

somniferum,  (opium  poppy.  E.  J.  ^.)  calyx  and  capsule  glabrous  : 
leaves  clasping,  gashed,  glaucous.  Well  known  as  an  anodyne  and 
narcotic. 

20—4.     Parietaria.     53.  98. 
pennsylvanica,  (pellitory.  Hudson.  W.  P.  J.  #.)  leaves  lance-oblong, 
veiny,  with  opake  punctures  :  involucre  3-leaved,  longer  than  the 
flower.     On  rocky  side-hills,  &.C. 

22—5.    Parmelia.    57.  2. 

1.  Divisions  of  Ike  fronds  all  equal  at  the  apex. 

caperata,  (shield  lichen.  0.)  frond  orbicular,  pale  yellow  becoming 
green,  rugose,  at  length  granulated,  dark  and  hispid  beneath  :  lobes 
plicate,  sinuate-laciniate,  roundish,  somewhat  entire  :  receptacles 
scattered,  subfrescous  :  margin  incurved,  entire,  at  length  pulveru- 
lent. Var.  cylisphora,  smoothish,  naked:  lobes  gash-crenate :  re- 
ceptacles of  the  central  lobes  margined,  elevated,  small.  On  old 
timber,  he. 

galbina,  frond  orbicular,  smooth  becoming  cinereous  ;  the  outer  mar- 
gin leaden-blue,  with  dark  punctures  ;  dark  beneath,  hispid,  witU 


S82  PARMELIA. 

spongy  fibres  :  lobes  imbricate,  flat,  sinuate-laciniate,  crenate  :  cen- 
tral receptacles  concave,  dark-purple,  shining  :  margin  entire.     On 
old  wood. 
jplacorodia,  frond  orbicular,  smooth,  pale-livid,  sprinkled  with  black 
elevated  specks  :  glabrous,  rugose,  milky  beneath,  with   dark-cJne- 
reous  impressions  :  divisions  plicate,  concrete,  round-crisped,  cre- 
nate at  the   apex  :    receptacles  scattered,  elevated,   light-fuscous, 
somewhat  concealed  by  the  inflexed,  rugose,  crenate  margin.     On 
decaying  woods. 
crijiila,  frond  orbicular,  from  white  becoming  pale-glaucous,  scabrous, 
with   scattered   grains  and  corol-iike  branchlets :  dark  glabrous,  a 
little  rugose  beneath,  rarely  fibrous  :  divisions  rather  long,  sinuate- 
lobed  at  the  margin,  and  erose-creiiate  ciliate,  obtuse  at  the  apex. 
rudecta,  frond  orbicular,  pale-cinereous  becoming  green,  thickly  beset 
with  corol-like  apophyses  of  an  uniform  colour ;  dirty  white,  wrin- 
kled  and   fibrous   beneath  :    divisions   coiicrete,    undulate-plicate, 
roundish  at  the  margins,  torn-crenate  :  receptacles  scattered,  small, 
obscurely  fuscous  :  margin  thin,  at  length  rugose-crenate.     On  old 
wood. 
scortea,  frond  orbicular,   sub-coriaceous,  white,  glabrous,  very  thin, 
dark-punctate  ;  dark-fibrous,  hispid  beneath  :  lobes  longish,  sinuate- 
crenate,  gashed  :  receptacles  red-fuscous,  sub-entire  at  the  margins. 
On  rocks  and  trunks  of  trees. 
perforata,  frond    orbicular,   becoming   glaucous-green,  naked  ;  dark- 
fibrous  beneath  :  lobes  round,   gashed,  flat,  sub-plicate,  crenate,  ci- 
liate at  the  margin  :  receptacles   reddish-yellow,  at  length  perforat- 
ed :  margin  entire.     On  trunks  of  trees,  very  common. 
herbacea,  frond   orbicular,  membranaceous-herbaceous,  naked ;  pale- 
fuscous,  tomentose   beneath  :   lobes  gash-sinuate,  round-laciniate, 
repand,  sub-crenate  :  receptacles   reddish-yellow :  margin  inflexed, 
rugose-crenate.     On  trunks  of  trees  and  rocks  among  moss. 
tiliacea,  frond   orbicular,    membranaceous,   becoming   glaucous-cine- 
reous, somewhat  hoary  }  dark-fuscous   beneath,   with  black  fibres  ; 
lobes  sinuate-laciniate,  the  extreme  ones  round,  crenate  :  receptacles 
sub-fuscous  :  margin  sub-entire.     On  the  bark  of  trees. 
sub-marginalis, {rond  membranaceous,  smoothish, becoming  cinereous i 
very  dark  beneath,  becoming  fuscous  at  the  periphery  :  receptacles 
somewhat  margined,   concave,  fuscous,  wrinkled  outside  :  margin 
simple.     On  trunks  of  trees. 


PARHELIA.  383 

nlivacea,  frond  orbicular,  dark-olive,  wrinkled,  having  elevated  specks  ; 
pale  becoming  fuscous,  scabrous  and  somewhat  fibrous  beneath  : 
]obes  radiated,  close-pressed,  flat,  dilated,  round-crenate  :  receptacles 
flattish,  siomewhat  uniform-coloured  :  margin  crenulate.  On  trunks 
of  trees,  split  rails,  k,c. 

parietina,  frond  orbicular,  very  yellow ;  pale,  somewhat  fibrous  be- 
neath :  lobes  radiating,  close-pressed,  flat,  dilated,  round-crei.ale  and 
crisped  at  the  apex  :  receptacles  uniform-coloured:  margin  entire. 
On  walks,  old  fences,  rocks,  trunks  of  trees,  &,c. 

ittosa,  frond  stellate,  becoming  white-glaucous  ;  becoming  ragged  be- 
neath, with  the  dark-hispid,  ramose,  interwoven  fibres  :  divisions 
many-cleft,  linear,  separated,  flat ;  margins  here  and  there  bearing 
fruit-dots  :  cilias  very  dense  and  long. 

saxatilis,  frond  orbicular,  becoming  cinereous,  a  little  scabrous,  lacu- 
nose-reticulate  ;  black  and  fibrous  beneath  :  divisions  imbricate,  si- 
nuate-lobed,  flat,  sub-retuse  and  di  ated,  round  :  receptacles  liver- 
brown  :  margin  crenate.     On  rocks  and  in  trunks  of  trees. 

aquila,  frond  orbicular,  fuscous,  chesnut-brown  ;  paler  beneath,  and 
dark-£brous  :  divisions  many-parted,  sub-linear,  convex;  the  peri- 
phery dilated,  flattisb,  crenate:  receptacles  dark-fuscous:  margin 
crenulate.     On  rocks  and  mountains. 

michauxii,  frond  somewhat  olive-colour,  a  little  shining:  divisions 
convex,  sinuate-lobed,  dilated  at  the  apex  :  receptacles  chesnut-fas- 
cous.     On  rocks. 

congruens,  frond  stellate,  becoming  pale-white  and  fuscous-cinereoug 
beneath,  the  fibres  and  impressions  Uuiform-coloured  :  div.o.uns 
many-cleft,  lax,  flexuose  ;  margins  recurved,  flattish  and  crenate  at 
the  apex  :  receptacles  elevated,  concave,  liver-like  :  margin  entire. 
On  trunks  of  trees. 

ctntrifuga,  frond  orbicular,  with  greenish-wLite  zones  receding  from 
the  centre  ;  white  beneath,  with  t'uscous-ci.iereous  fibres  :  divisions 
concrete,  convex-rugose,  parted  cichotoinously,  obtusish  :  recepta- 
cles with  reddish-fuscous  peripheries  :  margins  sub-entire.  On  HiOun- 
tains  and  rocks. 

conspersa,  frond  orbicular,  pale-livid,  smooth,  dark-punctate  ;  becom- 
ing fuscous  and  fibrous  beneath  :  div!>ions  sinuai'j-lobed,  rourid-cre- 
nate,  flattish  :  receptacles  central,  chesnut-brown  :  margin  sub-en- 
tire.    On  stones  and  rocks. 
divtrsicolor,  frond  sub-orbicular,  golaen-yellow,  concrete,  with  the 


884  PARMELIA. 

rugose,  narrow,  torn-ramose  divisions  white  with  age ;  becoming 
white-cinereous  beneath,  and  the  impressions  uniform-coloured  :  re- 
ceptacles crowded,  concave,  dark-red  :  margin  thick,  at  length  white. 

speciosa,  frond  stellate,  glabrous,  white  becoming  sub-cinerftous  ',  white 
sofiish  beneath,  with  obscure  marginal  fibres  i  divisions  imbricate, 
flat,  gash-ramose,  crenate,  the  ascending  crenatures  pulverulent : 
receptacles  central,  sub-fuscous :  margin  indexed,  tumid,  at  length 
rugose-crenate.     On  rocks  and  trunks  of  trees. 

hypoleuca,  frond  stellate,  white,  glabrous,  naked;  very  white,  soft, 
sub-tomentose  beneath,  with  hispid,  dark,  marginal  fibres  :  divisions 
linear,  many-cleft,  flat :  receptacles  scattered,  sub-fuscous,  at  length 
black  :  margin  inflexed,  at  length  crenulate.  On  trunks  of  trees,  on 
and  among  mosses. 

lophyrea,  frond  stellate,  white  ;  dark,  smooth,  naked,  excavated-punc« 
tate  beneath  :  divisions  linear,  flat,  flexuOse,  sinuate,  many-cleft : 
receptacles  reddish  :  margin  sub-crenate. 

granulifera,  frond  orbicular,  white,  hoary  and  granular,  sprinkled 
over  with  snow-white  heaps  of  globules  ;  glabrous,  one-coloured  be- 
neath, fibres  and  impressions  dark  :  divisions  flat,  many-cleft,  tooth- 
crenate  ;  margins  naked  :  receptacles  dark-fuscous  :  margin  inflexed, 
granulated.     Among  niosses  on  trunks  of  trees. 

conoplea,  frond  orbiculai,  becoming  glaucous-green,  here  and  there 
covered  with  granulaied  dust  becoming- blue  ;  dark,  with  spongy 
fibres  beneath  :  divisions  v,ith  flattish,  round-lobed,  crenate,  naked 
outer  edges  ;  margins  elevated,  pulveiulent  :  receptacles  reddish- 
yellow.     On  mosses  and  trunks  of  trees. 

ohsessa,  frond  orbicular,  white,  beset  with  a  corol-like  excrescence, 
apex  fuscous  ;  dark,  fibrous  beneath  :  divisions  with  a  separate  soli- 
tary periphery,  erose-many -cleft,  ilat:  receptacles  central,  flat,  dark- 
fuscous  :  margin  granulate-tftothed.     On  the  bark  of  trees. 

pulveruUnla,  frond  stellate,  light-grey-hoary  ;  dark,  tomentose-hispid 
beneath  :  divisions  linear,  many-cleft,  separated  in  the  periphery, 
flat,  close-pressed,  undulated,  retuse  at  the  apex  :  receptacles  grey : 
margin  entire  and  flexuose.     On  the  bark  of  trunks  of  trees. 

aipolia,  frond    stellate,  becoming  white-cinereous,  grey  and  naked  ; 

white  berieath,  with   dark-fuscous  fibres  :  divisions  all  sub-connate, 

flattish,  many-cleft  and  lobed  :  receptacles  dark-grey-hoary.     On  the 

bark  of  trees. 

stellaris,  frond  stellate,  at  length  rugose-plicate,  becoming  green-ciae- 


PARMELIA,    PARNASSIA.  385 

reons  ;  white,  fibrous-cinereous  beneath  :  divisions  sub-linear,  some- 
Avhat  convex,  gashed,  many-cleft :  receptacles  becoming  dark-glau- 
cous :  margin  entire,  at  length  flexuose  and  crenate.  On  the  bark  of 
trees. 

CiBsia,  frond  stellate,  becoming  white-cinereous  and  grey,  bearing  fruit- 
dots  ;  cinereous  beneath,  with  dark  fibres  :  divisions  linear,  gashed, 
many-cleft,  somewhat  convex,  the  extremities  flat:  receptacles  sub- 
concave,  black  :  margin  sub-inflexed.  On  rocks,  woods,  on  mosses 
and  bark  of  trees. 

iilothrix,  frond  stellate,  cinereous-glaucous,  sub-livid  ;  dark-fibrous  be- 
neath :  divisions  separated,  linear,  dichotomous,  many-cleft,  flat, 
sub-ciliate  :  receptacles  dark-fuscous :  margin  entire,  ciliate-fibrous 
beneath.     On  bark  and  trunks  of  trees. 

2.  Divisions  of  the  frond  sub-injiated  at  the  apex. 

physodes,  frond  sub-stellate,  becoming  white-glaucous :  divisions  im- 
bricate, sinuate-multifid,  somewhat  convex,  glabrous,  inflated  and 
ascending  at  the  apex  :  receptacles  red,  with  entire  margins.  On 
split  wood,  rails,  rocks  and  trunks  of  trees. 

cristulata,  frond  orbicular,  becoming  green-glaucous :  divisions  very 
smooth,  flat;  periphery  round,  incumbent,  gash-crenate  ;  all  spongy 
and  dark  beneath,  sub-inflated  at  the  apex:  receptacles  red  :  margin 
entire.     On  the  roots  of  trees. 

colpodes,  frond  sub-stellate,  becoming  pale-green  :  divisions  many- 
cleft,  smooth,  naked,  flattish,  sub-inflated  at  the  apes  ;  dark-ragged 
beneath  ;  receptacles  sub-fuscous  ;  margin  sub-rugose.  On  bark  of 
trees. 

enteromarpha,  frond  sub-stellate,  becoming  whitish-green  ;  divisions 
elongated,  sub-divided,  effuse,  lax,  sub-rugose,  inflated  ;  dark,  rugose- 
plicate  beneath  :  receptacles  liver-brown  :  margin  entire.  On  trunks 
of  pines,  k,c. 

5 — 4.     Parnassia.     14.  64. 

americava,  M.  (1)  (parnassus  grass,  flowering  plantain.  T,  W.  V.  C.  P. 
w-p.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  radical,  sub-orbicular-cordate  :  nectaries  3-part- 
ed,  each  divided  into  filaments,  terminated  by  little  heads.  Damp 
or  wet. 

(1)  c:»r)liniaua,  Mx.  palustris,  2^  efl.    I  was  forced  Into  that  error  by  high  authority, 
as  I  had  previously  given  it  the  true  name- 


386  PASPALUM,    PEDICULARIS. 

3—2.     Paspalum.     4.   10, 

setaceum,  Ms.  (1)  (paspalon  grass.  P.  J.  0.)  spike  single,  slender  : 
glumes  round-obovate,  glabrous  :  leaves  villose  :  culm  setaceous, 
erect. 

cUiatifolium,Myi.  (P.  D.  S.  If.)  spikes  alternate,  somewhat  in  pairs: 
glumes  somewhat  in  three  rows,  paired,  round-obovate,  obtuse,  gla- 
brous :  leaves  lance-linear,  serrulate-ciliate  :  culm  decumbent. 

hsve,  Mx.  (2)  (P.  J.  11.)  spikes  many,  alternate  :  glumes  in  two  rows, 
round-ovate,  glabrous,  smootii :  leaves  glabrous  :  stipules  ciliate  : 
sheaths  compressed  :  stem  sub-erect. 

stolonijerum,  P.  (3)  (D.  Ju.  2^.)  spikelets  long-raceraed,  somewhat 
whorled,  spreading:  glu.nes  alternate, ovate,  serrulate-ciliate,  rugose 
transversely  :  leaves  short,  sub-cordate  at  the  base  :  stem  prostrate 
at  its  base. 

16—5.     Passiflora.     34.  97. 

lutea,W.  (yellow  passion-flower.  P.  y.  S.  U-)  leaves  cordate,  3-lobed, 
obtuse,  glabrous  :  petioles  giandless :  peduncles  axillary,  in  pairs  : 
petals  twice  as  narrow  as  the  calyx. 

cmruUa,  (blue  passion-flower.  E.  b.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  palmate,  S-parted, 
entire  :  petioles  glandular  :  involucre  3-leaved,  entire  :  threads  of  the 
crown  shorter  than  the  corol. 

alata,  (winged  passion-flow^er.  E.Oct.  ^.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  entire,  veiny  :  petioles  with  4  glands  :  stipules  lance-falcate, 
sub-serrate  :  involucre  3-leaved  :  stem  4-cornered,  membranaceous. 

5 — 2.     Pastinaca.     45.  60. 

saliva,  (parsnip.  E.  Au.  $ .)  leaves  simply  pinnate  :  leafets  glabrous. 
Var.  arvensis,  leafets  sub-pubescent.  This  variety  is  often  found  in 
situations  which  almost  prove  it  to  be  indigenous. 

14—2.     Pedicularis.     40.  35. 

canadensis,  (louse-wort.  O.  y-p.  M.  2X.)  stem  simple  :  leaves  pinnati- 
fid,  gash-toothed  :  heads  leafy  at  the  basP!,  hirsji'e  :  corol  with  a  seta- 
ceous, 2-toothed  upper  lip:  calyx  obliquely  truncate.  From  4  to  8 
inches  high  ;  generally  several  stems  growing  from  one  root. 

gladiaia,  Mx.  (high  heal-all.  Y.  T.  C.  N.  y-p.  J.  !(.  )  stem  simple  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  toothed:  spikes  leafy,   with  alternate  florets, 

(1)  dissectum,  Wr.  (2)  le.itiferum,  Lk.    membranaceam,  Wr, 

(S)  race(B9S»in,  Jr.    UiliQin  latifoliam,  Caranille?. 


PEDICULAUIS,    PELARGONIUM.  387 

hirsute  :  capsules  lengthened  into  an  exsert,  sword-niucronate-form. 
Often  2  feet  high. 

pallida,  P.  (1)  (C.  T.  Niagara.  Y.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  branching,  tall  : 
leaves  tub-opposite,  lanceolate,  crenale,  toothed :  spikes  leafless, 
glabi-ous  :  upper  lip  of  the  corol  obtuse  :  calyx  2-cieft,  roundish. 
From  2  to  3  feet  high. 

resupinata,  W.  (Can.  P.  Ju.  11-)  stem  simple,  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, toothed,  crenate :  calyx  bifid-truncate  :  upper  lip  of  the  corol 
acute. 

16 — 7.     Pelargonium.     14.  73. 

1.  JVearly  stcmless  :  root  tuberous. 

iriste,  (mourning  geranium.  E.)  umbel  simple:  leaves  rough-haired, 
pinnate  :  leafets  bipinnatifid  ;  divisions  oblong,  acute.  Flowers 
dark-green. 

daucifolium,  (carrot  geranium.  E.  2^.)  scape  very  simple  :  leaves  thrice 
pinnate,  hirsute  :  leafets  lance-linear. 

2.  Leaves  simple,  not  angled. 

tdoratissitnuni,  (sweet-scented  geranium.  E.  ^.)  peduncles  sub-5- 
flowered  :  leaves  round-cordate,  very  soft. 

3.  Leaves  simple,  more  or  less  angled  or  lohed. 

zonale,  (horse-shoe  geranium.  E.  '^.)  umbels  many-flowered:  leaves 
heart-orbicular,  obsoletely  lobed,  toothed,  with  a  coloured  zone  or 
band  around  near  the  margin. 

mquinans,  (scarlet  geranium.  E.  "f?.)  umbels  many-flowered  :  leaves 
round-reniform,  hardly  divided,  crenate,  viscid-downy. 

Aceri folium,  (lemon  or  maple-leaf  geranium.  E.  ^.)  umbels  about  5- 
flowered  :  leaves  5-lobe-palmate,  serrate  ;  below  wedge-form,  undi- 
vided. 

capitatum,  (rose-scented  geranium.  E.  ^.)  flow^ers  capitate:  leaves 
cordate,  lobed,  waved,  soft :  stem  diffuse. 

quercifolium,  (oak-leaf  geranium.  E.  fp.)  umbels  sub-many-flowered  : 
leaves  cordate,  pinnatifid,  crenate  :  sinuses  rounded  :  filaments  as- 
cending at  the  apex. 

^rareoierw,. (sweet-rose  geranium.  E.  ^.)  umbels  many-flowered,  sub- 
capitate  :  leaves  palmate-7-lobed  :  divisions  oblong,  obtuse  }  margins 
revolute. 

(1)  Serolina,  M. 


388  .PELTIDEA^    PENNISETUM. 

Remark.  These  are  all  the  species  which  I  have  seen  in  Troy,  Albany^ 
Northampton,  or  any  other  town  in  the  interior;  but  I  have  seen  20  or 
30  other  species  in  New-York.  To  include  all  these,  would  be  giving 
too  much  room  to  one  genus  of  exotics,  which  is  not  among  the  com- 
mon cultivated  exotics  promised  in  the  title-page. 

22—5.     Peltidea.     57.  2. 

scutata,  (target  lichen.)  frond  becoming  cinereous;  whiter  and  nearly 
veinless  beneath  :  lobes  round^  gash-sinuate,  crenate-crisped  ;  fertile 
lobes  very  short:  receptacles  round,  ascending,  flattisb,  fuscous, 
^ub-entire.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

horizontalis,  frond  becoming  fuscous-glaucous-green,  glabrous  ;  very 
white  and  reticulate,  with  black  veins  beneath  :  fertile  lobes  very 
short :  receptacles  terminal,  flat,  horizontal,  transversely  oblongs 
liver-brown,  entire.     On  rocks  among  mosses  in  mountain  woods. 

vtnosa,  frond  cinereous-green;  veins  beneath  ramose,  shooting  out  at 
a  distance,  fuscous-cinereous  :  lobes  round,  gashed,,  sub-entire  :  re- 
ceptacles margined,  flat,  round,  tumid,  obscurely  fuscous,  sub-crenu- 
late.     On  the  earth  at  the  margins  of  ditches,  &c. 

apthosa,  frond  becoming  livid-green,  smooth  ;  knobs  wart-like,  close- 
pressed  :  receptacle  with  black  veins  :  fertile  lobes  rather  long,  nar- 
row in  the  middle,  reflexed  at  the  margin  :  receptacles  terminal,  full, 
ascending,  red  ;  margin  like  the  frond,  iuflexed,  sub-lanceolate.  On 
the  earth,  and  in  woods. 

canina,  frond  becoming  cinereous-green,  sub-tomentose  ;  reticulate 
beneath,  with  cinereous-fuscous  veins  :  fertile  lobes  longish,  reflexed 
at  the  margin  :  receptacles  terminal,  erectish,  revolute,  reddish-yel- 
low :  margin  like  the  frond,  thin,  sub-crenulate.  On  the  earth  in 
mountain  woods,  and  on  mosses. 

^olydaclyla,  frond  becoming  glaucous-green,  naked,  glabrous  :  reticu- 
late, with  fuscous  veins  beneath  :  fertile  lobes  very  thick,  elongated^ 
and  the  terminal  receptacles  obscurely  fuscous  :  margins  cucullate- 
revolute.     On  the  earth  in  woods  and  bush-fields. 

3—2.     Pennisetum,  N.  (1)     4.  10. 

glnucum,  (fox-tail  panic.  O.  y.  J.  @.)  spikes  terete  :  involucels  two- 
flowered,  fascicle-setose  :  seed  transversely  rugose.  Var.  Ifevigatunji}. 
has  glabrous  leaves  and  sheaths 

(1)  Panieuni,  L. 


PENNISETUM,    PEZIZA.  389 

iialiciim,  L.  (1)  (C.  P.  Ju.  #.)  spike  terminal,  cylindric,  nodding, 
compound,  interrupted  near  the  base  :  rachis  and  peduncles  pilose  : 
bracts  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  hispid  upwards. 

viride,  L.  (2)  (C.  P.  Ju.  r|^.)  spike  terete,  sub-compound,  nodding,  un- 
divided :  involucels  (bracts)  10  to  15,  setose,  soft  :  seeds  nerved. 
The  rachis  is  hirsute  below  the  spike,  furrowed  and  many-cornered. 

iserticillaium,  W.  (3)  (V".  D.  P.  Ju.  0.)  spikes  whorled :  racemes  in 
fours  :  involucres  l-flowered,2-bristled  :  culms  dififuse  :  leaves  with 
scabrous  margins,  keeled  :  shields  glaln'ous. 

10—5.     Penthorum.     13.  83. 

sedoides,  (virginian  orpine.  O.  g-y.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  branching,  angled  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  sub-sessile,  unequally  and  densely  serrate  :  spikes 
terminal,  panicled,  alternate  and  cymed  :  seeds  pitted. 

14 — 2.     Pektstejion.     40.  45. 

fiuhcscens,  W.  (4)  (beard-tongue.  W.  T.  C.  P.  \v-p.  J.  11.)  stem  hairy: 
leaves  serrulate,  lance-oblong,  sessile  :  flowers  panicled  :  the  bai-ren 
filament  bearded  from  the  apex  to  below  the  middle.  Var.  laiifolia, 
has  broad  smooth  leaves.  Var.  angustifolia,  has  narrow,  hairy,  ob- 
scurely denticulate  leaves.     From  1  to  2  feet  high. 

[(EvigatayW.  (5)  (P.  T.  w-p.  Ju.  24.)  stem  glabrous :  leaves  smooth,  ob- 
long-ovate, clasping  at  the  base,  slenderly  toothed,  lower  ones  en- 
tire :  flow-ers  panicled  :  barren  filament  bearded  above.  About  2 
feet  high. 

5—2.     Periploca.    30.  47. 

gr<Bca,  M.  (milk  vine.  P.  p.  M.  ^.)  flowers  hirsute  within,  terminal : 
stigma  with  10  crenatures. 

22—6.     Peziza.     58.  1. 
1.  Tremelloides.     Substance  more  or  less  tremulous. 

inquiiians,  in  groups,  large,  dark-stained,  at  length  convex,  ob-conic  : 
rugose  and  brownish  outside.  Often  grows  in  long  series  in  autumn, 
along  hewn  or  cut  timber. 

sarcoides,  cespitose,  fleshy-tremulous,  somewhat  firm  in  texture,  flesh- 
red,  somewhat  veiny  outside.  In  autumn,  on  cut  decaying  truoks^ 
&c. 

(1)  Setaria  italicum,Rs.  (2)  Setaria  viridis,Rs. 

(3)  Panicuna  aiopecuroideuDO,  Wr.  (-1)  Chdone  pentsieuioD,  Mant. 

112 


390  PEZIZA. 

cinerea,  in  groups,  small,  cinereous  or  pale,  sub-tremuioas :  margi'a 
whiter,  sub-erect.  On  decaying  trunks  and  branches,  in  spring  and 
autumn. 

2.  Kcivelloideae.     Larger,  JJechy-membranaceous,  fragile  ;    externally 

sub -farinaceous. 

auranlia,  stemless,  cespitose,  halved-fiexuose^  golden-yellow,  white 
externally.  P.  coccinea,  Bull.  In  autumn,  on  roots  and  decaying 
trunks,  k,c. 

wmbrina,  large,  cespitose,  contorted,  brown.  On  sandy  grass-ground; 
&c. 

badia,  almost  stemless,  entire  ;  margin  sub-involute,  obscurely  fuscous  ; 
externally  soraeAvhat  olive-coloured.  An  inch  and  a  half  broad.  In 
autumn,  on  the  earth,  on  trunks,  he.  in  woods. 

depressa,  sub-orbicular,  sessile,  depressed,  reddish-yellow.  Var.  appla- 
nato,  cinnamon-colour,  expanded  ;  flat  and  rugose  above,  paler  be- 
neath.   In  fields  on  the  margiu  of  rivers,  he. 

Hcetabulum,  wine-glass-form,  stiped  ;  pileus  angled  outside  :  veins 
branching  :  colour  earth-brown  fuscous.  Stipe  thick,  lacunose,  as 
in  some  species  of  Helvella.    In  shades. 

3.  Mostly  small.     Whole  pileus  strigose-hirsute,  pilose,  tomentose,  or  pu- 

bescent. 

hemispherica,   in  groups,   pretty  large,  hemispheric  ;  white  glaucous 

within,  brown  outside.     Half  an  inch  broad.     In   autumn   on  the 

earth,  rarely  on  trunks. 
scutellata,  largish,  spread-flattened,  reddish-yellow  outside  :  hispid,  with 

dark  diverging  bristles.     On  wood  in  damp  places. 
coccinea,  stiped,  largish,  turbinate  or  funnel -form  :  scarlet  within,  white 

without  and  somewhat  downy  ;  margin   mostly  crenate.     In  the 

spring  on  the  earth  and  dead  limbs. 
anomala,  stiped,  crusty-crowded,  turbinate  ;  dry,  crisped,  ferruginous 

or  fawn-colour  ;  mouth  converging,  paler.    In   spring  and  autumn 

on  dry  fallen  branches. 

'1  Mostly  smaj.1.     Wholly  glabrous  (or  at  least  not  manifestly  tomentose) 
fleshy  or  wax-like. 

(Piieu3  stiped.) 
^?«m;  largish;  sub-solitary:  pileus  orbicular-fimnel-form  ;-  outside  of 


PEZIZA^    PHALAkI3.  "     391 

ten  rugose-veiny  and  a  little  fibrous  ;  stipe  thick,  becomingdark  at  the 
base,  shortish.     In  autumn  on  dry  stipes,  &.c. 

cyathoidea,  in  groups,  small,  white  or  pale  ;  pileus  wine-glass-form, 
unarmed,  rather  thin  :  stipe  long,  a  little  thicker  downwards.  On 
the  dry  stems  of  large  herbs — stipes  about  the  fourth  of  an  inch  long. 

lutescens,  small,  somewhat  in  groups,  becoming  yellow  :  pileus  orbicu- 
lar :  stipe  thin,  cylindric.     On  the  decaying  wood  of  firs,  kc. 

pallescens,  crowded,  glabrous,  white,  at  length  becoming  pale  :  pileus 
somewhat  funnel-form  :  stipe  rather  thick.    On  trunks  of  beech,  &ic, 

(Pileus  sessile.) 
leucoloma,  narrow,   depressed,  spread,   minute  ;  margin  white,  finely 
torn.     On  walls  and  moss  in  the  spring, 

5.  More  or  less  coriaceous,  dry,  glabrous,  or  pulverulent  ;  mostly  sessile. 

leucomela,  bursting  :  sessile  :  pileus  concave  ,  dark  outside  and  white 

within.     Sometimes  on  hazle  branches. 
patellaria,  in  groups,  dark,  spread  flattened,  sub-coriaceous,  distinctly 

margined.     On  dry  branches  of  basswood,  and  sometimes  on  trunks 

of  oak. 
pinastri,  scattered,  sub-stiped,  dark-shining  j  margin  acute.    On  the 

bark  of  pines  and  firs,  &c. 

5—1.     Phacelia.    28.  51. 

bipinnatijida,  Mx.  (phacelia.  P.  b.  M.)  erect  :  leaves  pinnatifid,  divisions 
gashed-lobed  ;  racemes  mostly  bifid,  oblong,  many-flowered  :  divis- 
ions of  the  corol  entire. 

Jimbriata,  Mx.  (P.  b.  M.  0.)  ascending,  hairy  :  leaves  sessile,  pinnati- 
fid :  divisions  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  hispid-pilose  above,  glabrous 
beneath  :  racemes  solitary  ;  pedicels  elongated  :  divisions  of  the  co- 
rol ciliate-fringed. 

parviJlora,F.{l)  (P.b.  M.  0.)  diff'used,  pubescent  :  leaves  sub-sessile, 
pinnatifid  :  divisions  oblong-obtusish,  entire  :  racemes  solitary  ;  pe- 
dicels short  ;  divisions  of  the  corol  round,  entire. 

3—2.     Phalaris.    4.  10. 

americana,  E.  (2)  (ribbon  grass,  wild  canary  grass.  W.  Y.  P.  Ju.  2X.) 
panicle  oblong,  ventricose,  compact :  glumes  acuminate,  3-nerved  : 

(1)  f  oUmooium  dubiuxD,  W'         (2)  arundiaace?,  SilXi   Cakiaagrostiscolor&ta;N. 


392  PHALAllIS,    PHASEOLUS. 

leaves  scabrous  at  the  margin  ;  sheaths  striate.     Var.  pida,  leaves 
variously  striped.     This  variety  is  the  ribbon  grass  of  the  gardens. 
canarie 7isis  (ca.na.Ty  grass.  E.  0.)  panicle  spike-form,  ovate  :  glumes  of 
the  calyx  boat-form,  entire  :  corol  4-valved  ;  outer  ones  lanceolate, 
glabrous,  inner  ones  villose. 

22— G.    Phallus.     58.  1. 

impudicus  (morel.)  stipe  sieve-like,  sub-oblique  ;  pileus  cellular,  per- 
vious at  the  top.  Very  nauseous.  On  the  ground  in  autumn  in 
fields  and  shady  places. 

j9r<ejowh*osM^,  stipe  sieve-like,  sub-incurved  ;  involucre  indusium-like. — 
Nauseous. 

22—2.     Phascum.    56.  4. 

patens,  caulescent,  erect :  capsule  about  sessile  :  leaves  lance-ovatc, 
serrate  at  top,  spreading. 

muticum, stemless :  capsule  sessile  :  leaves  ovate,  without  points,  con- 
cave, converging. 

cervicollum,  sub-caulescent :  the  leaves  of  the  pericheth  straight :  pe^ 
duncle  incurved  :  capsule  ovate.     On  dry  gravelly  earth. 

subulatum,  caulescent,  erect :  leaves  lance-linear,  spreading ;  the  sum- 
mits, from  the  broadish  base,  subulate,  rigid  :  capsule  sub-sessile. 

coherens,  sub-caulescent,  simple  :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  nerves  solid, 
serrulate,  erect  :  capsules  with  short  bristles. 

17—10.     Phaseolus.    32.  93. 

perennis,  Wr.  (1)  (wild  kidney-bean.  C.  P.p.  Ju.  1/.)  twining,  wholly 
pubescent:  leaves  broad-ovate,  the  odd  one  sub-cordate  .  racemes 
in  pairs,  longer  than  the  leaves  :  peduncles  in  pairs  :  bracts  obso- 
lete :  legumes  peduncled. 

vulgaris  (common  pole-bean.  E.  p.  w.  Ju.0.)  stem  twining  :  racemes 
solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  peduncles  in  pairs  :  bracts  smaller 
than  the  calyx,  spreading  :  legumes  pendulous.  From  the  East  In- 
dies. 

nanus  (bush  bean,  six  weeks  bean.  E.  @.)  stem  erect,  smooth  :  bracts 
larger  than  the  calyx :  legumes  pendulous,  compressed,  rugose.  Seeds 
variously  coloured. 

muttiflorus  (scarlet  runner.  E.  r.  w,  Ju.  %.)   stem  twining :  racemes 

(1)  panicolatas,  Ms* 


PHASEOLUS,    PHLOX.  39^ 

solitary,  of  the  length  of  the  leaves  :    peduncles  in   pairs  :  bracts 
close-pressed,  smaller  than  the  calyx  :  legumes  pendulous. 
macroslachi/us,E.  (P.)  stem  twining;  racemes  simple,  very  long:  pe- 
duncle sub-fascicled:  leaves  villose  beneath. 

12—1.     Philadelphus      19.  89. 

coronnrius  (mock  orange,  false  syringa.  E.  w.  J.  ^.)  styles  distinct . 
leaves  ovate,  sub-dentate.     From  Asia  Minor  or  Greece. 

inodorus  (scentless  syringa.  Southern  states,  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  entire  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  acute  :  style  undivided, 
longer  than  the  stamens  ;  stigmas  4,  oblong.  Flowers  large.  Cul- 
tivated. 

grandiflorus  (scentless  syringa.  Southern  states,  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  denticulate  :  axils  of  the  veins  with  fascicles  of  hairs  be- 
neath :  divisions  of  the  calyx  acuminate  :  style  undivided,  longer 
than  the  stamens  :  stigmas  4,  linear.     Cultivated. 

3—2.     Phleum.    4.  10. 

j?ra^e?we  (timothy  grass.  O.  J.  It.  and  ^.)  spike  cylindric,  very  long,, 
ciliate  :  culm  erect. 

5—1.     Phlox.     20.  44. 

faniculata,  W.  (smooth-stem  lichnidia.  P.  r.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  glabrous, 
erect :  leaves  lanceolate,  narrowing  gradually,  flat,  margins  rough  : 
corymbs  panicled  :  divisions  of  the  corol  rounded  :  calyx  awned. — 
Cultivated. 

fyramidaliSfS.  (1)  (P.J.  74..)  erect,  glabrous  ;  stem  scabrous  :  leaves 
heart-ovate,  acute  :  panicle  fastigiate,  pyramidal  ;  divisions  of  the 
corol  wedge-truncate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  sub-erect,  lanceolate, 
acute. 

maculata,  W.  (spotted  lichnidia.  D.  P.  r.  w.  Ju.  21.)  erect;  stem  spot- 
ted, scabrous  :  leaves  lance-oblong,  glabrous,  ma  rgins  rough  :  pani- 
cle oblong,  flowers  crowded  :  divisions  of  the  corol  rounded  :  teetk 
of  the  calyx  acute,  recurved. 

suaveolens,  W.  (P.  w.  Ju.  H.)  erect  ;  stem  very  glabrous,  not  spotted  : 
leaves  lance-ovate,  smooth  :  raceme  panicled  .  divisions  of  the  co- 
rol rounded  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute,  erectish.  Sweet 
scented. 

(1)  Carolina,  W, 


S94  PHLOX,    PHYSALIS. 

aristata,  Mx.  (1)  (P.  D.  Buffalo,  r.  w.  J.  2^.)  weak,  erect,  viscid-pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  lance-lrnear  :  panicle  lax,  tastigiate  ;  pedicels  some- 
what in  pairs  :  divisions  of  the  corol  somewhat  obovate  ;  tube  curv- 
ed, pubescent :  teeth  of  the  calyx  long,  subulate. 

pilosa,  Mx.  (creeping  lichnidia.  D.  p.  vv.  J.  If.)  small,  decumbent,  pu- 
bescent :  leaves  laiiCe-linear,  short,  roughish  :  flowers  sub-sessile 
and  fascicled  at  the  top  :  divisions  of  the  corol  round-obtuse,  tube 
straightish,  glabrous  :  tooth  of  the  calyx  subulate-acuminate. 

divaricata,  \\ .  (P.  p-b.  M.  If.)  low,  decumbent,  pubescent:  leaves 
lance-oval,  upper  ones  alternate  :  branches  divaricate,  lax,  few-flow- 
ered ;  divisions  of  the  corol  sub-cordate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear- 
subulate. 

stolonifera,  C  (2)  (P.  b-p.  J.  If.)  stoloniferous-creeping,  pubescent; 
radical  leaves  obovate-spatuiate,  cauHne  ones  lance-oval  :  corymb 
spreading,  few-flowered  :  divisions  of  the  corol  obovate  :  teeth  of 
the  calyx  linear,  reflexed. 

subulatttj  W.  (mountain  pink.  D.  r.  M.  14..)  caespitose,  white  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  linear,  pungent,  ciliate  :  corymbs  few-flowered,  pedi- 
cels 3-cleit  :  divisions  of  the  corol  wedge-form,  emarginate  :  teeth 
of  the  calyx  subulate,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corol. — 
Cultivated. 

stiacea  (D.  r.  J.  I^.)  cespitose,  pubescent :  leaves  fascicled,  subulate, 
pungent,  ciliate  :  pedicels  few,  terminal,  su]»-umbelled  >  divisions 
of  the  corol  wedge-form,  emarginate  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate, 
thrice  as  short  as  the  tube  of  the  corol. 

14—1.     Phryma.     40.  39. 

hptostachia  (lopseed.  O.  p-w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  pe- 
tioled  :  spike  terminal,  slender:  flowers  opposite.  As  the  fruit  be- 
gins to  form,  it  lops  down  against  the  rachis. 

20—16.     Phyllanthus.     38.  96. 

obovatus,  W.  (3)  (leaf-flower.  P.  J.  #.)  leaves  obovate,  obtusish  :  flow- 
ers in  pairs,  axillary,  pedicelled  :  stem  erect,  branching,  terete.  A 
span  high. 

5—1.     Physalis.     28.  41. 
viscosa  (yellow  henbane.  T.  C.   P.  W.  Hudson,  y.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  in 

(1)  pilosa,  C.  (2)  reptan?;Mi.  (3)  caroUaiensis,  Wr, 


PHYSALIS,    PILOTRTCHUM.  395 

pairs,  heart-oval,  repand,  obtuse,  sub-tomentose  :  stem  panicled 
above  :  fruit  bearing  calyx  pubescent. 

obscura,  Mx.  (1)  (D.  y.  p.  Ju.)  leaves  sub-cordate,  orbicular,  acumin> 
ate,  unequally  dentate  :  stem  herbaceous,  divaricate,  much  branch- 
ed, branches  angled.  B. 

pennsi/lvanica  (P.  C.  y.  J.  2-f.)  leaves  ovate,  sub-repand,  obtuse,  naked- 
ish  :  stem  branching  :  peduncles  solitary,  a  little  longer  than  the  pe- 
tioles. 

philadslphica,  Lk.  (New-England,  y.  p.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  repand- 
toothed,  glabrous  :  stem  very  branching,  peduncles  solitary,  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles. 

lanceolata,  Mx.  (P.  y.  J.  2^.)  leaves  in  pairs,  lance-oval,  sub-entire, 
gradually  narrowing  into  the  petiole,  pubescent;  stem  dichotomous  : 
calyx  viliose. 

4ilkekengi  (common  winter  cherry.  E.  24!.)Ieaves  in  piirs, entire,  acute  : 
stem  sub-ramose  below.     Calyx  of  the  fruit  red  or  reddish. 

22 — 6.     Physarum.     58    1. 

dnereuTH,  sessile,  globe-ovate,  cinereous ;  reticulate  within  with  white 
threads.     On  trunks  in  autumn. 

nutans,  stiped,  white-cinereous  ;  fruit  lenticular,  glabrous,  a  lUtle 
wrinkled,  nodding.  On  trunks,  leaves  and  mosses,  in  autumn,  or  in 
the  summer  after  long  storms. 

auranlium,  stiped  :  fruit  roundish,  becoming  yellow  :  stipe  striate, 
thickening  downwards.     On  trunks. 

farinaceum,  stiped  :  bark  of  the  fruit  very  thin,  mealy-villose,  cine- 
reous.    On  branches  of  pine^,  on  moss,  Uc. 

10—10.     Phytolacca.     54.  29. 

decandra,  (poke-weed.  O.  w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends  : 
flowers  racemed  :  berries  flattened  at  the  ends.  A  good  substitute 
for  the  Ipecac.  See  Bigelow's  Medical  Botany.  The  yuuna:  shoots, 
used  as  a  substitute  for  asparai^us,  are  an  excellent  remedy  in  cases 
of  habitual  costiveness.     Antiscorbutic,  cathartic,  emetic.  B. 

22 2.      PiLOTRICHUM.      56.   4. 

hipinnatum,  stem  2-pinnate  :  branches  2-ranked,  pinnate  :  leaves  im- 
bricate, ovate,  2-nerved  :  pedunoles    arcuate,  short  :  capsules  sub- 
cylindric,  with  a  conic-subulate  lid;  calyptre  sub-pilose. 
(1)  angulata,  Wr.  ^ 


896  piNUs. 

20—16.    PiNus.    51.  100. 
1 .  Leaves  solitary,  with  separate  bases. 

halsamea,\V.  (\)  (fir  tree,  balsam  tree.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  flat,  emargi- 
nate  or  entire,  glaucous  beneath,  sub-erect  above,  recurve-spreading  : 
cones  cylindric,  erect :  bracts  abbreviated,  obovate,  long-mucronate, 
sub-serrulate. 

fraseri,  Fh.  (double  spruce.  H  J.  1^.)  leaves  solitary,  flat,  emarginate, 
glaucous  beneath,  somewhat  one-sided,  thick  above,  erect  :  cones 
ovate-oblong,  erect :  bracts  elongated,  reflexed,  wedge-oblong,  emar- 
ginate,  short-mucronate,  gash-toothed. 

nigra,  Lb.  (2)  (black  spruce.  0.  M.  ^.)  leaves  4-sided,  scattered  on 
all  sides  of  the  branchlets,  erect,  straight  :  strobiles  ovate  :  scales 
oval,  with  undulate  margins,  erose-toothed  at  the  apex. 

«Z6a,  Lb.  (3)  (wild  spruce.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  4-sided,  incurved:  stro- 
biles sub-cylindric,  lax  :  scales  obovate,  entire. 

canadensis,  L.  (4)  (hemlock  tree.  O.  M.  1?.)  leaves  flat,  denticulate, 
2-ranked  :  strobiles  ovate,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves. 
The  bark  is  used  in  tanning  leather. 

rubra.  Lb.  (5)  (red  sirruce,  spruce  fir.  Can.  New-England.  M.  ^.) 
leaves  solitary,  subulate  :  strobiles  oblong,  obtuse:  scales  rounded, 
sub-2-lobed :  margin  entire. 

3.  Leaves  in  pairs,  with  the  bases  bound  together  by  sheaths, 
resinosa,  Lb.  (6)  (yellow  pine,  norway  pine,  red  pine.  T.  W.  N.  Cats- 
kill.  M.  ^.)  leaves  and  sheaths  elongated:  strobiles  ovate-conic, 
rounded  at  the  base,  sub-solitary,  about  half  as  long  as  the  leaves  : 
scales  dilated  in  the  middle,  unarmed.  Bark  of  a  reddish  colour, 
and  much  smoother  than  the  rigida  and  strobus.  Often  grows  very 
tall  and  straight. 

inops, Lb.  (7)  (jersey  pine.  C.  M.  ^.)  leaves  short  :  strobiles  oblong- 
conic,  recurved,  of  the  length  of  the  leaves  :  prickles  of  the  scales 
subulate,  straight. 

banksiana,  Lh.  (8)  (scrub  pine,  grey  pine.  State  of  Maine.  M.  ^.) 
leaves  short,  rigid,  divaricate,  obliqije,  recurved,  twisted  :  scales 
without  prickles. 

(1)  Abies  balsa  mi  fera,  Mx.  (2)  mariana,  Du  Roi.    Abies  deniculata,  Mx. 

(3)  lax'rt,  Eh.    canadensis,  Du  Roi.     Al'ies  alba,  Mx. 

(4)  nniei-irana.  Du  Hf)i      Abies  canadeii'^is.  i\lx. 

(3)  Abies  perti.iati.  Lk.  (6)  rubia,  .^Ix.  (7)  virginiana,  DuRoi. 

(3)  rupestris,  Mx.    hudsonia,  Lk.    sylvestris,  A. 


piNUSj  pisuM.  397 

3.  Leaves  in  tlirees,  with  the  bases  bound  together  hy  sheaths. 

tariabilis^  Lb.  (1)  (three-leaved  yellow  pine.  New-England.-*  M.  Tp.) 
part  of  tbe  leaves  in  pairs,  the  others  in  threes,  slender,  channelled  : 
strobiles  ovate-conic,  sub-solitary  :  prickles  of  the  scales  incurved. 

rigida,  (pitch  pine.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  with  abbreviated  sheatiis  :  sta- 
minate  aments  erect-incumbent  :  strobiles  ovate,  scattered  or  aggre- 
gated ;  spines  of  the  scale  reflexed.  Though  very  comraou,  it  groAVS 
the  most  plentifully  on  barren  sandy  plains. 

serotina,Mx.  (pond  pine.  P.  New-Jersey.  M.  >).)  leaves  elongated: 
prickles  of  the  scales  straight  and  very  slender.  Probably  a  variety 
of  the  last. 

4.  Leaves  in  fives,  with  bases  bound  together  by  sheaths, 
strobus,  (white  pine.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  slender;  sheaths   short:  stro- 
biles pendant,   cylindric,   longer  than  the  leaves  :  scales  somewhat 
lax.     This  is  called  Weymouth  pine  by  the  English.     Perhaps  nine- 
tenths  of  the  boards  used  in  America  are  of  this  species. 

5.  Leaves  many,  in  a  fascicle. 

pendula,  A.  (black  larch,  tamarack,  hack-matack.  O.  M  ^.)  leaves 
deciduous  :  strobiles  oblong  :  margins  of  the  scales  inflexed  :  bracts 
guitar-form,  with  a  slender  point. 

microcarpa,  Lb.  (2)  (red  larch.  P.  Can.  T.  V.  M.  ^.)  leaves  deciduous: 
strobiles  roundish,  few-flowered  :  scales  reflexed  :  bracts  oval,  ob- 
tuse, acuminate.  These  two  last  species  were  considered  as  varie- 
ties of  the  same;  but  Mr.  Lambert  proved  their  specific  difl"erence, 
by  raising  them  from  the  seed. 

larix.  (common  larch.  E.  ^.)  leaves  deciduous:  strobiles  ovate-ob- 
long: margins  of  the  scales  reflexed,  torn  :  bracts  guitar-form. 

17—10.     PisuM.     32.  93. 

sativum,  (pea.  E.  p-w.  J.  0.)  petioles  terete  :  stipules  round  and  cre- 
nate  at  the  base  :  peduncles  many-flowered.  Var.  umhcllutuui,  (bou- 
quet jjea.)  has  (he  stipules  4-cleft,  acute.  Var.  qundratum,  (quadrate 
pea,)  fruit  ash-colour,  4-sided.  Var.  humile,  (dwarf  pea,)  stem  erect, 
not  climbing:  leafets  roundish. 

maritimum,  (sea  pea.  Y.  C.  p-b.  Ju.  2^.)  petioles  flattish  above:  stem 

(1)  mili?.  Mi. 

(2)  "ennula,  VV.    larcina,  Du  Roi.    Larix  americana,Mx.  who  considered  the  pen- 
dula and  microcarpa  as  tbe  same  species 

Kk 


398  PL  ANT  A  GO^    POA. 

angled,  decumbent  :  stipules  sagittate  :  peduncles   many-flowered 
At  New- Haven  it  grows  near  Whitney's  gua-faclory,  two  miles  from 

the  sea-shore. 

4—1.     Plantago.     54.  31. 

major,  (plantain.  O.  w.  J.  1C-)  leaves  ovate,  sub-dentate,  sub-glabrous  : 
scape  terete  :  spik'^  oblonir,  imbricate. 

la7iceolaia,  (rib-wort.  O.J.  2^)  leaves  lanceolate,  villose  :  spike  short, 
cylindric  :  bracts  ovate,  acuminate  :  scape  angled,  with  close-press- 
ed hairs. 

virginica,  (dwarf  plantain.  Y.  C.  P.  r-y.  J.  0.)  whitish  pubescence  on 
all  parts  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  sub-denticulate :  flowers  remotish  : 
scape  angled.  The  corol  adheres  to  the  germ  so  closely,  that  at  first 
view  it  appears  to  be  superior. 

cardata,  Lk.  (1)  (P.  C.  T.  Hudson,  w.  J.  If.)  leaves  heart-ovate,  broad» 
sub-dentate,  glabrous  :  spike  very  long  :  flowers  sub-imbricate,  lower 
ones  scattered  :  bracts  ovate,  obtuse. 

paucif.ora,  Ph.  (D.  Hudson.  Au.  11.)  leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  sub- 
glabrous  :  scape  terete,  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  spike  few-flowered, 
interrupted:  braes  ovate,  acute,  glabrous. 

cucullala,  Lk.  (2)  (State  of  Maine.  Ju.  74-)  leaves  o\rate,  concave- 
cowled,  9-iierved,  pubescent  beneath  :  spike  cylindric,  imbricate  : 
scape  tall,  terete. 

meadia,  (P.  w.  J.  11.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  pubescent :  spike  cylindric  : 
scape  terete.  In  one  variety  the  leaves  are  hirsute,  and  the  spikes 
branching. 

marituna,  (L.  Au.  li.)  leaves  fleshy,  subulate-linear,  hairy  at  the  base  : 
scape  terete,  pubescent :  spike  cylindric  :  bracts  obtuse. 

20—13.     PlxVTanus.     50.  99. 

occidenlnlis,  (button  wood,  american  plane-tree,  false  sycamore.  0.  J. 
^.)  leaves  quinquangubir,  obsoletely  lobed,  toothed  :  stem  and 
branches  becoming  white.  Grows  to  a  greater  size  than  any  other 
tree  in  America.     Very  frequently  hollow. 

3—2.     PoA.     4.  10. 

pratensis,  (common  meadow-.^rrass,  spear-grass.  O.  M.  11.)  panicle 
spread:  spikelets   about  4-flowered  :   glumes   lanceolate,  S-nerved, 

(1)  keutuckicnsi?,  Mx-  (2)  maxicia,  Jn. 


POA.  399 

connected  by  doAvn  :  stipules  abbreviated,  obtuse.     Not  so  good  as 
the  Agrostis  alba  for  bonnets,  but  it  has  been  used  with  success. 

fompressa,  (blue  grass.  O.  J.  2^.)  panicle  compact,  somewhat  1-sided, 
glabrous  :  culm  compressed,  hardly  erect:  florets  angled,  connected 
at  the  base  by  entangled  hairs  :  branches  of  tlie  panicle  in  pairs,  ab- 
breviated :  spikelets  sessile.     Root  creeping. 

paluslris,  M.  (I)  (swamp  meadow-grass.  C.W.M.  Ij!.)  branches  of  (he 
panicle  aggregated,  five,  glabrous  ;  branchlets  scabrous,  with  all  the 
florets  pedicelled  :  calyx  2-flowered  :  valves  equal,  acuminate,  sca- 
brous at  the  keel :  corol  with  the  apex  of  the  valves  yellowish,  and 
the  base  pubescent:  leaves  somewhat  clasping  :  stipules  ovate. 

annua,  (O.  M.  0.)  panicle  spreading :  spilcelets  ovate  :  florets  remo- 
tish,  5-nerved,  free,  (libera  :)  culm  oblique,  compressed. 

nervala,  W .  (2)  {O.J.  11.)  panicle  equal,  diffused  :  spikelets  ovate,  5- 
flow-ered  :  Rowers  free,  7-Derved,  obtuse  :  culm  sulcate,  sub-angled  : 
root  a  little  creeping. 

hirsuta,  ^Ix.  (C.  P.  Ju.  2|.)  panicle  capillary,  very  branching:  spike- 
lets scattered,  long-pedicelled,  about  5-flow^ered  :  flowers  oblong, 
acute,  glabrous  :  leaves  longer  than  the  culm,  glabrous  :  sheaths 
very  hirsute  :  cul  n  thick,  erect. 

hrevifolia,  M.  (C.  W  ?  P.  M.  IJ..)  panicle  lax  :  branches  in  pairs,  hori- 
zontal, zigzag  at  the  apex,  or  in  threes,  glabrous  :  spikelets  all  pedi- 
celled ;  the  pedicels  jointed  at  the  base  :  calyx  2-valved,  3  or  4- 
flowered  ;  valves  acute  :  corol  with  one  valve,  keeled,  5-nerved, 
pubescent  :  culm  sub-angled,  erect :  lower  leaves  abbreviated,  keel- 
ed. 

Kapillaris,  (C.  P.  Can.  Ju.  0.)  panicle  lax,  capillary,  very  spreading  : 
spikelets  3  to  5-flowered  :  flowers  ovate,  acute,  pubescent  :  leaves 
hairy  at  the  neck  :  culm  very  branching. 

frivialis,  (W.  C.  P.  J.  If .)  panicle  spreading  :  spikelets  S-flowered  : 
glumes  lanceolate,  5-nerved,  connected  at  the  base  by  down  :  sti- 
pules elongated. 

aquatica,  W.  (Can.  P.  J.  2|.)  panicle  erect,  half-whorled  :  branchlets 
zigzag  :  spikelets  ovate,  5-flowered,  thick  :  flowers  obtuse,  glabrous, 
7-nerved  :  culm  erect,  glabrous,  terete. 

parviflora,  Ph.  (3)  (C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  panicle  spread,  capillary,  half-whorl- 
ed, very  branching  :  spikelets  small,  about  4-flowered  :  flowers  ob- 

/l)  crocata,  Mx.  <2)  striata,  Mx.  (3)  striata.  Lk. 


400  POA. 

long,  sub-acute,  delicately  striate  :  leaves  two-ways,  exceeding  the 
culm,  glabrous  :  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate, 

pedinccea,  Mx.  (D.  C.  V".  Ju.  ^.)  panicle  lax,  spreading,  erect :  spike- 
lets  linear,  12-flowered  :  inner  valves  of  the  florets  remain  after  the 
remainder  of  the  flowers  are  removed,  and  give  the  racbis  a  comb- 
like appearance  :  flowers  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved  :  neck  of  the 
sheath  and  axils  of  the  panicle  pilose  :  leaves  and  erect  culm  gla- 
brous. 

spectabilis,  Ph,  (1)  (C.  P.  Ju.  ^.)  panicle  divaricate,  very  branching  : 
spikelets  pendant,  linear,  lO-dowered  :  flowers  ovate,  acute  ;  mar- 
gin and  back  scabrous  :  neck  of  the  sheaths  and  axils  of  the  panicle 
pilose  :  leaves  and  short  erect  culm  glabrous. 

reptans,  Mx.  (1)  (T.  P.  V.  C.  J.  0.)  culm  ramose,  creeping  :  panicle 
fascicled  ;  spikelets  sub-sessile,  very  long,  many-flowered  :  flowers 
oblong,  acute,  lax  :  leaves  short,  pubescent.     A  very  delicate  grass. 

obtusa,  M.  (P.  D,  New-England.  Au.  IS.)  panicle  crowded,  crisped, 
contracted  :  branches  in  pairs  or  in  threes,  crowded  ;  branchlets 
zigzag  :  calyx  2-valved,  less  than  the  corol,  5  to  7-flowered  :  valves 
white  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  acute  :  outer  valve  of  the  corol  obtuse, 
6-nerved,  glabrous  :  culm  erect,  glabrous. 

jihiladelphica,  B.  (2)  (P.)  panicle  elongated,  almost  simply  branched 
at  the  base  :  branches  erect  :  spikelets  compressed,  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse,  8  to  15-flowered ;  peduncles  short :  valves  of  the  calyx 
acute,  inner  one  1-nerved,  outer  one  3-nerved  :  corol  3-nerved,  equal 
in  length  to  the  calyx  :  culm  weakish  and  sub-compressed  ;  leaves 
flat,  smooth  :  stipules  obsolete,  bearded.     About  18  inches  high. 

maritima?  M.  (New-England)  panicle  erect,  with  a  glabrous,  striate 
rachis  :  branches  in  threes,  the  middle  one  shorter  ;  branchlets  gra- 
dually thickening  below  the  calyx  :  valves  unequal,  obtuse  ;  one 
broader,  4-flowered  :  corol  2-valved,  larger  than  the  calyx  :  culm 
and  leaves  striate,  glabrous  :  stipules  abbreviated,  torn.  On  the  sea- 
shore. 

vniflora,  M.  (New-England.  D.)  panicle  very  slender,  stiflSy  erect  : 
branches  solitary,  erect,  scabrous :  calyx  1 -flowered,  bifid  at  the 
apex  :  corol  larger  than  the  calyx,  becoming  black  :  leaves  seta- 
ceous, striate.  This  can  hardly  be  called  a  poa,  as  the  calyx  is  but 
1-flowered. 

pungens,  N.  (P.  Ap.)  panicle  small,  half-whorled  alternately,  spread' 

(1)  Megastachya,  lis.  (2)  obtusa,  N. 


PODOPHYLLUM,    POLYAXTIIES.  401 

ing  horizontally,  terminating  in  a  sub-simple  raceme  :  branches  ca- 
pillary, mostly  in  pairs  or  in  threes  :  calyx  smooth,  inner  valve 
acute  :  corol  lance-ovate,  obtusish,  scarious  at  the  tip,  villose  at  the 
base,  obsoletely  5-nerved  :  radical  leaves  erect,  long  and  narrow  ; 
leaves  of  the  culm  generally  2,  Hat,  lanceoblong,  scabrous  at  the 
margin. 

Podalyria,  see  Baptisia. 

13 — 1.     PoDOPHyLi.UM.     27.  6L 

peltatum  (wild  mandrake,  may-apple.  0.  w.  M.  11-)  stem  terminated 
with  2  peltate  palmate  leaves  :  flower  single,  inserted  in  the  fork, 
formed  by  the  petioles  of  the  leaves.  Sometimes  the  plant  is  3-lea- 
ved,  and  sometimes  the  flower  is  inserted  on  the  side  of  one  of  the 
petioles.     Cathartic.  B.     In  open  woods  and  meadows. 

20 2.      PODOSTEMUM.      54.    6. 

ceralophyllum  (thread-foot.  N.  P.  Ju.  li.)  stem  filiform,  floating  :  leaves 
pinnate  :  flowers  axillary.  Attached  to  rocks  and  large  loose  stones 
in  shallow  waters.  Found  in  MuJJy  Brook,  Djerfield,  Mass.  by  Dr. 
Cooley. 

19—1.     PoGOMA,  Br.  (1)     7.  21. 

ophioglossoides  (snake-month  arethusa.  O.  r.  J;i.  2^.)  root  fibrous:  scape 
with  2  distant  leaves,  1  or  2-iiowered  :  leaves  lance-oval :  lip  frin- 
ged.    About  8  inches  high,  in  damp  places. 

verticillata  (GreatJBarrington  and  Deerfield,  Mass.  P.  y-r.  J.  2^.)  leaves 
5,  in  whorls,  lance-oblong  :  stem  generally  1-flowered  ;  o  outer  pe- 
tals long-linear,  inner  ones  lanceolate  ;  lip  3-lobed,  middle  division 
undulated.  Var.  medtoloides,  inner  petals  short  obtuse  -.  leaves  more 
acuminate. 

5 — 1.      POLEMONIUM.      29.    44. 

reptans^  W.  (greek  valerian.  P.  b.  M.  If.)  leaves  pinnate,  in  sevens  : 
flowers  terminal,  nodding. 

6—1.       POLYAXTHES.       10.    17. 

h:&erosa  (tuberose.  E.  2^.)  flowers  alternate,  in  pairs  :  rootlets  tuber- 
ous :  scape  scaly  :  leaves  linear,  long.     Sweet  scented, 

(I)  Aretbusa,  L. 

Kk  2 


402  POLYGALA. 

17—6.      PoLYGALA.      33.   35. 

incarnafa  (milkwort.  C.  r.  J.  0.)  stem  somewhat  simple,  erect :  leaves 
scattered,  subulate  :  spikes  oval-oblong  :  corol  with  a  slender,  elon- 
gated tube  :  flowers  crested. 

rubella,  W.  (false  low-centaury,  ground-flower.  Y.  C.  P.  r.  J.  IS.)  pu- 
bescent :  stem  simple,  erect :  leaves  narrowManceolate,  acute  :  ra- 
ceme terminal  :  bracts  subulate,  solitary,  caducous  :  wings  of  the 
flower  nerve-veined,  round-truncate,  longer  than  the  rest.  This  cu- 
rious plant  is  very  abundant  on  the  sand  plains  west  of  Ball's  spring 
in  New-Haven.  In  the  latter  part  of  summer  it  sends  off  flowering 
shoots  under  ground,  which  produce  numerous  abortive  capsules. 

'jpaucifolia,  W.  (flowering  wintergreen.  O,  r.  M.  2^.)  small,  large-flow- 
ered :  stem  simple,  erect,  naked  below  :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  glab- 
rous, near  the  top  of  the  stem  :  flowers  crested,  terminal,  about  in 
threes.  Three  or  four  inches  high  ;  and  differs  much  from  the  rest 
of  the  species — the  leaves  and  flowers  being  much  larger  in  propor- 
tion to  its  size. 

unijlora,  Mx.  (Lake  Ontario.  2^.)  small  :  stem  simple,  erect,  nakedish 
below  :  leaves  few,  broad-ovate,  narrowing  into  the  petiole  :  flow- 
ers not  crested,  solitary,  scattered,  pedicelled,  nodding. 

senega  (seneca  snake-root,  mountain  fliix.  T.  C.  P.  Hudson,  r.  or  w.  J. 
2^.)  stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate  :  spike 
terminal,  filiform  :  flowers  alternate,  not  crested.  Strongly  diuretic, 
expectorant,  sudorific,  emetic  and  cathartic.  B. 

lutea  (yellow  milkwort.  C.  y.  Ju.  0.  or  $ .)  stem  simple  or  branching  : 
radical  and  low^er  cauline  leaves  spatulate,  the  others  lanceolate  : 
spike  head-cylindric,  crowded,  peduncled. 

sanguinea  (O.  r.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect,  corymb-branched  at  the  top  : 
leaves  alternate,  linear  :  flowers  not  crested,  in  a  head-form  spike  ; 
peduncles  squarrose.     Damp. 

purpurea,  N.  (O.  Nuttall.  r.  0.)  stem  fastigiate-branched  :  leaves  al- 
ternate, oblong-linear :  flowers  beardless  ;  spikes  cylindric,  obtuse, 
imbricated  on  a  squarrose  rachis  :  wings  of  the  flower  cordate-ovate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  capsule. 

'iitrticillata  (dwarf  snake-root.  O.  w.  J.  #.)  stem  erect,  branching  : 
leaves  whorled  and  scattered  :  spike  filiform,  peduncled  :  flowers 
distinctly  alternate,  approximate,  crested.  About  6  inches  high,  of 
a  bluish  appearance.  .. 


POLYGALA^  POLYGONUM.  403 

ambigua,  N.  (D.  p.0.)  first  leaves  whorled.the  others  alternate  :  stem 
with  wand-like  branches  :  spikes  acute,  long-peduncled  :  flowers 
bearded  or  crested,  wingsround  and  veined,  equal,  and  close-pressed 
to  the  fruit  :  bracts  caducous. 

fastigiata,T^.  (p.0.)  stem  slender,  fastigiate-branched :  leaves  alter- 
nate, linear,  acute  :  spikes  sub-capitate,  peduncled  :  flowers  some- 
what crested,  wings  of  the  flower  spreading,  ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  capsule. 

hrtvifolia,  N.  (D.  r.  Ju.  %.)  stem  erect,  fastigiate-branched,  angular- 
winged  :  leaves  oblong-linear,  short,  resinous-punctate,  in  fours, 
whorled  :  spikes  sub-capitate,  peduncled  :  flowers  somewhat  crest- 
ed :  wings  cordate-ovate,  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  capsule. 

cruciata,  W.  (P.  N.  Y.  r.  g.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect,  ramose,   wing-angled  : 
leaves  in  fours,  lance-linear  :  flowers  in  spiked  sessile  heads,  not 
crested. 
^  Polygonatu7n,  see  Convallarla. 

8—3.     Polygonum.     12.  28. 
1.  Flowers  axillary. 

oi7"cM?are  (knot-grass.  0.  w\  M.  2^.)  stamens  8,  styles  3  :  leaves  lance- 
olate, scabrous  at  the  margin;  stipules  nerved,  remote:  stem  pro- 
cumbent :  flowers  sessile,  small. 

glaucum,  N.  (D.  w.)  stamens  8,  styles  3,  stem  diffuse,  prostrate  :  leaves 
lance-ovate,  thick,  glaucous  :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers. 

ercr/um,  Roth.  (O.  w.  J.  K.)  stem  erect,  branched  :  leaves  oval :  sta- 
mens mostly  five. 

ienue,  Mx.  (1)  (slender  knot-grass.  O.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  long-linear, 
straight,  acuminate :  stipules  tubular,  apex  villose  :  stem  slender, 
erect,  branched,  acute-angled  :  flowers  alternate,  sub-solitary. 

2.  Flowers  in  slender  spikes. 

iapathifolium,  A.  (P.  r-w.  Au.  0.)  stamens  6,  styles  2 :  stipules  awn- 
less  :  peduncle  scabrous  :  seeds  concave  on  all  sides. 

pii7ictatuin,E.  (2)  (water  pepper,  biting  knotweed.  O.  w.  Au.  0.)  sta- 
mens 8,  styles  3  :  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous  :  stipules  lax,  glabrous, 
ciliarfe  at  the  apex,  spotted  :  spike  filiform,  weak,  somewhat  nod- 
ding :  bracts  remotely  alternate. 

mite,  P.  (3)  (tasteless  knotweed.  C.  P.  J.  ^.)  stamens  8,   styles  3  : 

(1)  iinifoUunijM.    barbatani,  Wr.  (3)  bj  dropiperoides,  Mx. 

(2)  byitropiper,  Mx.    hydropiperoides,  Ph. 


404  POLYGOXUM. 

leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  sub  hirsute  :  stipules  hirsute,  long-ciliate  : 
spikes  linear :  bracts  ciliate,  sub-imbricate. 

virginianum  (C.  Y.  P.  V.  T.  w.  Ju.  2/.)  stamens  5,   styles  2,  unequal  ; 
leaves  broad-oval  :  spikes  wand-like  :  flowers  remote. 
3.  Flowers  in  thick  crowded  spikes. 

viviparum,  Ph.  (Whitehills.  Au.  2X-)  stem  simple  :  leaves  lance-linear, 
glabrous,  margin  revolute  ;  spike  single,  linear :  bracts  ovate,  acu- 
minate. Dr.  Bigelow  and  Mr.  Boot  found  this  species  growing  on 
the  Whitehills  in  New-Hampshire.  Natural  history,  in  all  its  depart- 
ments, is  greatly  indebted  to  the  incessant  exertions  of  these  two 
gentlemen. 

coccineum,  W.  (1)  (lake  knotweed.  W.  C.  N.  T.  P.  r.  Au.  If.)  stamens 

5,  styles  2  or  1,  half  2-cleft  :  spikes  cylindric,  dense  :  stipules  trun- 
cate, glabrous  :  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  petioled. 

natans,  Eaton,  (floating  knotweed.  Whitijig's  pond.  r.  Au.  11.)  stamens 
6  :  styles  2,  or  1  half  2-cleft  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  near  the 
top  of  the  stem  ;  petiole  filiform,  half  as  long  as  the  leaf  :  stipules 
not  ciliate  :  peduncle  of  the  spike  smooth  :  stem  very  long,  lax,  fili- 
form, submersed-floating,  leafless  under  water  and  rooting.  Stems 
generally  brown  often  10  to  15  feet  in  length,  and  from  the  eighth 
to  the  sixteenth  part  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  though  generally  larg- 
er and  not  so  long.  It  is  the  P.  amphibium.  Var.  natans  of  Mx.  and 
a  variety  of  the  coccineum  of  Willdenow.  But  it  appears  sufficient- 
ly distinct  for  a  species.  It  grows  plentifully  in  Whiting's  pond,  6 
miles  south  of  New-Lebanon  springs. 

darbatum,  W.  (P.   r-w.  Ju.)  stamens   6,   styles  3  :  spikes  wand-like, 
truncate,  bristle-ciliate   :  leaves  oblong,  acute,  smoothish.     Barton 
says  it  is  common  at  Philadelphia 
persicaria  (ladies'  thumb,  heart-spot  knotweed.  0.  r.  Ju.  0.)  stamens 

6,  styles  2  :  spikes  ovate-oblong,  erect  :  peduncles  smooth  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  :  stipules  smoothish,  ciliate. 

pennsylvanicum  (knee  knotweed.  O.  Ju.  0.)  stamens  8,  styles  2  or  1  : 
spikes  oblong  :  peduncles  hispid  :  leaves  lanceolate  :  stipules  glab- 
rous, not  ciliate  :  stem  with  swelling  knee-joints. 

orientale  (prince's  feather.  E.  r.  Au.  0.)  stamens  7,  styles  2 :  leaves 
ovate  :  stem  erect,  tall  :  stipules  rough-haired,  somewhat  salver- 
form.  Grows  5  or  6  feet  high.  It  has  become  naturalized  in  many 
places. 

(1)  amphibiom,  Mx. 


POLYGONUM,    POLYMNIA.  405 

4.  Flowers  in  spiked-panicle d  racemes. 

articiilatum,W.  (joint-M^eed.  T.  D.  N.  Granby,  Con.  P.  r.  w.  Ju.  0.) 
stamens  8,  styles  3  :  racemed  spikes  in  a  panicle,  filiform  :  pedun- 
cles filiform,  solitary,  proceeding  from  above  the  imbricate  truncate 
bracts  :  leaves  linear  :  stipules  sheathing,  truncate.  About  a  foot 
high,  terminated  by  delicate  racemes,  to  which  the  bractsgive  a  join- 
ted appearance.     Very  abundant  on  the  sandy  plains  west  of  Albany. 

6.  Flowers  suh-racemed  ;  leaves  cordate-sagittate  or  hastate. 

sagittatum  (prickly  knotweed.  0.  w.  J.  fi.)  stamens  8,  styles  3  or  1  ; 
flowers  in  heads  :  leaves  sagittate  :  stem  with  prickles  reversed,  or 
curved  towards  its  base,  climbing. 

arifolium  (halbert  knotweed.  O.  r-w.  Ju.  0.)  stamens  6,  styles  2  or  1  ; 
flowers  distinct :  spikes  few-floAvered  :  leaves  hastate  :  stem  with 
prickles  reversed,  sub-erect. 

fagopyrum  (huck-v^heat.  E.  r-w.  Ju.  #.)  stamens  8,  styles  3  :  racemes 
panicled  :  leaves  heart-saggittate  :  stem  erectish,  unarmed  :  angles 
of  the  seeds  equal. 

concolvulus  (bind  knotweed.  O.  w.  r.  Ju.  0.)  stamens  8,  styles  3: 
leaves  oblong,  heart-hastate  :  stem  twining,  angled,  roughish  :  divi- 
sions of  the  calyx  obtusely  keeled. 

scandens  (climbing  buck-wheat.  0.  w.  r.  Au.  If.)  stamens  8,  styles  3  : 
leaves  broad-cordate  :  stipules  truncate,  naked  :  stem  twining,  gla- 
brous :  calyx  bearing  the  fruit  3-winged. 

eilinode,  Mx.  (P.  Can.  Ju.  0.)  stamens  8,  styles  3  ;  leaves  cordate  :  sti- 
pules sub-acute,  surrounded  at  the  base  with  an  outer  ciliate  series  • 
stem  angled,  prostrate  or  climbing,  roughish  :  divisions  of  the  calyx 
obtusely  keeled. 

18—4.      POLYMNIA.      49.    55. 

eanadensis,  W.  (white  leaf-cup.  P.  Can.  w.  or  y.  J.  U-)  viscid-viliose  . 

leaves  denticulate,  acuminate  ;  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  3- 

lobed  or  entire.     Two  or  three  feet  high.     Smell  balsamic. 
uvedalia,  W.  (1)  (yellow  leaf-cup.  P.  y.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  opposite,  3-lob- 

ed,    acute,   decurrent   into  the  petiole :  lobes  sinuate-angled  :  rays 

elongated.     Taller  than  the  last. 

(1)  macMldta,CavamIles. 


406        POLYPODIUM,  POLYTRICHUM. 

22 — 1.      POLYPODIUM.      55.    5. 

vulgare,  Sh.  (polypod.  O.  Ju.  U.)  frond  deeply  pinnatifid  :  divisions 
lance-linear,  obtuse,  crenulate,  approximate,  upper  ones  gradually 
smaller :  fruit  dots  solitary  :  root  cliafFy.  Var.  virglnianum,  has  a 
naked  root. 

hexagonopterum,  W.  (O.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  doublj^-pinnatifid,  smootWsh  ; 
two  lower  divisions  deilexed  ;  sub-divisions  lanceolate,  obtuse,  cili- 
ate,  those  of  the  under  leafets  prash-crenate,  and  of  the  upper  ones 
entire;  the  lowest  ones  adnate-decurrent :  fruit-dots  minute,  solita- 
ly.     The  whole  frond  together  presents  a  triangular  form. 

comiectile,  W.  (W.  V.  Can.  Ju.  11.)  frond  donbly-pinnatifid,  ciliate  ;  di- 
visions opposite,  contiguous,  adnate  :  sub-divisions  somewhat  oval  : 
stipe  chaffy:  fruit-dots  minute. 

calcareuniy  W.  (1)  (W.  P.  Ju.  11.)  frond  ternate,  doubly  pinnate, 
straight,  sub-rigid  ;  divisions  obtusish,  sub-entire  :  fruit-dots  margin- 

.    al,  confluent. 

22 — 2.     PoLYTRicncM.     56.  4. 
1.   Capsules  with  apophyses. 

jj?m/)cn7n(m  (hair-cap  moss.  0.  M.  Z^.)  stem  generally  simple  :  leaves 
lance  linear,  entire,  flattish,  somewhat  spreading  :  the  apophysis  de- 
pressed.    In  dry  woods,  isi^c. 

inliferuni,  stem  simple  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  bearing  hairs  at  the 
apex  :  apophysis  depressed.     In  dry  sunny  places. 

perigonale,  simple,  largish  :  leaves  serrate;  those  of  the  pericheth  dif- 
fering, eloui^ated,  membranaceous,  ending  in  a  capillary  form  :  cap- 
sule 4-sided  ;  lid  orbicular,  with  a  short  apex  in  the  centre.  Apo- 
physis under  the  capsule. 

2.    Capsules  without  apophysis. 

capillare,  stem  short,  simple  :  leaves  few,  laxish,  linear,  aculeate-ser- 
rate :  peduncles  longish,  capillar)^ :  capsule  erect,  sub-ovate ;  lid 
convex,  abruptly-mucronate,  slender,  longish. 

brachyphyllum,  stemless  :  leaves  conglobate  at  the  root,  very  short, 
oblong-oval,  apex  obtuse  and  thickish  :  capsules  sub-corneous,  obo- 
vate,  sub-oblong  ;  lid  whh  a  short  apex. 

brevicn'de,  siiimXess  :  leaves  very  few,  lower  ones  close-pressed,  dilated 
into  an  oblong  form,  upper  ones  mucronate-subulate,  obscurely  den* 

(1)  dryopteris,  Nepbroaiura  drjopteris,Mx. 


PONTEDERIA,    POPULUS.  407 

liculate  :  capsule  erect,  oblong-cylindric  ;  lid  convex,  long-mucron- 
ate,  inclined. 

6 1.       PONTEDERIA.       6.    17, 

(ordata  (pickerel  weed.  T.  V.  P.  Y.  C.  Weslfield,  Mass.  b.  3w.lt)  leavee 
heart-oblong,  obtuse:  spike  many-flowered,  compact:  divisions  of 
the  corol  oblong.     In  wet  places. 

21—13.     PopuLus.     60    99. 
tremuloifhs,  Mx.  (1)  (white poplar,  American  aspen.  O.  Ap.  fp.)  leaves 
heart-roundish,  abruptly  acuminate,  tooth-serrulate,  glabrous,  a  little 
pubescent  at  the  margin,  with  2  glands  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side: 
petioles  compressed,  in  the   young  state  silky.     The  flatness  of  the 
petioles   causes  the   leaves  to  take  a  tremulous   motion,  from    the 
slightest  action  of  the  atmosphere. 
grandhlcvtata,  iMx.  (tree  poplar.  O.  Ap.  i?  )  leaves  round-ovate,  acute, 
unequally  and  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  glabrous;  in  the  young  state 
villose  :  petioles  compressed. 
beiulijoiia,  Ph.  (2)  (birch-leaf  poplar.  D.  T.  V.  Ap.  h.)  leaves  rhomboi- 

dal,  long-acuminate,  dentate,  glabrous  :  young  brai^ches  pilose 
angulala  (balm-of-gilead,  water  poplar,  cotton  wood.  O.  Ap.  >>  )  leaves 
ovate-deltoid,  acuminate,  obtusely  hook-toothed,  glabrous;  younger 
ones  broad-cordate  :  branches  wing-angled. 
balsamiftra,  VVm.  (balsam  poplar.  T.  V.W.N.   Can.    Ap.  Tp.)  leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  close-pressed,  serrate,  rusty  or  n.ealy  under  side  ; 
buds  resinous. 
candicans,A.  (3)  (C.  New-England.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acu- 
minate, obtusely  and  unequally  serrate,  whitish  ben.^aih,  sub-o-nerv- 
ed,  net-veined  ;  petioles  hirsute  :  buds  residous  :  branches  tere.e. 
l(Erigala,W.  (4)  (cotton  tree.  T.  P.  Ap.   ^>.)  leaves  round-ovate,  del- 
toid, acuminate,  sub-cordate,  unequally  senate,  glnhrous,  £:landular 
at  the  base  ;  petioles  compressed  :  younger  branches   angled.     Dr. 
L.  C.  Beck  found  it  near  Albany. 
heterojJiylla,  Mx.  (various-leaved  poplar.  P.  M.  ^.) leaves  round-ovate, 
cordate,  A\ith  a  small    sinus,   sub-auricled,  obtuse,  hook-toothed  } 
younger  ones  downy. 
dilntata  (lombardy  poplar,  Italian  poplar.  E.  Ap.  ^ .)  leaves   glabrous 
both  sides,    acuminate,  serrate,  deltoid,  the   bread(h  equal  to  or  ex- 

(1)  trepifia,  W.  (2)  hudsonira,  .V.x.  younger.    nigiauMx.  elder. 

(.3)  latifolia^Ma.  (4)  canacleniis,Mx, 


408  POPULUS,    POTAMOGETON. 

ceeding  the  length  :  branches  erect,  close  to  the  stem.  It  is  said 
that  no  pistillate  plant  of  this  species  has  been  brought  to  America. 
Consequently  no  seeds  are  obtained  from  it,  and  it  has  not  been  re- 
produced here  from  seed. 

13—13.    PoRCELiA.    62.  76. 

triloba,  P.  (1)  (custard  apple.  P.  p.  Ap.  >>.)  leaves  smoothish,  oblong- 
wedge-obovate  :  outer  petals  orbicular :  fruit  large,  fleshy. 

22—5.     PoRiNA.     57.  2. 

pertusa,  crust  smooth,  equal,  becoming  white-cinereous  :  warts  of  the 
receptacles  sub  globose  ;  mouths  many,  depressed,  black.  On  the 
bark  of  trunks  of  trees.     Very  common. 

Itjoplaca,  crust  smooth,  milk-white  :  warts  of  the  receptacles  convex  : 
mouth  sub-solitary,  becoming  fuscous,  opening  into  irregular  chinks. 
On  bark  of  trunks  of  trees.  ^ 

fallax,  crust  sub-eflFuse,  glabrous,  plicate-rugose,  olive-cinereous:  w^arts 
of  the  receptacle  crowded,  irregular,  depressed  above,  sub-margined 
with  a  sub-gibbose,  flexuose,  tumid  periphery  ;  mouths  solitary  and 
numerous,  sub-confluent,  deformed,  black.     On  bark  of  trees. 

papillata,  crust  smooth,  broken-rimose,  becoming  white  :  warts  of  the 
receptacle  convex  :  mouth  elevated,  solitary,  papilla-like,  pore  red- 
dish-yellow, perfuse.    On  bark  of  trees. 

globularis,  crust  thin,  granulated,  becoming  white-cinereous  ;  granula- 
tions crowded,  white,  sub-globose  and  branching :  warts  of  the  recep- 
tacles thinly  scattered,  globose,  glabrous  ;  mouth  solitary,  impress- 
ed, punctate,  black. 

11—1.   PORTULACCA.   64.  86. 

oleracea  (purslane.  O.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  wedge-form  :  flowers  sessile. 


nutans,  (pond-weed.  O.  g.  J.  2^.)  leaves  long-petioled,  floating,  lance- 
oval;  at  first  some  of  them  are  sub-cordate.     On  water. 

fluitans,  (O.  g.  Ju.  If)  lower  leaves  long,  linear;  upper  ones  lanceo- 
late, nerved,  coriaceous ;  all  petiolei    In  water. 

heterophyUam,  W.  (2)  (P.  C.  g.  Ju.  If.)  upper  leaves  petioled,  oval, 
tapering  to  both  ends ;  lower  ones  crowded,  sessile,  linear. 

(1)  Anona,  W.    Orckidocarpum  arietinum,  Mx. 

(2)  porcatum,  M. 


rOTAMOGETON^    POTENTILLA.  409 

diversifoUum,  B.  (1)  (T.  D.  g.  Ju.  2^.)  floating  leaves  opposite,  lanceo- 
late, 5-ncrvcd,  short-petiolcd  ;  sub-raersed  ones  sessile,  alternate, 
filiform  :  spikes  dense,  axillary,  alternate,  shorter  than  the  leaves'. 
Water. 
ptTfoliatum,  (P.  C.  T.  Can.  g.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  heart-ovate,  clasping,  all 
immersed  :  spikes  terminal,  above  water  :  flowers  alternate.  In 
water. 

h,cens,  M^.  (O.  g.  J.  U)  leaves  very  large,  lanceolate,  sub-sessile, 
middle  rib  thick  :  spikes  long,  cylindric.  The  substance  of  the  leaf 
is  composed  of  translucent  cellules  ;  so  that  to  the  naked  eye  it  ap- 
pears  to  be  a  thin  pellucid  membrane.  Spike  from  1  to  2  inches 
long,  with  a  peduncle  thrice  as  long.  The  stipule  abo.ve  each  leaf  is 
about  an  inch  in  length  ;  its  substance  resembling  the  leaf.  Water- 
-.rispum,  (Can.  P.  r-g.  J.  2^.)  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  lance-oval 
undulate,  serrate  :  spikes  few-flowered.  ' 

pedinatum,  S.  (2)  (Can.  T.  C.  Hudson.  Pittsfield.  P.  g.  J.  if.)  leaves 
long-bristle-form,   approximate,  two-ranked,   sheathed  at  the  base  : 
spikes  terminal,  interrupted,  whorled  :  fruit  ovate,  turgid.     All  im- 
mersed in  water  but  the  spike. 
gramineum,  Mx.  (grass  pond-weed.  D.  W.  V.  P.  T.  g  Ju.  If.)  leaves 
lance-linear,  alternate,   sessile  :  stipules  broad  :  stem  terete,  sub-di- 
chotomous.    In  July,  some  of  these  plants  begin  to  raise  their  spikes 
of  unopened  flower-buds  to  the  surface  of  the  water.     As  soon  as 
the  stigmas  are  fertilized  by  the  pollen,   the  spikes  are  again  with- 
drawn to   ripen  the  fruit  under  water.     Other  individuals  succeed 
them,  and  the  process  goes  on  for  several  weeks. 
compressum,  W.  (P.  T.  C.  g.  Ju.  #.  or  2^.)  leaves  linear,  obtuse  :  stem 
compressed  :  spike  short,  4  to  6-flowered.    Water. 

12 13.      POTENTILLA.      35.  92. 

1.  Leaves  ternate. 
nonvegica,  (cinquefoil.  O.  y  J.0.)  erect,  branching,  hairy:  stipule; 
oval,  toothed  :  leafets   lance-rhombic,  gash-toothed  :  branches  di- 
chotomous  :  pedicels  short,  axiUaiy,  solitary  :  petals  shorter  than  the 
calyx.     Large. 
tridentata,  A.  (mountain  cinquefoil.  H.  w.  Ju.  U.)  ascending,  smooth- 
ish  :  stipules  subulate  :  leaves  wedge-oblong,  3-toothed  at  the  end, 
^^^few  close-pressed  hairs  :  flowers  in  a  terminal  forked  corymb ' 
0)  setaceum,  Ph,  (2)  marinum,  Mx. 

lit 


410  POTENTILLA. 

petals  oblong-ovate,  longer  tban  the  calyx.  Grows  plentifully  north- 
east from  Williams  college  on  the  mountain. 
liirsutd,Mx.  (Can.  western  part  of  iSew-York.  w.  Ju.  2/.)  erect,  sim- 
ple, very  hirsute  :  stipules  lanceolate,  entire  :  leaves  obovate,  gash- 
laciniate  :  panicle  few-flowered  ;  pedicels  short :  petals  smaller  than 
llie  calyx. 

2.  Leaves  digitate  in  Jives,  rarely  in  sevens. 

r^iadensls,  (common  five-finger.  O.  y.  M.  24..)  procumbent,  sub-ra- 
mose, whitish-silky:  stipules  ovate,  gashed  :  leaves  wedge-obovate, 
gash-toothed  :  stem  ascending  and  creeping,  hirsute  :  peduncles  so- 
litary, elongated ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear  :  petals  orbi- 
cular, sub-entire,  of  the  length  of  the  calyx.  This  plant  is  so  long  in 
flower,  and  assumes  so  many  forms  and  sizes,  that  students  in  botany 
often  make  several  species  of  it.  Persoon's  diagnosis  of  rtjptans 
can  be  found  in  this  plant ;  but  we  have  no  such  species. 

shnplex,  Mx.  (C.  T.  V.  P.  y.  M.  2^.)  erect,  unbranched,  hirsute  :  sti- 
pules gashed  :  leaves  oblong-oval,  coarsely  toothed,  upper  ones  ses- 
sile :  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  elongated,  1-flowered  :  divisions 
of  the  calyx  lance-linear  :  petals  round-obcordate,  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

argentea,  (silver  five-finger.  0.  w-y.  Ju.  li-)  stem  prostrate  and  as- 
cending, rarely  sub  erect,  branching,  wkite-downy  :  stipules  ovate- 
acute  :  leaves  wedge-form,  gash-toothed,  silvery  white  down  be- 
neath :  petals  retuse.  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Willdenow's 
description  of  this  plant  is  certainly  erroneous,  and  I  have  ventured 
to  correct  it. 

recta,  V.  (P.  y.  J.  2+)  stem  erect:  leaves  in  fives  and  sevens  ;  leafets 
lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  :  petals  obcordate,  larger  than  the  ca- 
lyx.    Corol  large,  pale. 

3.  Leaves  more  or  less  pinnate. 

fndicosa,  (shrubby  cinquefoil.  V.  W.  C.  P.  Stockbridge,  Mass.  y.  J.  ^.) 
erect,  very  branching,  hirsute  :  stipules  ovate,  entire  :  leaves  qui- 
nate-pinnate  ;  leafets  linear,  oblong,  flat ;  petals  long  :  branchlets  1 
or  2-flowered  :  five  alternate  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear;  the  rest 
broad-ovate,  acute  :  petals  obovate,  longer  than  the  calyx.  3  to  5 
feet  high.     Damp. 

jloribunda,  Ph.  (1)  (C.  Can.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  erect,  very  branching,  hirsute  : 
<i)  Sprengel,  ia  a  letter  to  Prof.  Dewey,  sars  this  is  the  fraticosa  of  L' 


POTENTILLA,    PREXANTHES.  411 

stipules  ovate,  entire  :  leaves  quinate-pinnate  ;  leafels  linear-oblong, 
margin  revolute  :  petioles  short:  corymbs  terminal,  dichotomous, 
dense-raany-Qowered  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  sub-equal  :  petals 
roundish,  of  the  length  of  the  calyx.  About  18  inches  high,  and  re- 
sembles the  last. 

(tnssrina,  W.  (tansy  cinquefoil.  P.  Can.  T.  y.  J.  If.)  creeping:  leaves 
interruptedly  pinnate,  numerous,  gash-serrate,  silky,  white-downy 
beneath:  peduncles  solitai-y,  l-flowered.  On  the  banks  of  the  Hud- 
son near  Troy. 

pennsylvanica,  Mx.  (1)  (C.  P.  W.  V.  T.  y.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  down  soft  and 
■whitish  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  oblong,  obtuse,  sub  pinnatifid,  to- 
mentose  :  panicle  straight,  many-flowered:  divisions  of  the  downy- 
calyx  semi-oval.  Var.  strigosa,  has  tooth-pectinate  leaves,  with  re- 
volute  margins:  flowers  corymbed. 

mpina,  VV.  (Can.  P.  y.  J.  0.)  procumbent,  dichotomous  :  leaves  pin- 
nate ;  leafets  oblong,  deeply  toothed  :  peduncles  lateral,  solitary,  1- 
flowered,  spreading :  leaves  pinnate ;  leafets  serrate  :  flowers  in 
keads. 

20—13.     PoTERiuM.     54.  92. 

Tunguisorba,  (burnet.  E.  J.  I^.)  stem  somewhat  angled,  unarmid 
leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  serrate  :  flowers  in  heads. 

Pothos,  see  Ictodes. 
18—1.     Prenanthes.     49.  53. 

^Iba,  (white  lettuce.  O.  w.  p.  Au.  11.)  radical  leaves  angled,  hastate, 
toothed,  somewhat  lobed  ;  cauline  ones  round  ovate,  toothed,  pe- 
tioled  ;  uppermost  ones  lanceolate  :  panicle  lax,  the  terminal  fas- 
cicle nodding  :  calyx  8-cleft,  9  or  10-flowered.  About  tw^o  o^  ^kie^ 
feet  high. 

altissima,  (0.  p-y.  Au.  2^.)  stem  branching:  leaves  petioied,  S-lobed^ 
angled,  denticulate  ;  margin  scabrous  :  racemes  axillary  :  floweifs 
nodding:  calyx  about  5-flowered.     Very  tall. 

cordata,  W.  (D.  w-y.  Au.  If.)  stem  panicled  above  :  leaves  petioied, 
cordate,  toothed,  ciliate  }  floral  ones  sessile,  oblong,  entire  :  panicle 
lax,  raceme-flow^ered.     Tall. 

tlrgata,  xMx.  (2)  (P.  D.  C.  Pittsfield,  Mass.  w-p.  Au.  U-)  glabrous  ■ 
stem  very  simple  :  leaves  all  lyrate-sinuate  :  branchlets  some^vhat 

0)  Geum  agrimoDOides,  rh.  (2)  aaturanalrs,Wr.    rubirunda  .MV 


412  PRIMULA^    PRINOS. 

1-sided  :  flowers  pendant :  calyx  glabrous,  8-cleft,  lO-flowered.    3  tu 
6  feet  high. 

5—1.     Primula.     21.  34. 

ucaulis,  (primrose.  E.  I(.)  leaves  rugose,  toothed,   hirsute   beneath 
scape  1 -flowered. 

veris,  (conslip  primrose.  E.  r-y.  U.)  leaves  rugose,  toothed  :  limb  of 
the  corol  concave  ;  neck  of  the  tube  oblong  :  calyx  inflated. 

dalior,  (oxlip  primrose.  E.  w-y.  2X.)  leaves  rugose,  toothed,  hirsute  : 
limb  of  the  corol  fiat ;  neck  of  the  tube  hemispheric  :  flowers  naked 
within. 

uuricula,  (auricula  primrose.  E.  If.)  leaves  serrate,  fleshy,  obovate  ■ 

sfcape  many-flowered  :  calyx  mealy. 
farinosa,  (bird's-eye  primrose.  Can.  r.  2^.)  leaves  rugose,  crenate,  sub- 
glabrous,  mealy  beneath  :  umbel  erect. 

mistasinica,  Mx.  (Can.  11.)  small,  glabrous  :  leaves  oval-spatulate,  sub- 
dentate  :  scape  elongated  :  umbel  few-flowered  :  limb  of  the  corol 
Feflexed  ;  the  divisions  wedge-oblong,  obtusely  2-cleft :  capsule  ob- 
long, exsert. 

6—1.     Fri.vos.     43.  95. 

verticillatus,  L.  (1)  (winter  berry,  false  alder.  O.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oval,, 
serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath  :  fascicles  of  staminate  flow- 
ers axillary,  umbelliferous ;  the  pistillate  flowers  are  aggregated  ; 
both  6-parted.  Sometimes  this  shrub  is  monoecious,  and  sometimes 
perfect-flowered.  Generally  in  wet  places.  Berries  red,  permanent. 
Damp  or  wet.  Astringent  and  antiseptic,  applied  externally  and  in- 
ternally. B. 

^laber,  (ink-berry.  C.  P.  Can.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  evergreen,  wedge-lan- 
ceolate, coriaceous,  glabrous,  shining,  equally  sub-dentate  above  •. 
pedicels  axillary,  sub-solitary,  mostly  3-flowered      A  low  shrub. 

itEvlgatus,  Ph.  (D.  C.  P.  Ju.  '^).)  leaves  lanceolate,  close-pressed,  ser- 
rate, acuminate,  glabrous  both  sides,  shining  at  the  upper  side,  hard- 
ly pubescent  at  the  nerves  beneath  :  pistillate  flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary, sub-sessile  ;  staminate  flowers  scattered  ;  all  6-cleft. 

amhiguu.'!,  Mx.  (D.  T.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
mucronate-serrulate,  sub-pubescent  beneath  :  flowers  4  or  5-cleft  ; 
staminate  ones  crowded  together  at  the  lower  branches;  pistillate 
ones  solitary.     AVet  or  damp. 
(I)  gronoviL  Ms 


PROSERPINACA,    PRUNUS.  413 

8 — 3.     Pkoserpinaca.     15.  22. 
falustris,  (mermaid  weed.  Y.  C.  P.  Boston,  Pittsfield.  g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves 

linear-lanceolate,  serrate  above  water,  pinnatifid  below.     Water. 
pecti7iata,  Lk.  (C.  P.  g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  all  pectinate-pinnatifid.     Water. 

14—1.  Prunella.  42.  39. 
jjtnnsylvanka^  W.  (heal-all,  self-heel.  O.  J.  2X.)  leaves  petioled,  ob- 
long-ovate, toothed  at  the  base :  lips  of  the  calyx  unequal;  upper 
one  truncate,  awned ;  stem  ascending.  Willdenow  calls  this  the 
vulgari^j  and  says  the  pennsylvmiica  has  the  lips  of  the  calyx  equal, 
and  that  the  upper  one  is  3-awned  j  but  Muhlenberg  has  not  adopted 
this  division  of  the  species. 

12—1.     Prunus.     36.  92. 

Mrginiana,  W.  (1)  (wild  cherry,  rum  cherry,  cabinet  cherry.  0.  \\\  M. 
Tp.)  racemes  erect,  elongated ;  leaves  oval-oblong,  acuminate,  une- 
qually doubly-toothed,  glabrous  both  sides  :  petioles  generally  bear- 
ing 4  glands.  In  open  fields  the  limbs  of  this  tree  spread  out  into  an 
elegant  oval  top  ;  but  in  dense  forests  it  grows  to  a  very  great  height, 
with  a  few  contracted  branches.     The  bark  is  an  excellent  tonic. 

:^erotlna,W.  (2)  (choke-berry.  O.  w.  J.  Tp.)  flowers  in  lax  racemes: 
leaves  simply  serrate  ;  lower  serratures  sub-glandular ;  middle  rib 
bearded  towards  the  base.  In  Muhlenberg's  catalogue,  the  English 
names  of  this  and  the  preceding  species  are  exchanged ;  probably 
through  the  mistake  of  the  jirinter.  Pursh  seems,  by  his  popular  re- 
marks, to  have  totally  mistaken  this,  and  several  other  species  of  the 
Prunus. 

canadensis,  W.  (Can.  P.  w.  Tp.)  flowers  in  racemes  :  leaves  glandless, 
broad-lanceolate,  rugose,  sharply  serrate,  pubescent  both  sides,  ta- 
pering into  the  petiole. 

pennsylmnica,  A.  (C.  P.  New-England,  w.  M.  ^;>.)  umbels  sub-sessile, 
aggregated,  many-flowered,  and  at  length  panicle-form  :  leaves 
lance-oblong,  serrate,  glabrous,  two  glands  at  the  base  :  braachlets 
punctate. 

nigra,  W.  (T.  W.  P.  w.  M.  ^.)  umbels  sessile,  solitary,  few-flowered  : 
leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  and  sharply  serrate,  glabrous 
both  sides  :  petioles  with  2  glands. 

pygtri<sa,  W.  (american  sloe.  New-England,  w.  M.  Tp.)  umbels  sessile, 

(l)rabra,A.    Cerasns,  Mx.'  (2)  virginiana,Mill€r. 

L12 


414  PRUNUS. 

aggfegated,  few-flowered  :  leaves  oval-ovate,  acute,  glabrous  both 
sides,  sharply  serrate,  2  glands  at  the  base. 

hiemalis,  Mx.  (winter  plum.  Can.  P.  w.  M.  ^.)  pedicels  aggregated., 
glabrous  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate  :  stipules  setaceous, 
compound  :  leaves  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  abr\^ptjy  long-acumi- 
nate ;  fruit  sub-ovate. 

chicasa,  Mx.  (1)  (summer plum,  meadow  plum.  O.w.  M.  fp.)  branches 
very  glabrous,  somewhat  thorny  :  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, minutely  serrate  :  buds  aggregate^ each  about  2-flowered  : 
pedicels  very  short  :  divisions  of  the  glal^us  calyx  obtuse  :  fruit 
sub-globose.     The  plums  are  yellow  and  reddish. 

spkcerocarpon,  Mx.  (2)  (along  the  maritime  parts  of  New-England.  C. 
w.  M.  ■^.)  leaves  short-oval,  serrulate,  generally  2  glands  at  the 
base  :  calyx  v.'ith  fine  hairs  :  drupe  spherical ;  nut  round-oval. 

maritiyna,  Mx.  (C.  w.  M.  Z^.)  peduncles  sub-solitary  :  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate.  Pursh  has  copied  in  the  P.  acu- 
minata of  Mx.  as  a  synonym,  which  is — branchlets  glabrous  :  leaves 
oblong-oval,  long, acutely  acuminate  :  calyx  glabrous:  drupe  long- 
peduncled,  ovate,  acuminate. 

pumila,  Mx.  (P.  W.  w.  M.  ■^.)  umbels  sessile,  aggregate,  few-flowered  : 
calyx  acute  :  brandies  wand-terete  :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate above,  the  under  sides  pale. 

depressa,Fh.  (sand  cherry.  P^  T.  Can.  w.  M.  Tp.)  umbels  sessile,  ag- 
gregate, few-flowered  :  calyxes  obtuse  :  branches  angled,  depressed 
prostrate  -.  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  glabrous, 
glaucous  beneath  :  fruit  ovate.     Is  this  the  pumila  ? 

spinosa,W.  (english  sloe.  P.  W.  b.)  peduncles  solitary  :  leaves  lance- 
oval,  pubescent  beneath  :  fruit  straight :  branches  thorny.  Said  to 
be  introduced. 

Susquehanna,  W.  (P.  w.  M.  "1?.)  peduncles  solitary  :  leaves  obovate-ob- 
long,  glaucous  beneath,  serrate,  entire  at  the  base. 

cerasifera,  W.  (P.  w.  M.  ^.)  peduncles  solitary  : leaves  oval,  glabrous : 
fruit  pandant :  branches  almost  thornless. 

cerasus,  (garden  cherry.  E.  w.  r.  ^.)  umbel  sub-peduncled  :  leave? 
lance-ovate,  glabrous,  conduplicate. 

fUfhis,  (bird  cherry.  E.  w.  M.  '^.)  flowers  racemed,  lax  :  leaves  dou- 
bly serrate,  sub-rugose,  petioled,  with  two  glands. 

/J)  insititia,  Wr-  n)  pabesceBS.  Ph^ 


PRUNUSy    PTERIS.  415 

ttvium,  (small  bird  cherry.  E.  w.  Tp.)  umbels  sessile:  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  pubescent  beneath,  conduplicate. 

domtstica,  (plum.  E.  w.  M.  ^.)  peduncles  sub-solitary  :  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  convolute  :  branches  thornless.  Var.  ju/ia?ia,  (damson  plum) 
fruit  oblong,  blue.  Var.  claudiana,  (sweet  plum,  horse  plum)  fruit 
round,  at  first  green,  becoming  yellowish.  Var.  enuclcala,  (stonelcss 
plum)  the  putamen  obsolete. 

Prunus,  see  Armeniaca. 

22 — 2".     Pterigophyllum.    56.  4. 

rigidum,  stem  erect,  pinnate  above  :  leaves  somewhat  2-ranked,  obo- 
vate,  mucronate,  serrate,  2-nerved. 

22-7-2.     Pterigvnandrum.     56.  4. 

intricatum,  creeping  and  rooting,  entangled  :  branches  simple,  short: 
leaves  concave,  acuminate,  lanceolate,  lengthened  out :  capsule  ob- 
long-ovate ;  lid  sub-oblique.     On  the  trunks  of  trees. 

julaceum,  stem  erect,  terete  :  leaves  thick-imbricate,  oval,  acuminate, 
smooth  :  peduncles  scarcely  projecting  out  of  the  long  pericheth  : 
capsules  short-ovate ;  lid  conic  :  calyptre  glabrous.  On  trunks  of 
trees. 

brachycladon,  stem  creejiing:  branches  very  short,  crowded,  erect, 
simple,  ..terete,  acutish  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  nerveless  : 
capsules  erect,  sub-cylindric,  with  a  long-conic,  sub-oblique  lid. 

hirtellum,  branchlets  slender-filiform,  simple,  short ;  leaves  imbricated 
in  a  cylinder,  sub-cordate,  a  little  hirsute,  fringed  :  capsule  oblong  ; 
lid  long-conic.     On  trees. 

suh-capillatum,  creeping,  rarely  rising,  simple,  flower-bearing:  leaves 
ovate-acuminate,  with  a  halved  prolongation,  imbricate  :  capsule 
oblong  ;  lid  beaked  :  calyptre  sub-pilose. 

22—1.     Pteris.     55.  5. 

aquilina,  (common  brake.  O.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  pinnate,  3-parted  :  barren 
branches  doubly  pinnate,  with  leafets  lance-linear,  obtuse-pinnatifid, 
toothed  ;  fertile  branches  pinnate,  with  leafets  pinnalifid  ;  divisions 
acutish ;  all  ciliate. 

alropurpurea,  (rock  brake.  T.  C.  W.  P.  Catskill.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  pinnate  : 
lower  leafets  lanceolate,  obtuse,  ternate  or  pinnate  ;  at  the  base 
obtusely  truncate  or  sub-cordate.    From  three  to  ten  inches  high  ; 


416  PTERIS,    PULMONARIA. 

feluish-green  :  leaves  stiff.  In  ripening,  the  marginal  involucre  un- 
rolls, and  the  capsules  on  opposite  sides  meet ;  so  that  it  exhibits  the 
generic  character  of  the  Acrostichum.     Stipe  dark-purple. 

gracilis,  M\.  (Can.  Ju.  y.)  frond  pinnate  :  leafets  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
alternate,  sessile  ;  lower  ones  pinnatifid  ;  fertile  ones  entire  ;  barren 
ones  crenate,  round-obtuse.     About  4  inches  high. 

caudata,  Jn.  (P.  Au.  2^.)  frond  3-parted-pinnate  :  barren  branches 
doubly  pinnate  :  leafets  linear,  elongated,  obtuse,  entire  ;  lower 
ones  doubly  pinnatifid :  fertile  branches  pinnate ;  leafets  remotish 
below,  at  the  base  pinnatifid-toothed. 

10—1.     Pterospora.     18.  51. 

Mndromeda,  N.  (1)  (Albany  beech-drops.  T.  r-y.  Ju.  0.)  scape  purple,, 
very  tall,  bearing  a  many-flowered  raceme  :  flowers  lateral  and  ter- 
minal, nodding  :  peduncles  filiform,  longer  than  the  flowers:  lan- 
ceolate scales  below,  none  above.  Found  at  Greenbush  by  E.  James,. 
and  in  great  abundance  a  mile  south  of  Albany,  by  A.  B.  Eaton. 

22—6.    PucciMA.    58.  1. 

jooZi/goni-apicuZari«, sub-linear, scattered,  chesnut-brownj  fruit  globose. 

On  the  stems  and  leaves  of  knotgrass. 
graminis  (blight,  black  rust)  crowded,  linear,  becoming  black  ;  fruit 

sub-turbinate,  naiTowed  in  the  middle.     In  the  culms  of  wheat  and 

various  other  grasses,  in  summer  and  autumn. 

5 1.      PULMONARIA,      41.   42. 

officinalis  (lung-wort.  E.b.  M.  11.)  radical  leaves  heart-ovate,  hirsute  : 
flowers  racemed. 

parvijlora,  Mx.  (Can.  New-England,  b.  Ju.  If.)  stem  diffuse,  procum- 
bent, glabrous  :  leaves  oval-spatulate,  fleshy  ;  peduncles  lateral,  one- 
flowered. 

virginica,  W.  (P.  T.  b.  M.  2|.)  calyx  abbreviated,  glabrous  :  leaves 
ovate:  stem  erect :  flowers  sub-panicled,  terminal.     Near  Albany. 

sibirica,  A.  (Can.  J.  2^.)  calyx  abbreviated  :  radical  leaves  cordate. 

(1)  Monotropa  procera,  2d  ed.  This  plant  was  discovered  near  Albany,  in  the  sum- 
laer  of  1817,  liy  Dr.  Edwin  James.  He  considered  it  a  Monotropa,  and  I  published  it 
as  described  by  Dr.  Toirey  in  the  second  edition  ef  this  work,  under  the  name  M.pro- 
oera.  Certainly  the  Monotropa,  Hypopithys  and  Plerospora,  ought  to  be  united  in  one 
genus,  with  some  extension  of  the  generic  description. 


PUNICA,    PYROLA.  4l7 

12—1.     PuNicA.     36.  92. 
^ranatum  (pomegranate.  E.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate  :  stem  woody 

14 1.       PVCNANTHEMUM.       42.    39. 

1.  Stamens  exsert. 

■ineanum,  Mx.  (1)  (wild  basil,  mountain  mint.  O.  vr.  r.  Ju.  U.)  leave* 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  sub-serrate,  white  downy:  flowers  in  compound 
heads,  lateral  ones  peduncled  :  bracts  setaceous.  About  three  feet 
high. 

UnifoHum,  Ph.  (2)  (virginian  thyme.  O.  w.  Ju.  U-)  stem  stiffly  erect, 
very  branching,  roughish  :  leaves  linear,  3-nerved,  entire  :  head*f 
terminal,  corymb  fascicled. 

2.  Stamens  inclosed. 

lanceolatum,Fh.  (3)  (narrow-leaf  virginian  thyme.  O.  w.  J.  2^.)  stem 
stiffly  erect,  very  branching,  roughish  :  leaves  lance-linear,  veiny, 
entire  :  heads  terminal,  corymb-fascicled. 

verticillatumj  P.  (4)  (O.  w.  J.  2^.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  entire,  whorled^ 
sessile,  compact  :  bracts  acuminate. 

muticum,  P.  (4)  (C.  P.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  sub-dentate,  sub- 
glabrous  :  heads  terminal  :  bracts  lanceolate,  acutish, 

22—5.     Pyrenula.     57.  2. 

nitida,  crust  cartilage-raembranaceous,  smooth  ;  from  pale  becoming 
fuscous-cinereous  :  warts  of  the  receptacles  glabrous,  closed  ;  close- 
ly surrounding  the  upper,  naked,  prominent  wrinkled  part  of  the 
frond,  which  is  perforated  with  a  dejjressed  mouth.  On  bark  of 
trunks  of  trees. 

18 — 2.     PyrethFvUM.     49.  55. 

serotinum.  W.  (5)  (North  America.  W.  Oc.  If.)  leaves  lanceolate  flow- 
er ones  serrate  at  the  apex,  upper  ones  entire  :  branches  corj'mbed. 

10—1.     Pyrola.     is.  51. 

roiundifoUa  (shin-leaf,  pear-leaf  wintergreen.  O.  w.  J.  11.)  leaves  round 
or  round-obovate,  obsoletely  serrulate  :  spike  with  the  flowers  re- 
versed :  pistil  declined  :  stigma  round,  with  5  tubercles. 

(1)  Clinopodiiim  ineanum,  L. 

(2)  virginicura,  V.    Bracliystemum   Tirginicum,  Mx.    linifolium,  W.    Thynius  viN 
g-inicus,  L.    OrganuDi  flexuosuni,  W. 

(3)  Brachysterauin,  Mx.    Orijanuna  cliuopodioides,  Wr. 

'i)  BracliT^teniMni,  Mx.  (•'')  GhrjsanthernuiBserotmnw. 


418  PYROLA,    rYRXJS. 

secunda  (one-sided  shin-leaf.  O.  g-w.  Ju.2^.)  leaves  round-ovate,  acutCj 
serrate  :  spike  with   1-sided  flowers :  pistil  straight :  stigma  peltate, 
gibbous. 
tiniflora  (T.  Can.  J.  2^.)  leaves  sub-orbicular,  serrate  :  scape  l-flower- 

ed  :  style  straight.     Very  abundant  near  the  Patroon's  in  .\lbany. 
minor  (W.  P.  Plainfield,  Mass.  w-r.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  round-oval,  serru- 
late :  scape  sub-naked  :  spike  with  (lowers  reversed  :  pistil  straight. 
marifolia  (P.  T.  Can,  g-w.  Ju.   If.)  leaves  reniform  :  scape  remotely 
furnished  with  scales,  sometimes  convolute  and  sheathing  :  pistil  de- 
clined.    On  mountains. 
elliptica,  N.  (P.  D.  w.  J.  I/.)  leaves  membranaceous,  oblong-oval   or 
ovate,  plaited-serrate,  acute  -.laminae  much  longer  than  the  petiole  : 
scape  naked,  or  having  a  single  scale  :  bracts  linear,  subulate  :  calyx 
5-toothedj  subulate  ;  points  reflesed. 

Pi/rohi,  see  Chimaphila. 
Remark.  Dr.  Smith,  president  of  the  Linnean  society  at  London, 
says,  there  is  no  diversity  in  the  habit  to  justify  the  establishment  of 
the  genus  Chimaphila.  Those  of  us,  who  live  among  so  many  species  of 
both  genera,  growing  in  their  native  wildness,  and  have  independence 
enough  to  exercise  our  own  judgment,  want  no  arguments  to  convince 
us,  that  in  this  instance,  the  greatest  botanist  in  the  world  is  in  error. 

12—5.    Pyrus.     36.  92 

C07nmii.nis  (pear.  E.  w-r.  T\i.  ^p.)  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  (rarely  entire) 
peduncles  corymbed.  Var.  pyrnster  (dwarf)  fruit  very  small  and 
acid.  Var.  falcrna  (bergamot)  fruit  orbicular,  apple-form.  Var. 
pompeiana  (good  christian.)  V&r.favonia  (musk-pear.)  Var.  lique- 
seen*  (butter-pear.)  Var.  refiiscens  (russet-pear.)  Var.  pyramidally 
(leg-pear.)  These  five  last  varieties  are  distinguished  more  by  their 
flavor,  than  by  any  external  marks. 

maJus  (apple.  E.  w-r.  M.  f^.)  flowers  in  sessile  umbels  :  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  :  claws  of  the  petals  shorter 
than  the  calyx  :  styles  glabrous.  Var.  sylvestris  (v/ild  apple)  leaves 
ovate  serrate  :  fruit  small,  austere.  Var.  prasomila  (pippin.)  Var. 
castanen  (chesnut-apple.)  Var.  apiosa  (ape-apple)  fruit  small,  round, 
red,  pleasant-tasted.  Var.  cavillea  (cornered  apple)  leaves  broad- 
ovate,  downy  beneath  :  fruit  angled. 

eydonia  (quince.  E.  w.  J.  >>.)  flowers  solitary  :  fruit  tomentose  :  leaves 
ovate,  entire.    Yo-r.  hmtanica,  leaves  v«ry  broad. 


PYRUS,    QUERCUS.  410 

Bemafk.     The  varieties  into  which  the  above  species  have  been  ex- 
Vended  by  culture,  are  very  numerous.     I  have  given  those  only  which 
are  set  down  by  Persoon  as  the  most  distinct. 
Coronaria,  L.  (1)  (crab  apple.   T.  Y.  C.  P.  Catskill.  w-r.  M.  ^.)  leaves 

broad  oval,  at   the  base  rounded,  sub-angled  or  sub-lobed,  serrate> 

smooth  :  peduncles  corymbed.     Flowers  sweet  scented. 
engmtifoliaj  Wm.  (P.  C.  M.  ^.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  at  the  base  acute  : 

slightly  crenate-toothed,  shining  :  peduncles  corymbed.    Fruit  very 

small. 

Pyrus,  see  Aronia. 
Pyxidanthera,  see  DiapensiB. 

Q. 

20—13.     QtJERCDS.     50.  99. 

1.  Fruit  sub-sessile  :  leaves  mucronate,  with  a  bristle-form  aion,  (except- 

ing virens,)  entire.     Fructification  biennial. 

phellos,\Y.  (willow  oak.  P.  D.  M.  ^.)  leaves  lance-linear,  tapering  to 
both  ends,  entire,  glabrous,  mucronate  :  calyx  saucer-form  :  aconi 
roundish. 

vire7is,W.  (-2)  (live  oak.  Southern  states.  M.  fp.)  leaves  perennial,  co- 
riaceous, oblong-oval,  entire,  revolute  at  the  margin,  at  the  base  ob- 
tuse, at  the  apex  acute,  awnless,  stellate-pubescent  beneath  :  fruit 
pedicelled  :  calyx  turbinate  :  scales  abbreviated  :  acorn  oblong. 
40  to  50  feet  high,  v€ry  branching, 

imbricaria,  Mx.  (shingle  oak,  laurel  oak.  P.  M.  fp.)  leaves  oblongj 
acute  at  both  ends,  mucronate,  entire,  shining,  pubesoent  beneath  : 
calyx  saucer-form,  scales  broad-ovate  :  acorn  sub-^I-.bose.  40  or  50 
feet  high. 

2.  Fruit  sub-sessile  :  leaves  murronale,  with  a  bristle-form  awn,   toothed, 

or  lobed.     Fructification  biennial, 

heterophylla,  Mx.  (burrier's  oak.  M.  >).)  leaves  lon^-pelioled,  lance- 
ovate  or  oblong,  entire  o<-  unequally  coarse-toothed;  calyx  hemi- 
spheric :  acorn  sub-globose.  Pursh  says  there  h  bu!  one  ir dividual 
of  this  species  known  in  the  wo  Id,  which  is  now  growing  on  the 
Bartram  plantation  near  Philadelphia. 

0)  Malas  coroiiarla,  Mx.  ^2)  seinpervirens,Wv 


420  ^UERCUS. 

triloba,  W .  (1)  (downy  black  oak.  P.  D.  M.  >>.)  leaves  wedge-oblong, 
acute  at  the  base,  sub-3-lobed  at  the  apex  :  lobes  equal  in  breadth, 
mucronate  ;  middle  lobe  longest,  downy  beneath  :  calyx  saucer- 
form  :  acorn  compressed-globose.    20  to  40  feet  high. 

ttquatica,  W.  (2)  (water  oak.  F.  M.  ^ .)  leaves  wedge-ovate,  glabrous, 
very  entire  ;  apex  obscurely  3-lobed,  with  the  intermediate  lobe 
longest :  calyx  hemispheric :  acorn  sub-globose.  Leaves  very  va- 
riable 

nigra,  W.  (3)  (barren  oak,  black  jack.  P.  New-Jersey.  M.  Tp .)  leaves 
coriaceous,  wedge-form,  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  spread  and  retuse- 
3-lobed  at  the  apex ;  in  the  young  state  it  is  mucronate,  glabrous 
above,  mealy-rust  beneath  :  calyx  turbinate  ;  scales  obtuse,  scarious  : 
acorn  short-ovate.     Small. 

tinctoria,  W.  (4)  (quercitron  oak,  black  oak.  0.  M.  Tp)  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  a  little  sinuate,  pubescent  beneath  :  lobes  oblong,  obtuse, 
obtusely  denticulate,  setaceous-mucronate  ;  calyx  saucer-form  : 
acorn  depressed-globose. 

discolor,  W.  (5)  (false  red  oak.  O.  M.  ^ .)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate-pin- 
natifid,  pubescent  beneath,  and  on  both  sides  when  young  :  lobes 
oblong,  toothed,  setaceous-mucronate  :  calyx  turbinate  :  acorn  ovate. 

toccinea,  Wm.  (scarlet  oak,  ink-ball  oak.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  long-pe- 
tioled,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate,  glabrous  :  lobes  divaricate,  toothed., 
acute,  setaceous-mucronate  :  calyx  turbinate,  marked  with  scales  : 
acorn  short-ovate.  This,  the  last,  and  the  next  species,  are  usually 
called  red-oak  by  farmers ;  and  it  requires  some  attention  for  the 
botanist  to  distinguish  them.  The  leaves  of  this  species  become  red- 
dish, and  even  scarlet  in  autumn.  Produces  brownish-purple  nut- 
galls. 

.rubra,  \Ym.  (red  oak.  O.  M.  '^> .)  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong,  glabrous, 
obtusely  sinuate  :  lobes  acutish,  toothed,  setaceous-mucronate  .  ca- 
lyx saucer-form,  smoothish:  acorn  sub-ovate,  turgid. 

falcata,  Mx.  (6)  (spanish  oak.  P.  D.  Chatham.  N.  York.  M.  f?.)  leaves 
long-petioled,  at  the  base  obtuse,  downy  beneath,  3-lobed  or  sinuate  : 
lobes  sub-falcate,  setaceous-mucronate,  terminal  one  elongated  : 
calyx  bowl-form  :  acorn  globose.     Large  tree. 

^alustris,  W.  (pin  oak.  O.  M.  Tp.)  leaves  long-petloled,  oblong,  deeply 
sinuate,  glabrous;  axils  of  the  veins  viliose  beneath  :  lobes  divari- 
cate,   toothed,    acute,    setaceous-mucronate  ':    calyx    saucer-form, 

(1)  cunpata,  Win.  (2)  nigra,  L.  not  W.    uliginosa,  Wm.         (3)  ferruginea,Mx. 

(f)  tinctoria-ang-ulosa,Mx.  (5)  tinctoria-siauosa,  Mx.  (R)  elongata,  W. 


QUERCUS.  421 

smooth  :  acorn  sub-glohose.  Generally  grow*;  in  wet  p'l^c^s.  T^e 
small  limbs  along  the  body  of  tbe  tree  die  as  the  tree  advaut^'s.  u  hioh 
gives  it  tbe  ap!)earauce  of  having  pins  or  truni:els  driven  into  it. 
ilicij'olia,  W.  (1)  (scrub  oak.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  long-petioled,  wedge- 
obovate,  4  or  5-lobed,  margin  entire,  whitish-downy  beneath  :  lobes 
setaceous-mucronate  :  calyx  sub-turbinate  ;  acorn  sub-globose.  A 
low  shrub. 

3.  Fridt  pcduncled  :  leaves  without  awns,  lobed.     Fructification  annual. 

stellnfn,  W.  (2)  (iron  oak,  post  oak.  T.  Y.  P.  Catskill.  M.  ^.)  leaves 
oblong,  sinuate,  wedge-form  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath  ;  lobes 
obtuse,  upper  one  dilated,  2-lobed,  (often  the  lobes  are  so  arranged  ia 
the  young  plants  as  to  form  a  cross-form  or  stellate  leaf:)  calyx 
hemispheric  :  acorn  oval, 

mncrocarpa,  Mx.  (over-cup  oak.  P.  M.  ^.)  leaves  downy  beneath, 
deeply  iyrate-sinuate-lobed  :  lobes  obtuse^  repand,  upntr  one;^  di- 
lated :  calyx  bowl-form,  upper  scales  setose  :  acorn  turgid,  ovate, 
larire.     A  large  tree. 

olircBformi,  M.\.  (raossv-cap  oak.  P.  New- York.  M.  '^  )  leaves  oblong, 
glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  deeply  and  unequally  sinuate-piunatifid  : 
calyx  deeply  bowl-form,  with  lo«ks  above,  (superne  crinita :)  acorn 
oval-ovate.     Large  tree. 

alba,Wia.  (white  oak.  O.  M,  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate-pinnatifid, 
pubescent  beneath  :  lobes  sub-linear,  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  at 
their  bases,  particularly  on  full-grown  trees  :  fruit  peduncled  :  calyx 
somewhat  bowl-form,  tubercled,  flattened  at  the  base  :  acorn  ova.e. 
The  most  useful  timber-tree  in  America. 

4.  Fruit  ptdunded ;  leaves  without  awns,   toothed,  not  lobed.     Fructifi- 
cation annual. 

prinus,  W.  (3)  (swamp  oak.  P.  M.  1?  )  leaves  long-petioled,  obovate, 
acute,  pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  toothed  :  teeth  about  erjual, 
spread,  callous  at  the  apex  :  calyx  bowl-form,  tapering  at  the  base  ; 
acorn  ovate,  large,  sweet  tasted.     Large  tree. 

jprinnides,  W.  (4)  (dwarf  chesnut  oak,  chinquapin.  P.  M.  Tp.)  leaves 
short-petioled,  obovate,  at  the  base  acute,  coarsely  toothed,  glaucous 

(1)  hnnisteri,  Mx.  (2)  ..!.fn-J!.,l),-<.Mx. 

(3)  priflQs-palastris,  Ml.  (4>  i.riuus-cljinr[uapiD,Mx.  chinquapin, Mi- 

Mm 


422  QUERCUS,    RACODIUM. 

beneath  j  teeth  nearly   equal,   spread,   callous   at  the  apes  :  calyx 
hemispherical;  acorn  ovale.     Alow  shrub 
mcnlana,  W.    (1)  (rock  oak,   chesnut  oak,  mountain   oak.  0.  M.  ^.) 
leaves    moderately  petioled,  broad-obovate,    oblong,  white  dov\ny 
beneath,  shining  above;  coarsely  toothed,   at  the  base  obtuse,  ob- 
lique ;  teeth  sub-eq\iai,   very  obtuse,  short  :  truit  in  pairs,  short-pe- 
duncled  :   calyx  hemispheric,  scales  rugose,  tubercled  :  acorn  ovate. 
•aslanea,  W.  (2)  (yellow^  oak.  P.  T.  Catskill.  JSew-England.   xM.  >>.) 
leaves   long-petioled,   lance-oblong,   obtuse  at  the  base,  acuminate, 
do>vny   beneath,  coarsely  toothed  :  teeth    sub-equal,  spread,  acute, 
callous  at   the   apex  :  calyx   hemispheric  ;  acorn  globular-ovate. — 
Large  tree-.     The  bark  is  used  for  dying  yellow. 
bicolor,\\.  (3)  (swamp  white  oak.  P.  M.  Tp.)  leaves  short  petioled,  ob- 
long-obovate,  white-downy  beneath,  coarsely  toothed,  entire  at  the 
base  ;  teeth  unequal,    spread,  acutish,  callous  at   the  apex  :  fruit  in 
pairs,  long-peduncled  ;  the  peduncle  terminating  in  a  bristle  ;  calyx 
hemispheric  :  acorn  oblong-ovate.     Large  tree. 

3—3.     QuERiA.     22.  82.  I 

canadensis,  L.  (4)  (fork  chick  weed.  0.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  dichotomous, 
veiy  branching,  spread  :  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  erect.  About 
G  or  8  inches  high,  veiy  slender  and  branching.  Flowers  veiy  small, 
stamens  from  2  to  5.  Var.  capillacea,  branches  capillary  :  leaves  ob- 
tusish  :  flowers  mostly  longer  than  the  stipules. 


22—6.     Racodium.     58.  1. 

rupeslre,  compact,  black,  adnate  to  rocks. 

ce/ff.'rc,  broad-expanded,  very  soft,  black.     Often  in  wine  cellars,  k,c. 

xylostroma  (5)  very  broad,  soft,  ochre-yellow.     This  is  the  oak  leather 

or  punk.     In  the  natural  cleavages  of  decaying  Mood,   often  many 

inches  broad  and  very  tough. 
T)0j9?/racc«m,  white,  thin,  paperlike.     Called  paper-punk  as  well  as  the 

hydnum  chrysorhizum,  and  may  be  the  same  plant.     Grows  between 

the  cleavages  of  dry  wood. 

(1)  primis  moDtlcoln,  Mx.  (2)  prinus  acuminate,  Mt. 

(a)  prinus  tom»nto?a,:in(' dircolor,  Mx.  M)  Anychladicbotoma, Mt 

(5)  Xylostroma  giganteunijTode. 


RAMALINA;,    RANUNCULUS.  423 

22—5.     Ramalina.     57.  2. 

}wmalea,  frond  compressed,  2-edged,  smooth,  naked,  ramose, becoming 
pale-white,  sub-ramose,  crosswise  ;  branches  dicholomous  attenua- 
ted :  receptacles  scattered,  affixed  at  ihe  centre,  a  little  concave, 
somewhat  margined,  uniform-coloured. 

folymorplia,  frond  flat-compressed  or  leretish,  torn-branched,  pale,  lon- 
gitudinally lacuuose  :  fruit-dots  scattered,  sub-elliptic  and  terminal, 
head-form  :  receptacles  sub-marginal,  a  little  concave  ;  disk  fleshy, 
somewhat  hoary.     On  rocks  and  stones. 

fraxinea,  frond  flat,  linear-laciniate,  white-cinereous,  glabrous  both 
sides,  ru^ose-lacunose,  sub-reticulate  ;  extreme  divisions  lance-atten- 
uated :  receptacles  marginal,  flat,  pale-flesh-coloured.  On  trunks 
and  branches  of  trees,  chiefly  ash  and  oak. 

Jastigiaia,  frond  terete-sub-compressed,  smooth,  lacunose,  ramose. 
Vv'hite-glaucous  :  branches  thickening  upwards,  fastigiate  :  recepta- 
cles terminal,  peltate-sub-sessile,  white.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

farinacea,  frond  terete-compressed,  glabrous,  sub-lacunose,  bearing 
fruit-dots,  rigid,  ramose,  becoming  white-cinereous  ;  branches  lin- 
ear-tapering :  receptacles  scattered,  pedicelled,  flat,  somewhat  mar- 
gined, white.     On  trunks  and  branches  of  trees. 

13—13.     Ranv.vculus.     26.  61. 

iicris  (crowfoot,  butter  cup.  O.  y.  M.  If.)  hairs  close-pressed  :  feaves 
3-parted,  many-cleft,  upper  ones  lineai* :  peduncles  terete:  calyx 
spreading. 

Ahoriivus  (1)  (0.  y.  M.  2|.)  glabrous  :  stem  striate,  naked  below  :  rad- 
ical leaves  heart-reniform,  obtusely  crenate  ;  cauline  ones  petiolcd. 
ternate,  angled  ;  upper  ones  sessile  :  branches  about  3-flowered. 
Damp. 

repens  (W.  T.  C.  P.  y.  M.  2i.)  hirsute  :  leaves  ternate,  3-clcft,  gashed  : 
creeping  shoots  sent  off  in  the  summer  :  peduncles  furrowed  :  calyx 
spreading.     Damp. 

j-ecurvatus  (C.  W.  T.  y-vv.  J.  2i.)  pubescent:  leaves  3-lobed,   wedge- 
form  at  the  base,  gashed  at  the  apex,  acute  :  stem   many-flowered 
calyx  and  corol  recurved  :  petals  linear.     Flowers  small. 

fascicularis,  M.  (O.  y.  M.  2^.)  leaves  sub-pubescent,  radical  ones  long- 
peduncled,  ternate  or  sub-pinnate  ;  leafets  3-lobed,  the  terminal  one 


:i)  uitidu?,  rt. 


424  RANUNCULUS, 

deeply  3-cleft :  calyx  spreading,  hairy  underneath  :  petals  longer 
than  the  calyx  :  root  fascicled.     See  Big.  Florula  Bost. 
fiuviatilis  (river  crowfoot.  O.  w-y.  M.  U-.)  stem  sub-mersed  .  leaves  all 
capillary,   dichotomous.     The    whole  under   water,   excepting  the 
fructification  while  the  corolis  expanded.     Water. 

lacustris,  BKck  and  Tracy.  (1)  (lake  crowfoot.  Lansingburgh.  Albany. 
y.  M.  ^.)  leaves  all  sub-merged?  alternate,  dichotomously  divided 
into  numerous  capillary  segments,  with  clasping  membranaceous 
stipules:  peduncles  emerging,  dichotomous,  slightly  furrowed:  flow- 
ers terminal,  large  :  calyx  spreading,  hairy,  fleshy,  caducous  :  petals 
5  to  8,  obovate,  larger  than  the  leaves  of  the  calyx  :  nectary  petal- 
like, cucullate-tubular,  nearly  equalling  the  length  of  the  filaments  : 
stem  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  hollow,  branched,  glabrous,  float- 
ing :  root  fibrous.  Stem  sometimes  4  or  5  fee\  long.  Very  abund- 
ant in  a  small  lake  east  of  the  village  of  Lansingburgh  ;  also  near 
Albany.  The  flower  is  very  large,  bright  yellow.  The  leaves  are 
diaphanous-reticulate.  Dr.  L.  C.  Beck  and  Mr.  J.  G.  Tracy  of  Alba- 
ny presented  this  as  a  new  species.  (2)  If  this  is  Bradbury's  raulti- 
fidus,  Pursh  has  certainly  described  it  very  imperfectly. 

delpkinifolius  (C.  y.  If.)  sub-mersed,  leaves  very  finely  divided,  divis-. 
ions  dichotomous  ;  those  above  water  coarser ;  calyx  expanding, 
smooth,  concave  :  petals  orbicular,  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  ca- 
lyx ;  nectary  orbicular,  bifid.  A  new  species  by  Dr.  Torrey ;  though 
he  suspects  it  may  be  a  variety  of  the  fiuviatilis.     Water. 

Imlbosus  (T.  P.  C.  y.  M.  2^.)  very  hirsute  :  leaves  ternate,  S-cleft, 
gashed  and  toothed  •.  stem  erect,  many-flowered  :  peduncles  sulcate  : 
calyx  reflexed  :  root  bulbous. 

hirsutus,  C.  (3)  (W.  T.  P.  V.y.  Ju.  2|.)  hirsute:  leaves  ternate,  gash- 
lobed,  stem  erect,  many-flowered  :  peduncles  sulcate  :  calyx  re- 
flexed,  acuminate  ;  fruit  globose,  seeds  tubercled  :  root  fibrous. — 
Damp. 

hitermedius,  S.  (T.  y.  J.  U)  lower  leaves  3-lobed,  gashed  ;  upper  ones 
sub-digitate  :  peduncles  solitary  ;  calyx  reflexed  ;  seeds  compressed, 
smooth  :  root  fibrous.  Found  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  near  Al- 
bany, by  Mr.  J.  G.  Tracy. 

nammula  (spearwort.  T.  Y.  C.  P.  y.  U-)  glabrous  :  stem  declined  : 
leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  and  denticulate,  lower  ones 

(1)  multifidus  ?  Bradl»urv.    fla\5atilis  .'  Bvv.    See  his  enlarged  description,  p.  139, 
Uosion  Flora.  (2)  See  the  JSew-Yyrk  Medical  and  Pbysieui  Journa!,  vol  2,  p.  112 

(3;  jphiiouolis,  W- 


IIANUXCULUS.  425 

petioled  :  peduncles  terminal,  axillary,  l-flo\vered  :  calyx  sub-rellcx- 
ed.     Flowers  small.    Damp. 

sccleratus  (celery  crowfoot.  O.  y.  J.  U-)  glabrous  :  lower  leaves  pal- 
mate ;  upper  ones  sessile,  digitate  :  fruit  oblong.     Wet. 

pennsi/lvanicus,  W.  (1)  (C.  Y.  P.  y.  Jii.  y.)  stem  pilose,  erect,  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  ternate,  3-cleft,  gashed,  hairy  beneath  ;  peduncles  terete, 
calyx  reflexed  :  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx.  Flowers  large. — 
Is  not  this  the  hirsutus  .' 

pasUlus,  Fh.  (2)  (C.  y.  Ju.  U-)  glabrous  :  leaves  petioled  :  lower  ones 
ovate,  toothed  ;  upper  ones  lance-linear,  tooihed  at  the  apex,  the 
very  uppermost  ones  linear,  bract-like  ;  peduncles  alternate,  solita- 
ry, l-Uowered. 

lingua  (great  spearwort.  P.  T,  y.  Ju.  If .)  hairs  close-pressed  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  sub-denticulate,  acuminate,  sub-sessile  ;  stem  erect,  ma- 
ny-flowered. 

veplans  (dwarf  spearwort.  P.  T  ?  y.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  linear,  entire  ;  stem 
creeping.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  flammula. 

fjiarylandicus,  Lk.  (P.  w-y.  M.  If.)  pubescent:  stem  simple,  sub-nak- 
ed :  radical  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  3-lobed,   lobes  acute,   gashed  ; 
'      calyx  reflexed. 

hispidas,  Mx.  (P.  w-y.  J.  If.)  very  hirsute;  erect  :  leaves  ternate;  leaf- 
ets acutely  lobed  :  stem  naked  below  the  first  peduncle,  few-flow- 
ered :  calyx  close-pressed. 

rymbalaria  (Oaoiidaga.  w-y.  J.  If.)  glabrous,  very  small,  filiform,  creep- 
ing, rooting  at  the  joints  :  leaves  heart-reniform,  obtusely  5-tooth- 
ed :  radical  peduncles  solitary,  mostly  2-flowered  :  petals  linear  : 
fruit  oblong. 

filij'orynis,  Mx.  (P.  V.  T.  Can.  w-y.  J.  If.)  glabrous,  small  :  stem  filiform, 
creeping,  geniculate,  with  the  joints  1-flowered ;  llowers  axillary, 
peduncled  :  leaves  linear-subulate,  obtuse. 

nitidus,  Wr.  (D.  P.  w  Ju.  If.)  very  glabrous:  stem  fistulous  :  radical 
leaves  round-reniform,  obtusely  crenate,  cauline  ones  sessile,  digit- 
ate ;  leafets  gashed,  divisions  obtuse  :  seeds  sub-globose,  very  glab- 
rous. 

lanuginosus  (P.y.  J.  If.)  hirsute  :  leaves  3-cleft,  lobed,  toothed,  all  over 
silky  :  peduncles  elongated,  terete  :  calyx  spreading. 

saniculceformis,  M.  (sanicle  crowfoot.  T.  V,  C.)  veiy  hirsute  :  leaves 

(1)  canadensis,  Jn,  (2J  flammula,  V/r. 

Mm  2 


426  RAPIIA.NUS,    RHEUM. 

all  3-parted>  divisions  gash-serrate  :  peduncles  short,  bearing  2  or  3 
small  flowers  :  calyx  reflexed,  hirsute  :  leafets  lanceolate,  acute,  lon- 
ger than  the  petals. 

15—2.    Raphanus.    39.  63. 

sativus  (garden-radish.  E.  w.  J.  #.)  leaves  lyrate  :  silique  terete,  to- 
rose,  2-celled.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  species — one  has 
a  fusiform,  another  a  globose,  another  a  black  root. 

rapknni strum  (wild  radish,  charlock.  N.  y.  Au.)  leaves  lyrate  :  siliqnes 
terete,  jointed,  smooth,  1-cclled.  Before  the  silique  is  mature,  it  is 
generally  2-celled  and  not  jointed.  It  may  have  been  introduced  ; 
but  it  is  now  growing  wild  in  all  the  middle  and  southern  towns  of 
the  western  counties  of  Massachusetts, 

11—3.     Reseda.     54.   64. 

odorata  (mignonette.  E.  w-y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  entire,  and  3-lobed  :  calyx 
equalling  the  corol. 

hdeola  (dyer's  weed.  Y.  y.  An.  t^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  undulate,  entire, 
a  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  base  ;  calyx  4-cleft  :  flowers  spiked. — 
Prof.  Ives  found  this  plant  growing  near  New-Haven,  in  situations 
and  with  habits,  which  induced  him  to  suspect  it  to  be  indigenous. 

5—1.     Rhamnus.     4.3.  95. 

j'ranguloides,  Mx.  (I)  (dwarf  alder  O.  w-g.  M.  T^.)  unarmed:  leaves 
oval,  acuminate,  serrulate,  pubescent  at  the  nerves  beneath  :  pedun- 
cles aggregate,  1-flowered  :  calyx  acute  :  fruit  turbinate.  Berries 
black.  Pursh  calls  this  the  franguloides,  after  Mx.  and  gives  alni- 
foliusto  a  species  found  up  the  Missouri. 
catharticus  {buckthorn.  Fishkill.  1?.)  thorns  terminal :  flowers  4-cleft, 
dioecious  :  leaves  ovate,  serrate.  First  found  out  in  the  Highlands, 
by  Dr  Barratt. 

9—3.    Rheum.     12.  28. 

j7a/mafM»i  (rhubarb.  E.  J.  2^.)  leaves  palmate,  acuminate.    From  China. 

tariaricum  (pie  rhubarb.  E.  J.  11.)  leaves  heart-ovate,  entire,  flat,  glab- 
rous :  petioles  semi-terete,  angled  :  branches  of  the  panicle  sulcate 
The  radical  leaves  very  large.    From  Tartary. 

0)aliiifolJus:W. 


421 

8—1.     RiiEXiA.     17.  90. 

\irginica,  (meadow  beauty,  deer-grass.  Y.  C.  P.  p.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  wing- 
angled,  with  scattered  hairs  -.  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  denticulate, 
setaceous,  ciliate-serrate.     About  8  inches  high. 

tnariana,  Mil.  (D.  w-r.  Ju.  24)  stem  and  leaves  very  hirsute  :  leaves 
sub-petioled,  lance-oval  or  lance-linear  ;  calyx  smoothish,  tubular, 
long. 

14—2.    Rhinanthus.    40.  35. 

cnsta-gfdli,  W.  (yellow  rattle,  yelloAV  coxcomb.  Can.  y.  J.  ^.)  upper 
lip  of  the  corol  emarginate,  2-toothed  ;  middle  division  of  the  under 
lip  very  short. 

22 — 5.    Rhizomorpha,.    57    2. 

sub-corlicalis,  frond  compressed,  dark-tuscous,  shining  :  branches  scat- 
tered,  reticulate,  with  anastomoses  (meeting  and  joining  of  mouths  :) 
receptacles  conglomerate.     On  dead  trunks  of  trees. 

sub-terraiiea,  frond  terete,  glabrous,  black,  very  branching  :  branches 
and  branchlets  crowded,  attenuated,  free.  On  stones  and  decaying 
wood. 

setifoi-mis,  frond  terete,  veiy  slender,  black,  shining,  simple  :  apex 
divided.     On  fallen  leaves. 

cor7iicularicides,  frond  and  branches  a  little  terete,  flexuose,  interwoven, 
widely  spreading,  dark,  opake,  very  tender.     On  the  earth. 

10 — 1.     Rhododendon.     18.  50. 

maximum^  (wild  rose-bay.  P.  Highlands.  Dedham,  Mass.  C.r.  Ju.  ^.) 
leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  paler  beneath  :  umbels  terminal,  dense  :  co- 
rois  sub-bell-form  ;  petals  rounded.  A  small  tree.  Found  in  the 
Highlands  by  Dr.  Barratt. 

poiiticum,  (rose  bay.  E.  p.  Tp.)  leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  both  sides  co- 
loured alike  :  corymbs  terminal :  corol  bell-wbeel-fonn  ;  petals  lan- 
ceolate. 

10—1.     Rhodora.     18.  50. 

canadensis,  (false  honeysuckle,  rhodora.  C.  Boston,  Pittsfield  &.  Gran- 
by,  Mass.  b.  r.  M.  >>.)  leaves  oval,  entire,  glaucous-pubescent  be- 
neath :  flowers  in  terminal  umbels.     About  2  feet  high. 

5—3.    Rhus.    43.  94. 
iyphinumj  (samach.  O.  y-g.  Ju.  fp .)  branches  and  petioles  very  villose 


428  RHUS,    RHYNCHOSPORA. 

leaves  pinnate,  many-paired ;  leafets  lance-oblong,   serrate,  some- 
what downy  beneath.     Berries  red,  and  very  sour. 

glabriun,  (sleek  sumach.  O.  g.  r.  Ju.  ^  )  b.auches,  petioles  and  leaves 
glabrous  ;  leaves  pinnate,  many-paired  ;  leafets  lance-oblong,  ser- 
rate, ^whitish  beneath  :  fruit  silky.  The  leaves  of  both  the  species 
are  used  for  tanning  morocco  leather.     Berries  red  and  sour. 

copallinum,  (wing-rib  sumach,  mountain  sumach.  O.  y-g.  Ju.  fp.) 
branches  punctate  :  leaves  pinnate,  in  about  5  or  6  pairs,  with  the 
main  petiole  joint-winged  ;  leafets  lance-oval,  entire  :  panicle  leafy, 
branches  sub-sessile  :  flowers  dioecious.    Berries  red. 

vernix,  (poison  sumach,  poison  elder.  O.  y-g.  Ju.  ^  )  very  glabrous . 
leaves  pinnate,  many-paired  ;  leafets  oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  en- 
tire :  panicle  lax  :  dioecious  :  fruit  glabrous.  Berries  green,  at  length 
whitish.  Panicle  few-flowered  compared  with  the  preceding  species. 
Very  poisonous.     See  Bigelow's  Med.  Bot.     Damp. 

toxicodendron,  (poison  vine,  poison  ash.  0.  g.  Ju.  Tp.)  rooting:  leaves 
ternate  }  leafets  oval,  entire  or  sinuate-crenate  :  racemes  on  the 
branches  and  axillary,  sessile  :  dioecious.  Var.  radicaris,  (poison  ivy) 
stem  climbing  and  rooting :  leafets  broad,  entire,  or  with  scattered 
teeth.  Var.  5ucrci/b/iwm,  (poison  oak)  erect,  low  :  leafets  variously 
sinuate-lobed.  Var.  microcarpon,  leafets  oblong-oval,  long-acumi- 
nate, sub-rhombic  :  fruit  very  small.  The  sap  of  this  species  is  an 
excellent  marking-ink  for  linen. 

uromaticum,  W.  (P.  W.  Catskill.  y.  M.  >>.)  a  very  little  woody  :  flowers 
amentaceous,  naked:  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  rhombic -oval,  toothed, 
pubescent  beneath.     Dioecious. 

cotinus,  (false  fringe-tree,  aaron's-beard.  E.  p-g.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  simple, 
obovate  and  ovate  :  panicle-racemes  plumose.     A  small  tree,  with 
very  minute  flowers  supported  on  capillaxy,  downy,  or  hairy  pedun- 
cles.    Grows  wild  in  Siberia,  Austria,  and  Lombardy. 
3 — 1.     Rhynchospora.     3.  9. 

sparsa,Vah\.  (\)  (false  bog-rush.  C.  P.  Ju.  2^.)  corymbs  diffuse,  axil- 
lary, compound 5  terminal  ones  decompound:  peduncles  capillary  : 
seeds  longer  than  the  beaks. 

glomerata,  (2)  (O.  J.  U)  spikes  corymb-fascicled,  remote,  in  pairs  : 
culm  obtuse-angled  :  leaves  linear. 

alba,  (2)  (0.  Ju.  2^.)  spikes  corymb-fascicled :  culm  and  leaves  seta- 
ceous. 
(1)  Schoenas  sparstts,  Mx.    miliaeeus,  Lk.  (2)  Schcenus,!. 


RIBES.  429 

5—1.     RiBEs.    36.  85. 
1.  Currant'Hke.     Flowers  racemcd. 

rubrum,  (currant.  E.  g.  M.  Tp.)  unarmed  :  racemes  glabrous,  nodding  : 
eorol  flat ;  petals  obcordate  :  leaves  obtusely  5-lobed  :  stem  erect. 
Berries  red. 

nigrutn,  (black  currant.  W.  V.  g.  M.  f^.)  unarmed:  leaves  punctate 
beneath  :  racemes  lax  :  flowers  bell-form  :  bracts  shorter  than  the 
pedicels.     Berries  black. 

albinerviam,  Mx.  (H.  g-y.  M.  ^.)  unarmed  : leaves  abbreviated,  acute- 
ly lobed,  smoothish  ;  nerves  white  ;  racemes  recurved :  berry  gla- 
brous.    Berries  red. 

irifidiim,  Mx.  (P.  Can.  y-g.  M.  ^.)  unarmed  :  leaves  moderately  lobed, 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath  :  racemes  lax,  pubescent  :  flowers 
flattish  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  about  3-cleft :  petals  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse :  berries  hirsute.     Berries  red. 

ringens,  Mx.  (Can.  W.  P.  M.  ^.)  unarmed:  branches  straight :  leaves 
acutely  lobed  and  toothed,  reticulate-rugose,  pubescent  beneath  : 
race  es  lax,  becoming  stiffly  erect :  berries  sub-hispid.  Berries  red, 
erect. 

glandulosum,  A.  (1)  (O.  r-y.  M.  ^.)  unarmed:  branches  reclined- 
prostrate  :  leaves  lobed,  smoothish,  younger  ones  pubescent :  ra- 
cemes sub-erect :  petals  deltoid  :  bracts  minute  :  berry  hispid.  Most 
of  the  plant,  particularly  the  calyx,  covered  with  glandular  hairs. 
floridam,  W.  (2)  (wild  black  currant.  O.  M.  >>  )  unarmed  :  leaves 
punctate  both  si<les  :  racemes  pendant  :  calyx  cylindric  :  bracts 
longer  than  the  pedicels. 

3.   Gooseberry-like.     Peduncles  mostly  few-flowered,  rarely  sub-racemed. 

grossularia,  (english  gooseberry.  E.g.  M.  ^.)  branches  prickly:  pe- 
tioles hairy  :  bracts  2-leaved  ;  berry  glabrous  or  hirsute. 

tiva-crispa,  (smooth  gooseberry.  E.  g.  M.  fp.)  branches  prickly  :  berry 
glabrous  :  pedicels  with  1-leaved  bracts.  Perhajjs  a  variety  of  the 
grossularia. 

tnflorum,  W.  (wild  gooseberry.  O.  g.  M.  fp.)  spine  sub-axillary  :  leaves 
glabrous,  3  to  6-lobed,  gash-toothed  :  peduncles  sub-3-llowered,  with 
the  pedicels  elongated  :  bracts  very  short :  petals  spatulate,  undu- 
late :  style  hirsute,  half  2  or  3-cleft,  exsert :  berry  glabrous.  Berries 
pale  red. 

(J)  prostratum,  Ilr.  (2)  pennsylvanicuin,  Lk. 


436  RIBES,    ROBINIA. 

hirtellum,  Mii.  (W.  T.  Can.  P.  g.  M.  >>.)  spines  very  small,  sub-axii- 
lary :  branches  sub-hispid  :  leaves  small,  semitrifid  :  lobes  sub-den- 
tate :  peduncles  1-flowered  :  beriy  glabrous.     Berries  red. 

Oxyacanihoides,  W.  (P.  Can.  M.  Tp.)  the  large  sub-solitary  prickles  near 
the  buds,  the  smaller  ones  scattered  :  leaves  glabrous,  with  toothed 
lobes  :  peduncles  short,  about  2-flowered  :  berries  glabrous. 

gracile,  Mx.  (P.  W.  T.  M.  ^.)  little  spines  sub-axillary  :  leaves  petiol- 
ed,  slender,  pubescent  both  sides :  lobes  acutely  gash-toothed  :  pe- 
duncles capillary,  about  2-flowered  :  calyx  bell-tubular  :  berries 
glabrous.     Berries  bluish-purple. 

lacustris,  P.  (1)  (Can.  W.  V.  P.  g-y.  M.  ^.)  spines  many-fold,  sub-axil- 
lary :  stem  every  where  aculeate-hispid  :  leaves  lobed  beyond  the 
middle  :  petioles  villose  :  berries  somewhat  racemed,  hispid. 

conohasli,  Mx.  (Can.  W.  P.  Catskill  Mt.  g.  M.  ^.)  prickles  in  pairs  : 
leaves  short-lobed,  gash-toothed,  wiih  soft  pubescence  :  racemes 
nodding;,  few-fiowered  :  calyx  erect,  bell-form  :  beriy  prickly.  Ber- 
ries dark-brown. 

22—3.    RicciA.    57.  3. 

nalans,  (floating  liverwort.  W.  T.  C.  Ju.)  fronds  obcordate,  with  apex- 
es meeting  so  as  to  form  the  sectors  of  circles,  flat :  radicles  beneath 
Hat.  It  floats  on  the  water,  with  its  short  flat  roots  extending  a  little 
distance  into  it.  Colour  sea-green.  Each  congenesof  floating  fronds 
hardly  an  inch  in  diameter.  Channels  run  on  their  backs,  like  mid- 
ribs in  leaves. 

fluitans,  (farkstems.  W.  J.)  fronds  repeatedly  forked,  linear,  convex 
or  sub-cyiindric,  smooth,  reticulate,  obtu:5e  and  cloven  at  the  tips. 
Very  plenty  in  stagnant  water  near  Williams  college,  among  lemna. 
It  is  pellucid  and  cellular.  2  or  3  inches  long.  It  has  nothing  resem- 
bling a  root ;  but  the  whole  plant  appears  rather  like  the  stems  of 
some  plants. 

glauca,  frond  radiating  from  a  centre,  dichotomous,  fiat,  reticulate, 

20—16.     RiciNus.     38.  96. 

tzommunis,  (castor-oil  plantj  palma  christi.  E.  0.)  leaves  peltate,  pal- 
mate :  lobes  lanceolate,  serrate  :  stem  with  hoary  mealiness. 

17—10.     RoBiNiA.     32.  93. 

'fscvdo^acacia,  (locust  tree,  false  acapia.  Can.  P.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  pin- 
(i)  oxycantUoJdes,  ^l%> 


ROBINIA,    ROSA.  431 

aate,  with  a  terminal  leafct :  stipules  thorny,  or  a  thorn  :  racemes 
pendant  :  teeth  of  the  calyx  awned  :  legumes  smooth.  Cultivated 
every  where. 

viscosa,  \V.  (1)  (clanamy  locust.  Southern  states.  Ju.  Tp.)racemes  with  1- 
flovvered  pedicels  ;  leaves  pinnate,  with  a  terminal  leafet :  branches 
and  les^umes  with  v^iscous  glajids  :  calyx  acuminate.  Racemes  axil- 
lary, dense-flowered,  erect :  flowers  approaching  from  white  to  red. 
Cultivated. 

hispida,  \V.  (2)  (rose  locust  Southern  states.  P.  Tp.)  racemes  axillary, 
sub-erect:  calyx  acuminate:  stem  mostly  unarmed;  most  of  the 
pla.;t  hispid  :  leaves  pinnate,  with  a  terminal  leafet ;  leafets  round' 
oval,  mucronate,  sometimes  alternate.  An  elegant  shrub.  Culti- 
vated. 

12—13.     Rosa.     35.  92. 

corymbosa,Eh.  (3)  (swamp  rose.  0.  r-w.  Ju.  r,.)  germs  (permanent 
calyxes)  globose  :  germs  and  peduncles  a  little  hispid,  or  glabrous  : 
petioles  hairy,  and  a  little  prickly  :  stem  glabrous  :  prickles  stipular, 
sub-uncinate  :  leafets  5  or  7,  lance-oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate, 
glaucous  beneath  :  flowers  solitary  or  corymbed.  From  3  to  6  feet 
high.  Veiy  variable.  Dr.  BIgelow  sent  three  specimens  to  the 
greatest  botanist  in  Europe,  which  were  all  taken  from  different 
parts  of  the  same  plant.  He  received  an  answer,  making  two  of  the 
specimens  different  described  specie?,  and  the  third  one  a  new  spe- 
cies.    Damp  or  wet. 

parvijlora,  W.  (4)  (wild  rose.  O.  r.  w.  ^.)  germs  depressed-globose: 
germs  and  peduncles  hispid  :  petioles  pubescent,  sub-aculeate  :  stem 
glabrous  :  prickles  stipular,  straight :  leafets  lafice-ov;il,  simply  ser- 
rate, glabrous  :  floviers  somewhat  in  pairs.  Very  variable.  Grows 
mostly  on  dry  land. 

rubigtnosa,  M.  (5)  (sweet-briar.  T.  C.  Y.  P.  N.  r.  J.  T?.)  germ  ovate  : 
peduncles  and  petioles  glandular-hispid  ;  petioles  somewhat  prickly  : 
stem  glabrous  :  prickles  scattered,  straight,  slender  :  Lafefs  (5  or  7) 
ovate,  serrate,  scarcely  ^jlandular-hairy  beneath  :  brai'chlets  1-flow- 
ered  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  entire.  The  leaves  have  often  a  rusty- 
appearance  beneath. 

lucida,  W.  (P.  C.  r.  .Tu.  ^.)  germs  depressed-?lobnse  :  germs  and  pe- 
duncles sub-hispid  :  peiioles  glabrous,  sub-aculeate  :  stem  glabrous  : 

(1;  glutinosa,  C.  (2)  n.ontaoa,  Rnrfn-m.    ro.Pn.  m,  Hnniel. 

( >)  pennsylvanic.-.,  Mx.    Carolina,  W.  (4)  Carolina,  Mx-       (.5)  suaveolens,  Ph. 


432  BOSA. 

prickles  stinular,  straight:  leafets  lance-ovate,  ohtusish,  coarsely 
serrate,  glabrous,  shining:  flowers  somewhat  in  pairs :  divisions  of 
the  calyx  entire.     4  to  6  feet  high. 

gemella,  W' .  (P.  New-Ene^land.  C.  r  Ju.  >).)  cerms  depressed-globose  : 
gernas  and  peduncles  glabrous  :  flowers  scmev.bat  in  pairs  :  leavcg 
oblong,  acute,  opake  :  petioles  and  veins  pubescent  beneath  :  prickles 
Uncinate,  the  cauline  ones  in  pairs  below  the  axils. 

.pendulina,  W.  (thornless  rose.  jVorth  Aineiite*  ?  E?  r.  J.  f).)  unerm- 
«d  :  germs  oblong  :  peduncles  and  petioles  hispid  :  stem  and  branch- 
es glabrous  :  fruit  pendant.     Cultivated. 

canina,  M..  (dog  rose.  D  ^,)  germs  ovate  :  germs  and  peduncles  gla- 
brous :  stern  and  petioles  prickly  :  leaves  ovate,  glabrous. 

gallica,  (french  rose,  common  rose.  E.  r.  J  ^.)  germs  ovate  :  germs 
and  peduncles  hispid:  stem  and  petioles  hispid-prickly.  Sometimes 
the  colours  are  variegated. 

ilamdscena,  (damask  rose.  E.  w.  r.  J.  ^.)  calyx  half-pinnate;  germ 
ovate,  turgid,  (thickened  near  its  top,)  bristly  :  stem  and  petioles 
prickly  :  leafets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  beneath. 

muscosa,  (moss  rose.  E.  r.  Au.  ^.)  germs  ovate  :  calyx,  peduncles, 
petioles  and  branches  hispid,  glandular-viscid,  (mossy-like  :)  spines 
of  the  branches  scattered,  straight. 

moschata,  (musk  rose.  E.  fp.)  germs  ovate  :  germs  and  peduncles  vil- 
lose  :  stem  and  petioles  prickly :  leafets  oblong,  acuminate,  glabrous  : 
panicle  many-flowered. 

lurgundiaca,  (burgundy  rose.  E.  ^.)  germs  sub-globose:  germs  and 
peduncles  hispid  :  leafets  ovate,  pubescent  beneath  :  corol  small, 
full,  fleshy-white  ;  disk  obscure.  Yar  provincialis,  has  scattered  re- 
flexed  prickles  on  the  branches,  and  glandnlar  serratures. 

semperjlorens,  (monthly  rose.  E.  ^.)  germs  ovate-oblong,  tapering  to 
both  ends  ;  germs  and  peduncles  hispid :  stem  prickly  :  flow  ers  in 
erect  corymbs.     Resembles  damascena. 

alba,  (white  rose.  E.  w.  J.  '^.)  germs  ovate,  glabrous  or  hispid  :  stem 
and  petioles  prickly  :  leafets  ovate,  villose  beneath. 

pimpinellifolia,  (burnet  rose.  E.  r.  ^.)  germs  globose  :  germs  and  pe- 
duncles glabrous  :  stem  with  scattered  straight  prickles  ;  leaves  ob- 
tuse :  petioles  scabrous.    Very  small. 

etntifolia,  (hundred-leaved  rose.  E.  r.  Tp .)  germs  ovate  :  germs  and 
peduncles  nispid :  stem  hispid,  prickly :  leaves  pubescent  beneath  ; 
petioles  unarmed. 


KOSA,    RUBUS.  438 

cinnamomea,  (cinnamon  rose.  E.  Jp.)  germs  globose:  germs  and  pe- 
duncles glabrous  :  stem  with  stipular  prickles :  petioles  somewhat 
unarmed :  leafets  oblong.  R.  majalis.  Stem  brown-cinnamon  co- 
lour 

muUiJiora,  (japan  rose.  E.  >>.)  germs  ovate  :  germs  and  peduncles 
unarmed,  villose  :  stem  and  petioles  prickly.  Branches  generally 
purple  :  leafets  ovate  :  flowers  small,  panicled. 

spinosissima,  (scotch  rose.  E.  ^.)  germs  globose,  glabrous  :  peduncles 
hispid:  stem  and  petioles  very  hispid.     Var.  scotica,  is  smaller. 

parcifolia,  (small-leaf  rose.  E.  ^.)  small:  germs  ovate,  sub-glabrous : 
peduncles  glandular  :  stem  and  petioles  with  slender  prickles  :  leafets 
rugose,  a  little  villose  beneath,  ovate,  glandular-serrate. 
Remark.  These  13  exotic  species  were  mostly  analyzed  in  the  living 

state,  and  obligingly  furnished  for  this  work  by  the  much  lamented  Mrs. 

Frances  Dewey,  late  of  Williamstown. 

2—1.     Rosmarinus.     42.  39. 
officinalis,  (rosemary.  E.  Tp.)  leaves,  some  green  both  sides;  others 
whitish  beneath,  linear  ;  margins  revolute. 

4  or  5—1.     RuBiA.     47.  57- 

iindoria,  (madder.  E.)  leaves  lanceolate,  about  in  sixes  :  stem  prickly, 
climbing.  Var.  syicestris^  lower  leaves  in  sixes,  upper  ones  in  fours 
or  in  pairs. 

12—13.     RuBus.     35.  92. 

ideus,  (garden  raspberry.  E.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  quinate-pinnate  and 
ternate  ;  leafets  rhomb-ovate,  acuminate,  d<yW  ;y  beneath  ;  petioles 
channelled  :  stem  prickly,  hispid  :  flowers  sub-panicled.  A  variety 
has  a  smooth  stem. 

strigosus,  Mx.  (1)  (red  raspberry.  0.  w,  J.  ^.)  unarmed,  rigidly  hispid  "• 
leafets  3,  or  pinnate-quiuate,  oval,  at  the  base  obtuse,  acuminate, 
marked  with  lines,  and  white-downy  beneath  :  calyx  acuminate  : 
flowers  axillary,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches :  peduncles  and 
calyx  hispid.     Berries  red,  sweet :  acines  very  slightly  attached. 

odoralus,  (flowering  raspberry.  O.  r.  J.  ^.)  unarmed,  erect,  viscid- 
hispid:  leaves  simple,  acutely  3  or  5-lobed :  corymbs  termiiial, 
spreading  :  calyx  appendiculate  ;  petals  sub-orbiculate.  Flowers 
large  :  berries  rather  dry  and  thin. 

(1)  peuBsylvauicus,  Lk. 

Nil 


484  KUBUS. 

occideiitalis,  \W .  (black  raspberry.  O.  w.  g.  Tp.)  branches  and  pctiolec 
glaucous  and  prickly  :  leaves  ternate,  oval,  acuminate,  sub-lobate 
and  doubly  serrate,  white-downy  beneath  :  petioles  terete  :  prickles 
recurved. 

villosus,  (high  blackberry.  O.  w.  J.  >>.)  pubescent,  hispid  and  prickly  : 
leaves  digitate,  in  threes  or  fives  ;  leafets  ovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
serrate,  hairy  both  sides :  stem  and  petioles  prickly :  calyx  short, 
acuminate  :  raceme.-,  lax  j  pedicels  solitary.  Valuable  astringent. 
B. 

trivialiSf  Mx.  (1)  (creeping  blackberry,  dew-berry.  O.  w.  J.  >>.)  sar- 
mentose-procumbent  :  petioles  and  peduncles  aculeate-hispid,  with 
the  prickles  recurved  :  stipules  subulate  :  leaves  ternate  or  quinate, 
oblong-oval,  acute,  unequally  serrate,  sub-pubescent :  pedicels  soli- 
tary, elongated  :  petals  obovate,  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Var. 
Jlagellaris,  has  orbicular  petals,  and  small  .smooth  leaves. 

saxatilis,  (brier  herb,  rock  blackberry.  O.  w.  J.  2^.)  herbaceous,  pu- 
bescent :  stem  creeping  :  leaves  ternate,  rhombic,  acute,  gash-tooth- 
ed, naked ;  terminal  one  petioled :  flowers  somewhat  in  threes  :  pe- 
duncles elongated. 

obovalis,  (D.  M.  2^.)  stem  becoming  a  little  woody,  hispid,  with  stiff 
hairs  :  leaves  ternate,  round-obovate,  serr-ite,  naked  :  stipules  seta- 
ceous :  racemes  sub-corymbed,  few-flowered  :  bracts  ovate  :  pedicels 
elongated. 

cuneifolius,  Ph.  (P.  D.  J.  ^.)  branches, petioles  and  peduncles  downy, 
with  recurved  prickles  :  leaves  digitate,  in  threes  or  fives  :  leafets 
wedge-obovate,  unequally  toothed  above,  plaited,  downy  beneath  : 
margin  entire,  revolute  :  racemes  terminal,  panicled  :  pedicels  di- 
varicate, nakedish. 

hispidus,  Kalm.  (P.  Can.  w.  J.  Tp.)  sarraentose-procumbent  :  stem, 
petioles  and  peduncles  very  hispid,  with  rigid  bristles  :  leaves  ter- 
nate, gash-serrate,  naked,  middle  one  peduncjed. 

canadensis,  (Can.  New-England.  J.  ^  )  a  little  glabrous  :  leaves  digi- 
tate, in  tens,  fives  and  threes:  leafets  lanceolate,  naked  both  sides, 
sharply  serrate  :  stem  unarmed  :  bracts  lanceolate.     Stem  purple. 

chamesr^'orus,  (cloud-berry.  Can.  New-England,  w.  J.  2/  )  herbaceous, 
small :  stem  unarmed,  1-flowered,  erect :  leaves  simple,  sub-reni- 
form,  round-lobed  :  petals  oblong. 

accidis,  (Can.  J.  2/.)  herbaceous,  email,  nearly  stemless,  1-flowered  ; 
(1)  pr&cumbens,  M. 


nuBUs,  RUMEX.  435 

leaves  almost  radical,  ternate  :  leafets  sessile,  lateral  ones  somewhat 
trapezoidal. 
parvijlorus,  ^.  (great  lakes,  w.  Tp.)  shrubby,  unarmed  ;  leaves  simple, 
palmate-lobed  ;  peduncles  2  or  3-lobed  :   flowers  small :  segments  of 
the  calyx  villose,  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  :  petals  oblong-ovate. 

18—3.     Rldeeckia.     49.  55. 

laciniata,  W.  (cone-flower,  cone-disk  sunflower.  O.  y.  Au.  If.)  lower 
leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  3-lobed  ;  upper  ones  ovate  :  egret  crenate  : 
stem  glabrous.     From  5  to  10  feet  high.     Damp. 

digitata,  W.  (P.  y.  Au.  If.)  lower  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  pinnatifid  ; 
upper  ones  simply  pinnate  ;  top  ones  3-cleft :  egret  crenate  :  stem 
smooth. 

pinnata,  Mx.  (1)  (P.  y.  Ju.  li)  leaves  all  pinnate  ;  one  or  more  of  the 
lower  leafets  2-parted,  the  rest  undivided  :  egret  entire  :  stem  fur- 
rowed, hispid. 

triloba^  W.  (P.  y.  Au.  ^ .)  pilose-hispid:  stem  pan'cled  ;  branches  di- 
varicate, many-flowered,  leafy  :  leaves  lanceolate-acuminate  at  both 
ends,  serrate  ;  lower  ones  3-lobed  :  leafets  of  the  calyx  linear,  de- 
flexedj  of  the  length  of  the  rays.     4  or  6  feet  high. 

fulgida,W.  (P.  Au.  Z^.)  stem  hispid:  branches  wand-like,  elongated, 
1-flowered:  leaves  lance-oblong,  denticulate,  hispid,  narrow  at  the 
base,  sub-cordate  :  calyx  leafy,  about  equalling  the  ray  :  disk  hemis- 
pheric, with  lanceolate  chafl^. 

hirta,  W.  (P.  y.  Ju.  If.)  very  hirsute  :  stem  wand-like,  sub-ramose,  1- 
flovvered  :  peduncles  naked  :  leaves  ovate-spatulate,  3-nerved,  ser- 
rate, rough-haired  :  calyx  leafy,  nearly  equalling  the  rays  :  disk  co- 
nic, with  lanceolate  chaft*. 

purpurea,  C.  (P.  p.  Ju.  If.)  rough:  lower  leaves  broad-ovate,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  remotely  toothed  ;  cauline  leaves  lance-ovate,  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  sub-entire  :  rays  long,  pendant,  2-cIeft. 
14—2.    RcELLiA.    40.  36. 

itreptns,  Sh.  (ruel.  P.  w-b.  Ju.  IX)  erect,  hirsute  :  leaves  petioled, 
lance-ovate,  entire  :  peduncles  1  to  3-flowered  :  divisions  of  the  ca- 
lyx lanceolate,  hispid,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corol.  Flowers 
large. 

6—3.    RuMEX.     12.  28. 

erispus,  (dock.  O.  Ju.  If.)  valves  of  the  calyx  ovate,  entire,  all  bearin^f 

a)  dig^itata.W.    odorata,  6. 


436  RUMEX,    SABBATIA. 

grain-like  appendages  on  their  backs  }  leaves  lanceolate,  undulate; 
acutish. 

obtusifolius,  (0.  J.  2^.)  valves  toothed,  one  principally  bearing  a  grain- 
like appendage  :  radical  leaves  heart-oblong,  obtuse:  stem  a  little 
scabrous. 

verticillatus,  W.  (T.  V.  P.  J.  U.)  valves  entire,  all  bearing  grain-like 
appendages  :  spikes  (about  3)  leafless,  with  the  flowers  half-wfaorled  : 
leaves  lanceolate  :  sheathing  stipules  cylindric. 

hriianicus,  (P.  T.  Y.  C.  J.  2X.)  valves  entire,  all  bearing  grain-like 
appendages  :  spikes  of  the  panicle  leafless  :  sheathing  stipules  obso- 
letely  torn  :  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  flat,  smooth.  On  islands  near 
Troy. 

sanguineus,  W.  (bloody  dock.  P.  J.  2^.)  valves  entire,  oblong,  one 
principally  bearing  the  grain-like  appendage  :  leaves  heart-lanceo- 
late. 

aquaticiis,  (water  dock.  P.  Y.  C.  Ju.  2X.)  valves  ovate,  entire,  bearing 
obsolete  grains  :  leaves  heart-lauceolate,  acute. 

2mtientia,  (garden  dock,  patience.  E.  Z|.)  valves  entire,  one  of  them 
bearing  a  grain-like  appendage  :  leaves  lance-ovate. 

aceiosn,  (garden  sorrel.  E.  11.)  stem  elongated  :  leaves  oblong,  sagit- 
tate-acute, clasping. 

aceiosella,  L.  (1)  (field  sorrel.  0.  g.  and  p.  M.  11  )  leaves  lance-hastate, 
with  the  ear-like  processes  near  the  base,  entire.     Taste  very  sour. 

4—4.    RuppiA.     15.  13. 

mariiima,  (sea  tassel-grass.  C.  D.P.  J.  2.^.)  floating:  leaves  pectinate^ 
^obtuse :  flowers  spiked. 

10—1.    RuTA.     26.  81. 
graveolens,  (rue.  E.)  leaves  more  than  decompound  ;  leafets  oblong, 
terminal  ones  obovate  :  petals  entire. 

S. 

5 — 1.     Sabbatia,  Adanson.   (2)     47.  46. 
angularis,  (American  century.  P.  p.  Au.  ^  .)  erect :  leaves  heart-ovate^ 
clasping :  flowers  with  long  peduncles,  corymbed  :  divisions  of  the 
calyx  lance-linear  :  stem  with  4-margined  angles. 

(1)  Lapatbum,  2d  ed.;  but  the  acetosa  and  patientia  seem  to  uiiitetHt  two  geDcra* 

(2)  Chironia,  L- 


S  ABB  ATI  A,    SAGITTAIUA.  437 

^racitiSj  Sy.  (\)  (P.  r.  Ju.  ^ .)  slender:  branches  lax,  elongated,  1- 
flowered  :  leaves  oval-linear:  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear,  about 
equalling  the  corol  :  divisions  of  the  corol  obovate  :  stem  angular. 

chloroides,  Ph.  (2)  (C.  P.  r.  Au.  <J .)  weak :  leaves  lanceolate,  erect : 
branches  few,  1-flowered  :  flowers  7  to  13-parted ;  divisions  of  the 
calyx  linear,  shorter  than  the  divisions  of  the  corol. 

siellaris,  Ph.  (C.  r.  Au.  ^ .)  erect:  branches  dichotomous,  elongated, 
1-flowered  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  :  calyx  subulate  :  divisions  of 

the  corol  obovate  :  stem  tej-ete. 

i 

calycosa,  Mx.  (C.  P.  r.  Au.  ^  .)  erect,  leafy;  leaves  oblong-obovatish  : 
flowers  solitary,  about  7-parted :  calyx  leafy,  exceeding  the  corol  ; 
divisions  oblanceolate. 

paniculala,  Mx.  (3)  (C.  w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  lance-linear;  panicle  marfy- 
flowered,  brachiate,  sub-fastigiate  :  calyx  subulate  :  stem  4-cornered. 

S — 2,     Saccharum.    4.  10. 

oJici7mrumy  (sugarcane.  E.)  flowers  panicled,  in  pairs,  one  sessile, 
and  one  pedicelled  ;  corol  1-valved,  awnless.  From  the  East  Indies 
originally. 

4—4.     Sagina.     22.  82. 

pTocumhens,  S.  (pearl-wort.  T.  Y.  C.  Stockbridge.  w.  g.  J.  Z^.)  stem 
procumbent,  glabrous  :  petals  very  short.  At  New-Haven  it  grows 
only  in  runniug  water,  or  very  wet  shady  places,  forming  a  kind  of 
water  mat ;  but  it  grows  along  dry  road-sides  in  Stockbridge,  Mass. 

tipelala,  C.  (P.  J.  %.)  stem  erectish,  pubescent  :  flowers  sub-apeta- 
lous.  Both  species  have  linear,,  glabrous,  connate  leaves  and  axilla- 
ry flovvcrs. 

20—13.     Sagittaria.     5.  13. 

sagitlifolia  (arrow-head.  O.  w.  Ju.  I^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  sagit- 
tate :  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  straight  :  scape  simple  :  bracts  and 
calyx  lanceolate,  acute.     In  water  or  very  wet  places. 

fatifolia  (0.  w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  ovate,  acutish,  sagittate  ;  lobes  ovate, 
slenderly  acuminate,  straight  :  scape  simple  :  bracts  roundish,  ob- 
tuse. Var.  major,  leaves  large,  abruptly  acute  :  scape  sub-ramose. 
Dioecious. 

ohtusa,  W.  (P.  w.  J.  If.)  leaves  broad-ovate,  round-obtuse,  mucronate, 

(1)  campanulata.  L-  (2)  Chlora  dodecandra,  L-  (3)  Swertia  difformis,  L. 

]Nn2 


438  SAGITTARIA^    SALICOKNIA. 

sagittate  ;   lobes  near  each   other,  oblong,  obliquely    acuminate, 
straight :  scape  simple  :  bracts  ovate,  acute.     Dioecious. 

haslala,  Ph.  (D.  P.  w.  Ju.  I|.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  gradually  acute, 
sagittate;  lobes  spreading,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate:  scape  sim- 
ple :  bracts  and  calyx  roundish,  obtuse.     Dioecious. 

gracilis,  Ph.  (C.  Litchfield,  w.  Ju.  24 ■)  leaves  linear,  obtusish,  3-nerved, 
sagittate:  lobes  spreading,  linear,  elongated,  gradually  becoming 
slenderly  acuminate  :  scape  simple,  few-flowered  :  bracts  short,  sub- 
orbiculate.  Leaves  very  slender,  about  3  inches  long,  including  the 
petiole. 

hcterophi/lla,  Ph.  (O.  w.  Au.  H.)  leaves  simple,  linear  and  lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends  ;  or  oval,  acute,  at  the  base  obtuse,  sagittate  ; 
Fobes  spreading,  linear  :  scape  simple,  few-flowered:  pistillate  flow- 
ers sub-sessile  :  bracts  broad-ovate,  acuminate. 

/•/■^k'a,  Ph.  (Oswego,  w.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  keeled  be- 
low, rigid,  veiy  acute  at  both  ends  :  scape  ramose.  Grows  in  deep 
water. 

simplex,  Th.  (D.  w.  Ju.  y.)  leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  narrow  below  : 
scape  simple,  many-flowered  :  bracts  and  calyx  round,  obtuse.  Di- 
oecious. 

gnuninea,  Mx.  (1)  (Y.  C.  Can.  P.  w.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  linear,  long,  3-ner- 
ved :  scape  simple,  few-flowered  :  bracts  oblong,  obtuse. 

aculifolia.  Ph.  (P.  N.  C.  w.  Ju.  2^,)  leaves  subulate,  sheathed  at  the 
base,  convex  on  the  back  :  scape  simple,  few-flowered  :  bracts  dila- 
ted, acuminate. 

jmsilla,  N.  (2)  (P.  D.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  short  ;  summits 
more  like  the  leaves  of  dry  land  plants  :  scape  simple,  shorter  than 
the  leaves  :  flowers  few  ;  pistillate  ones  solitary,  deflected  ;  stamens 
about  7,  one  to  three  inches  high.  Leaves  rarely  subulate,  about  the 
twelfth  of  an  inch  wide.     In  mud. 

nalans,  Mx.  (P.  w.  Ju.  24^.)  leaves  nodding,  lance-oval,  obtuse,  3-nerv- 
ed, tapering  to  the  base  ;  lower  ones  sub-cordate  :  scape  simple,  few- 
flowered  :  lower  peduncles  elongated. 

1—1.     Salicornia.     12.  29. 

herbacea  (samphire,  glasswort.  L.  Onondaga.  Au.  ^.)  hjerbaceous, 
spreading  :  joints  compressed  at  the  apex,  emarginate-bifid.    Var. 

(1)  graminifolia,  M. 

(2)  Alisnia  subulata,  Mx.    I  includetl  it  untler  Alisma  in  this  ctl.  before  I  observed 
I^uiiall's  remarks. 


SALICORNIA,    SALIX.  439 

virginica,  has  the  branches  undivided  and  the  jointed  spikes  veiy 
long.  The  fructitication  is  very  obscure  ;  but  it  may  be  known  by 
its  leafless  nearly  cylindric  jointed  branches.  It  grows  in  salt  marsh- 
es along  the  sea-board.  I  collected  it  at  Onondaga  salt  springs.  It 
is  used  for  pickles,  and  for  making  soda.  Bigelow  says  the  speci- 
mens about  Boston  have  not  the  emarginate-comprcssed  apex,  as 
expressed  above. 
ambigua,  Ms.  (C.  Ju.  <? .  Tp.)  somewhat  woody,  ascending,  very 
branching. 

21—2.     Salix.     50.  99. 
1.  Leaves  entire,  or  ohsoletely  serrate. 

viminaliSjUa.  (basket  willow.  E.  Ap.  Tp.)  leaves  lance-linear,  very 
long,  acuminate,  entire,  sub-undulated,  white-silky  beneath,  glands 
scattered  near  the  margin  :  stipules  small  :  aments  precede  the  leaf- 
ing ;  scales  almost  round,  very  hairy  :  germs  sessile,  ovate  :  style 
filiform  ;  stigmas  acute,  undivided.     Cultivated.  B. 

Candida,  W.  (white  willow.  P.  Catskill  Mt.  Ap.  Tp.)  leaves  lance-lin- 
ear, very  long,  obsoletely  denticulate  at  the  apex,  pubescent  above, 
white-downy  beneath,  margin  revolute  :  stipules  lanceolate,  about 
equalling  the  petioles  :  Gments  precede  the  leafing,  cylindric  .  scales 
lance-obovate,  down  very  long. 

lyiuhlenberqiaua,  \V.  (1)  (speckled  willow.  P.  Ap.  Tp.)  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acutish,  sub-entire,  white-hairy,  rugose-veiny  beneath,  margin 
revolute  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  caducous  :  aments  precede  the  leaf- 
ing ;  scales  oblong  with  villose  margins :  germs  lance-ovate,  silk- 
villose,  long-pedicelled  :  styles  short,  stigma  2-cleft.  Scale  of  the 
anient  tipped  with  red.     3  to  5  feet  high. 

trislis,  \V.  (mourning  willow.  Y.  W.  P.  T.  C.  Ap.  >>.)  leaves  lance-lin- 
ear, acute  at  both  ends,  entire  ;  margin  revolute,  smoothish  above, 
rugose-veined  and  downy  beneath  :  stipules  none  :  aments  precede 
the  leafing,  oblong. 

recurvala,Fh.  (shrub  willow.  P.  New-Jersey.  Ap.  fp.)  leaves  lauce-ob- 
ovate,  acute,  entire,  margin  glandular,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath, 
in  the  young  state  silky  :  stipules  none  ;  aments  precede  leafing, 
recurved  ;  scales  black  at  the  apex,  hau-s  of  the  length  of  the  germs  : 
germs  ovate,  short-pedicelled,  silky  :  style  short,  stigma  2-cleft.— 
Probably  a  variety  of  S.  rosmarinifolia. 

(1)  iiicana.IUx.    trictis,M>    alpina,Wr. 


440  SALIX. 

repenSfW.  (!)  (creeping  willow.  Whitehills.  J.  ^.)  creeping:  leaves 
lance-oval,  entire,  acute,  glabrous,  somewhat  silky  beneath  :  sti- 
pules none  :  aments  precede  the  leafing,  ovate  ;  scales  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, hairy,  sooty-yellow  at  the  apex  :  germs  ovate-oblong,  pedicel- 
led,  pubescent :  style  short,  stigma  2-lobed  :  capsules  glabrous. — 
Very  small.  Found  on  the  Whitehills  by  Bigelow  and  Boot.  We 
are  indebted  to  these  two  gentlemen  and  professor  Peck,  for  most 
of  the  discoveries  on  this  mountain,  in  every  department  of  natural 
history. 

prostrata^  S.  (W.  ^.)  leaves  without  stipules,  obtusely  dentate,  oval- 
acute,  glaucous-silky  beneath  :  stem  prostrate. 

ftdicellaris,  Ph.  (stem-berried  willow.  N.  Pittsfield.  Catskill  Mt.  Ap.  ^ .) 
branchlets  smooth  :  leaves  lance-obovate,  acute,  entire,  both  sides 
glabrous  and  coloured  alike  :  stipules  none  :  a  m  ens  flower  at  leaf- 
ing time,  peduncled,  glabrous  ;  scales  oblong,  sceircely  pilose,  but 
half  as  long  as  the  pedicels  :  germs  ovate-oblong,  glabrous,  with  ve- 
ry long  pedicels  :  stigma  sessile,  2-cleft. 

rosmariiiifolia,  W.  (rosemary  willow.  P.  Ap.  ^ .)  leaves  straight,  lance- 
linear,  acute  at  both  ends,  entire,  sub-glandular  at  the  margin,  cadu- 
cous-pubescent above,  silky-beneath  :  stipules  narrow-lanceolate, 
erect  :  aments  precede  the  leafing,  ovate,  recurved  :  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  ciliate  :  germs  pedicelled,  lanceolate,  villose  :  stigma  sub- 
sessile,  2-cleft.     About  three  feet  high. 

fuscata,  Ph.  (sooty  willow.  P.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lance-obovate,  acute, 
glabrous,  sub-serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  in  the  young  state  pubes- 
cent :  stipules  very  narrow  :  aments  precede  the  leafing,  nodding ; 
scales  obtuse,  scarcely  hairy  within  ;  germs  short-pedicelled,  ovate, 
silky  :  stigma  sessile,  2-lobed. 

2.  Leaves  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate. 

ionifera,  Vf .  (2)  (rose  willow,  cone-gall  willow.  O.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves 
lance-oblong,  remotely  serrate,  acute,  glabrous  above,  flat  and  dow- 
ny beneath,  the  first  year's  growth  glabrous  :  stipules  lunulate,  sub- 
dentate  :  aments  precede  the  leafing  :  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
YiUose  :  germs  pedicelled,  lanceolate,  silky  :  style  2-cleft :  stigma 
2-lobed.  The  scaly  cones  are  mere  excrescences  or  galls,  caused  by 
the  stings  of  insects. 

(1)  ilepressa,  Hn.    polym«rpha,  Eh. 

(2)  eriocephaUjMx.    longirosUi8,Mx.  ihe  elder. 


SALIX.  441 

myrkoides,  W.  (gale  leaf  willow.  O.  Ap.  >>.)  leaves  lance-oblong, 
acute,  2  glands  at  the  base,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath  :  stipules 
ovate,  acute,  glandular-serrate  :  aments  flower  at  leafing  time,  vil- 
lose,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse,  villose,  dark-colour- 
ed :  germs  long-pedicelled,  lanceolate,  glabrous  :  style  2-cleft ;  stig- 
ma 2-cleft. 

2irinoides,  Ph.  (P.  C.  W.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  oval-oblong,  acute,  remotely 
wave-serrate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath  :  stipules  half-cordate, 
gash-toothed  :  aments  precede  the  leafing,  villose  ;  germs  pedicel- 
led,  ovate,  acuminate,  silky  :  style  long  ;  stigma  2-cleft. 

discolor,  W.  (red-root  willow,  basket  willow.  0.  Ap.  >>.)  leaves  ob- 
long, obtusish,  glabrous,  remotely  serrate,  entire  at  the  apex,  glau- 
cous beneath  :  stipules  caducous,  lanceolate,  serrate  :  aments  flow- 
er near  leafing  time,  oblong,  downy  :  scales  oblong,  acute,  dark-col- 
oured, hairy  :  germs  sub-sessile,  lanceolate,  downy  :  stigma  2-parted. 

angustata,  Vh.  (P.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate, acute,  very  long,  gradu- 
ally tapering  to  the  base,  serrulate,  glabrous,  both  sides  coloured 
nearly  alike  :  stipules  half-cordate  :  aments  precede  the  leafing, 
erect,  smoothish  :  germs  pedicelled,  ovate,  glabrous  :  style  2-cleft  ; 
stigma  2-lobed.     Resembles  prinoides. 

longifolia,  W.  (long-leaf  willow.  P.  T.  M.  f>.)  leaves  linear,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  elongated,  remotely  denticulate,  glabrous,  both  sides 
coloured  alike  :  stipules  narrow-lanceolate,  denticulate  :  aments 
flower  after  leafing,  peduncled,  downy  ;  scales  flat,  retuse  :  fila- 
ments bearded  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the  scales.  About  two 
feet  high. 

3.  Leaves  closely  and  acutely  senate. 
Remark.     The  first  six  of  the  following  species  have  about  3  stamens 

to  each  flower. 

babylonica  (weeping  willow.  E.  M.  '^.)  brancblets  pendant:  leaves 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous,  upper  and  lower  sides  of 
different  colours:  stipules  roundish,  contracted:  aments  flower  at 
leafing  time  :  germs  sessile,  ovate,  glabrous.  Supposed  to  be  the 
willow  on  which  the  Israelites  hung  their  haips,  when  captive  in 
Babylon.     See  the  137th  Psalm. 

falcata,  Ph.  (P.  ^.)  leaves  long,  lance-linear,  gradually  tapering 
above,  sub-falcate,  acute  at  the  base,  close-serrate,  glabrous  both 
sides,  in  the  young  state  silky  :  stipules  lunulate,  toothed,  deflected, 
Srauches  very  slender  and  brownish. 


442  SALix. 

^nigra,  W.  (1>  (brittle-joint  willow,  black-willow.  0.  M.  ^.)  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  serrulate,  same  colour  both  sides,  gla- 
brous, petioles  and  midribs  downy  above  :  stipules  contracted,  tooth- 
ed :  aments  flower  at  leafing  time,  erect,  cylindric,  villose  :  scales 
oblong,  very  villose  ;  filaments  3  to  6,  bearded  at  the  base  :  germs 
pedicelled,  ovate,  glabrous  :  style  very  short  ;  stigma  2-cleft.  About 
20  feet  high. 

tucida,  W.  (shining  willow.  0.  M.  ^  .)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate* 
acuminate,  rounded  at  the  base,  serrate,  glandular,  glabrous  both 
sides,  shining  :  stipules  oblong,  glandular-serrate  :  aments  flower  in 
leafing  time  ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse,  hairy  at  the  base,  serrate  at 
the  apex,  glabrous  :  germs  lance-subulate,  glabrous ;  style  2-cleft  ; 
stigma  obtuse.     Size  between  shrub  and  tree. 

vigida,W.{2)  (stiff-leaf  willow.  P.  C.  T.  W.  Ap  Tp.)  leaves  lance-ob- 
long, acuminate,  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  rigid,  glabrous,  sharply  ser- 
rate ;  lower  serratures  elongated  :  petioles  villose  :  stipules  broad- 
cordate,  obtuse,  glandular-serrate  ;  aments  flower  at  leafing  time  : 
scales  lanceolate,  dark-coloured,  woolly :  germs  long-pedicelled, 
lanceolate,  glabrous :  style  very  short  ;  stigma  2-parted.  Branches 
red  towards  the  end,  in  the  young  state  pubescent.  Used  also  in 
basket-making. 

cordata,W.  (heart-leaf  willow.  P.  T.  W.  Ap.  Tp.)  leaves  lance-oblong, 
acuminate,  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous,  paler  be- 
neath :  stipules  broad,  round-ovate,  cartilaginous-serrate :  aments 
flow^er  at  leafing  time  :  scales  lanceolate,  dark-coloured,  woolly  : 
germs  pedicelled,  lanceolate,  glabrous  :  style  very  short ;  stigma  2- 
cleft.    6  to  8  feet  high. 

fmea,  W.  (3)  <grey  willow.  P.  W.  Ap.  >?.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, serrulate,  glabrous  above,  downy  on  the  midrib,  silky  or  naked 
beneath  :  stipules  linear,  deflected,  caducous  :  ament  precedes  the 
leafing  :  scales  oblong,  hairy,  dark-coloured  at  the  apex  :  germ  ob- 
long, pedicelled,  silky  ',  stigma  sessile,  obtuse.  About  8  (eet  high  : 
joints  brittle  at  the  base. 

ntellina,  (yellow  willow.  O.  M.  >>.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
thickly  serrate,  glabrous  above,  whitish-silky  beneath  :  stipules  none  : 
aments  flower  in  leafing  time,  cylindric  :  scales  lance-ovate,  both 
sides  coloured  like  outside,  pubescent  :  germs  sessile,  lance-ovate, 
glabrous  :    stigma  sub-sessile,  2.lobed.    Middle  size  tree.     Every 

(1)  caroUniana,  Ms.    pentandra,  Wr,    vulgaris,  Clayton.  ^ 

(2)  eerdata,  Mx.    coraifolia,  Baak?.  ^3)  serice?i,  M- 


SALIX,    SAMBUCUS.  443 

where  indigenous  in  the  interior  of  the  northern  states.  V'ar.  alha, 
has  the  leaves  white-silky  both  sides,  and  very  long  aments.  This 
variety  is  usually  the  tallest. 

ambigua,  Ph.  (D.  Ap.  >?.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  both, 
sides  of  the  same  colour,  glandular-serrate  :  aments  flower  in  leafing 
time  :  the  pair  of  nectaries  large  :  lobes  lanceolate,  deformed,  tooth 
cd  at  the  apes,  glabrous  :  the  terminal  florets  have  3  stamens.  Re- 
sembling the  vitellina. 

yusseliana,  W.  (E.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  : 
aments  flower  in  leafing  time  :  florets  generally  with  3  stamens  : 
germs  pedicelled,  subulate,  smooth  :  styles  elongated.     Tall  tree. 

fttiolaris,  Vi .  (D.  Ap.  ^ .)  leaves  lanceolate,  wholly  serrate,  smooth 
glaucous-silky  beneath,  generally  unequal  at  the  base:  stipules  ter- 
nate,  toothed,  small :  aments  precede  the  leafing,  loose  :  scales  ob- 
ovate,  obtuse,  having  black  hairs  :  germs  long-peduncled,  ovate, 
silky ,  stigmas  sessile,  2-lobed.  B. 

5—2.     Salsola.     12.  29. 

hali,  (salt-wort.  L.  Ju.  ^.)  herbaceous,  decumbent  :  leaves  channel- 
led, spinose  :  calyx  margined,  axillary.  Var.  caroliniana,  leaves  di- 
lated, shorter,  terete,  nerveless,  spinose  :  stem  smooth  or  hairy  :  ca- 
lyx with  a  broader  margin.     Seed  cochleate. 

tragus,  (D.  Ju.  0.)  erect  :  leaves  subulate,  spinose,  smooth  ;  calyx 
ovate.  M. 

soda,  (C.  0.)  spreading :  leaves  without  pricWes.  M. 
2—1.     Salvia.     42.  39. 

officinalis,  (sage.  E.  b.  J.  11.   or    ^.)  leaves  Lance-ovate,  crenulate  ; 

whorls  few  flowered  :  calyx  mucronate. 
sclara,  (clarry.  E.  ^.)  leaves  lu  ose,  cordate,  oblong,  villose,  serrate  : 

floral  bracts  longer  than  the  calyx,  coijcave,  acuminate. 
lyrata,  (wild  sage.  D.  P.  Can.  b.  M.  U.)  raJical  leaves  lyrate,  toothed  : 

upper  lip  of  the  corol  very  short :  stem  nearly  leafless,  reverse-hairy. 

Var.  ooovata,  has  the  leaves  obovate,  repand. 
verbenaca,   P.  (vervain    sage.  P.   b-p.  J.  2/.)  leaves   serrate,  sinuate, 

smoothish  :  corol  narrower  than  the  calyx. 
urticifolia,   Vuh!.  (nettle  sa2;e.    D.  b.   J.    2^.)    villose-viscous  :  leaves 

ovate-oblong,  toothed,  decurrent  along  the  petiole. 

5—3.     Samblcus.     43.  58. 
§tt%adensis,  (black-berried  elder.  0.  w.  J.  f?.)  branchlets  and  petioles 


444         SAMBUCUS,  SAPONARIA. 

glabrous  :  leafets  about  in  4  pairs,  oblong-oval,  glabrous,  shining, 
acuminate  j  midrib  sub-pubescent  ;  base  sometimes  appendaged  : 
cyme  lax,  divided  into  about  5  parts. 
pubescens,  Mx.  (red-berried  elder.  H.  T.w.  M.  T^.)  bark  warty  :  leafets 
in  2  pairs,  lance-oval,  pubescent  beneath  :  flowers  raceme-panicled, 
or  in  a  crowded  bunch. 

5—1.     Samolus.     21.  34. 

valerandi,  (brookweed.  C.  P.  Y.  N.  w.  Ju.  2/.)  leaves  obovate  :  ra- 
cemes elongated  :  pedicels  bracted  near  the  middle.     Damp. 

13—1.     Sanguinaria.    27.  62. 

canadensis,  (blood-root.  0.  w.  Ap.  Z^.)  leaves  sub-reniform,  sinuate- 
lobed  :  scape  1-flowered.  A  variety,  stenopetala,  has  linear  petals. 
Root  highly  efficacious  in  the  influenza,  hooping-cough,  and  the  late 
epidemic.  Ives.  See  Bigelow's  Med.  Bot.  Also  cathartic,  emetic, 
and  a  secernant  stimulant.  B. 

4 — 2.     Sanguisorba.    54.  92. 

canadensis,  (burnet  saxifrage.  N.  C.  P.  T.  Saratoga,  w.  Ju.  H.)  flowers 
in  a  long  cylindric  spike  :  stamens  several  times  longer  than  the  co- 
rols.  The  leaves  resemble  the  burnet.  Grows  plentifully  in  Deer- 
field,  Mass.  and  in  Waterford,  N.  York. 

media,  (Can  .''  P.  r-w.  Ju.  2X-)  spikes  cylindric  ;  stamens  a  little  longer 
than  the  corol. 

6—2.     Sanicula.    45.  60. 

marylandica  (sanicle.  O.  w.  J.  li)  leaves  digitate  ;  leafets  oblong, 
gashed  :  part  of  the  flowers  are  fertile,  sessile  and  sub-ternate  ;  the 
others  are  barren,  pedicelled,  and  the  most  numerous  The  stem  is 
upright  and  smooth,  with  pretty  upright  branches.  The  seeds  are 
furnished  with  hooked  bristles;  After  the  unopened  flowers  ap- 
pear, they  are  a  long  time  in  that  state  before  they  expand.  About 
2  or  3  feet  high. 

10—2.     Saponaria.    22.  82. 

officinalis  (soapwort,  bouncing  bet.  0.  w.  J.  2^.)  calyx  cylindric  :  leaves 
lance-ovate.  About  12  or  14  inches  high.  It  may  have  been  intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

vaccaria  (field  soapwort.  \V.  r.  Au.  ^.)  calyx  5-cornered,  cone-ovate  • 


SAROTHRA,  SAURURUS.         445 

leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile.  Probably  iniroduccd  ;  but  it  now 
grows  wild  along  t  e  Ho-ick,  near  Willia  'S  college. 
6 — 3.  Sarothra.  20.  82. 
gentianoides,  L.  (1)  (nit-weed,  false  John's  wort.  T.  Y.  C.  Hudson,  p. 
y-  J-  0)  sma'l,  erect,  setaceous-ramose  :  leaves  minute,  close-press- 
ed :  flowers  on  the  branchlets  alternate,  solitary  :  stamens  5  to  10: 
capsule  oblong,  1-celled.  On  the  sandy  plain  west  of  Ball's  spring, 
New-Haven  ;  it  grows  about  5  or  6  inches  high,  has  a  leafless  ap- 
pearance, and  always  10  stamens. 

13 — 1.     Sakracenia.     54.  62. 

purpurea  (side-saddle.  O.  p  J.  U-)  leaves  radical,  short,  gibbose-infla- 
ted  or  cup-form,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  having  a  broad  arched  la- 
teral wing;  the  contracted  part  at  the  base  hardly  as  low^  as  the  in- 
flated part.  Scape  grows  1  to  2  feet  high,  with  a  single,  large  nod- 
ding flower.     In  ruarshes. 

heterophyUa  (N.  y.  J  H.)  leaves  radical,  outer  ones  long-funnel-form, 
not  contracted  at  the  mouth,  having  a  narrow  straight  lateral  wing  ; 
the  contracted  part  at  the  base  about  twice  as  long  as  the  inflated 
part  ;  the  inner  leaves  short,  gibbose-inflated,  contracted  at  the 
mouth,  having  an  arc;ied  lateral  wing,the  contracted  part  at  the  base 
iiardly  as  long  as  the  inflated  part :  style  longer  than  the  tilarae.'.ts. 
The  whole  plant  palish  yellow,  and  very  slender.  Corol  yellow. — 
Dr.  David  Hu.it  gave  me  specimens  of  this  plant  three  years  ago, 
(1818)  which  he  collected  in  a  swamp  at  iNortiiampton,  Mass.  At 
first  I  was  inclined  to  call  it  the  flava.  But  it  seems  to  embrace  most 
of  the  characteristics  of  both  the  purpurea  and  fla  a.  1  have  ventur- 
ed to  describe  it  here  as  a  new  species,  though  1  had  marked  it  in 
my  herbarium,  S.  purpurea,  Vai\  cariolaris.  P. 

14—1.     Satdreja.     42.  39. 

hortensis  (summer  savory.  E.  b-w.  Ju.  0.)  peduncles  axillary,  some- 
what in  a  cyme  :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire:  stem  bracbiate. 

montana  (winter  savory.  E.  ^.)  peduncles  somewnai  1-si  led  :  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  acuminate,  mucronale  :  leaves  raucrouaie. 

7 — 4.     Sauhcjkus.     2.  6. 

cernuns  (lizard's  tail.  Fishlcdl.  P.  C.  Can.  Ju.  U.)  stem  leafy,  many- 
spiked  :  leaves  heart-sagittate. 

(1)  hypericoides,  jN.    Hy4)encuiii  sarothra,  Mx. 


446  SAXIFRAGAj    SCHIZvEA. 

10—2.     Saxifraga.'    13.  84. 

virginiensis,  Mx.  (1)  (rock  saxifrage.  O.  w.  M.  It.)  minutely  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  creuate,  decurrent  into  the  petiole  :  flow- 
ers sub-sessile  on  the  dichotomous  branches  of  an  almost  leafless 
scape,  it  may  be  found  in  flower  from  1  to  15  inches  high.  On 
and  near  ledges  of  rocks,  kc. 

pennsylcanica  (water  saxifrage.  O.  g-w.  J.  2/.)  pubescent  :  leaves 
lance-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  obsoletely  denticulate :  scape 
leafless  ;  panicle  oblong,  with  fascicled  branches  at  the  top.  One 
to  four  feet  high.     On  wet  ground. 

sarnuntosa  (beef-steak,  creeping  saxifrage.  E.  w.  Au.  H)  leaves  round- 
ish, toothed,  hairy ;  sending  off  creeping  shoots  :  2  petals  in  each 
flower  elongated. 

4 — 1.     ScAEiosA.     47.  56. 

siellata  (star  scabious,  cat's  eye.  E  y-w.  0  )  corol  5-cleft,  radiate  : 
leaves  cut  aad  jagged  :  outer  crown  of  the  seeds  orbi  cular,  large, 
spreading,  membiaiious,  many-nerved.  The  heads  of  seeds  are  very 
ornamental  for  flowerpots  in  the  winter,  on  account  of  their  perma- 
nent shining  crown. 

alropurpurea  (sweet  scabious.  E.  r.  24)  corol  5-cleft,  radiating :  leaves 
pinnatifid  and  cut  :  receptacle  cylindric  :  outer  crown  ot  the  seed 
short,  lobed  and  crenate. 

Scandix,  see  Charophyllum  and  Uraspermum. 

6 3.      SCHEUCHZEUIA.      5.    13. 

palustris  (less  flowering  rush.  P.  T.  V.  Taghconuk.  g-y.  J.  2^.)  stem  gla- 
brous: leaves  semi-cylindric,  sheathing  at  the  base  ;  each  having  a 
lateral  pore  on  the  inner  sirle,  immediately  below  the  cartilaginous 
tip.     In  ponds  and  marshes.     Grows  about  a  foot  high- 

22 — 2.     ScHiSTiDiuM.     56.  4. 

ciliatum,  siem  ramose  :  leaves  lance-ovate,  concave,  diaphanous  at  the 
apex,  denticulate  :  capsules  ovate,  sub-sessile  :  calyptre  very  long, 
mitre-form  or  bell-conic,  split  at  the  base  into  many  small  irregular 
divisions,  beautifully  reticulate. 

22 — 1.     ScHiz^A.     55.  5. 
^usilla,Th.  (oue-sided  fern.  D.  Ju.  If.)  frond  simple,  linear-compress- 
(n  nivalis,  M-    vernalis,  8w. 


SCIICEXUS,    SCIRPUS.  447 

ed  :  spikes  conjrlomerate,  inflexed,  one-way.  A  party  of  botanists, 
cousisting  of  Le  Conte,  Eddy,  Pursh  and  Whitlow,  found  3  speci- 
mens only  of  this  species  in  1805,  all  of  which  have  been  lost.  This 
summer  (1818.)  Dr.  Torrey  and  Mr.  Cooper  have  found  great  num- 
bers of  them.  The  only  known  locality  is  near  Quaker  bridge,  New- 
Jersey,  in  a  swamp.  The  specimen  which  Dr.  T.  sent  to  me,  con- 
sists of  20  filamentous  stems,  proceeding  from  the  same  root.  Some 
of  them  have  heads  not  unrolled.  The  tallest  is  4  inches  hi^h,  termi- 
nated by  the  one-sided  fan-like  aggregation  of  spikes,  which  is  but 
one-eighth  of  an  inch. 

3—1.     ScHffiNus.    3.  9. 

se/aceus  (bog-rush.  D.  P.  2^.)  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  about  3- 
flowered  ;  culm  3-cornered  :  culm  and  leaves  setaceous.  Most  of  the 
species  of  this  genus  are  now  removed  to  the  genus  Khynchospora. 

SchainaSjSee  Rhynchospora. 

14—2.       SCHWALBEA.      40.    40. 

ariifrkana,  W.  (chafF-seed.  D.  p.  J.  2^.)  simple,  pubescent :  leaves  lan- 
ceolate :  racemes  terminal  ;  flowers  alternate. 

3—1.     SciRPus.     3.  9. 
1.  Culm  with  one  terminal  spike . 

cnuis,  W.  (club-rush.  0.  M.  IS.)  spike  oval,  acutish  at  both  ends;  the 
2  ovate,  obtuse  bracts  are  dark-coloured,  with  whitish  margins  : 
culm  4-sided,  leafless,  a  span  high  ;  sheaths  truncate,  sub-mucronate  : 
root  creeping  horizontally.  In  wet  places,  like  most  of  the  species 
of  this  genus. 

^yalustris,  L.  (1)  (P.  C.  M.  2_C.)  spike  oblong,  erect:  bracts  obtuse: 
culm  leafless,  terete,  purplish  at  the  base,  not  hollow,  somewhat  join- 
ted, enclosed  at  the  base  in  a  truncate  sheath.  About  2  feet  high.— 
Willdenow  says,  the  sheaths  and  scales  are  lanceolate,  acute.  The 
root  creeps  horizontally.  Seed  roundish,  rugose,  bristles  3  or 4,  his- 
pid. 

capitatus,  Jj.  (2)  (O.  Au.)  spike  globular-ovate,  obtuse;  culm  erect, 
leafless,  compressed,  cespitose,  becoming  slender  uadcr  the  spike  : 
the  sheath  of  the  base  retuse-mucronate,  becoming  white:  seedshin- 

^1)  Eleccharis,  Br.  (2)  Eleocbaris,  Br. 


448  sciRPus. 

ing,  oval,  glabrous,  with  6  bristles  longer  than  the  seed,  placed  un- 
der the  style. 

trichodes,  M.  (O.J.)  spike  ovate,  acute,  1,4  or  G-flowered,  with  a  sin- 
gle obtuse  bract  :  culm  acicular,  about  an  inch  and  an  half  high,  ces- 
pitose,  4-sided,  putplish  at  the  base;  vshea.th  truncate,  obtuse  :  seed 
3-sided,  shorter  than  the  bristles. 

ijitermedius,  M.  (W.  C.  P.  S.)  spike  ovate-oblong,  acute,  somewhat  2- 
cleft  :  culm  greenish,  4-sided,  cesy  itose,  sukate,  a  hand's  breadth 
high  :  sheath  at  the  base  acuminate  :  seed  pear-form  ;  bristles  6^ 
longer  tiiaa  the  seeds. 

planifoiius,  M  (P.  W.  N.  V.  M.)  spike  ovate,  acute,  6-flowered  :  bract 
yellowish,  ovate,  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  spike  :  culm  3-siHed,  a 
span  high,  nearly  leafless,  cespitose  :  leaves  sub-radical,  alternate, 
linear,  flat,  keeled,  scabrous  ;  lowest  ones  broad,  abbreviated,  nerves 
mucronate  ;  the  rest  3-nerved,  equalling  the  culm  :  seed  3-sidedj 
with  3  bristles  equalling  the  seeds. 

obtvsns,  Bxv.  (\\  hitehills.  Ju.)  culm  terete,  naked  •.  spike  lanceolate^ 
scales  fleshy  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  A  new  species  discovered  by  Big- 
elow  a«d  Boot. 

hrndeaius,  Bw.  (Whifehills.  Au.)  culm  terete  :  spike  ovate,  acute  :  in- 
volucre-like bracts  :  florets  monandrous.  A  new  species  by  Bigelow 
and  Boot. 

2.  Cubn  with  several  spikes. 

Iccuslris  (great  bull-rush.  O.  J.  2^.)  spikes  sub-terminal,  many,  oblong- 
ovate,  peduncled  and  sessile,  with  sooty-yellow  bracts  ;  peduncles 
flat,  2-edged  and  terete  ;  scales  glabrous,  mucronate  :  glumes  ovate, 
obtuse,  mucronate  :  pistil  2-cleft:  culm  4  or  5  feet  high,  terete,  leaf- 
less,  becoming  slender  at  the  top  :  seeds  obovate  ;  bristles  4,  hispid, 
rather  longer  than  the  seed. 

acidus,  M.  (common  bull-rush.  C.  P.  Ju.  U-)  spikes  with  unequal  com- 
pressed peduncles,  oblong,  sub-umbelled,  lateral  near  the  top  :  culm 
about  4  feet  high,  leafless,  tereie,  having  oblong  sooty-yellow  spots  : 
glumes  yellowish,  keeled,  mucronate,  pubescent. 

triquiter,  M.  (1)  (0.  Ju.  If.)  spikes  lateral,  1  to  5,  ovate,  conglomer- 
ate, sessile,  sooty-yellow  :  culm  perhaps  somewhat  leafless,  sharply 
3-cornered,  3  to  5  feet  hidi,  with  an  erect  mucronate  point,  hollow- 
ed out  on  the   sides  :  glumes   ovate,  mucronate,  keeled  :  pistil  2- 

(1)  Americanus,  P. 


sciRPus.  449 

cleft  ;  seed  somewhat  3-sidpd,  acuminate-crowned,  flat  and  con- 
vex, becoming  black,  setose  at  the  base.  Var.  ?  moaotachius  is 
about  half  a  foot  high,  with  a  very  short  sub-radical  leaf,  sheath 
obtuse,  bearing  the  leaf;  spike  simple,  ovate,  sessile  ;  seed  oval. 

debilis,  Ph.  (P.  C.  Au.)  spikes  lateral,  sessile,  ovate,  1,  3,  or  9,  bract- 
less,  many-flowered,  short  :  glumes  ovate,  obtuse  and  acuminate, 
margin  white,  keel  green  :  culm  leafless,  erect,  channelled,  about  1 
foot  high,  cespitose,  sheathed  at  the  base,  apex  straight :  seed  some- 
what 3-sided  orobovale,  shining,  dark-coloured,  rugose  or  punctate; 
bristles  3  to  5,  hispid,  a  little  longer  than  the  seed. 

ferrugineus,  M.  (1)  (P.  D.)  spikes  sub-terminal,  one  in  the  middle  ses- 
sile, the  rest  (3  or  4)  peduucled,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  the  terminal 
involucre  3-leaved,  unequal,  pubesciint,  one  leafet  straight :  glumes 
ovate,  acute,  keeled,  reddish-brown,  a  little  hairy  :  pistils  fringed  : 
culms  cespitose,  compressed,  striate,  glabrous  :  leaves  radical  and 
alternate,  flat,  striate,  a  little  punctate,  equalling  the  culm,  at  the 
base  a  broad  sheath  with  a  jjubescent  margin  ;  seed  obovate,  stri- 
ate, beardless.  On  dry  land  au  inch  or  two  in  height,  on  wet  land 
1  or  2  feet. 

■^nadiceus,  M.  (2)  (P.  C.)  spikelets  ovate-oblong  ;  scales  roundish,  gla- 
brous, chesuut-brown  :  spikelets  in  a  terminal  umbel  ;  peduncles 
compressed,  1-spiked  and  divided  into  3  or  4  spikes  ;  involucres  3- 
leaved,  unequal  ;  style  compressed,  pubescent :  culm  compressed, 
about  3  feet  high  ;  radical  leaves  filiform,  glabrous  :  seed  compress- 
ed, striate,  beardless. 

papillaris,  V'ahl.  (C.  P.  V.  Y.  Ju.)  spikes  1  to  4,  lateral,  under  the  apex 
of  the  culm,  one  sessile,  the  rest  peduncled  ;  involucre  1  or  2-leav- 
cd  :  lower  valve  subulate,  the  rest  obtuse,  the  keel  green  or  white  : 
culm  setiform,  an  inch  or  two  high,  3-sided,  cespitose,  nearly  leafless  : 
the  leaves  are  sub-radical  and  alternate,  setaceous,  sheathing  at  the 
base,  with  hairs  at  the  top  of  the  sheath:  seed  somewhat  3-sided, 
beardless,  sub-rugose,  nerves  transverse. 

autumnalis,  M.  (3)  (O.  Ju.)  spikes  terminal,  panicled,  sub-umbelled, 
peduncled,  proliferous,  with  a  2  or  3-leaved  involucre,  oblong,  acute, 
sooty-yellow,  alternately  sessile  :  glumes  ovate,  mucronate,  keeled  : 
culms  a  span  high,  2-edged,  cespitose,  with  linear,  flat,  nerved  leaves 
at  the  base  :  seed  3-sided,  nerveless,  beardless. 

(1)  Puberulus,  Mx  (2)  Fimbristylis,Vahh 

fSJ  Mucronulutus,  ^.    Fimbristylis,  lis. 

Oo  2 


450  SClRPtJS,    SCLERANTHUS. 

sub-squarrosus,  M.  (P.  Ju.)  spikes  1  to  3,  terminal,  glomerate,  ovatC; 
sooty-yellow,  sessile,  many-flowered  :  involucre  3-leaved  ;  leafets 
une(jua!,  linear,  broader  at  the  base,  striate  :  glumej.  ovate,  acute, 
purplish  under  the  apex,  at  the  apex  raucronate  and  sub-squarrose  ,; 
keel  green  :  culm  from  2  to  5  inches  high,  3-sided,  almost  leafless, 
purplish  at  the  base,  with  2  alternate,  short,  sub-radical  leaves  : 
sheaths  of  the  leaves  nerved,  glabrous  :  seed  3-sided,  beardless. 

brunneus,  M.  (1)  (P.  C.  S.)  tijiikes  panicled,  terminal :  peduncles  5; 
unequal,  alternately  terete  and  flat,  furnished  at  the  base  with  a 
truncate  sheath,  and  a  lanceolate  leaf  or  involucre  :  spikelets  3.  5, 
or  16,  ovate,  glomerate  :  glumes  imbricate,  ovate,  keeled,  sub-mu- 
eronate,  brown  :  anthers  red  :  culm  8-sided,  striate,  glabrous,  leafy,, 
about  2  feet  high  :  leaves  alternate,  lance-linear,  nerved  ;  margin 
scabrous,  with  a  glabrous,  striate  slieath  :  seed  3-sided,  with  bristles 
longer  than  the  seed.  The  general  involucre  is  4-leaved;  erect,  long- 
er than  the  panicle. 

ttrovirevs,  M.  (0.  J.  11)  spikes  in  a  terminal  panicle,  proliferous  :  in- 
volucre 3-leaved,  with  the  margin  and  keel  scabrous  :  branches  of 
the  panicle  or  peduncles  unequal,  3  to  6,  pedicels  about  12  .-  spike- 
lets  glomerate,  about  12,  ovate,  acute  :  glumes  imbricate,  ovate., 
acute,  keel  hairy  :  stem  o-sided,  striate,  glabrous,  leafy,  about  three 
feet  high  :  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  keeled,  long ;  those  of  the  culm 
alternate,  scabrous :  sheaths  striate,  glabrous,  pellucid  :  seed  3-sided, 
small,  with  4  short  bristles. 

ftndulas,  M.  (2)  (P. Tqnghkeepsie.  J.  24!.)  spikes  in  terminal  and  la- 
teral panicles,  nodding,  all  oblong-cylindric,  pedicelled  :  involucre 
1 -leaved  :  glumes  imbricate,  ovate,  acuminate,  white,  with  green 
keels  :  culm  3-sided,  glabrous,  leafy,  about  3  feet  high  -.leaves  of  the 
culm  alternate,  flat,  striate  ;  margin  scabrous  ;  sheaths  striate  :  seed 
3-sided,  with  many  interwoven  bristles  longer  than  the  seeds. 

macrostachyos,  M.  (3)  spikes  sessile,  peduncled,  6  to  12,  ovate  :  invo- 
lucre 8-leaved,  uneqr.al,  elongated  :  scales  of  the  spikes  ovate,  a  little 
hairy,  3-cleft,  the  middle  division  awn-form  :  culm  exactly  3-sided, 
glabrous,  leafy  at  the  base,  more  than  a  foot  high  :  leaves  lance-li- 
near, nerved,  keeled,  glabrous,  longer  thaii  the  culm,  sheathing  at 
the  base  :  seed  with  bristles,  hispid  backwards.     Salt  marshes. 

10—2.      SCLERANTHUS.      22.    86. 

anmius,  (knawel,  gravel  chickwefed.  O.  Av-g.  J.  ^.)  calyx  of  the  fruit 

(I;  HxaUfiti's.  j(2)  Sciipus  brizoides;  W.    Trichophoruni  penduUiTp. 

(.1)  robu&ms,  i'h.    mar iU  nous,  Mx. 


SCLEUIA,    SCR0P11ULA.RIA.  451 

spreading,  acute  :  stem  spreading,  sub-proslrate.     In  bunches  3  or  4 
inches  in  extent,  or  more. 

20—3.     ScLERiA.     3.  9. 

inglojnerata,  (whip-grass.  P.  C.  J.  24-)  culm  erect,  simple,  3-sided, 
scabrous  :  leaves  scabrous  at  the  margin  :  fascicles  few-flowered,  ter- 
minal :  glumes  ovate,  mucronate,  scabrous  :  nuts  globose,  acute,  ru- 
gose. 

paucijiora,  (P.  C.  Au.  If.)  leaves  narrow-linear,  channelled  ;  margin 
scabrous  :  fascicles  very  few-flowered,  in  pairs,  terminal :  nut  small, 
white,  transversely  rugose.     Stem  erect,  hardly  a  span  high. 

verticillata,  (P.  Au.  11.)  culm  simple,  3-sided  :  culm  and  leaves  gla- 
brous :  spike  naked,  with  alternate  distant  glomerules  :  nut  globose, 
mucronate,  transversely  rugose-warty. 

22 6.       SCLERODEKMA.       58.    1. 

citrinum,  middle  size,  roundish,  sending  off  shoots,  pale-yellow  :  scales 
thickish,  obsolete.  On  the  earth  among  oaks,  or  on  trunks,  in  au- 
tumn. 

22 — G.      SCLEROTIUM.      58.   1. 

semen,  (barked  puff  ball.  P.)  globular  or  pear-form,  blackish,  becoming 
rugged  }  gregariou?.     On  dead  potato-stems  in  autumn. 

durum,  ovate,  hard,  sub-striate,  obscure,  black.  On  the  dried  stems  of 
large  herbs  in  autumn  and  winter. 

22 1.      SCOLOPENDRIUN.      55.    5. 

officinarum,W.  (1)  (caterpillar  fern.  Onondaga.  Ju.  2^.)  frond  broad- 
lanceolate,  cordate  at  the  base  :  stipe  chaffy. 

18—1.     ScoLYMUs.     49.  55. 

hispanicus,  (golden  thistle.  E.  2^.)  flowers  aggregated  :  leaves  scabrous, 
rough-haired  on  the  midrib  beneath  ;  interruptedly  decurrent. 

14 — 2.      SCROPIIULARIA.      40.   40. 

marylandica,  L.  (2)  (fig-wort.  O.  g-p.  Ju.  U-)  leaves  cordate,  serrate, 
acute,  roundish  at  the  base  ;  petioles  ciliate  below  :  fascicles  of  the 
panicle  lax,  few-flowered.     3  to  7  feet  high. 

lanceolata,  Ph.  (P.  T.  g-y.  Au.  11.)  leaves  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate, 
acuminate,   acute  at  the  base  ;  petioles  naked  :  fascicles  of  the  pa- 
nicle corymbed. 
(1)  Asplenium  seolopendrium,  L.  ?2)  nodofa,  Var.  araericana,  MX' 


452  SCUTELLARIA,    3EDUM. 

14—1.     Scutellaria.     42.  39. 

galericidain,  (scull-cap.  O.  b.  J.  2^.)  branching:  leaves  sub-sessile, 
lance-ovate,  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  crenate,  a  little  white-downy 
beneath  :  flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Flowers  large.  From  10  to  18 
inches  high.  Damp. 
lateriflora,  (mad-dog  scull-cap,  hood-wort.  0.  b.  Ju.  U-)  branching, 
glabrous  :  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  toothed ;  cauline  ones  sub- 
cordate  :  racemes  lateral^  leafy.     Damp. 

Much  has  been  said  and  published  on  the  wonderful  virtues  of  this 
plant.  It  is  said  to  be  an  antidote  to  the  hydrophobia,  to  the  poison 
of  serpents,  &.c.  W.  Coleman,  Esq.  editor  of  the  New-York  Evening 
Post,  has  certainly  merited  public  gratitude  for  his  diligence  in  collect- 
ing and  publishing  so  many  well  attested  facts  in  relation  to  this  sub- 
ject ;  even  if  it  should  finally  appear  that  the  plant  does  not  possess 
those  virtues. 

ovalifolia,  P.  (1)  (C.  P.  b.  J.  2^.)  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  sub-oval,  ser- 
rate ;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  sub-entire. 
farvula,  Mx.  (P.  w-b.  J.  2^.)  small,  simple,  densely  pubescent :  leaves 
sessile,  ovate,  entire  :  flowera   axillary,   solitary.     About  2   inches 
high. 
integrifolia,  (D.  P.  b.  Ju.  2^.)  somewhat   simple,  densely  pubescent  : 
leaves  sub-sessile,  oblong  or  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  tapering  to  the 
base  :  racemes  laxish,  leafy.     Var.  hyssopifolia,  has  the  leaves  all 
linear. 
cordifolia,   M.   (2)    (P.  b.  w.  Au.  11.)    leaves  broad-cordate,  obtusely 
toothed  ;  petioles  long  :  racemes  ternate,   terminal ;  bracts  ovate  : 
stem  branching.     Large  and  robust. 
gracilis,  N.  (P.  b-w.  li.)  stem  sub-simple  :  leaves  remote,  broad-ovate, 
dentate,  smooth,  sessile,  scabrous  at  the  margin  ;  upper  ones  entire  ; 
flowers  axillary.    Resembles  the  galericulata. 

3—2.     Secale.    4.  10. 

ctreale,  (rye.  E.  J.  ^  )  glume  scabrous-ciliate  :  scales  of  the  calyx 
narrow :  awns  long,  and  reverse-prickly :  leaves  rough  near  the 
point. 

10—5.     Sedum.     13.  83. 

Hlephium,  (orpine,  live-forever.  E.  r.  w.  Ju.  2./.)  leaves  flattish,  tooth- 
serrate,  thickly  scattered  :  corymb  leafy  :  stem  erect. 
'  (1)  pUosa,Mx.  (2)  versicolor,  N. 


SEDUM,    SEXECIO.  453 

tetnalum,  Mx.  (false  ice-plant.  P.  w.  J.  U-)  small,  creeping :  leaves 
flat,  round-spatulate,  teraate  :  flowers  somewhat  3-spiked.  Varies 
into  the  eiglith  class.     Cultivated. 

anacampscros,  (stone-crop.  E.  2^.)  leaves  wedge-form,  entire,  sub-ses- 
sile :  stem  decumbent :  flowers  corymbed. 

5 — 2.     Selinum.     45.  60. 
canadense,  Mx.  (1)  (milk  parsley.  P.  V.  Can.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  very  glabrous, 
shining  :  leaves  doubly  pinnate  }  leafets  many-parted,  divisions  lan- 
ceolate :  fruit  ovate. 

11—13.     Sfmpervivum.     13.  83. 

tedorum,  (houseleek.    E.    Au.   If.)    leaves   ciliate  :  bulbs   spreading  : 

nectaries  wedge-form,  crenulate. 
n.rhoreum,  (tree  houseleek.  E.)  stem  woody,  smooth,  branching :  leaves 

wedge-form,  glabrous,  with  soft  spreading  hairs. 

18—2.     Senecio.     49.  55. 

1.  Florets  tubular :  rays  none 

Remark.  The  three  first  species  vary  from  the  character  of  the  sec- 
tion under  which  the  genus  is  placed  ;  being  destitute  of  rays. 
vulgaris,  (groundsel.  T.  P.  y.  J.  2^.)  leaves  mostly  clasping,  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  toothed  :  flowers  panicled  rstera  erect,  branched,  angular. 
Near  the  Patroon's  in  Albany  it  grows  18  to  20  inches  high,  and  the 
leaves  a  very  little  clasping. 
hieracifolius,  (fire-weed.  O.   w.  J.  0.)    stem    wand-panicled  :    leaves 
clasping,  oblong,  acute  ;  deeply,  acutely,   and  unequally  toothed  : 
calyx  smooth.     From  4  to  8  feet  high.     This  plant  springs  up  wher- 
ever land  has  been  recently  cleared  of  timber,  and  more  particularly 
if  it  has  been  burned  over.     It  is  very  strong-scented,  and  is  said  to 
be  useful  in  hemorrhagy. 
dongatas,   Ph.  (long-stem  groundsel.  P.   Ju.    If.)    glabrous  :    radical 
leaves  spatulate,  serrate,  tapering  into  the  petiole  ;  cauline  leaves 
pinnatifid,  toothed  very  remotely  :  peduncles   elongated,  corj'mb' 
umbelled. 

2.  Flowers  u'dh  ray  florets. 

aureus,  W.  (rag-wort.  0.  y.  J.  2^.)  ra<iical  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  ser- 
rate, petioled  ;  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  toothed,  terminal  division 
(1)  Apium  lipinnatum,  Wr. 


454  SENECIO^    SIDA.  ^ 

lanceolate  :  peduncles  sub-umbell  d,  incrassate,  18  to  24  incbeS 
high. 

halsamitcs,  W.  (balsam  groundsel.  V.  D  P,  y.  J.  IJ..)  radical  leaves  ob- 
long, serrate,  petioled  ;  lower  cauline  ones  lyrate-pittnatifid,  serrate  ; 
upper  ones  pinnatifid,  toothed  :  flowers  sub-umbelled  •  stem  and  pe- 
duncles villose  at  the  base. 

§bovatus,  W,  (H.  y.  M.  2|.)  radical  leaves  obovate,  crenate-serrate, 
petioled  ;  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  toothed  :  flowers  sub-urabelled, 
long-peduncled  :  stenn  somewhat  glabrous. 

I^radlisy  Ph.  (P.  M.  2^.)  radical  leaves  very  long-petioled,  orbicular, 
sub-cordate,  crenate  ;  cauline  ones  few,  very  remote,  linear-oblong, 
dilated  at  the  base,  gash-toothed  :  peduncles  very  short,  hirsute,  sub- 
umbelled  :  calyx  hairless  :  rays  few,  very  short. 

canadensis,  W  (Can.)  leaves  doubly  pinnate,  lii.ear,  glabrous  ;  upper- 
most ones  simply  pinnate  :  flowers  in  compound,  fastlgiate  corymbs. 

20—3.     Serpicula.     15.  88. 

9ccidentalis,  Ph.  (1)  (ditch  moss.  O.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  perfect  flowers  trian- 
drous :  stigmas  strap-like,  reflexed,  2-cleft :  leaves  linear,  acute, 
somewhat  whorled,  glabrous,  denticulate.  The  pistillate  corols  are 
tubular. 

20—16.     SiCYOS.    34.  97. 

angulata,  (single-seed  cucumber.  O.  w.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  cordate,  with 
obtuse  hind  lobes,  5-angled,  scabrous,  denticulate  :  fruit  capitate, 
hispid.     Cultivated  every  where  ;  also  indigenous.     River  alluvion. 

1&— 13.     SiDA.    37.  74. 

abutilon,  (Indian  mallows.  O.  y.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  round-cordate,  acumi- 
nate, toothed,  tomentose  :  peduncles  solitary,  shorter  than  the  pe- 
tioles :  capsules  2-awned,  truncate,  4  to  0  feet  high.  About  gardens, 
roads,  &ic. 

spinosa,  W.  (P.  D,  y.  Ju.  0.)  stem  spreading  :  axils  sub-spinose  :  leaves 
long-petioled,  lance-ovate,  obsoletely  cordate,  toothed :  peduncles 
solitary,  axillary :  stipules  setaceous,  longer  than  the  peduncle  : 
capsules  2-beaked. 

crispa,  W.  (P.  w.  0.)  leaves  oblong-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate  ;  top 
ones  sessile  :  peduncles  solitary,  longer  than  the  petioles,  when  they 
bear  fruit  they  are  deflected  :  capsules  inflated,  awnless,  crisp-undu- 
late.    On  the  sea-coast. 
(1)  vertkiilatus,  M.    Elodea  canadensis,  Mx.    Udora  canadensis,  N. 


SILEN'E,    SILPHIUM.  455 

10—3.     SiLENE.     22.  82. 

Oiilirrhina,  (sleepy  catch-fly.  O.  w-p.  J.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate,  subti- 
late  :  peduncles  3-parted  :  petals  emarginale  :  calyx  ovate.  FIowcfs 
small. 

penn.tylranicn,  Mx  (1)  (pink  catch-fly.  T.  Y.  N.  C.  P.  r  J.  H)  viscid- 
pubescent  :  lower  leaves  wedge-forra  ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate  : 
stems  few-flowered  at  the  summit :  about  3  petals,  obtuse,  slightly 
eraarginate,  sub-crenate. 

rirgijiicn,  Mx.  (2)  (P.  T.  r.  J.  U)  decumbent,  wholly  viscid-pubescent : 
leaves  oblong,  a  little  rough  at  the  margin  :  panicle  dichotomous  : 
petals  2-cleft :  stamens  and  pistils  exsert.  Very  handsome.  Var. 
ereda,  has  the  stem  erect :  flowers  sub-fascicled.     Sandusky  bay. 

nocturna,  W.  (P.  w.  J.  0.)  flowers  alternate,  sessile,  on  a  one-sided 
spike  :  petals  2-cleft. 

armeria,  (garden  catch-fly.  E.  w-r.  Au.  0.)  flowers  fascicled,  fasti- 
giate  :  upper  leaves  cordate,  glabrous  :  petals  entire. 

C4)7iica,  (cone-fruit  catch-fly.  E.  r.  0.)  calyx  of  the  fruit  conic,  striate  ; 
(about  30  striate)  leaves  soft,  lanceolate  :  petals  bifid.  Flowers 
small. 

dichotoma,  (forked  calch-fly.  E.  w.  Au.  ^  .)  calyx  ovate,  viscid-hairy, 
erect :  petals  2-cleft :  racemes  in  pairs,  termiijal,  one-sided  :  flowers 
intermediate,  peduncled  ;  leaves  petioled,  iance-ovate,  ciliate  at  the 
base, 

v.oclijlora,  (night-flowered  catch-fly.  E.)  calyx  lO-angled,  veiny  ;  teeth 
of  the  tube  equal :  stem  dichotomous  .  petals  bifid. 

18 — 4.     SiLPHicM.     49.  55. 

^erfoliatum,   W.  (ragged  cup.  P.   y.  Au.  H)    stem   4.sided,  smooth 
leaves  opposite,  triangular,  connate,  ovate,  serrate,  5  oi  6  feet  high ; 
Tery  strong. 

Urnatum,  W.  (P.  Niagara,  y.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  terete,  smooth  :  leaves 
whorled  in  threes,  petioled,  lanceolate,  sub-denticulate,  a  little  sca- 
brous, ciliate  at  the  base  ;  the  upper  ones  scattered,  sessile  :  panicle 
dichotomous  :  calyx  ciliate. 

■bUegri/olium^  W.  (P.  y.  Au.  If.)  stem  4-sided,  rough  :  leaves  opposite, 
sessile,  oblong,  entire,  scabrous  :  flowers  few,  short-peduncled. 
About  4  feet  high. 

(1)  virgiaicaj  W.   caroli«iana,  Wr.  (2)  catesbaei,  Wr. 


456  SINAPIS^    SISYRINCHIUM. 

15—2.     SiNAPis.    39.  63. 

mgra  (common  mustard.  E.  y.  J.  %.)  silique  glabrous,  S-sided^  some- 
what smooth,  close-pressed  to  the  stem  :  leaves  at  the  top  lance-iin- 
ear,  entire,  smooth.     INaturalized. 

(dba  (yellow-seed  mustard.  E.  y.  0  )  silique  bristly,  rugged,  shorter 
than  the  2-edged  beak  :  leaves  piunatifid  ;  upper  ones  sub-lyrate,  all 
irregularly  toothed.  Seeds  large,  pale  yellow  and  sometimes  become 
felackish. 

Sison,  see  Myrrhis. 

22 6.      SlSTOTREMA.      58.    1. 

cinereuniy  imbricate,  sub-erose  :  pileus  halved,  hirsute,  cinereous  be- 
neath.    On  trunks  of  trees,  kc. 

violaceum,  halved,  imbricate,  toraentose,  white,  becoming  purple- 
riolet  beneath.     On  trees. 

quercinum,  glabrous,  pale,  somewhat  reddish-yellow  :  teeth  thick, 
deformed,  gashed,  somewhat  close-pressed.  On  dry  oak  branches, 
he. 

cerasi,  small,  orbicular,  gibbose,  pale,  downy  at  the  margin  :  teeth  va- 
rious, thick,  close-pressed.     On  branches  and  roots. 

15 — 2.     Sisymbrium.     39.  63. 

Mtnphibium  (water  radish.  O^  y.  J.  2/.)  silique  (or  rather  silicle)  oblong- 
ovate,  declined  :  leaves  lance-oblong,  pinnatifid  or  serrate  :  petals 
longer  than  the  calyx.  1  to  2  feet  high.  A  student  would  be  induc- 
ed, from  the  shortness  of  the  pod,  to  look  for  it  in  the  first  order. — 
Wet. 

nasturtium  (english  watercress.  P.  Boston,  w.  J.  2X-)  silique  short,  de- 
clined :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  roundish,  somewhat  repand-toothed. 

palustre,  L.  (1)  (O.  y.  Ju.  0.)  silique  declined,  oblong-ovate  :  leaves 
pinnatifid,  serrate  :  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

vulgare  (creeping  watercress.  P.  D.  y.  J.  IJ..)  silique  declinate  :  leaves 
pinnate,  leafets  lanceolate,  gash-serrate. 

16 — 3.     SisyRiNCHicM.    6.  18. 

anceps,  Lk.  (2)  (blue-eyed  grass.  O.  b.  J.  21.)  scape  [or  culm]  simple, 
2-edged  or  2  winged  :  glume-like  spathe  of  2  unequal  valves,  extend- 
ing above  the  flower  Students  generally  puzzle  themselves  in  ex- 
amining this  plant,  by  considering  the  3  united  filaments  enclosing 
the  style,  as  a  single  filament.     10  or  12  inches  high. 

<1»  terrestre,  S.  (2)  grajBUieuin,C. 


SISYRTNCHIUM,    SMILAX.  457 

kixucronatum,  Mx.  (P  b.  J.  2^.)  leaves  and  scape  simple,  sub-setaceous  : 
spathe  coloured,  with  one  valve  terminaiing  in  a  long  mucrouate 
point. 

5—2.     SiUM.    45.  60. 

iatifolium  (water  parsnep.  0.  w.  Ju.  1^.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  oblong- 
lanceolale,  equally  serrate  :  stem  erect,  angular,  hollow,  smooth.— 
The  leaves  are  alternate,  and  generally  consist  of  about  3  pair  of  leaf- 
ets, besides  the  terminal  one.  Whenever  any  of  the  leaves  grow 
under  water,  they  are  sub-divided. 

lineare,  Mx.  (P.  C.  Y.  w.  Ju.  !(..)  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  elongated, 
linear,  sub-lanceolate  :  serratures  remotish  :  general  involucre  few- 
leaved  ;  partial  ones  numerous,  linear :  umbels  with  short  pedun- 
cles.    Wet. 

Smilacina^  see  Convallaria. 

Remark.  Smith  says,  he  cannot  admit  this  name,  notwithstanding 
all  his  respect  for  its  excellent  author,  Desfontaines.  But  he  thinks 
the  line  of  distinction  should  be  more  accurately  drawn  between  the 
Convallaria  and  some  of  its  neighbors  ;  tliough  he  seems  not  inclined 
to  adopt  the  modern  divisions  of  this  very  natural  genus.  See  Rees' 
Cyclopoedia. 

21—6.     Smilax.     11.  12. 

1.  Stem  woody  ;  branckes  angled. 

mrsaparilla,  L.  (1)  (C.  P.  J.  ^.)  prickly  :  leaves  unarmed,  lance-ovate, 
cuspidate,  sub-5-uerved,  becoming  glaucous  beneath  :  the  general 
peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles. 

2.  Stem  ivoody  ;  branches  terete. 

rotundifolia,  L.  (2)  (green  brier.  O.  w-g.  J.  ^.)  prickles  scattered  : 
leaves  (w  hen  in  maturity)  round-ovate,  acuminate,  sK ;:htly  cordate, 
5-nerved  :  berry  spherical.  This  singular  bramble  sometimes  climbs 
to  the  height  of  an  hundred  feet,  while  the  largest  part  of  the  stem 
does  not  exceed  the  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

caduca  (P.  C.  Can.  J.  >>.)  prickly  ;  leaves  ovate,  mucronate,  5-nerved  : 
general  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  petiol-s. 

pseudo-china  (D.  M.  ^.)  uiiarraed  in  all  parts :  cauline  leaves  cordate, 
ramose  ones  obloug-ovate,  j-:'.erved:  peduiicles  vevy  ioug. 

(1)  glaaca,  Mx.  (2)  qu.ui.angularis,W. 

I'p 


458  SMILAX^    SOLANUM. 

laurifolia  {CD.  Ji}.  ^.)  prickly:  branches  unarmed:  leaves  oval  or 
lance-oval,  leathery,  obtuse,  recurve-prickly,  3-nerved :  umbels 
short-peduncled. 

pandurala,  Ph.  (D.  Ju.  fp.)  prickly:  leaves  ovate-guitar-form,  acumi- 
nate, 3-nerved  :  general  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles. 

3.  Stem  herbaceous. 

peduncularis,  W.  (Jacob's  ladder.  0.  w-g.  M.  2^.)  stem  terete,  climbing 
or  arching  over  :  leaves  round-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  about  9- 
nerved  (sometimes  but?)  umbels  long-peduncled.     Damp. 

herbacea  (O.  g.  J.  2^.)  stem  angled,  erect,  simple  :  leaves  long-petiol- 
ed,  oval,  about  7-nerved  :  umbels  with  long  compressed  peduncles  : 
berries  depressed-globose.     Damp. 

5—2.     Smyrnium.    46.  60. 

cordatum,  Wr.  (1)  (Alexanders.  0.  y.  J.  2+.)  radical  leaves  round-cor- 
date, crenate ;  cauline  ones  petioled,  ternate  ;  uppermost  ones  3- 
parted  :  umbels  with  short  petioles. 
"  integerrimum,  W.  (O.  y.  21.)  very  glabrous  :  leaves  sub-glaucous  :  lower 
ones  thrice  ternate  ;  upper  ones  doubly  ternate  ;  leafets  oval,  en- 
tire :  umbels  with  a  few  setaceous,  elongated  peduncles. 
barbinode,  M.  (2)  (P.  p.  y.  Ju.  24!.)  leaves  all  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate, 
acute,  serrate. 

Smyrnium,  see  Thaspium. 

5—1.      SoLANUM.      28,  41. 

dulcamara  (bittersweet.  O.  p-b.  Ju.  ^.)  stem  unarmed,  w^oody,  climb- 
ing; lower  leaves  mostly  cordate,  glabrous;  upper  ones  mostly 
guitar-hastate  :  few-floAvered,   corymbs  opposite  to  leaves.     This  is 
the  true  bittersweet  ;  but  the  Celastras   scandens  is  wrongly  called 
so  by  some.     Useful  in  asthma  and  rheumatism.     Cutler.     Damp. 
nigrum  (deadly  nightshade.  O.  w.  p.  b.  J.  #.)  stem  unarmed,  erectish 
or  erect ;  branches  angled,  dentate  :  leaves  ovate,  repand,  glabrous  : 
racemes  two-ranked,  nodding. 
carolinense,  W.    (horse-nettle.  P.  b.  J.  #.)  stem  prickly  :  leaves  angu- 
lar-hastate, covered  with  prickles  both  sides  ;  racemes  lax. 
fit&erosuwi  (potato.  South  America,  b.  w\  Ju.    ^.)  stem  wing-angled, 

0)  trifoliatum,  M.    Tliaspia,L.  (2)  atropurpureum,  Lk. 


SOLANUM^    SOLIDAGO.  459 

unarmed  ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  leafcts  entire  -.  (lowers  sub- 
corymbed  ;  roots  knobbed-tuberous.     Cultivated. 

li/copersicum  (love  apple,  tomatoes.  E.  y.  S.  0.)  stem  unarmed  :  leaves 
piunatifid,  gashed  :  racemes  2-parted,  leafless  :  fruit  glabrous,  toru- 
lose. 

melongena  (egg-plant.  E.  J.  @.)  stem  unarmed  :  leaves  ovate,  tomen- 
tose  :  peduncles  pendant,  incrassate  :  calyx  unarmed. 

pseudo-capsicum  (Jerusalem  cherry.  E.  ^.)  stem  woody:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, repand  :  umbels  sessile. 

18—2.  SoLiDAGO.  49.  55. 
Remark.  During  the  last  summer  month  and  autumn,  the  species  of 
this  extensive  genus  will  occupy  much  of  the  tl  me  of  the  student  in  bo- 
tany. Perhaps  there  is  more  difficulty  in  distinguishing  the  species  of 
this  genus  than  of  any  other ;  not  excepting  the  Aster,  Carex  and  Salix. 
I  shall  therefore  give  most  of  the  extensive  and  accurate  descriptions  of 
President  J.  E.  Smith  [vid.  Rees' Cyclopoedia]  He  took  a  review  of 
Pursh  and  of  all  preceding  writers,  and  then  wrote,  with  specimens  of 
almost  every  species  before  him.  I  shall  vary  the  expressions  no  more 
than  is  necessary  to  make  my  language  uniform. 

1.  Flowers  one-sided.     Leaves  icilh  three  combined  nerves. 

canadensis  (Canadian  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  downy  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  serrate,  rough  ;  racemes  copious  panicled,  recurved  : 
rays  hardly  longer  than  the  disk.  18  inches  to  5  feet  high.  Stem 
angular;  leaves  sessile,  3  inches  long,  sometimes  nearly  entire. 

procera,  A.  (great  golden-rod.  0.  y.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  villose,  erect  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  serrate,  rough,  villose  beneath  :  racemes  spike-form, 
erect,  drooping  before  flowering  ;  rays  short.     4  to  7  feet  high. 

serotina,  W.  (smooth  golden-rod.  O.  y.  S.  2i.)  stem  erect,  terete, 
smooth  :  leaves  lance-linear,  glabrous,  serrate,  rough-edged  :  ra- 
cemes panicled:  peduncles  downy.  The  young  leaves  are  edged 
with  many  little  stiff  white  hairs. 

giganlea  (giant  golden  rod.  O.  y.  Au.  2^.)  stem  erect,  glabrous  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  smooth,  serrate,  rough-edged,  obscurely  3-nerved  :  ra- 
cemes panicled  :  peduncles  rough-haired  :  rays  short.  4  to  7  feet 
high. 

ciliaris,  W.  (fringed  golden-rod.  O.  y.  24!.)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves 
lanceolate,  somewhat  3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough-edged,  ■^li^^iidy  ser- 
rate :  racemes  panicled  3  peduncle   glabrous :    bracts   ciliate  :  ray. 


460  SOLTDAGO. 

short.  The  stem  is  angul  .r  ;  radical  leaves  petioled,  oval,  pointed, 
veiny,  serrate,  rough,  near  a  foot  long  :  branches  of  the  panicle 
spreading  ;  bracts  minute. 

reJlexa,W.  (bang-leaf  golden-rod.  D.  P.  y.  Au.  U-)  stem  erect,  villose  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  sub-serrate,  scabrous,  reflexed  :  racemes  panicled, 
very  little  one-sided,  reflexcd. 

lateriflora,  A.  (side-flowered  go!den-rod.  P.  Can.  y.  Au.  U)  stem  erect, 
a  little  hairy  :  leaves  la.iceolate,  slightly  3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough- 
edged,  lower  ones  sub-serrate,  racemes  panicled,  a  little  recurved. 
Flovrers  large,  the  rays  being  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  stem  2  to 
3  feet  liigh,  striated,  often  purplish,  pinnatifid,  with  numerous  later- 
al flowering  branches. 

2.  Racemes  orfloicers  one-sided.     Leaves  veiny. 

cspera,  A.  (rough  golden-rod.  C.  P.  y.Au.  If.)  stem  erect,  terete,  hai- 
ry ;  leaves  ovale,  somewhat  oval,  very  rough,  rugose,  serrate  :  ra- 
cemes panicled.  About  3  feet  high;  leaves  1  to  2  inches  long, 
acute  ',  racemes  dense,  somewhat  conic  :  ray  florets  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx. 

altissima,^'.  (variable  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.  If.)  stem  erect,  rough- 
haired  :  leaves  lanceolate,  lower  ones  deeply  serrate,  scabrous,  ru- 
gose. The  panicled  racemes  are  very  numerous  and  spread  every 
way,  so  as  to  bring  the  one-sided  flowers  upwards  ;  rays  half  as 
long  again  as  the  calyx.  But  this  species  is  so  variable,  that  students 
generallv  endeavor  to  make  several  species  of  it.  It  is  3  to  5  feet 
high.  The  serratures  of  the  leaves  are  equal  and  unequal  ;  it  is  hai- 
ry or  villose  ;  and  sometimes  the  racemes  diverge  but  little. 

rugosa,  W.  (wrinkled  golden-rod.  0.  y.  Au.  It.)  stem  erect,  rough- 
haired  :  leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous,  rugose,  lower  ones  with  close- 
pressed  serratures  :  racemes  panicled, veiy  spreading.  Leaves  short- 
er and  broader  than  the  Xsi,  asid  the  flowers  a  litt'e  smaller. 

scabra,  W.  (harsh  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.  U-)  stem  erect,  rough-haired, 
furrowed  :  leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  acuminate,  glab- 
rous above,  rugose  and  scabrous  beneath,  along  the  middle  close- 
pressed-serrate. 

7iemoralis,  A.  (woolly  golden-rod.  T.  Can.  y.  Au.  U-)  stem  erect,  dow- 
ny :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,   hispid,  entire  :  radical   ones   some- 
what wedge-form,    serrate  :  racemes  panicled.     1  to  2  feet  high,  of 
a  grey  aspect. 
jiahila,  M.  (sj^read  golden-rod.  0.  y.    S.   y.)  stem  erect,  glabrous 


SOLIDAGO.  461 

leaves   oval,  serrate,  glabrous,  radical  ones   oblong-spatulate  :  ra- 
eemes  panicled,  spreading  :  peduncles  pubescent.     Stem  about  2  feet 
high,  wand-like,  angular  and  striate  ;  stem-leaves  sessile,   about  an 
inch  long,  pointed,   the  radical  ones  resemble  those  of  the  ox-eyed 
daisy  ;  racemes  about  an  inch  long,  flowers  rather  large. 
ulmifolia,  W.  (elui^golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.  U-)  stem  erect,  glabrous,  stri- 
ate :  leaves  oval,  deeply  serrate,  acuminate,  villose  beneath  ;  radi* 
cal  ones  obovate  :  racemes  panieled  :  peduncles  villose  :  rays  short 
Radical  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  last  species,  and  are  hairy  both 
?ides,  some  of  the  rest  are  oblong-ovate  and  only  villose   near  the 
veins  beneath  }  the  petioles  are  bracted. 
f>rguta,  \V.  (sharp-notch  golden-rod.  O.  y.  S.  24!.)  stem  erect,  glabrous  : 
leaves   glabrous,   sharply  aud  unequally  senate,  cauline  ones  oval, 
radical  ones  oblong-ovate  :  racemes  panieled  :  rays  elongated. 
juncea,  W.  (rush-stalk  golden-rod.  W  ?  P.  y.  Au.  11.)  stem  erect,  glab- 
rous: leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  rough-edged,  lower  ones  serrate  : 
racemes  panieled.     Stem  brownish,  somewiiat  angular  and  striate, 
leafy  ;  racemes  a   finger's  length,    dense,  recurved-spreading,  com- 
pound, pedicels  roughisb,  bracted  ;  ray  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
elliptica,  VV.    (1)  (oval-leaf  golden-rod.  P.  C.  y.  Au.  11.)  stem  erect, 
glabrous  :  leaves  oval,  smooth,  serrate  :  racemes  na.nicied  :  rays  of 
middling  length. 
recurvata,  VV.  (curved  golden-rod.  P.  y.  S.  2^.)  stem  erect,  pubescent  • 
leaves  lanceolate,  seirate,  rough-edged  :  racemes  elongated,  recurv- 
ed-panicled. 
sempercirens,^Y.  (narrow-leaf  golden-rod    C.  D.  Can.   y.  S.  2^.)  stem 
erect,  glabrous  :  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  fleshy,  smooth,  entire, 
rough-edged  :  racemes  panieled ;  peduncles  hairy.     Stem  tall,  pur- 
plish, a  little  glaucous  ;  leaves  many,  narrow ,  long  ;  ray  florets  long, 
narrow,  rather  numerous. 
odora,  W.  (sweet-scented  golden-rod.  0.  y.  Au.  2^.)  stem  erect,  pubes- 
cent :  leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  glabrous,  rough-edged  :  racemes 
panieled.     The  upper  part  of  the  stem  is  furrowed  ;  racemes  2  or  3 
inches  long,  spreading  horizontally,  each  generally  accompanied  by 
a   leaf;  bracts  oblong,   smooth;  stalk  angular  and  rough.     This  is 
the   true  golden-rod  tea-plant.     The   flowers  dried  so  as  not  to  be 
musty,  make  a  pleasant  tea,vvhich  is  moderately  astringent  and  pro- 
motes perspiration. 

;i)  latissimifolia,  Miller. 

Pp  2 


462  SOLIDAGO. 

3.  Racemes  erect. 

hlcolor,  W.  (wliite  golden-rod.  O.  w.  Au.  2/.)  stem  hairy  :  leaves  ovai,, 
hairy,  lower  ones  sen'ate  ;  those  on  the  flower  branches  entire,  nu- 
merous, and  small  ;  scales  of  the  calyx  obtuse.  Racemes  are  short 
and  compact,  rays  white,  somewhat  numerous  and  shortish  ;  disk 
florets  rather  numerous. 

petiolaris,  W.  (late  golden-rod,  D.  P.  y.  Oc.  2/.)  stem  erect,  villose  ' 
leaves  oval,  roughish,  petioled  :  rays  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Stem  branching,  terete,  hoary  :  leaves  hoary  about  the  ribs,  over  an 
inch  in  length  those  covering  the  flower-branches  sub-entire  :  ra- 
cemes numerous,  short,  with  few  and  rather  large  flowers. 

stricta,  W.  (>\illow-leaf  golden-rod.  P.  D.  y.  Au.  2^.)  stem  erect,  gla- 
brous :  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous,  rough-edged  }  ra- 
dical leaves  serrate  :  racemes  pauicled,  erect  ;  peduncles  glabrous. 
The  branches  of  the  panicle  are  erect,  simple,  close. 

squarrosa,  ]S.  (D.  P.)  robust :  stem  thick  and  hairy  above  :  leaves 
smooth  ;  lower  ones  very  broad,  spatuTate-oval,  serrate,  acute,  mar- 
gin scabrous  ;  the  upper  ones  sessile,  lance-oval,  entire  :  racemes 
glomerate,  rigid,  pubescent:  calyx  sc^uarrose,  many-flowered:  ray 
floi-ets  elongated,  10  or  12.     Two  or  three  feet  high. 

lanceolata,  A.  (1)  (grass-leaf  golden-rod.  O.  y.  S.  2i.)  stem  furrowed, 
smoothish,  (rough-haired,  VVilld.)  very  furrowed,  smoothish  :  leaves 
almost  linear,^  (larcs-linear,  Willd.)  entire,  roughish;  nearly  erect, 
with  3  or  5  rough  nerves  :  corymbs  terminal,  level-topped  :  flovvcrs 
in  heads  :  rays  not  longer  than  the  disk.  Stem  4  or  5  feet  higb,> 
leafy  :  leaves  sessile,  grass-green,  about  2  inches  long,  and  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  wide  :  flovv-ers  smallish  :  calyx  ovate,  smooth,  shining, 
with  tumid  green-tipped  scales. 

tenuifolia,  Ph.  (2)  (pigmy  golden-rod.  P.  D.  y.  S.  11.)  stem  rough,  an- 
gular, branched,  coryrabed  :  leaves  spreading,  linear,  very  narrow, 
slightly  3-nerved,  scabrous,  with  axillary  tufts  of  smaller  ones  :  co- 
rymbs terminal,  level-top  :  flowers  in  heads  :  rays  scarcely  exceed- 
ing the  disk.     About  a  foot  high  :  leaves  very  small  and  narrow. 

ccesia,  W.  (blue-stem  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.I^.)  stem  nearly  erect,  very 
smooth  and  even  :  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  with  the  margins  and 
nerves  roughish  :  rays  rather  longer  than  the  disk.  Stem  upright, 
somewhat  zigzag,  branched,  leafy  :  leaves  abo>ut  2  inches  long,  point- 

<i)  gramiTiifolia,  N.    C'hrysocoma  graminifolia,  h. 
(2)  lanceola  a,  Var.  niinor,  MX' 


SOLlDAtiO.  46S 

eil,   sub-entire,  sub-glaucous,  paler  beneath  :    racemes    numeroua, 
short,  rough-pedicelled  ;  bracts  small,  smooth,  subulate. 

Jivlda,\y.  (purple-stem  golden-rod.  P.  y  S.  2^.)  stem  glabrous,  pani- 
cled  :  leaves  lanceolate,  senate,  glabrous,  rough-edged  :  branches 
racemed  at  the  extremity  :  rays  elongated  Stem  branched,  dark- 
purple  :  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends, 

hispida,W.  (0.  y.Oc.  2^.)  stem  erect,  hispid,  scabrous  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, rough,  entire;  radical  ones  serrate :  rays  of  middling  length 
Resembles  the  caesia. 

puberula,  1^ .  (D.  y.)  stem  simple,  terete,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, entire,  slightly  pubescent  both  sides,  tapering  to  both  ends  ; 
radical  ones  sub-serrate  :  racemes  spiked,  axillary,  erect  and  con- 
densed :  peduncles  pubescent  :  scales  of  the  calyx  lance-linear^ 
acute  :  ray  florets  about  10,  elongated.  Stem  brownish,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  simple,  pubescent 

lavigata,  W.  (flesh-b-af  golden-rod.  P.  C.  Boston,  y.  S.  If.)  stem  erect; 
smooth  :  leaves  lanceolate,  fleshy,  entire,  smooth  in  every  part :  ra- 
cemes panicled  :  peduncles  scaly,  villose  :  rays  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Tall,  strong.  Probably  a  variety  of  mexicana.  Grows  in 
salt  marshes. 

viminea,  W.  (1)  (twig  golden-rod.  F.  Can.  y.  Au.  U-)  stem  erect,  sub- 
pubescent  :  leaves  lancejlinear,  membranaceous,  tapering  to  the 
base,  glabrous,  rough-edged  ;  tlie  lower  ones  sub-serrate  :  rays  elon- 
gated. Peduncles  and  branches  angular,  and  very  rough  :  bracts 
lanceolate,  recurved,  smooth  :  flowers  numerous. 

macrophylla,  Ph.  (Can.  T.  2^.)  lower  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  taper- 
ing, unequally  and  sharply  serrate,  glabrous  ;  cauline  leaves  taper- 
ing to  both  ends,  lanceolate,  sub-sessile,  serrate  :  racemes  axillary, 
peduncled,  leafy,  of  the  length  of  the  leaves :  ealyx  oblong,  turgid, 
many-flowered  :  rays  some%vhat  elongated.  About  3  feet  high.  In- 
termediate between  this  genus  and  the  aster. 

Jiexicaulis,Fh.  (zigzag  golden-rod.  0.  y.  Au.  2^.)  stem  zigzag,  glabrous, 
angled :  leaves  lanceolate-acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  :  racemes 
axillary  :  rays  half  as  long  again  as  the  calyx.  Stem  slender,  pur- 
plish, partly  terete,  and  partly  angular  :  leaves  numerous,  on  short 
broad  petioles,  hardly  2  inches  long,  and  half  an  inch  wide,  paler  be- 
neath ;  the  upper  less  serrate  :  racemes  much  shorter  than  the  leave?y 
the  upper  ones  sub-capitate. 

(1)  integerrima,  Miller.  .    .  j 


464  SOLIDAGO^    SONCHCS. 

latifolia,  M.  (1)  (broad-leaf  golden-rod.  W.  T.  C.  P.  y.  Au.  U-)  stern 
somewhat  zigzag,  angular,  smooth  :  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  strongly- 
serrate,  smooth,  contracted  into  winged  petioles  :  racemes  axillary. 
Leaves  often  2  inches  broad,  and  sometimes  hairy  on  the  under-side 
of  the  midrib. 

axillaris,  Ph.  (2)  (axil  golden-rod.  O.  Au.  24^.)  stem  glabrous,  terete, 
straight:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous  :  racemes  axillary, sub- 
globose,  erect :  ligulate  florets  elongated. 

rigida,A.  (hand-leaf  golden-rod.  P.  D.  Hudson,  y.  Au.  2^.)  stem  co- 
rymbed,  hairy,  scabrous :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  rough,  with  minute 
rigid  hairs  ;  lower  ones  serrate,  upper  ones  entire  :  racemes  com- 
pact :  rays  twice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  calyx.  Stem  4  or  5  feet 
high,  terete,  striate,  leafy  :  leaves  a  little  hoary  ;  radical  ones  petiol- 
ed,  12  inches  long,  broad,  acuminate,  nerved  j  the  rest  1  to  4  inches 
long  :  scales  of  the  calyx  round-obtuse,  nerved,  membranous  at  the 
edges. 

noveboracensis,  (star  golden-rod.  N.  C.  y.  O*.  2^.)  radical  leaves  oval- 
oblong,  long-petioled,  rough  :  stem  almost  leafless,  branched,  fur- 
rowed, level-top  corymbed  :  rays  twice  as  long  as  the  tapering  calyx 
Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  strong,  rough,  furrowed,  having  leaves  only  at 
the  origin  of  the  flowering  branches :  radical  leaves  with  shallow 
serratures  :  flowers  large,  resembling  in  form  some  asters  :  calyx, 
scales  narrow,  purplish.  Grows  plentifully  along  the  banks  of  Con- 
necticut river,  at  the  Northampton  meadov.s. 

18—1.     SoNCHUS.     49.  53. 

■eucophcsus,  W.    (3)  (sow  thistle.  O.  b-w.   Ju.    ^.)  peduncles  scaly  :. 

flowers  racemed  :  leaves  runcinate, acuminate  :  stem  wand-panicled, 
oUraceuSj  (0.  y.  Ju.   %.)  peduncles  sub-tomentose,  umbelled  :  calyx 

glabrous:  leaves  lance-oblong,    clasping,  denticulate,   sub-sinuate. 

Var.  aspera,  prickly. 
pallidus,  W.  (4)  (O.  y.  Ju.  2i-)  flowers  in  a  compound  terminal  raceme 

or  panicle  :  leaves  lance-ensiform,  clasping,  toothed. 
arvcnsis,  (P.C.  y.  Au.  11.)  calyx  and  peduncles  hispid,  sub-umbelled  : 

leaves  runcinate,  denticulate,  cordate  at  the  base  :  root  creeping. 
floridanus,  VV.  (P.  C,  b.  Ju.  ^ .)  peduncles  somewhat  scaly  :  flowerg 

panicled  :  leaves  runcinate-lyrate,  petioled,  denticulate.    Pursh  says 

(1 )  flexicaulis,  Mx.  1st  variety.    Var.  latifolia,  P.  (2)  flexicaulis,  Mx.  3(1  variety. 

^3)  spicatus,  Lk.  (4)  Lactuca  canadensis,  L- 


SOXCHUS,    SPARC ANIUM.  465 

this  is  called  the  gall  of  Ihe  earth,  and  is  used  for  curing  the  bite  of 
the  rattlesnake. 

ncumiriatus,  W.  (P.  C.  b.  Au.  <?  .)  peduncles  somewhat  scaly  :  flowers 
panicled  :  radical  leaves  sub-runcinate  ;  cauline  ones  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, petioled,  denticulate  in  the  middle. 

mlpinus,  W.  (1)  (mountain  sow-thistle.  Can.  b-w.  Au.  If.)  peduncle^ 
hirsute,  naked  :  flowers  racemed,  bracted  :  leaves  runcinate,  sagit- 
tate at  the  base,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath. 

12—5.  SoREus.  36.  92. 
tiitiericanayW.  (2)  (mountain  ash.  H.  w.  M.  fp.)  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaf- 
ets  acute,  gash-serrate,  glabrous ;  general  petiole  glabrous  :  serra- 
tures  mucronate  :  flowers  corymbed.  This  shrub  or  tree  grows  in 
very  great  plenty  on  Saddle  mountain,  near  Williams  college  ;  par- 
ticularly at  the  height  of  about  two  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  college.  It  is  usually  from  10  to  20  feet  high.  The  taste  and 
smell  of  the  bark  greatly  resemble  that  of  the  wild  cherry-tree.  It 
is  an  excellent  tonic.  The  bark  is  said  to  contain  a  little  prussic 
acid. 

3—2.     Sorghum.    4.  10. 

saccharatum,  (broom  corn.  E.  y-g.  Au.  0.)  panicle  somewhat  whorl- 
ed,  spreading :  seeds  oval ;  glumes  covered  with  permcinejit  softish 
bairs  :  leaves  linear.     6  to  8  feet  high.     From  the  East  Indies. 

vulgare,  (Indian  millet,  coffee  corn.  E.  2^.)  panicle  compact,  oval, 
nodding  when  mature  :  seed  naked,  sub-compressed.  Var.  bicolor^ 
glumes  glabrous,  black  :  seed  globose. 

20—3.     Sparganium.     3.  8. 

ramosian,  Sw.  (3)  (bur-reed.  O.  w.  Ju.  0.)  the  3-sided  bases  of  the 
leaves  concave  on  the  two  outsides :  the  general  fruit-siem  branch- 
ed:  stigma  linear.  In  water  generally.  Flowers  in  round  heads; 
the  staminate  heads  above  the  pistillate  ones,  and  considerably  the 
smallest. 

americanum,  N.  (4)  (lake  bur-reed.  T.  C.  P.  w.)  lower  leaves  about 
equalling  the  length  of  the  stem  ;  floral  leaves  concave  at  the  base, 
erect :  stigma  simple,  ovate-oblong,  oblique,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  style.     The    stem    is   erect,    nearly  simple,  about  afoot  higli^ 

(1)  montanus,  Lk.    coeruleus,  S-     canadensis,  L  (2;  auciipdria;  Ml. 

{3)  erect  urn,  L.  (4)  simplex,  Ph. 


466        SPARGANIUM^  SPERMACOCE. 

Grows  plentifully  in  a  small  lake  in  Troy,  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Old 
Bank  place. 
mngustifolium,  Mx.  (1)  (floating  bur-reed.  Catskill  Mt.  P.  w.  Au.  If.) 
leaves  flat,  long-linear,  very  narrow,  much  longer  than  the  stem, 
Weak  ;  the  part  above  water  floating  on  its  surface.  Grows  in  great 
abundance  in  the  Little  lake  on  Catskill  mountain,  12  miles  west  of 
the  village. 

18 — 1.     Sparganophorus.     49.  55. 
verticiUatus,   Mx.  (water  crown-cup.  D.  p.  Au.  2X.)  leaves   setaceous- 
linear,  whorled  :  stem  generally  l-flowered  :  egret  campanulate,  5- 
toothed.     Floating  in  water. 

Spartina,  see  Limnetis. 

17—10.     Spartium.     32.  93. 

junceum,  (spanish  broom.  E.  J.  ^.)  branches  opposite,  wand-like, 
bearing  flowers  at  the  end  :  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous. 

scoparium,  (scotch  broom.  E.J.  ^.)  leaves  iernate  and  solitary,  ob- 
long :  flowers  axillary  :  legumes  pilose  at  the  margin  :  branches  an- 
gular. 

22 — 6.     Spathclaria.     58.  1. 

fia  vida,  (spatula  fungus.  Catskill  Mt.  Au.)  pileus  vertical,  adnate  at 
the  base,  tapering  down  into  the  stipe.  Light-yellow  ;  1  to  3  inches 
high.  Grows  on  the  earth  among  the  evergreens  on  Catskill  moun- 
tain, south  of  the  lakes. 

10—5.     SprRGULA.     22.  82. 

arvensis,  (spurry.  O.  w.  J.  0.)  leaves  filiform,  whorled  :  panicle  di- 
chotomous  :  peduncles  become  reflexed  as  the  fruit  advances  to  ma- 
turity :  seed  re ni form. 

saginoides,  S.  (pearl  spurry.  New-Jersey,  av.  J.  11.  or  ^.)  leaves  op- 
posite, subulate,  naked  :  peduncles  solitary,  very  long,  glabrous. 
Persoon  asks  whether  this  is  not  a  variety  of  the  Sagina  procumbens. 

4 — 1.     Sp£rmacoce.     48.  57. 
diodina,  Mx.  (button  weed.  D.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  stem  diffused,  terete,  hir- 
sute:  leaves  lance-linear,    sub-glabrous;  margin  and  keel  serrulate^ 
glabrous  :  stipule  long,  many-bristled  :  flowers  axillary. 

11}  natans;  6^  L. 


SPH^RIA.  467 

22—6.     Sph^eria.     58.  1. 

1.  Caulescent,  or  the  receptacle  elongated,  clavate,  corky,  furnished  with 

a  trunk. 

hulhosa,  (globule  fungus.  S.)  oh  the  earth,  sub-ramose,  glabrous,  dark- 
cinereous  :  root  tuberous.     On  the  earth  in  autumn  in  pine  woods. 

hypoxylon,  gregarious,  ramose,  compressed,  hirsute  at  the  base.  On 
decaying  trunks  of  trees. 

digitata,  cespitose,  black  :  stipes  glabrous,  connate  at  the  base,  clavate, 
terete  :  apex  acuminate,  sterile.     In  woods. 

poiymorpha,  gregarious,  forms  various :  clavules  (little  clubs)  ventri- 
cose,  surrounded  every  where  with  spherules.  In  beech  woods,  ou 
trunks  of  trees. 

2.  Receptacle  without  a  stem,  roundish  and  opening;  tuberculate,  with 

bordering  spherules. 

concentrica,  obovate  and  somewhat  roundish,  large  ;  interrupted  with 

concentric  layers  within.     On  trunks  of  the  ash  and  willow. 
rubiformisj  large,  wholly  black  :  spherules  globose,  a  little  prominent. 

On  dry  trunks. 
fragiformis,     gregarious,    sub-confluent,    rust-coloured,    dark-shining 

within  :  spherules  papillose.     On  beech  trunks. 
argillacea,  scattered,  sub-globose,  clay-coloured  or  yellow-cint-reous  : 
spherules  a  little  prominent,  papillose  ;  substance  softish,  becoming 
sooty-yellow.     On  trunks  of  a«h  trees. 
rubiginosa,  opening   widely,  rugose,  yellow,  becoming  rust-coloured  : 

spherules  somewhat  concealed.     On  branches  in  shady  places. 
cohccrens,  gregarious,  confluent,  flattish  ;  at  first  dirty-yellow,  smooth  ; 
at  length  dark-coloured,  and  somewhat  blistered.     Adhering  to  the 
trunks  of  trees,  particularly  the  beech. 
melogrammn,  somewhat  in  rows,  bursting,  obconic,  dark-sooty  :  sphe- 
rules somewhat  prominent.     Bursting  from   under  the  cuticle  of 
branches  of  trees,  particularly  the  beech. 
ribesia,  bursting,  soft,  oval,  sub-depressed  :  spherules  dissected,  grow- 
ing white.     Bursting  from  under  the  cuticle  of  the  branches  of  the 
Ribes  rubrum  in  the  winter. 
3.  Form  various,  opening,  orbicular  or  round :  spherules  scattered,  hori- 
zontal, immersed   in  fleshy  coverings :  little  mouths  scattered,  mostly 
somewhat  prominent,  papillose  or  aculeate.     Compound, 
deusta,  opening  widely,  thick,  undulate-rugose,  blistered  ;  at  first  fleshy, 


468  SPHJERIA. 

white-cinereous,  pulverulent ;  at  length  black,  rigid.  On  trunks  in 
woods,  frequent. 

lejita,  aggregated,  sub-orbicular,  black :  disk  gibbose  ;  margin  repand. 
On  the  trunks  and  roots  of  fallen  beech  trees  ;  found  in  autumn. 

insitiva,  compound,  cortical,  flat,  linear-acuminate,  white,  single-head- 
ed ;  a  veil  connate  with  the  substance  of  the  fungus  :  spherules  pa- 
pillose, black.  In  the  fissures  of  the  cuticle  on  decaying  grape-vines. 

macula,  compound,  of  various  forms,  very  flat,  black,  single-headed  : 
spherules  globose-acuminate,  covered  with  a  fugaceous  veil.  Oa 
dry  oaken  branches  after  long  storms. 

serpens,  open,  unequal,  naked,  becoming  dark-coloured :  spherules 
somewhat  prominent.  On  oak  and  beech  wood,  sometimes  on  wil- 
low. 

stigma,  opening  around,  smooth,  rimose  :  little  mouths  immersed,  flat- 
tish.     In  the  fissures  of  thorn  trees. 

podoides,  crowded  together,  hard,  unequal :  little  mouths  spinose, 
mostly  bursting  at  the  sides.     On  trunks  of  oak. 

eeratosperma,  roundish,  convex,  scattered  :  little  mouths  spinose,  burst- 
ing from  the  middle.     In  the  bark  of  the  Rosa  canina  in  July. 

disciformis,  scattered,  orbicular,  flaltish,  smooth  :  little  mouths  im- 
mersed, resembling  punctures.  In  the  dry  cracks  of  beech,  resem- 
bling pimples  of  a  dark-shining  colour,  white-cinereous  within. 

4.  Opening  :  spherules  horizontal,  at  first  solitary  ai  the  margin,  after- 
wards confiuent,  not  joined  with  a  fleshy  substance,  or  manifest  layers  ; 
some  are  distant,  but  in  some  way  connected  by  the  crust. 

nebulosa,  grey  :  spherules  very  minute,  scattered,  forming  unequally- 
linear,  interrupted,  dark-grey  spots :  little  mouths  prominent,  sub- 
acute.    On  the  stems  of  large  herbaceous  plants. 

melata,  covering  very  broad  :  spherules  scattered,  immersed,  covered 
with  a  sub-membranous  crust:  little  mouths  sub-prominent.  Under 
the  cuticle  of  the  Tilia. 

spiculosa,  somewhat  opening,  dark-stained  :  little  mouths  long-terete, 
very  slender.     Immersed  in  dark-coloured  branches. 

5.  Spherules  heaped  together  on  the  receptacle,  which  is  crust-like,  conic, 
in  little  cespitose  bunches  :  little  mouths  converging  toivardr.  !he  middle. 

eiliata,  roundish  :  spherules  nested  in  the  prominent  substance  of  the 
bark:  little  mouthd  very  long,  divaricate,  sub-flaccid.  On  the  branch- 
es of  elms. 


SPH.l'RTA.  469 

fimbriaia,  upon  leaves,  suh-circinal :  little  months  splnose,  clavate, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  white  fringe.  Fre(]uent  on  the  leaves 
of  tlie  Carpinu?. 

nivca,  conic,  with  a  white  farinaceous  disk  :  little  mouths  prominent, 
papillose.     On  the  dry  branches  of  po{)lar3. 

hucastoma,  disk  truncate,  white,  perforated  with  blackening  pores. 
On  the  stems  and  dry  branches  of  plum  trees  and  cherry  trees  of  our 
orchards. 

pustulata,  sub-lenticular,  with  short  contracted  necks  :  disk  sooty,  per- 
forated with  one  pore.     On  willow  branches. 

6.  Sphe7-ules  arranged  in  a  circle,  dtcumbail,  naked,  nesting  under  the 

epidermis  :  little  mouiJis  approximate,  mosUy  bursting. 

pulchelln,  compassed  about,  naked  :  little  mouths  vory  long,  flexuose. 
Under  the  cuticle  of  the  branches  of  the  common  garden  cherry  tree. 

coronata,  compassed  about:  little  mouths  thick,  obtuse,  smooth.  Oa 
the  branches  of  the  thorn  tree,  rare/  ' 

faginea,  compassed  about :  little  mouths  hooked  and  rugged.  On  the 
branches  of  the  beech. 

convergens,  compassed  about,  concealed,  naked :  spherules  ovate,  erect- 
ish  :  little  mouths  strai;;ht,  somewl-iat  bursting.  Nesting  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  bark  of  some  branches. 

lessella,  compassed  about,  bound  with  a  black  line  :  little  mouths  dis- 
tant, or  with  4  or 5  black  punctures.     On  willow  branches. 

7.  Bursting,  in  a  roundish-cespilost  bunch  .-  spherules  free  among  them- 

selves,  papilla-like,  setting  on  the  receptacle, 
decolorans,   cespitose,  reddish-cinnabar  colour,  becoming  pale:  sphe- 
rules globose,  rui^ose-tubercled.  On  the  branches  of  maple  and  elder. 
coccinea,  cespitose,   pale-red  :  spherules   ovate,  smooth,     la  the  dry 
bark  of  beech  and  elder. 

8.  Spherules  solitary,  free,  destitute  of  receptacles. 

(Little    mouths   very  larre,    mostly  compressed,  nearly  equalling  the 

breadth  of  the  s[)herule.) 

£pisph(tria,  simple,  gregarious,  parasitic,  red  :  spherules  very  mmute, 
sub-compressed,  crested,  flaccid.     On  the  Sphagfia  stigma. 

(Little  mouths  terete,  spinose,  equal  to  the  lengtn,of  the  spherules,  or 

exceeding  them.) 
rostrata,  simple,  naked  :  spherules  granulated  :  little  mouths  very  long? 
spinose.     On  decaying  branches  in  July. 


470  SPH^RIA,    SPHiEROCOCCUS. 

acuta,  jsregarious,  naked  :  spherules  black,  shining,  sub-globose  :  little 
mouths  spinose,  thickish,  cyliadric.  On  the  stem  of  the  common 
nettle  in  the  spring. 

(Little  mouths  shorter  than  the  spherules,  conic  or  cylindric,  mostly 
papillose.) 

porphyrooojin,  simple,  aga:regated,  black,  phial-form,  imbedded  in  a 
thiii  violet-colonred  crust.  Persooii  considers  this  species  of  Tode 
as  a  variety  of  rubella.     On  the  Atropa  belladonna. 

araneosa,  simple,  opake,  black  :  spherules  papillose,  smooth,  covered 
with  a  thin  white  veil.     On  dry  branches. 

hysistdtty  largish  :  spherules  globe-papillose,  surrounded  with  thick 
sooty  yellow  down.     On  dry  branches  and  bark. 

spennoides,  heaped  together,  opake,  rigid  :  spherules  globose,  sub-te- 
rete downwards  :  little  mouths  papillose,  obsolete.  On  dry  trunks 
of  trees. 

bombarda,  simple,  fascicled,  becoming  sooty-yellow  :  spherules  elon- 
gated, sub-ver:tricose  :  little  mouths  are  acute  papillae.  Grow  in 
heaps  on  decaying  trunks  of  trees 

limrani,  simple,  scattered,  sub-oval,  depressed-concave,  rugose  with 
folds  :  little  mouths  irregular,  decumbent,  or  almost  wantmg.  Grow 
densely  on  the  dry  stems  of  red  cabbage. 

herbarum,  simple:  spherules  scattered,  smooth,  mostly  sub-depressed  : 
little  mouths  papillose.     On  the  dry  stems  of  herbaceous  plants. 

jperiusa,  scattered  :  spherules  Immersed,  ovate,  hardish,  sub-rugose  ; 
perforated  at  length  with  little  caducous  obsolete  mouths.  In  hard 
dry  wood. 

inquinans,  simple,  scattered,  dark-stained  :  spherules  somewhat  pro- 
minent with  wood,  perforated.  On  the  Acer,  Lonicera,  and  Xy- 
losteum. 

(Spherules  not  furnished  with  visible  mouths.) 

pulvis-pyrius,  simple,  heaped  together :  spherules  ovate  and  roundish, 

tubercled,  rugose,  furrowed  in  the  middle.    On  trunks  and  dry  wood. 
moriformis,  gregarious,  simple  :  spherules  tuberculate,  obovate.     On 

drv  trunks,  particularly  of  pines. 
ma'ulij'crmis,   on   leaves,  simple  :    spherules   sub-immersed,  minute, 

roundish,  conglomerate  in  unequal  black  spots.     On  the  diy  leaves 

of  beech,  hazle,  maple,  and  elm. 

22 — 4.     SpH^Rococcus.     57.  2. 
mtnibranif alius ysitm.  filiform j  ramose,  spreading  into  a  flat  dichotOMOHS 


SPH^ROCOCCUS,    SPIR^A.  471 

fi'ond  :  divisions  wedge-form  :  capsules  pedicolled  from  the  stem, 
ovate.     Sea-shore. 
ionfercoides,  frond  filiform,  very  brandling :  branches  elongated,  some- 
what simple,  sending  off  scattered  setaceous  branchlets,  tapering  to 
both  ends  :  capsules  hemispheric,  attached  to  all  parts  of  the  frond. 

In  the  sea, 

22 — 2.     Sphagnum.     56.  4. 

'atifoHum,  (peat  moss.  O,)  leaves  ovate,  sub-obtuse,  concave,  imbri- 
cate, converging  at  the  apex  :  capsules  spherical. 

acutifolium,  stem  sub-ramose,  branches  filiform  :  leaves  lance-ovatCj 
revolute,  erose  at  the  truncate  apex  ;  imbricated  5-ways. 

cuspidatjm,  stem  flaccid  :  branchlets  lax,  bristle-form  :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, involute,  truncate-erose,  lax. 

5—1.     Spigklia.     47.  46. 

...larylaadica,  W.  (pink-root.  P.  p.  J.  2^.)  stem  4-sided :  leaves  all  op- 
posite.    The  most  celebrated  vermifuge. 

22—5.     Spiloma.     57.  2. 
nulaUuca,  (efflorescent  lichen.)  crust  thin,   sub-membranaceous,  une- 
qual, sub-pulverulent,  white  :  receptacles  deformed,  a  little  convex, 
•  scabrous,  dark.     On  bark  of  trees. 

21—5.     Spinacia.     12.  2S. 
Atracea,  (spinach.  E.  J.  fi).)  fruit  sessile,  prickly  or  unarmed  :  leaves 
hastate-sagittate  :  stem  branched.     In  habit  resembles  the  Chenopo- 
dium  album. 

12—3.     Spir;ea.     36.  92. 

1.  Stem  more  or  less  icoody. 

salicifolia,  A.  (1)  (meadow-sweet,  willow  hard-hack.  0.  r.  w.  J.  ^?.) 
leaves  lance-ovate  or  obovate,  serrate,  glabrous  :  flowers  in  panicled 
spreading  racemes.  Var.  alba,  has  white  petals,  and  generally  the 
twigs  are  reddish.  The  small  branches  are  generally  killed  by 
frost  in  the  winter,  as  also  of  the  next  species. 

iomentosa,  (steeple  bush,  purple  hard-hack,  meadow-sweet.  O.  r.  Ju. 
Tp.)  leaves  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  downy  beneath  :  racemes 
in  a  crowded,  sub-panicled  spike.  Prof.  Ives  considers  a  decoction 
of  the  leaves  and  branches  of  this  plant  as  one  of  the  best  tonics  in 
use.  Damp. 
Vi)  alba,  M. 


472  SPIR.^A,    STAPHYLEA. 

opuUfolia,  (nine-bark,  snowball  hard-hack.  T.  C.  P.  w.  J.  "^O  leaves- 
sub-ovate,  lobed,  doubly  toothed  or  crenate,  glabrous  :  corymbs  ter- 
minal, crowded  :  capsules  inflated  :  flowers  trigynious.     Wet. 

hypcricifolia,  W,  (john's-wort  hard-hack.  P.  Can.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves 
obovate,  entire  or  toothed  at  the  apex  :  umbels  sessile.     Cultivated. 

crennta,  W.  (C.  ^.)  leaves  obovate,  acute,  tooth-crenate  at  the  apex  : 
corymbs  peJuncied,  crowded. 

2.  Stem  herbaceous. 

nhnaria,  (queen  of  the  meadow.  E.w.  Au.  Zj!.)  leaves  pinnate,  downy 
beneath  ;  the  terminal  leafet  larger,  3-lobed  j  the  lateral  ones  undi- 
vided :  flowers  in  a  proliferous  corymb. 

Hruncus,\N.  (steeple-weed.  P.  Catskill.  vv.  J.  2^.)  leaves  pinnate,  with 
2  or  3  pair  of  leafets :  flowers  in  a  panicled  spike  :  styles  3  to  5. 
Var.  americana,  has  very  long  slender  spikes.  Grows  from  4  to  6 
feet  high,  north  of  Judge  Benton's  on  the  Cat«ikill. 

lohata,  (P.  r.  Ju.  H.)  leaves  pinnate,  glabrous  ;  the  odd  leafet  large, 
7-lobefll ;  lateral  ones  3-lobad  :  corymbs  proliferous. 

22—2.     Splachkuji.     56.  4. 

fimpullaceum,  (umbrella  moss.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute :  apophysis 
purplish-green,  broad,  inversely  bladder-form. 

seiaceum,  stems  cohering  :  leaves  lanceolate,  gradually  becoming  seta- 
ceous-acuminate :  apophysis  clavate-turbinate.     Marshes,  &ic. 

14—1.     Stachvs.     42.  39. 

(ispera,  M\.  (hedge-netlle,  clownheal.  O.  w-p.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  erect,  his- 
pid backwards  :  leaves  sub-petioled,  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  ve- 
ry glabrous  :  whorls  about  6-flowered  :  calyx  with  spreading  spines. 
Var.  ienuifolia,  leaves  very  thin  and  slender. 

5_3.     Staphylea.     23.  95. 

//•(/o/('a  (bladder-nut.  O.  y-w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  in  threes:  racemes  pen- 
dant :  petals  ciliate  below.  A  handsome  shrub,  about  10  or  12  feet 
high.  When  in  flovver,  if  the  gernabe  cut  transversely  and  examined, 
it  will  appear  2  or  3-celled,  and  will  contain  the  rudiments  of  15  to  20 
seeds.  But  when  the  fruit  is  ripe,  it  consists  of  2  or  3  inflated,  ad- 
nate,  sub-membranous  capsules,  each  containing  1  to  3  hard  smaU 
nuts. 


STATICE^    STEREOCAULON.  473 

6—5.  Statice.  48.  33. 
limoniu7n,  L.  (1)  (marsh  rosemary,  sea  lavender.  L.  b.  Au.  11.)  scape 
terete :  panicle  much  branched  :  leaves  lance-obovate,  obtuse,  rau- 
cronate,  glabrous.  Very  efficacious  in  dysenteries.  See  Molt's  dis- 
sertation. A  decoction  of  the  root  is  an  excellent  f;argle  in  cankers 
and  ulcerated  sore  throat.  See  Cutler's  Botanical  Arrangement,  p. 
432.  Mem.  Soc.  Arts. 

10—3.     Stellaria.     22.  82. 

mediay  S.  (2)  (chickweed.  0.  w.  M.  U-)  leaves  ovate  and  heart-ovate, 
glabrous  :  stem  mostly  procumbent,  having  alternate  lines  of  hairs 
on  opposite  sides.     Number  of  stamens  variable. 

longifolia,  M.  (}i)  (long-leaf  stai- wort.  O.  w.  J.)  stem  decumbent,  (or 
sub-decumbent)  leaves  lance-linear,  opposite,  entire,  smooth  :  pani- 
cle terminal :  calyx  3-nerved,  about  equalling  tiie  petals.  Dr.  Bige- 
low  informed  me,  that  the  plant  which  he  called  S.  graminea  in  the 
Boston  Florula,  is  the  S.  longifolia. 

palustris,  Retz.  (4)  (stitchwort,  meadow  starwort.  W,  w.  J.)  leaves 
lance-linear,  entire,  glaucous  :  flowers  pauicled  :  petals  2-parted, 
larger  than  the  3-nerved  calyx. 

uliginosa,  Sr.  (5)  (bog  starwort.  P.  W.  w.  J.)  stem  diffuse,  procumbent, 
much-branched  :  leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate  and  narrow  at  tne  base  : 
peduncles  somewhat  in  pairs,  single,  or  many-flowered  :  petals  short- 
er than  the  calyx. 

pubtra,  Mx.  (P.  w.  xVI.  2^.)  pubescent  :  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  ciliate  . 
pedicels  erect  :  petals  longer  tuan  the  calyx.     Flowers  large. 

22 — 6.     Stemonitis.     58.  1. 

fascicularisy  (brittle  bark  buff-ball.)  fascicled,  steel-blue  :  head  sub- 
turbinate  :  stem  vei7  short :  hairs  or  fibres  attenuated  :  baik  wholly 
evanescent.     On  trunks  in  beech  wood  in  autumn. 

iyphinn,  scattered,  small  ;  fibres  cylindric,  obtuse,  sub-incurved  ;  part- 
ly evanescent.     On  trunks. 

Itucoslyla,  gregarious,  creeping  ;  fruit  ovate,  violet-colour;  stipe  white. 
Springs  up  white  and  shining  in  autumn  on  bra.jches  and  deciduous 
leaves. 

22 — 5.     SxEREOCAur.oN.     57.  2. 

ramulosum,  becoming  pale  white,  ramose,  scabrous,  fibrous  ;  branchei: 

(l)  ciirolinia.  a,  i  h.  (2)  Ahine  medin,  L. 

(3)  gracilis,  R.    Siiergulastrum  gramineuin  i"  Blx.       (4)  glauc8,S.       (5)  alsijiejfia- 

Qq2 


474       STEREOCAULON,  STREPTOPUS. 

scattered,  elongaterl,   sub-simple  ;  receptacles  terminal,  at  lengtb 
sub-globose,  dark-fuscous.     On  mountains. 
paschale,  frond  cinereous-grey,  branching,  granulated,  fibrous  ;  branch- 
es crowded,  very  branching,  short  :  recej)tacle:H  scattered  and  termi- 
nal ;  at  length  convex,  conglomerate,  dark-fuscous.     On  rocks  and 

sunny  hills. 

22—5.     Sticta.     57.  2. 

rrocutdy  frond  reddish-fuscous,  sub-lacunose,  broad,  woolly  beneath  : 
fruit-dots  minute,  citron-yellow  ;  divisions  torn-lobed,  margined, 
pulverulent,  yellow  :  receptacles  scattered  ;  disk  dark-fuscous,  mar- 
gin frond-like,  entire.     On  rocks  and  trunks  of  trees. 

Hiithraspis,  frond  pale-cinereous-fuscous,  lacunose-reticulate,  very 
broad,  sub-crenale  in  the  round-lobed  periphery':  rugose,  sub-villose 
beneath  :  fruit-dots  minute,  white  :  receptacles  scattered  ;  disk 
black,  at  length  convex,  and  excluding  the  entire  frond-like  margin. 

imlmonacea,  frond  light-yellowish  olive,  lacunose-reticulate,  villose  be- 
neath, having  pale  naked  papillae  :  divisions  sinuate-lobed,  retuse- 
truncate  :  receptacles  sub-marginal ;  disk  flattish,  rugose  ;  margin 
frond-like,  sub-rugose.     On  trunks  of  trees  in  woods. 

■\ylvutica,  frond  ample,  brick-fuscous,  nakedish,  sub-orbiculate;  fuscous. 
viilose  beneath  ;  pits  excavated,  pale  white  ;  divisions  gashed,  lob- 
ed,  deformed,  repand-crenate  :  receptacles  marginal,  disk  fuscous. — 
On  mountains  among  mosses,  and  on  the  roots  of  trees. 
22 — 6.     Stilbospora.     58.  1. 

aslerosperma,  capsules  stellate. 

macrosperma,  capsules  elongated,  cylindric.     On  beech  limbs,  or  white 

birch  bark. 

3—2.     Stipa.     4.  10. 

avenacea,  L.  (1)  (feather  grass.  D.  P.  J.  2^.)  leaves  striate,  glabrous  ; 
panicle  spreading,  sub-unilateral  :  branches  whorled  with  branch- 
lets  ;  calyx  acute,  membranaceous,  equalling  the  glabrous  seed  : 
awn  naked,  twisting. 

6—1.     Streptopus,  Mx.  (2)     11.  14. 

roseus,  Mx.  (rose  bellvvort.  H.  r-vv.  M.  11-)  glabrous,  shining  :  leaves 
clasping,  serrate-ciliate  ;  anthers  short,  2-horned.     Woods. 

distorius,  Mx.  (3)  (P.  S-y.  M.  U-)  glabrous  ;  leaves  clasping  :  pedicels 
solitary,  twsted-geaiculate  in  the  middle     Woods. 

0)  barbata,  Mx.    tirginica,  P.       (2)  Uvularia,  l>       (3)  Uyularia  amplexifolia,  W. 


STREPTOPUS^    TAGETES.  475 

lanugiiiosus,  Mx.  (P.  g-y.  J.  2^.)  whitish-uoolly  :  leaves  sessile,  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate  :  pedicels  in  pairs  on  a  short  stipe. 

Flowers  large.     Berries  red. 

n — 10.     Stylosa-Nthes.    39.  93. 

hlspidn,  Mx.  (1)  (pencil  flower.   D.  P.  y.  Au.  If.)  stem  pubescent  on 

one  side  :  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous  :  bracts  lanceolate,  ciliate  : 

heads  2  or  3-aowered.    Var.  procumbens,  stem  procumbent. 
5 — 2.     SwERTiA.    47.  46. 
pusilla,  Ph.  (false  gentian.  Whitehills.  b.   J.    -^.)   corol   \Yheel-form, 

twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  stem  simple,  1-flowered  :  leaves  oblong. 

About  an  inch  high. 
rornkulata,  W.  (Can.  Western    states,  g-y.   Ju.  $ .)  corol  bell-form; 

with  a  deflected  horn  :  leaves  oviate  :  branches  short.    In  swamps. 

5 1.      SVMPHITLM.      41.  42. 

officinale  (comfrey.  E.  y-w.  J.  If.)  leaves  ovate-sub-lanceolate,  decur- 
rent,  rugose.  Naturalized.  Dr.  Cutler  says,  the  leaves  give  a  grate- 
ful flavor  to  cakes. 

5 — 1.     SvMPHORiA.    48.  58. 
mcewjosn  (Western   Lakes.  Au.  ^.)  raceme   terminal:  corol  bearded 
Avithin.     Resembles  the  Mitchellain  some  measure. 

Symplocarpus,  see  Ictodes. 
22—2.     SvKTRiCHiA.  (2)     56.  4. 

ruralis,  stem  ramose  :  leaves  obtuse,  recurved,   bearing  hairs  at  the 
apes  :  capsule  cylindric  ;  lid  conic.     On  walls,  fields,  k.c. 
2—1.     Syringa.     48.  37. 

vulgaris  (lilac.  E.  b-p.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  cordate  :  flowers  in  a  thyrsc. 
persica  (persian  lilac.  E.  b.  M.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  andpiona- 
tifid. 


18—2.     Tagetes.     49.  55. 
ercda  (african  raarygold.  E.  y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  lance- 
olate, ciliate-serrate  :  peduncles  l-flowered,  incrassate,  sub-inflated 
calyx  angled, 

(1)  elatior,  Sw.    Trifolium  bif  oruin,  L.  (2)  TortuU  orBarbnla. 


476  TAGETES,    THALICTRUM. 

palula  (french  marygold.  E.  y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  lanceo- 
late, ciliale-serrate  :  peduncles  1-flovvered,  sub-incrassate  :  calyx 
snaooth :  stem  spreading. 

11 — 1.     Talinum. 
teretifolium,  Ph.  (taliny.   P.  p.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  cylindric,  fleshy  :  co- 
rymbs terminal,  peduncled. 

18 — 2.     Tanacetum.     49.  55. 
i:ulgare  (tansey.  E.  y.  Ju.   11.)  leaves  doubly  pinnate,  gash-serrate. — 
Naturalized.    Var.  crispum,   (double   tansey)    leaves  crisped    and 
dense. 

21—16.     Taxus.     51.  100. 
canadensis,  W.  (I)  (dwarf  yew,  shin-wood.  O.  Ap.    1^.)  leaves   linear, 
2-ranked,   margin    revolute  :  receptacles   of  the  staminate  flowers 
globose.     2  to  6  feet  high,   with  creeping   roots.     Appears  like  a 
small  spreading  hemlock  bush. 

Tephrosia,  see  Galega. 
22 — 2.  Tetraphis.  56.  4. 
pellucida  (four-tooth  moss.  P.)  capsule  cylindric  :  leaves  which  grow 
on  the  fruit  bearing  stem,  ovate,  acute,  1-nerved.  Stem  simple,  1 
inch  high  ;  lid  conic,  reddish,  thin,  half  as  long  as  the  capsule  :  teeth 
rigid,  polished,  brown  :  leaves  oval,  except  those  on  the  fructiferous 
stem. 

14_1.     Teucrium.     42.  89. 

canadense  (wood-sage,  germander.  O.  r.  Ju.  24.)  whitish-hirsute  :  leaves 
lance-ovate,  serrate,  all  petioled :  stem  erect :  spikes  whorled,  crowd- 
ed :  bracts  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

i>irginicum  (C.  T.  r.  J.  If.)  pubescent)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  serrate  ; 
upper  ones  sub-sessile  :  stem  erect  :  spikes  whorled,  crowded  : 
bracts  of  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

13—13.     Thalictrum.     26.  61. 

Remark.     Our  species  are  mostly  dioecious  or  polygamous. 
dioicum,  L.  (2)  (meadow  rue.  O.  w-r.  M.  If  )  leaves  thrice  ternate,  leaf- 
ets cordate,  many  lobed,  very  smooth  :  panicles  axillary,  filiform  : 
flowers  dioecious  :  petals  not  longer  than  the  filaments  or  germs  : 

0)  baccata  minor,  lAx.  (2)  Isevigatam,  A(x. 


THALICTRUM,    THELEPIIORA.  47? 

stigmas  almost  capillary.  Leaves  often  5  to  7-lobed  :  panicles  soli- 
tary or  in  pairs,  sub-umbelled,  often  tlie  panicle  is  accompanied  by 
along-peduncled  solitary  flower  :  seed  ovate-oblong,  striate.  Whole 
plant  smooth,  little  umbels  few-flowered. 

polygamumy  M.  (1)  (O.  W.  Ju.  or  Au.  If .) pubescent  with  slender  down  : 
leafets  ovate,  sub-cordate  and  wedge-form,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  snb- 
rugose  above,  sub-tomentose  beneath  :  panicles  terminal  ;  pedicels 
terminal :  pedicels  sub-umbelled,  divaricate  :  flowers  polygamous. 
Late  in  autumn  some  individuals  still  remain  in  flower,  and  make  a 
fine  show  with  the  numerous  long  white  stamens. 

rugosum,  Ph.  (2)  (C.  P.  T.  w.  J.  U-)  stem  striate  :  leafets  ovate  and 
lanceolate,  rugose,  veiny,  obtuse-lobed  :  panicle  large,  terminal,  co- 
rymbose ;  flowers  erect.  Tall.  Paniclesalmost  leafless. 
jmrpurascens,  W.  (P.  Can.  p.  J.  U-)  stem  twice  as  tall  as  the  leaves  ; 
leaves  compound  ;  leafets  roundish,  3-cleft,  gashed  :  panicles  naked- 
ish  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  stems  purple.     Small. 

5—2.     Thaspium,  N.  (3)     46.  60. 
aureum  (meadow  parsnip,   false  alexauders.  O.  y.  J.  14.)  leaves  biter- 
nate  ;  leafets   lance-oval,  serrulate  ;  umbels  with  short  peduncles. 
Some  of  the  leaves  are  often  quinate.     Grows  in  Hry  meadows  and 
pastures. 

13—1.     Thea.    54.  71. 

bohea,  (bohea  tea.  E.  M.  ^.)  flowers  6-petalled  :  leaves  oblong-oval, 

rugose.     From  China  and  Japan. 
viridis,  (green  tea.  E.  ^.)  flowers  9-petalled  :  leaves  very  long-oval. 

J.  C.  Lettson  says  this  is  only  a  variety  of  the  bohea. 

22—6.     Thelephora.     68.  1. 

1.  Pileus  entire,  funnel-form. 

iaryophyJlea,  various:  pileus  funnel-form,  thin,  becoming  fuscous- 
purple,  strigose-hirsute  :  margin  mostly  gashed,  or  somewhat  crisp- 
ed.    Among  pines,  6ic.  on  the  earth. 

2.  Pileus  halved,  at  length  horizontal, 
rnbiginosa,    imb.ncate,    ri^id,   reddish-chesnut-brown,    glabrous  both 
sides  :  papillse  large,  scattered.     On  trunks  of  oaks,  mossy  beeche*^ 

(1)  f»uhpscpn<!,Ph.    revolutum,D'.    cornmi  ?  TV. 

(2)  oaroliaianum,  Pc.  (3)  Smymiuw  aureu0),  L. 


478  THELEPHORA^    THLASPI. 

apadiceay  imbricate,  sub-rigid,  zoned,  sub-tomentose,  fuscous  ;  glabrous 

beneath,  pal  -fuscous. 
ferritginea,   eifiise-reilcxed,   ferruginous :  pileus   thin,  sub-tomentose, 

smoothish,  pilose  beneath.     On  fallen  limbs  of  trees,  &c. 
kirsuta,  cespitose,   coriaceous,   yellowish,   strigose-hirsute  ;    glabrous 

beneath.     On  trunks,  rails,  6i.c. 
Klacina,  sub-imbricate,  soft,  not  zoned,  tomentose,pale  ;  at  the  margin 

and  on  the  under-side  pale-purple.     On  trunks  of  evergreens. 

3.  Resupinate,  effuse,  papillose  ;  subslance  various. 

(Pale  or  flesh-coloured.) 

quereina,  resupinate,  longitudinal,  coriaceous,  rugose,  somewhat  fleshy, 

almost    destitute   of  a  margin,   and  brown  underneath.      On  oak 

branches,  &.c. 

folygoniaf  fleshy :  papillae  largish,    many-sided.     On  dry  branches  of 

poplar. 
IcBvis,  white-fleshy,   broadly  effuse,  very  smooth  ;  margin  byssus-like. 

On  branches  of  poplar,  &,c. 
rosea,  somewhat  wrinkled,  rose-red  :  margin  tomentose.     On  poplars, 
one  or  two  inches  long. 

(Colour  yellow  or  tan-colour.) 

■ruslulata,  very  hard,  smooth,  rimose-parted,  pale. 
5—1.  Thesium.     31.  24. 

timbellatmn,  (false  toad-flax.  O.  w-g.  J.  If.)  erect :  leaves  lance-oval : 
fascicles  of  flowers  corymbed.     6  to  12  inches  high. 
15—1.     Thlaspi.    39.  63. 

hursa-pastoris,  (shepherd's-purse.  O.  w.  M.  |p.)  hirsute  :  silicles  del- 
toid-obcordate  :  radical  leaves  pinnatifid. 

campeslris,  (yellow-seed,  false-flax,  mithridate  mustard.  O.  J.  i^  )  si- 
licle  obcordate,  inflated,  glandular-punctate:  cauline  leaves  sagit- 
tate, toothed.  Very  troublesome  in  flax-fields,  and  was  probably 
introduced  with  flax-seed. 

arvcnse,  (penny-cress.  C.  P.  Detroit.  J.  0.)  silicles  sub-orbicular, 
compressed,  smooth  :  leaves  oblong,  toothed,  glabrous. 

tuberosum,  (P.  r.  M.)  silicle  sub-orbicular,  short,  compressed  :  leaves 
rhomb-ovate,  obsoletely  toothed,  smooth,  sessile  ;  radical  ones  long- 
petioled  :  stem  pubescent;  very  short  and  simple  :  root  tuberous  and 
iibroui. 


THUJA,    TIMMIA.  479 

20—16.  Thuja.  51.  100. 
^ccidentalis,  (arbor  vitae,  false  white  cedar.  O.  M.  ^.)  brancblets  2- 
edged :  leaves  imbricated  4-ways,  rhomb-ovate,  close-pressed,  na- 
ked, tubercled  :  strobiles  obovate  ;  inner  scales  truncate,  gibbous 
below  the  apex.  Vast  quantities  on  Otter  creek,  Rutland  county, 
Vt. ;  in  Sharon,  N.  Y. ;  and  along  the  Erie  canal  from  Rome  f 
Montezuma. 

14—1.     Thymus.    42.  39. 

serpyllum,  (mother  of  thyme.  E.  b-p.  J.  ^.)  flowers  in  heads:  stem 
creeping :  leaves  flat,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  base. 

vulgaris,  (thyme.  E.  b-p.  J.  24..  Tp.)  erect:  leaves  ovate  and  linear, 
revolute  :  flowers  in  a  whorled  spike. 

lannginosus,  (lemon  thyme.  E.  2^.  ^.)  flowers  in  heads  :  stem  creep- 
ing, hirsute  :  leaves  obtuse,  villose. 

10—2.      TiARELLA.      13.   84. 

cordifolia,  (raitre-wort,  gem-fruit.  O.  w.  M.  2/.)  leaves  cordate,  acute- 
lobed,  toothed  :  teeth  mucronate :  scape  racemed.  Resembles  the 
Miteila  diphylla. 

13—1,     TiLiA.     37.  79. 

glabra,  V.  (1)  (bass-wood,  lime-tree.  O.  y-w.  Ju.  ^?.)  leaves  round- 
cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  sub-coriaceous,  gla- 
brous;  petals  truncate  at  the  apex,  ere n ate  :  style  about  equalling 
the  petals:  nut  ovaJe,  sub-cordate.  Large  tree  ;  wood  soft  and 
white.     Leaves  often  truncate  at  the  base. 

pubesceiiSjV.  (crop-ear  bass-wood.  P.  y-w.  Ju.  Tp.)  leaves  truncate  at 
the  base,  (one  lobe  cropped.)  oblique,  acuminate,  tooth-serrate,  pu- 
bescent beneath  :  panicle  dense-flowered  :  petals  emargiuate,  about 
equal  to  the  style  :  nut  globose,  smooth. 

4—4.     TiLL^A.     13.  83. 

ascendens.  Eaton,  (pigmy-weed.  Y.  w.)  stem  a-scendins:,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints  :  leaves  connate,  somewhat  sheathing.  Very  minute. 
A  new  species.  Discovered  on  the  Housatonic  by  Prof.  Ives,  in  tne 
summer  of  1816. 

22—2.     TiMMiA.    56.  4. 

cucuflafa,  leaves  linear,  narrow-acute,  serrulate  :  peduncles  shortish, 
capsule  nodding,  arched,  obconic-turbinaie,  bursting  from  the  side 
(])  Americana,  W.    canadensis,  AIx. 


480  TIPULARIA,    TREMELLA. 

of  the  permaflent  calypt)'e  ;  teetli  of  the  outer  peristome  articulated. 
In  damp  and  mudfiy  places. 

19—1.    TiPULARiA,  N.    7.  21. 

discolor,  N.  (1)  (D.  w.)  leaf  solitary,  plaited  and  longitudinally  nerved  : 
flowers  racemed,  nodding,  bractless.     Resembles  the  Corallorhiza. 

6—3.      TOFIBLDIA.      10.    13. 

"pusilta,  Mx.  (scotch  asphodel.  Can.  g-w.  J.  24..)  glabrous  ;  leaves  short : 
scape  filiform  :  spike  few-flowered,  globuiar :  little  calyxes  adnata 
to  the  rachis  :  capsule  globose.     Mountain  swamps. 

glutinosa,  Mx.  (Can.  2^.)  scape  and  pedicels  glulinous-scabrous :  spike 
with  a  few  alternate  fascicles :  capsule  egj^-forra,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx. 

18—1.     ToLPis.    49.  55. 

barbata,  (hawk's-beard.  E.  S.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  toothed :  peduncles 

1-flowered. 

6 — 1.     Tradescantia.     6.  13. 
virginica,M.  (spider-wort.  P.  b.  p.   M.  2^.)  erect:  leaves  lanceolate, 

elongated,   glabrous  :  flowers  sessile  ;  umbel  compact,  pubescent. 

Cultivated  in  gardens. 

18—1.     Tragcpogon.     49.  53. 
porrifoliinyi,  (vegetable  oyster,  goat-beard,  salsify.  E.  p.  Ju.  ^ .)  calyx 

longer  than  the  rays  of  the  corol ;  the  corollets  very  narrow,  trun- 
cate :  peduncles  incrassate. 

22 — 2.     Trematodon.    56.  4. 
longicoUis,  stem  short,  simple  :  leaves  subulate-setaceous :  peduncles 

very  long,   twisted  :  capsule    oblong,  stiped,  elongated ;  lid   conic 

from  the  base,  slenderly  beaked. 

22—6.     Tremeela.     58.  1. 
menenterim,  roundish  :  sub-compact,  undulate-plicate,  orange-colour. 

Oii  fallen  limbs,  &c, 
fragiformis,  roundish  ;  sub-compact,  round,  red,  plicate,  thick-set,  sub- 

lobate.     On  pine  bark,  he. 
spiculosa,  flattened,  effuse,  thickish,  black,  having  conic  papillae.    2  or 

3  inches,  on  trunks. 
foliacea,  large,   cespitose,  glabrous  both  sides,  thin,  undulate-plicate, 

(1)  LimoUorum  unifulima,M.    Orchis  discolor,  Ph. 


TREMELLA,    TRICHODIUM.  481 

concave,  crisped  at  the  base,  flesh-cinnamon  colour.     On  decaying- 
trunks  in  autumn. 

undulata,  ascending,  membranaceouSj  lobed,  sinuate-undulate,  purple. 
On  putrid  wood. 

ubietina,  in  groups,  roundish,  orange-colour,  sub-plicate.     On  wood. 

dubia,  cespitose,  viscous,  fastigiate,  soft,  fleshy.  On  decaying  trunks 
late  in  autumn. 

22—6.     Trichia.     58.  1. 
1.  Fruit  turbinate  or  pear-form. 

holrytis,  stiped,  fascicled,  Opake,  becoming  dark-red  :  spikes  elono-ated 

connate,  sub-racemed.     On  decayino;  trunks  in  autumn. 
ubiformis,  stiped,  fascicled,  steel-colour,  shining  :  stipes  connate,  sub- 
pedate,  short.     On  trunks  in  woods  at  the  close  of  summer. 

fallax,  simple,  stiped,  at  first  red,  then  slate-colour ;  fruit  plicate  be- 
neath, with  a  stipe.     On  trunks  and  soft  decaying  wood  in  autumn. 

vulgaris^  scattered  ;  fruit  from  terete  becoming  sub -turbinate  :  hardly 
any  stipe,  becoming  black.  On  beech  trunks  after  a  summer  storm. 
A  variety  of  nigripes.  See  Persoon's  Fungi,  p.  179  ;  and  Muhlen- 
berg's Catalogue. 

2.  Fruit  7-ound  or  rcniform. 

nitens,  crowded  together,  sessile,  round,  suining-yellow  or  cinnamon- 
colour.     Among  decaying  beech  and  pine  trunks  in  autumn. 

varia,  scattered,  becomitig  yellow  :  fruit  decumbent  and  reniforra, 
sometimes  round.     On  trunks. 

3.  Fruit  filiform  mrH  net-veined, 
reticulata,  dlfl'ased,  reticulate,  ramose,  yellow.     On  trunks  and  mossy 
bark  in  autumn. 

22 — 6.     Trichoderma.     58.  1. 
nigrescens,  somewhat  opening,  flattish  :  seminal  dust  becoming  black 
and  sooty.     On  cut  trunks,  mostly  maple,  in  winter  and  early  spring. 

3 — 2.     Trichodium.     4.  10. 

laxijlorum,  Mx.  (thin  grass.  O.  M.  14..)  culm  erect,  striate,  purplish  : 
leaves  involute-subulate  ;  upper  ones  flat,  nerved,  margin  scabrous  j 
sheaths  roughisn  :  panicle  capillary,  lax, spreading:  branches  whorl- 
ed,  about  in  threes  :  glumes  lanceolate.  12  to  18  inches  hi^h  ;  the 
panicle  is  very  thin  and  delicate.     Usually  grows  in  dry  fields. 

seabrum,  M.  (1)  (C.  W.  T.  P.  .lu.  U-)  culm  glabrous,  geniculate  at  (he 
base,  with  erect  branches  :  leaves  lance-liaear,  striate,  flat,  margin 
(1)  AgToslis  scabra,  W. 

Rr 


482  TRICHODIUM^    TRIFOLIUM. 

scabrous;  stipule  2-cleft,  acute;  sheaths  striate,  glabrous:  panicle 
very  branching,  spread,  with  whorled  zigzag  branchlcts. 
3 — 1.  Trichophorum.  3,  9. 
cyperinum,  P.  (1)  (light-hair,  clump-head  grass.  0.  Ju.  U-)  culm  3- 
sided,  leafy,  hollow  :  panicle  terminal,  more  than  decompound,  pro- 
liferous :  peduncles  and  pedicels  scabrous :  spikes  glomerate,  3  or  4 
in  a  head  or  more,  ovate,  obtuse.  3  to  5  feet  high.  Very  common 
in  Avet  meadows  and  swampy  ground. 

14—1.     Trichostema.    42.  39. 
dicholo7na,    (blue   curls.    T.  V.  C.  Y.  N.  P.  b.  Au.  0.)    leaves  rhomb- 
lanceolate  :  branches  flower-bearing,  2-forked :  stamens  very  long, 
blue,  curved.     6  to  8  inches  high.     Gives  out  a  scent  pi-ecisely  fe- 
scmbliug  that  of  the  spikenard.     Var.  linearis,  has  linear  leaves. 
22 — 2.     Trichostomcm.     56.  4. 
jmliidum,  (hair-mouth  moss.  P)  stem  simple,  very  short :  leaves  ca- 
pillaiy,  sheathing  :  capsule  ovate,  with  a  slight  apophysis,  cylindric  : 
lid  conic  ;  eaij^tre  halved. 

7—1.     Trientalis.     20.  34. 

europcca,  L.  (2)  (chick  wintergreen.  O.  w.  Ju.  2|)  leaves  oval:  stem 

naked  below,  with  a  tult  of  oval  leaves  at  the  top.     V^ar.  amtricamt^ 

has   lanceolate  leaves,  tapering  to  both  ends.     About  3  to  5  inches 

high. 

17—10.     Trifolium.     32.  93. 

pratense,  (common    red    clover.  0.  r.  M.  U-)    ascending,    smoothish 
leafets  ovate,  sub-entire  :  stipules  awned  :  spikes  dense,  ovate  :  low- 
er tooth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  tlie  tube  of  the  coiol,  aud  longer 
than  the  other  teeth. 
rtptns  (white    clover.  0.  w.   M.   2^.)  creeping  :  leafets  ovate-oblong, 
emargiuate,  serrulate  :  liow?rs  in  umhelled  heads  :  teeth  of  the  ca- 
lyx sub-equal :  legumes  4-seeded.     Foreign  botanists  often  call  these 
two  species  introduced  plants  ;  but  I  know  not  on  what  authority. — 
I  have  never  seen  a  place  of  a  few  miles  extent  where  they  do  not 
grow,  however  wild  the  country. 
nrctust  (^rabbit-foot,  field  clover.  O   w.  Ju.  0.)  erect,  branching,  vil- 
lose  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  serrulate  at  the  apex  :  stipules    connate, 
subulate  at  the  apex  :  spikes  villose,  oval-cylindric  :  teeth  of  the 
calyx  setaceous,  longer  than  the  corol.     Grows  in  djy  pastures  or 
barren  fields. 
(1)  Erioiihorumcyperinuui,  L.    Scirpus  criophoruni,Mx.  (2)  aniericana,  Ph. 


TRIFOLIUM;,    TRIGLOCHIX.  483 

^olonlferum,  M.  (buffalo  clover.  Western  part  of  the  state  of  New-York. 
w.  J.  11.)  sending  otf  suckers  from  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  leaves  ob- 
ovate,  unequally  serrate  on  the  sides,  and  toothed  at  the  end  -.  teeth 
of  the  calyx  narrow-lanceolate  or  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube  ; 
florets  large, in  ahead-form  spike.  This  description  1  drew  from  a 
dried  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Dr.  T.  R.  Beck  ;  being  unable  to 
procure  any  other. 

pennsylvanlcum,  W.  (P.  r.  J.  2^)  ascending:  stem  very  branching;, 
zigzag  ;  leafets  oval-ovate,  obtuse,  entire  :  stipules  awned  :  spikes 
ovate-cylindric,  dense,  solitary  :  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  shorter 
than  the  tube  of  the  corol. 

reflcxum,\V.  (P.  r.  J.  2J^.)  procumbent,  pubescent:  leaves  obovate  : 
stipules  oblique,  cordate  :  heads  many-flowered  :  flowers  pedicelled, 
at  length  all  reflexed  :  legumes  about  3-seeded.  Near  ihe  great 
lakes. 

procumbens,  W.  (hop  clover.  P.  y.  J.  ^.)  procumbent  :  stem  hairy  : 
leafets  obovate,  sub-marginate,  glabrous  :  stipules  short,  lanceolate, 
acute  :  spikes  oval,  imbricate  :  banner  deflexed,  furrowed,  perma- 
nent. 

<:ampestre,  Sr.  (1)  (P.  y.  0.)  spike  ovate,  imbricate  :  banner  deflected, 
permanent ;  leafets  lance-ovate,  middle  one  petioleck:  stem  sub-dif- 
fuse ;  branches  decumberit. 

agrarium,  W.  (2)  (P.  y.  J.  0.)  erect,  sub-pubescent  ;  leafets  lance* 
wedge-form,  obtuse,  middle  one  sessile  :  stipules  lanceolate,  acute  : 
spikes  oval,  imbricate  :  banner  deflexed,  permanent  :  teeth  of  the 
calyx,  subulate,  glabrous,  unequal. 

Trifolium,  see  Melilotis. 
6 — 3.     Triglochin.     5.  13. 

tnaritimum  (arrow-grass.  L.  g.  Ju.  2^.)  capsules  short,  ovate,  furrowed, 
6-celled,  rounded  at  the  base  :  leaves  semi-cylindric  :  root  tuberous. 
Grows  plentifully  about  12  or  14  inches  high,  in  the  salt  meadows 
about  New-Haven. 

^alustre  (Onondaga  salt  springs,  g.  Ju.  If.)  triandrous  :  capsules  linear, 
tapering  to  the  base,  3-celled,  smooth  ;  stigmas  erect  :  leaves  radi- 
cal, 2-ranked,  sheathing,  linear,  channelled,  smooth  :  roots  fibrous. 
About  6  inches  high. 

iriandrum,  Mx.  (Can.  P.)  triandrous  :  flowers  3-cleft,  sbort-pedicelled: 
capsules  roundish-triangular  :  leaves  sub-setLCoous,  almost  as  ia!l  as 
the  spike  or  scape. 
y(i)  procumbenSjS.    8grariuin,C.  (2)  anreum,  PoU:ch. 


484  TRIGLOCHIN,    TRILLIUM. 

elatum.,  N.  (New- York.)  styles  and  capsules  6, '^tyles  permanent,  cap- 
sules linear,  angular, depressed  on  the  backs,  having  acute  margins  : 
scape  much  longer  than  the  leaves.     In  marshes. 

17—10.     Trigonella.     32.  93. 

foimini-grceram  (funegreek.  E.  0.)  legumes  sessile,  solitary,  straight, 
ereccish,  sab-ialcate,  acuminate  :  stem  erect :  leaves  wtdge-oblong. 
6—3.     Trillum.     11.  12. 

er2ctum,  W.  (1)  (false  wake-robin.  O.  p-w.  M.  11.)  peduncles  erect  or 
ertclish,  with  the  flowers  a  little  nodding  :  petals  ovate,  acuminate, 
,  spreading,  equalling  tise  calyx  :  leaves  rhomboid,  acuminate,  sessile: 
peduiicle  about  3  inches  long.  Var.  atropurpurevm,  petals  large, 
dark  purpie.  Var.  album,  petals  smaller,  white  :  germ  red.  12  to 
18  inches  high.     Leaves  often  3  or  4  inches  broad. 

csrnuum,  W.  (nodding  wake-robin.  Y.  C.  P.  Boston,  g.  &,  w.  M.  2^.) 
peduncles  recurved,  shortish  :  petals  lanceolate,  reflexed,  the  size 
and  form  of  the  calyx  leaves  :  leaves  rhomboid,  abruptly  acuminate, 
very  short  petioled.  About  half  the  size  of  the  last  species.  Petals 
dull  brownish  white,  sfriped  with  green. 

pictiun,  Ph.  (2)  (smiling  wake-robin.  H.  w.  k.  r.  M.  2/.)  peduncles 
erectish  :  petals  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  recurved,  almost  twice  as 
long  as  the  narrow-leaf  calyx  :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at 
the  basP}  abruptly  petioled.  Very  abundant  in  moderately  dry 
woods  north  of  Williams  college.     An  elegant  species. 

'pendulum,  W.  (P.  w.  M.  Z^.)  peduncles  erect,  with  the  flower  a  little 
nodding  :  petals  ovate,  acuminate,  spreading,  longer  than  the  calyx  j 
leaves  rhomboid-acuminate,  sessile.  Smaller  than  the  erectum, 
germ  reddish,  anthers  and  styles  yellow,  flower  dull  white.  I  took 
this  description  from  Smith.  He  says  Pursh  has  given  the  charac- 
ters of  the  erectum  for  this  species  ;  but  I  never  saw  the  pendulum. 

grandifiorum,  C  (3)  (P.  V.  Lake  Erie.  w.  M.  If.)  pe-luncles  a  little 
curved,  and  the  flowers  a  little  nodding  :  petals  lance-spatulate, 
erect  at  the  base,limb  spreading,  much  larger  than  the  calyx  :  leaves 
broad,  rhomb-ovate.  Berries  dark  purple.  This  plant  was  found 
in  great  abundance  by  Mr.  W.  Cooper,  on  the  Norman's  kill,  about 
8  miles  west  of  Albany. 

stssiU,  W.  (P.p.  M.  2^.)  flowers  sessile,  erect  :  petals  lanceolate,  erect, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  leaves  sessile,  broad-ovate,  acute. 

.jumiZwm,  Mx.  (dwarf  wake-robin.  P.  r.  M.  U-)  peduncles  erect;  pe^ 

(1)  rhnmb'ideum  Mx.  (2;  erytlirccai-pui")  Mx.    umUilatum,  W 

r".^  vliumboiueum,  Var.  grar.diflorum,  Mx. 


TRIOSTEUM,    TROP.I-OLUM,  485 

tals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  :  leaves  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  ses- 
sile. 

5 — 1.     Triosteum.     48.  53. 

perfoliatum,  L.  (1)  (fever  root,  horse-ginseng.  O.  p.  J.  11.)  leaves  oval, 
acuininate,  connate  :  flowers  sessile,  whorled.  2  to  4  feet  high  ; 
berries  purple  or  yellow.  Very  valuable  as  a  mild  cathartic  and 
emetic.  B.  ^  Bw. 

19—1.  Tripfiora,  N.  (2)  7.  21. 
pendula,  M.  (3)  (three-bird  orchis.  V.  C.  P.  Westfield,  Mass.  w-p.  Au. 
11-)  i-oot  tuberous  :  stem  leafy,  about  3-flowered  at  the  top  :  leaves 
ovate,  alternate  :  lip  entire.  3  to  5  inches  high.  I  found  it  growing 
plentifully  on  the  Serpentine  Hill,  four  miles  west  of  Westfield  aca- 
demy. 

20—3.     Tripsacum.     4.  10. 
dactaloides,  W.  (sesame  grass.    C.   Au.   2^.)   staminate  flowers  above, 
pistillate  below  ;  spike  somewhat  in  threes.     Var.  monoslachyon^  has 
a  solitary  spike.     A  large  strong  grass. 

3—2.     Triticum.     4.  10. 

/tyheniian  (winter  wheat.  E.  J.  ^ .)  calyx-glume  4-flowered,  tumid, 
even,  imbricate,  abrupt,  with  a  short  compressed  point  :  ati])ule  jag- 
ged :  corols  of  the  upper  florets  somewhat  bearded.  There  are  sev- 
eral varieiies  of  this  species  which  are  induced  by  culture. 

<C4-<ifM/rt  (summer  wheat.  E.  J.  ^.)  calyx  4-flow^ered,  tumid,  smooth, 
imbricated,  awned.     Smith  says  this  maybe  a  variety  of  the  last. 

eompositum  (egyjUian  wheat.  E.)  spike  compound  ;  spikelets  crowded, 
awned. 

repens  (wheat-grass,  couch-grass,  quack-grass.  0.  J.  11-)  calyx  acumin- 
ate, many-nerved,  5-flowered  ;  flo\^ers  pointed:  leaves  flat:  root 
creeping.     Very  troublesome  in  fertile  soil,  and  useful  in  barren  sand  • 

13—13.    Trollius.    26.  61. 
laxus,Sy.  (4)  (globe-flower.  P.  y.  M.  Z^.)  petals  5,  obtuse,  spreading  ; 
nectaries  shorter  than  the  stamens.     Petals  always,  perhaps,  5,  obo- 
vate  :  capsules  short,  abrupt,  crowned  with  the  elongated  style. 

8—1.     Trop.eolum.     2.3.  73. 
majiis  (nasturtion,  Indian  cress.  E.  y.  &.  r.  Ju.  Q.  S>i  11.)  leaves  peltate, 
sub-repand:  petals  obtuse,  some  of  them  fringed. 


'1)  raajns,  Mx.  (3)  trianfhophorus,  Sw.    parvitlora,  Ms.    nutans,  Le  Conte. 

;2j  Arethusa,  i.  (-1)  araericanu-,  Donn. 

Rr2 


486  TROXIMOX;    TUSSILAGO. 

13—1.     Troximok,     49.  53. 
virginirum,  P.    (1)  (false  goal's  beard.  P.  y.  Ju.  2/.)  radical  leaves  iy 
rate,  roundish  ;  cauline  ones  clasping,  undivided  :  whole  plant  glab- 
rous. 

22—6.     Tuber.    58    1. 

cibarium,  becoming  black,  roughened  with  warts.  Globose,  solid,  des- 
titute of  root.  On  the  earth.  Often  collected  for  food  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

22 6.      TuBERCCi,ARIA.      68.    1. 

vulgaris  (tubercle   fungus.)  gregarious,  bright  red,  ridgy  or  wrinkled; 

with  a  thick  pale  stipe-form  receptacle.     Mostly  on  dead   branches 

of  the  common  red  currant. 
rosea  (P.)  scattered,  loose,  irregularly  globose,  rose-coloured.     Bright 

pink  little  masses,  which  dissolve   in  rainy  weather.     This   Smith 

gives  as  its  best  distinction  from  some  lichens.     Adhering  to  lichens 

©n  trees. 

22—6.     TuBULiNA.     58.  1. 

fragiformis,  sub-orbicular  ;  at  first  red,  then  rust-colour  ;  tubular  fruit 

thick,  distinct  at  the  apex.     On  trunks  in  the  summer  after  a  storm. 

6—1.     TuLiPA.     10.  14. 
suaveolens  (sweet  tulip.  E.  M.  It-)  small  :  stem  l-flowered,  pubescent  ^ 

flower  erect:  petals  obtuse,  glabrous  :  leaves  lance-ovate. 
gcsneriana    (common  tulip.   E.  M.  2i.)    stem    1-flowered,  glabrous . 

flower   various-coloured,   erect   :  petals    obtuse,  glabrous   :  leaves 

lance-ovate. 

22 — 6.     TuLosTOMA.     58.  1. 

h-umale,  stipe  smoothish  ;  fruit  globose,  with  aflat  mouth.  On  walls,, 
sometimes  in  meadows. 

15—2.     TcRRiTis.     39.  63. 

hirsuta,  S.  (tower  mustard.  O.  w.  M.  #.  or  It.)  leaves  all  hispid ;  cau- 
liae  ones  clasping  :  silique  4-angled.  Robert  Brown  says  this  is  an 
Arabis.  If  so,  this  genus  may  be  struck  off"  from  the  list  of  Ameri- 
can genera,  since  laevigata  has  been  removed  to  Arabis  by  Torrey. 

«>yafa,  Ph.  (P.  w.  M.  i .)  pubescent:  radical  leaves  petioled,  ovate^, 
toothed,  obtuse  ;  cauline  leaves  clasping,  oblong,  serrate,  acute. — 
Resembles  the  hirsuta  ;  perhaps  a  variety  of  it,  which  ought  to  fol- 
low it  to  the  genus  Arabis. 

18—2.     TussiLAGO.     49.  55. 

farfara,  W.  (colt's  foot.  W.T.  P.  N.  y.  Ap.  2^.)  scape  single-flowered, 

r')  Tragopogon  virginicwm,  L.    Hy«serJsprenantfaoWes,W.   ainp!exJcaule,Mx. 


TUSSILAGO,   ULVA.  487 

scaly  :  leaves  cordate,  angular,  toothed,  downy  beneath.    The  flow- 
er appears  long  before  the  leaves.     River  alluvion. 

frigida  (mountain  colt's  foot.  New- Hampshire,  Vt.  y.  M.  2^.)  scape 
many-flowered,  corymbed,  bracted  :  leaves  triangular,  cordate,  with 
deep  triangular  teeth,  downy  beneath. 

20—3.     Typha.     3.  8. 

htifolia  (cat -tail,  reed-mace.  O.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  linear,  flat,  slightly  con- 
vex beneath  :  staminateand  pistillate  aments  close  together.    Wet. 

an^uslifolia  (P.  Ju.y.)  leaves  linear,  channelled,  semi-cylindric  be- 
low and  flattish  above  :  staminate  and  pistillate  aments  a  little  sepa- 
rated.    Not  so  large  as  the  last  species.     Wet. 

U. 

17—10.     Ulex.    32.  93. 
fiuropeus  (furze.  E.  M.    ^.)  leaves  lance-linear,  villose  :  bra§ts  ovatej 
lax  ;  branchlets  erect. 

5—2.     Ulmus.     53.  99. 
americana,   Mx.   (elm,  w^hite-elm.  O.  g-p.  Ap.  Tp.)  branches  smooth  t 
leaves  oblique  at  the  base,  having  acuminate  serraturesa  little  hook- 
ing :  flowers  pedicelled  :  fruit  fringed   with  dense  down.     A  very 
large  durable  tree,  with  the  branches  gradually  spreading,  when  it 
grows  in  open  fields,   so  as  to  form  a   fan-form  top.    Var. jpenrfu/o^ 
has  hanging  branches  and  smoothish  leaves.     Rafinesque  says  this  is 
a  distinct  species.     See  Florula  Ludoviciana,  page  115. 
fulva,  Mx.  (1)  (slippery-elm,  red-elm.  O.  Ap.  T?.)  branches  scabrous, 
whitish  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,   nearly  equal  at  the  base, 
unequally  serrate,  pubescent  both  sides,  very  scabrous  :  buds  tomen- 
tose,   with   very  dense  yellowish   wool  ;  flowers   sessile.     May  al- 
ways be  known  by  chewing  the  bark,  which  is  very  mucilaginous. 
nemoralis  (riVcr-elm,  grove-elm.  New-England.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  oblong, 
smoothish,  equally  serrate,  nearly  equal  at  the  base  :  flowers  sessile. 
22—2.     Ulota.     56.  4. 
crispa^  stem  ramose  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  recurve d-undulate  when  dry  : 
pedicels  elongated.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

22—4.     Ulva.     57.  2. 

1.  Spread. 

lacluca,  fronds  aggregate,  oblong,  flat;  undulate-bullate,  attenuate  be 

<i }  aspera,  &I.    rubra,  Mx  •  younger. 


488  ULVA,    URALEPSIS. 

low,  gradually  dilated,  laciniate-crisped.  Pale-green,  thin,  Aveak 
and  flaccid.  Seas  and  bays. 
latissimay  frond  solitary,  oldong,  very  broad,  flat,  margin  undulated. 
Root  contracted.  Frond  attached  in  a  peltate-form,  yellowish-green, 
coriaceous-membranaceous.  Abundant  along  within  the  margin  of 
the  sea. 

purpurea^  fronds  oblong,  purple,  undulate-crisped.  Root  contracted. 
Frond  attached  in  a  peltate-form,  aggregated,  sub-sessile,  1  to  3  inch- 
es broad,  very  thin,  with  dense,  oblong-angled,  or  nearly  trapezoidal 
granulations.     On  rocks  in  seas  and  bays. 

llnzay  frond  lance-linear;  margin  undulate-crisped.  About  an  inch 
broad,  tapering  to  the  base,  green.     Sea-shore. 

crispaj  frond  bullate,  plicate-crisped,  rugose,  aggregated  into  an  ex- 
panded layer.  JNot  adhering  to  paper  on  drying.  On  the  earth  in 
shades. 

2.  Tubular. 

luhrica,  frond  sub-ramose,  compressed,  undulate-sinuate,  gelatinous. 
Very  narrow,  about  the  twelfth  of  an  inch,  variously  inflexed  and 
curved,  pellucid,  green.  Seed  deposited  in  a  quadrangular  position. 
Adheres  closely  to  paper  on  drying.     In  ditches. 

iutestinalis,  frond  tubulose,  simple.  Variable  in  size  ;  very  narrow. 
Obscurely  green. 

compressa,  frond  tubulose,  simple  or  branched,  filiform-compressed. 
Varying  in  size.  Sometimes  compressed  and  sometimes  terete,  ob- 
scurely green.     In  seas  and  bays. 

3—2.     Uniola.    4.  10. 

grncilis,  Mx.  (spike-grass.  D.  Au.  U-)  sheaths  and  culm  compressed  : 
leaves  flattish:  panicle  sub-spiked,  long  and  slender,  with  short  close- 
pressed  branches  ;  spikelets  small,  sub-sessile  ;  glume-calyx  3-valv- 
ed  :  flowers  monandrous.     In  shady  woods. 

latifoli'i,  Mx.  (P.  J.  2|.)  panicle  lax  ;  sj  ikelets  all  long-pedicelled  : 
calyx  3-valved  :  flowers  monandrous,  sub-falcate,  hairy  on  the  keel : 
leaves  broad,  flat. 

spicata,  L.  (1)  (C.  Ju.  2^.)  flowers  in  a  thyrse  :  spikelets  approximate, 
close-pressed,  about  6-flo\vered,  awnless  :  leaves  convolute-subulate, 
rigid,  alternate,  pointing  2-ways  :  culm  erect,  glabrous. 
3 — 2      Uralepsis,  N.     4.  10. 

purpurea,  Wr.  (2)  (purple  hair-grass.  C.  P.  A.)  culm  terete,  erect :  pa- 

(1)  disticophylla,  Rs.    Festuca  OisVicophylla,  Mx.  (2)  Aira  purpurea,  Wr- 


URASPERMUMj    URTICA.  489 

iiicle  diffuse,  purple  ;  the  racemes  shorter  than  the  internodes,  with 
few  sub-sessil  J  florets  :  Laves  flat,  narrow,  sub-filiform  above. 

5—2.     Uraspermum,  N.     45.  60. 
claytoiii,  (\)  (sweet  cicely.  O.  J.  2^.)  leaves  confipound,  hairy ;  Icafets 
pirinatifid-lobed ;  terminal  one  rhomboidal,  acute:  umbels  axillary 
and  terminal,  about  5-rayed  :  style  as  long  as  the  villose  germ. 
22—5.     Ukceolaria.     57.  2. 
fanyrga,  (pitcher-shield  lichen.  P.)  effuse,  granular-warty,  pure  white  : 
warts   clust^^red,  bearing  shields  which  are  glaucous-mealy,   with 
'   GOtives,  entire,  frond-like  margins. 

22—6.     Uredo.     58.  1. 

1.  Seminal  dust  rusty-yellow. 

roscc-centifolia,  (rose   rust.)    crowded,   yellow,   flat,   opening  ;    little 

heaps  orbicular.     On  the  leaves  of  the  centfoil  rose. 
linearis,  (yellow  grain-rust.  J.0.)  linear,  very  long  ;  stained-yellow, 
at  length  but  obscurely  coloured.     On  the  culms  and  leaves  of  bar- 
ley, oats,  rye,  wheat,  ^c. 

2.  Seminal  dust  white. 
Candida,  (white  rust.)  white,  opening.     On  shepherd's-purse,  &c. 

3.  Seminal  dust  black  or  sooty-yellow  ;  on  the  fructification  of  plants, 
segetum,  (smut.  J.)  dust  black    very  copious ;  growing  in  the  spikes 

or  glumes  of  grain.     Is  smut  a  plant .'' 
caricis,  dust  black,  naked,  surrounding  the  capsules.     On  carexes. 

20 — 4.     Urtica.     63.  P8, 

dioica,  (common  nettle.  O.  J.  If.)  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  lance- 
ovate,  coarsely  serrate  :  flowers  difficious  :  spikes  panicled,  glome- 
rate, in  pairs,  longer  than  the  petioles. 

frocern,  W.  (2)  (O.  Ju.  2/.)  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  lance-ovate,  ser- 
rate ;  petioles  ciliate  :  flowers  dioecious  :  spikes  somewhat  branched, 

^^lomerate  in  pairs,  equalling  the  petiole.  Not  so  common  as  the 
last  ;  which,  if  examined  before  full  maturity,  may  be  mistaken  for 
this. 

gracilis,  (N.  Can.  An.  2^.)  leaves  opposite,  lance-ovate,  nakedish  ; 
leaves  and  petioles  hispid  :  racemes  in  pairs.  Pursh  says  this  and 
the  last  species  are  the  same  :  perhaps  they  are  ;  but  if  so,  the  gra- 
cilis at  Northampton  is  a  very  slender  and  delicate  variety. 

•pumila,  W.  (3)  (stingless  nettle,  rich-weed.  O.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  opposite, 

(1)  Mvrrhis  dukis.  2<1  ed.     Scandix  dulcis.  M.     Scandix  rlaytoni.Mx.  (see  N)     Cha- 
cvophylium  clajtoni.  Ph.  (2)  gracilis  f  A.  (3)  Adciia  lriRt;rva,R, 


490  URTICA. 

ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  serrate  ;  lower  petioles  as  long  as  tlie 
leaves  :  flowers  monoecious,  triandrous  ;  in  corymbed  heads,  shorter 
than  the  petioles.     Stem  smooth  and  shining  ;  when  in  deep  shades, 
the  stem  is  pellucid. 
urens,  (dwarf  stinger.  N.  P.  T.  Y.   Boston.  J.  0.)    leaves  opposite, 

oval,  about  5-nerved,  sharply  serrate  :  spikes  glomerate,  in  pairs. 
Capitata,  W.  (P.  Can.  J.  11.)  leaves  alternate,  heart-ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  3-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole  :  glomerules  spiked  ; 
the  spikes  are  solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  leafy  above  :  stem 
naked. 
danadensiSf  (canada  nettle.  O.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  alternate,  heart-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  hispid  both  sides  :  panicles  axillary,  mostly  in 
pairs,  spread-branched ;  the  lower  staminate  ones  longer  than  the 
petioles ;  upper  pistillate  one  elongated  :  stem  covered  with  stings. 
5  to  6  feet  high.  Var.  divaricala,  has  smoothish  leaves,  and  some* 
times  very  spreading,  solitary  panicles. 
Xohitlowi,  M.  (1)  (albany  hemp.  T.  Au.  TJ..)  stem  simple,  terete,  and 
sub-glabrous  at  the  base  ;  towards  the  top  it  is  5  to  8-grooved,  and 
covered  with  reversed  stings  :  leaves  serrate,  punctate,  (with  deep 
green  specks  or  spots,)  acuminate,  long-petioled,  alternate  ;  lower 
ones  broad-oval,  with  the  base  wedge-form  ;  uppermost  ones  nearly 
opposite,  heart-ovate :  "  panicles  peduncled  ;  staminate  ones  axil- 
lary, dichotomous,  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  pistillate  ones  terminal  : 
capsules  orbicular-compressed,  mucronate  :"  root  tuberous-fusiform, 
often  with  tuberous  branches  nearly  at  right  angles.  Stem  5  or  6 
feet  high.     See  Prof.  Green's  Catalogue. 

Dr.  Muhlenberg  examined  this  plant,  and  named  it  in  honour  of  its 
discoverer,  Mr.  Charles  Whitlow  ;  whose  opinion,  that  it  may  be  ad- 
vantageously cultivated  as  a  substitute  for  hemp,  seems  to  be  confirm- 
ed by  the  observations  of  M'Kinzie.  Dr.  Withering  also  observed, 
long  ago,  that  he  had  no  doubt  some  species  of  the  nettle  might  be 
used  as  a  substitute  for  flax. 

Several  botanists  consider  the  whitlowi  as  a  variety  of  the  canaden- 
sis. I  have  therefore  been  particular  to  give  a  full  description  ;  which 
I  took  from  several  living  specimens  on  an  island  near  Albany,  and 
compared  it  with  those  cultivated  in  Mr.  G.  Webster's  garden.  That 
part  of  the  description  relating  to  the  fructification,  I  translated  from 
Dr.  Muhlenberg's  description. 
Whether  it  is  a  distinct  species  or  only  a  variety,  will  not  affect  tke 

Q)  caaa(leB$is,  Ph.  in  a  letter  to  IrofesBor  Ives. 


USNEA,    UTRICULARIA.  491 

question  of  its  usefulness ;  a.id  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  agriculturalists 
will  make  more  extensive  experiments. 

22—5.     UsNEA.     57.  2. 

Jlorida,  frond  erectish,  scabrous,  pale-cinereous  :  fibres  thick,  horizon- 
tal :  branches  spreading,  expanded,  sub-simple  :  receptacles  flat, 
very  broad,  becoming  white,  ciliate  :  ciliae  long,  radiating.  On  trees. 
This  and  the  following  species  of  lichen  are  usually  called  tree-raoss« 

strigosa,  frond  effuse,  ramose,  dirty-cinereous,  scabrous  :  branches 
longish,  flexuose,  dichotomous,  lax,  every  where  bearing  strigosc 
fibres  :  receptacles  fleshy,  broad,  sub-lobate,  tooth-radiate.  Perhaps 
a  variety  of  the  florida. 

plicata,  frond  pendulous,  smooth,  pale  :  branches  lax,  very  branching, 
sub-fibrous,  the  extreme  ones  capillary  :  receptacles  flat,  broad,  ci- 
liate ;  the  cilias  very  slender  and  long.  On  trunks  and  branches  of 
trees ;  most  common  on  the  dry  dead  limbs  of  evergreens,  from 
which  it  often  hangs  in  long  cinereous-green  locks. 

barbatn,  frond  pendulous,  smooth,  terete,  thickish,  pale-green  and  sub- 
cinereous  :  branches  diverging  with  scattered  fibres,  capillary  at  the 
apex,  jointed  beneath.     On  branches  of  old  trees. 

(mgulata,  frond  pendulous,  flexuose,  sub-simple,  angled,  pale-cine- 
reous;  angles  acute,  scabrous  :  fibres  horizontal,  approximate,  sim- 
ple, short,  slenderly  terete.     On  trees, 

trichodea,  frond  prostrate,  smooth,  pale-white,  filiform,  tender,  sub-ra- 
mose :  fibres  horizontal,    somewhat  1-sidecJ,  scattered  :  receptacles 
uniform-coloured  ;  the  periphery  elevated,  thin,  naked,  entire. 
2 — 1.     Utricularia.     24.  40. 

rulgaris,  Ph  (1)  (bladder-wort.  0.  y.  J.  If.)  spur-nectary  conic  ;  uppec- 
lip  of  the  length  of  the  p -late,  reflexed  to  the  sides :  scape  straight, 
few  flowered.  Scape  generally  proceeding  from  the  junction  of  se- 
veral horizontal  branches,  which  lie  in  the  mud,  or  float  on  the  sur- 
face of  water.  The  leaves  are  capillary,  generally  bearing  small 
bladders. 

cornufa,  Mx.  (leafless  bladder-wort.  H.  L  T.  y.  Ju.  U)  spur-nectary 
subulate,lengthened  out  longer  than  the  corol,  nearly  vertical,  acute  : 
lower  lip  of  the  corol  broad,  .3-lobed  :  scape  with  two  nearly  sessile 
flowers  at  the  top  ;  no  leaves  at  the  base,  but  having  den.se  alternate 
tufts  of  radical  leaves.  In  the  marsh  on  Crooked  lake,  PInMifield, 
(iMass.)  it  grows  so  plentifully  as  to  give  the  lake  the  appearance  oi 

(I)  macrorbUa,  Le  Conte.    Torrey  sajs  tbis  is  not  the  vul^trw  of  L 


4^2  UTRICULARIA,   UVULARIA. 

being  bordered  with  yellow.  I  saw  thousands  there  still  in  flower  ia 
September. 

saccata,  Le  Conte.  (C.  P.  p.  Au.  0.)  scape  1  to  3-flowered  :  lower  lip 
of  the  corol  3-lobed,  lateral  lobes  cowled  on  the  under-side  ;  palate 
large  and  prominent :  spur-nectary  compressed,  keeled,  sub-acumi- 
nate, close-pressed  to  the  corol,  which  is  upside-down,  and  covers 
the  spur  with  its  reflexed  mareiiis  ;  upper  lip  almost  round.  JNuttall 
says  it  is  the  purpurea  of  Walter. 

gibba,  W.  (T.  D.  Pittsfield.  y.  Ju.)  spur-nectary  gibbous  :  divisions 
of  the  corol  rounded  :  scape  generally  1-flowered.  Very  small. 
Grows  in  great  plenty  in  the  ponds  near  the  Cantonment  at  Green- 
bush. 

subulata,  Ph.  (1)  (Can.  P  D.  y.  Ju.  #.)  spurnectary  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  under  lip  :  scape  about  2-flowered.     Flowers  small. 

setacea,  Le  Conte.  (C.  D.  P.  y.  J.)  leafless  :  scape  minute,  terete,  slen- 
derly setaceous,  2  or  3-flowered,  rooting:  flowers  on  longish  pe- 
duncles :  spur-nectary  longish.  It  appears  that  Mr.  Le  Conte  some- 
times found  6  or  7  flowers  on  a  scape  ;  and  Mr.  Elliott  says  the  low- 
er lip  of  the  calyx  is  sub-emarginate.  Pursh  says  this  is  the  subulata  ; 
but  Nuttall  says  it  cannot  possibly  be  that.  ^ 

minor,  (D.  y.  Au.  2^.)  spur-nectary  gibbous,  keeled  :  throat  of  the  corol 
open.     Flowers  small. 

ceratophylla,  Mx.  (2)  (C.  D.  P.  y.  Ju  )  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  scape 
cylindric,  capillary,  divided,  branched  at  the  extremities  :  scape  pro- 
ducing 6  to  lo-flowered  racemes  :  lower  lip  of  the  corol  with  3  re- 
tuse  lobes  :  spur  compressed.     The  largest  of  the  species. 

striata,  Le  Conte.  (C.  y.  J.  2^  )  scape  2  or  3  flowered  :  nectary  (or  spur) 
straight,  obtuse  ;  upper  lip  r<u  id-ovate,  sub-emarginate  ;  margin  un- 
dulated ;  palate  2-lobed  ;  under  lip  3-lobed  ;  lateral  lobes  reflexed, 
longer  than  the  spur:  corol  red-striate.  About  a  foot  high.  Bladders  few. 

6 — 1.      UVULARI  A.      11.    14. 
1.  Capsules  Z-corn-red  ;  stigmas  r' flexed. 
perfoUata  (beUwovi.  O.y.  M.  If.)  leaves  perfoliate,  oval,  obtuse  (lance- 
linear  or  oval-oblong,  in  the  young  state)  corol  bell-liliaceous,  sca- 
brous or  granular  wi-hin:  anthers  cuspidate. 
sbssitifulia  (O.  y.  M.  11.)  leaves  sessile,  lance-oval,  becoming  glaucous 
beneath;  petals  flat,  smooth   within:  capsule  stiped  (raised  above 
the  receptacle  on  a  little  stem  :)  stem  glabrous. 
lanceolata,  W.  (3)  (H.  y.  J.  If.)  leaves  perfoliate,  oblong,  acute  ;  pet- 
(1)  Setacea  ?  Mx.  (2)  inflata,  Wr.       (3)  graaUiflora,  S.    perfyliaia  major,  Mx. 


VACcixiuM.  49B 

als  smoolh  within  :  anthers  obtnsish  :  nectaries  roundish.     Flowers 
large.     Found  by  Dr.  L.  C.  Bick,  in  rocky  situations,  near  Albany. 
flava,  S.  (1)  (D.  y.  M.  2^.)  leaves  perfoliate,  oval-oblong,   obtuse,  un- 
dulate at  the  base  :  corol  tapering  to  the  base,  scabrous  within  :  an- 
thers cuspidate. 

2.   Capsules  sub-globose  ;  sligtnas  very  short. 

[These  species  are  removed  to  Strcptopus.] 

V. 

10 — 1.     Vaccinium.     18.  51. 
Remark.    President  Smith  remarks  upon  the  removing  of  this  genus 
to  the  10th  class,  in  a  way  which  strongly  implies  his  disapprobation. 
He  says  Fursh  removed  it ;  not  recollecting  at  the  moment  that  Persoon 
removed  it  about  ten   years  before  Pursh  wrote.     There  are  about  25 
species  in  North  America,  not  one  of  them  octandrous  ;  and  barely  3 
octandrous  species  in    Europe.     Ought  we   therefore  to  make  our  25 
species   into  anomalies,    on  account  of  the  European  species  ?  1  pre- 
sume Dr.  Smith  would  not  object  to  taking  off  the  Oxycoccus  genus, 
should   he  become  acquainted  with  all  our  species  of  the  old  genus 
Vaccinium,  growing  in  their  native  wilds.     See  Rees'  Cyclopcedia. 
stamineum  (squaw  whortleberry.  0.  w.  M.  ^.)  leayes  oval,  acute,  en- 
tire,  glaucous  beneath  :  pedicels  solitary,  axillary,  filiform  :  corol 
spreading,  bell-form  ;  divisions  oblong,  acute  :  anthers  exsert,  awn- 
ed  on  the  back  :  berry  pear-form.     About  2  or  3  feet  high.     Var.  al- 
bunif  has  the  nerves  and  veins  of  the  leaves  hairy,  and  the  berry  glo- 
bose.    Pursh  makes  this  variety  a  distinct  species  j  but   Smith  says 
it  can  hardly  be  called  a  variety.     Berries  of  this  species  are   large 
and  light  green,  when  ripe  ;  very  soft  and  juicy  within,  with  a  tough 
.stem. 
dumosum,  C.  (2)  (bush  whortleberry.  O.   w.  J.  Tp.)  branchlets,  leaves 
and  racemes  a  little  hispid,  bedewed  with  resinous  specks;  the  leaves 
oblong-obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  mucronate,  entire,  both  sides  col- 
oured alike  :  racemes  bracted,  pedicels  short,  axillary,  sub-solitary, 
2-bracted  near  the    middle  :  corol  bell-form,  divisions  roundish,  in- 
cluding the  anthers. 
frondosum,  L.    (3)  (blue  whortleberry.  O.  w.  M.    ^p.)  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  obtusish,  entire,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,   bedewed    with 
many  resinous  dots  :  racemes  lax,  bracted  ;    pedicels  long,  filiform, 
bracted  }  bracts  liuear  :  corol  ovate-bcll-form,  with  acute  divisions, 
(1;  Anonymos  pudiea,  Wr.     (2;  frondosum,  Alx<    birtelluui,  A    (3)  glaucuiD,Mx. 


494  VACCINIUM, 

and  enclosing  the  anthers.      Var.   lanceolatum,  having  lanceolate 
leaves  acute  at  both  ends.     About  3  feet  high,  berries  large  and  blue . 
remiosum,  L.  (1)  (black  whortleberry.  O.  p.  M.  ^.)  leaves  slender,  pe- 
tioled,  oblong-oval,  mostly  obtuse,  entire,  bedewed  with  resinou? 
specks  beneath  :  racemes  lateral,  one-sided  :  pedicels  short,  some- 
what bracted   :  corol  ovate-couic,   5-cornered.     1  to   4  feet  high  : 
berries  black.     Much  taller  in  woods  than  in  open  fields. 
coryiyibomm,  h.  (2)  (giant  whortleberry.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  flower-bearing 
branchlets  almost  leafless  :  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute  at  both  ends, 
mucronate,  sub-entire  >  sub-tomentose  beneath  and  hairy  both  sides 
■when  young,  but  glabrous  above  and  a  little  hairj'  at  the  veins  be- 
neath when  mature  ;  racemes  short,  sessile,  with  scaly  bracts  :  co- 
rols  cylirdric-ovate  :  calyx  erect  ;  style   somewhat  exsert.     In  wet 
ground  it  grows  very  large  ;  near  Albany  it  grows  12  feet  high,  and 
2  or  3  inches  in  diameter.     Berries  black      Var.   amcenutn,  has  the 
style  not  exsert,  and  the  racemes  are  crowded,  corol  cylindric,  and 
the  calyx  reflexed.     The  twigs  are  reddish,  flowers  large,  with  a  red- 
dish tinge.     \'a.r.fuscatum,  has  the  leaves  a  little  serrulate,  glabrous, 
corymbed  racemes  terminal,  pedicels  long  and  nodding,  corol    cy- 
lindric, with  short  direct  divisions,  style   hardly  exsert.     Flowers 
striped  with  red,  calyx  brown. 
jiennsyhanicum,   Mx.    (3)  (black-blue    whortleberry.   O.  r-g.  M.    Tp.) 
branches  angled,  bark  green  :  leaves  sessile,  lance-oval,  mucronate, 
serrulate,  both  sides  shining  :  fascicles  of  flowers  crowded,  sub-ter- 
minal :  corol  ovate,  S-toothed.     Very  branching,  leaves  flat,  mem- 
branaceous, calyx  green. 
fenellum,  W.  (4)  (dwarf  whortleberry.  W.  P.  Whitehills.  r-w.  M.  ^.) 
branches  angled,  green  :  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  mucronate,  ser- 
rulate, shimn2;  both  sides  ;  flowers  in  crowded,  mostly  sessile  fasci- 
cles :  corols  ovate. 
^aultherioides,  Bw.  (winlergreen  whortleberry.  "VVhitehills.Ju.'^.)  pros- 
trate j  leaves  obovate,  entire  :  flowers  sub-solitary  :  berries  oblong, 
crowned  with  the  style.     Very  small.     A   new  species  by  Bigelow 
and  Boot. 
ritis-idcca  (bilberry.  Can.  New-England,  w-r.  M.  ^.)  low  ;  stem  creep- 
ing, branchlets  erect  :  leaves   obovate,  emarginate,  revolute,  sub- 
serrulate,  shining  above,  punctate  beneath  :  racemes  terminal,  nod- 
ding :  corol  bell-cylindric.     Sometimes  tetrandrous. 
Vaccinium,  see  Oxycoccus. 

(1)  Andromeda  baccata,Wm.      (2)  disomorphum,  Mx.    Album,  Lk-    Amocnum;  W. 
(H)  virgatUiW,  W.    Tenellum  ?  Ttu  (4)  peonsylvanicura  .'  Lk. 


VALERIANA,    VEUIJASGUM.  495 

3 — 1.     Valeriana.     48.  56. 
'}'U  (valerian.  E.  1^.)  cauliiielea;^es  pinnate,  radical  ones  undiviiied  : 
stem  smooth. 

Valeriana,  see  Fedia. 

21—2.     Vallisneiua.     1.  22. 

5;)j>a?is(tape  grass.  Y.  T.  P.  w.  Au.  If.)  leaves  floating,  linear,  obtuse, 
serrulate  at  the  summit,  tapering  at  the  base  :  peduncle  of  the  pistil- 
late flower  long  and  spiral  ;  of  the  staminate  short  and  erect.  In 
the  river  Hudson  from  Waterford  to  the  Highlands. 

22 — 5.     Variolaria.     57.  2. 

communis,  crust  cartilaginous,  smooth,  becoming  white,  at  length  une- 
qual, cinereous,  sprinkled  over  with  white  finiit-dots  destitute  of 
margins;  warts  of  the  receptacles  spheroid,  pulverulent;  with  a 
sub-membranaceous  flattish  pale  nucleus,  which  is  at  length  naked. — 
On  trunks  of  trees  in  the  wood  when  stripped  of  bark,  is^c. 

nmarn,  crust  rugose-rimose,  un-equai,  sub-pulverulent,  white,  becoming 
sub-cinereous:  warts  of  the  receptacles  close-pressed,  plano-concave, 
bearing  the  fruit,  uniform-coloured.     On  bark  of  tree£. 

22—4.     Vaucheria.     57.  2. 

bursata,  threads  laxly  ramose  :  vesicles  solitary,  globose  ;  peduncles 
perpendicular.  In  stagnant  water.  Very  abundant  in  Rutland  pond, 
Vermont,  ^ 

dillwynii,  threads  flexuose  :  vesicles  sessile,  lateral,  globose.  Grows 
on  naked  earth  in  shadt;^,  eiihci  \i\  spring  or  autumn. 

6 — 3.  Veratrum.  10.  13. 
stride,  W.  (1)  (itchweed,  indian  poke,  white  hellebore.  0.  g.  J.  2/.) 
flowers  in  terminal  racemed  panicles  ;  bracts  of  the  branches  lance- 
oblong,  the  bract  of  the  flowers  longer  than  the  sub-pubescent  pedun- 
cles :  leaves  broad-ovate,  plaited,  many-nerved.  Useful  in  rheuma- 
tisms and  many  cutaneous  eruptions.  Dr.  Cutler  says,  crows  may 
be  destroyed  by  boiling  indian  corn  in  a  decoction  of  this  plant,  and 
strewing  it  in  cornfields.     Damp. 

Veratrum,  see  Helonias. 

5—1.     Verbascum.     28.  41. 
/hapsus   (mullein.  O.  y.  J.  ^  )  leaves  decurrent,  downy  both  sides  : 
stem  generally  simple,  though  sometimes  branched  above:  floA^ers 
in  a  cylindric  spike.     When  botanists  are   so  infatuated  with  wild 

(1)  album,  Ms:, 


496         VERBASCUM,  VERNONIA. 

speculation,  as  to  tell  us  the  mullein  Avas  introduced,  they  give  ou/ 
youngest  pupils  occasion  to  sneer  at  their  teachers. 

blattaria,  (iiioth  mullein,  sleek  mullein.  T.  jN.  C.  P.  w-y.  J.  1?.)  leaves 
glabrous,  tooth-serrate ;  lower  ones  oblong-obovate ;  upper  ones 
heart-ovate,  clasping :  pedicels  1-flowered,  in  a  terminal  panicle- 
raceme.  This  plaiii^,  which  growls  about  Albany  and  Troy  in  such 
abuudaiice,dint:rs  so  widely  from  the  descriptions  given  of  this  spe- 
cies by  Smith  and  '\Viildenow,  that  I  am  inclined  to  believe  it  a  dif- 
ferent speci^iijor  a  vt-ry  distinct  variety. 

lychnilis,  (P-r.  w.J.  $ .)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  crenatej  white-downy  be- 
neath ;  spikes  lax, lateral  and  terminal. 

14—1.     Verbena.     42.  38. 

hastaia,  (vervain,  pimpler's-joy.  0.  p-w.  Ju.  !(..)  erect,  tall  :  leaves 
laf  ceolau  ,  acuniiiiate,  gash-serrate  ;  lower  ones  sometimes  gash-has- 
tate :  spikes  lir.tar,  panicled,  sub-imbricate.  Var.  pbinatijida,  has 
the  leaves  gash-pinnatilid,  coarsely  toothed. 

urticijolia,  (nettle-leaf  vervain.  O.  av.  Ju.   2^.)  erect,  sub-pubescent 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  pctioled  :  spikes  filiform,  with  flowers  a 
little  separate,  axillary  and  tenriinal.     Both  of  these  species  grow 
from  3  to  5  feet  high.     Generally  about  garden-fences  and  old  fields. 

angusCjolia,  Mx.  (I)  (pigmy  vervain.  Y.  C.  P.  Hudson,  b.  J.  2^.)  low, 
erect :  leaves  lance-liiiear,  tapering  to  the  base,  thinly  serrate,  Avith 
channelled  veins  :  spikes  filiform,  solitary,  terminal  or  axillary. 
About  a  foot  High,  in  the  dry  fields  about  New-Haven. 

Spuria,  (C.  Y.  P.  h.  Ju.  It-  <^.)  stem  decumbent,  with  spreading  branch. 
es  :  leaves  in  many-cleft  divisions  :  spikes  filiform  :  bracts  exceeding 
the  calyx.     Very  abundant  7  or  8  miles  about  New-Haven. 
IS — 2.     Verbesina.     49.  53. 

sigesbeckia,  W .  (2)  (crown-beavd-  P.  y-  Ju.  If.)  stem  winged:  leaves 
opposite,  lance-ovate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate  :  pa- 
nicle  brachiate  :  flowers  in  fascicles  on  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

^•lrginica,^^'.  (P.  \v.  Jn.  U-)  stem  narrow-winged  :  leaves  alternate, 
broad-lanceolate,  sub-serrate  :  corymb  compound  :  calyx  oblong, 
pubescent,  ray  florets  3  or  4. 

18—1.     Vernokia.     49.  55. 

noveboracensis,  L.  (3)  (flat-top.  0.   p.  Au.  U-)  tall :  leaves  thick-set, 
lanceolate,  serrate,  rough  :  corymb  fastigiate  :  scales  of  the   calyx 
filiform  at  the  apex.    4  or  5  feet  high. 
"~(i)~rugosa,  W.       (2)  Si^esbeckia  occidemalis,  L.       (3)  Chrysocoma  giganteBj  Wr, 


VERRUCAKIA.  497 

pr<zalta,  W.  (I)  (New-England.  P.  r.  Au.  U-)  stem  tall,  angled,  thickly 
pubescent:  leaves  thick-set,  lanceolate,  acutely  serrao,  ;-u  ,    cent 
beneath  :  corymb  fastigiate  :  scales  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  awiiless. 
2—1.     Veronica.     40.  35. 
officinalis,  (speedwell.  T.  Y.  C.  P.  Highlands,  b.  M.  If.)  spikes  lateral, 
peduucled:  leaves  opposite,  obovate,  hairy :  stem  procuaibent,  rough- 
haired. 
zerpyllifolia,  (Paul's  betony,  smooth  speedwell.  O.  b,  M.  If.)  racemes 
terminal,  sub-spiked  :  leaves  ovate,  glabrous,  crenate.     Stem  4  to  6 
inches  long. 
beccaOunga  (brook-lime.  O.  b.  J.  If.)  racemes  latcr.il  :  leaves   ovale, 
flat  :  stem  creeping.      Stem  8  to  15  inches  long.     Flowers  large. — 
Wet. 
anngallis  (brook  pimpernel.  C.  T.  Can.  P.  b.  J.  24^.)  raccraos  lateral  : 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  :  stem  erect. 
'utellata  (scull-cap  speedwell.  O.  b.  J.  If.)  racemes  lateral,  alternate  ; 

pedicels  pendant  :  leaves  lance-linear. 
rrvensis   (wall  speedwell.   0.  w-b.  M.  0.)  flowers  solitary,  nearly  ses- 
sile :  leaves  ovate,  serrate  ;  floral  ones  lanceolate,  entire  :  slt-m  eiect, 
seeds  flat.     4  to  6  inches  high. 
peregrina,   S.   (2)  (purslane-speedwell.  O.  w.  M.  0.)  flowers  sessile, 
leaves  glabrous,  lance-linear, tooihed  and  entire,  obtuse,  lo^^ crones 
opposite  :  stem  erect. 
ngrestis  (field  speedwell.  C.  P.  b.  M.  0.)  flowers  solitary  :  leaves  ovate, 
serrate,   shorler  than  the  petioles :  stem  procumbent:  segments  of 
the  calyx  ovale.     The  stem  is  terete,  hairy.     5  to  lO  inches  long. 
hzihrifoUa  (ivy  speedwell.    C.   w-b.  M.  ^.)  flowers  solitary:  leaves 
cordate,  flat,  5-lobed  :  segments  of  the  calyx  cordate,  acute  :  seed? 

wrinkled. 

Veronica,  see  Leptandra. 

25 — 5.     Vekrucaria.     57.  2, 
^liradtri,  (mite  lichen.  P.)  crust  tartarous,  hard,  whitish,  smooth  :  re- 
ceptacles minute,   crowded,  nearly  globular,  navelled,  sunk,  semi- 
transparent  within.     Often  on  lime-stone,  or  other  wrought  stones 
in   burying-grouijds,  6cc.  scarcely  visible. 

stigmatella,  (P  )  very  thin,  membranous,  smooth,  rather  polished, 
greyish:  tubercles  minute,  convex,  warty,  crowded,  sul)-conllii"nt  : 
nucleus  globose,  becoming  cinereous.  On  the  smooth  bark  ol  (rees 
and  fruit. 

"*0  Serratula, L.  Ciinsocoma  tomentosa,  Wr.    (2) marjlandica,  Mx.  caroUniana,  Wr. 


498  YERRUCARIA,    VIBURNUM. 

'pv.lla,  crust  thin,  contiguous,  membranaceous,  smooth,  dark-fuscous  • 
receptacles  minute,  hemispheric, glabrous,  sub-papillate,  black  with- 
in.    On  the  bark  of  leather-wood,  kc. 

17—10.     Vexillaria.     32.  93. 

virginiana,  (butterfly  weed.  P.  b.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  ternate,  ovate  :  calyx 
5-parted,  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  its  divisions  subulate,  incurved,  di- 
verging :  legumes  sub-ensilorm, 

inariana,  (P.  w-b.  Ju.  24)  leaves  ternate  :  calyx  much  larger  than  the 
lance-linear  bracts,  oblong-tubular,  5-cleft :  legume  torulose  on  the 
convex  sides  :  seeds  glutinous. 

5—3.     VIBURNU3I.     43.  58. 

opulus,  (guelder  rose,  snow-ball.  E.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  3-1  obed,  sharp- 
toothed  ;  petioles  glandular,  smooth  :  flowers  in  compact  cymes, 
surrounded  with  radiating  florets.  Var.  roseMm^has  the  whole  cyme 
made  up  of  radiating  florets. 

f.inus,  (laurestine.  E.  r-w.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  entire,  with  tufts  of  hair 
in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath  :  flowers  in  smooth  cymes. 

oocycoccus,  Ph.  (1)  (high  cranberry.  W.  Y.  T.  V.  P.  r-w.  J.  ^.)  leaves 
3-1  obed,  acute  at  the  base  ;  axils  of  the  veins  hairy  beneath,  3-nerv- 
ed  ;  lobes  long-acuminate,  with  a  few  scattering  teeth  ;  petioles 
glandular,  grooved  above  :  cymes  rayed.  5  to  8  feet  high.  Fruit 
resembles  the  low  cranberry,  red  and  very  acid.  Grows  plentifully 
in  various  parts  of  Columbia  county,  N.  Y.     Wet. 

hntago,  (sheep-berry.  0.  w.  J.  ^.)  glabrous  :  leaves  broad-ovate,  acu- 
minate, hook-serrate  ;  petioles  margined,  undulate  :  cymes  sessile. 
8  to  15  feet  high.  The  branches  when  full  grown  often  form  a  lasti- 
giate  top.  Berries  black,  oval  and  sweetish,  pleasant-tasted  ;  some- 
what mucilaginous. 

lantanoidtSj  Mx.  (hobble-bush,  tangle-legs.  O.  w.  M.  ^  )  leaves  broad, 
round-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  unequally  serrate  ;  petioles  and 
nerves  furnished  with  powdery  lUily  down  :  cymes  sessile  :  fruit 
ovate.  Stem  very  flexible  and  crooked,  about  5  to  7  feet  long,  some- 
times much  longer. 

ficerifolium,  W.  (maple  guelder-rose,  dockmackie.  O.  w.  J.  fp.)  leaves 
heart-ovate  or  3-lobed,  acuminate,  sharp-serrate,  pubescent  beneath  : 
cyines  long-peduncled.  Stem  very  flexible  :  leaves  broad  and  sub- 
membranous.  The  oldest  Dutch  settlers  in  Columbia  county,  N.  Y. 
inform  us,  that  the  Indians  in  that  vicinity  considered  the  exteriial 
application  of  tht  leaves  of  the  dockmackie  as  a  sovereign  remedy 
<l)  OpuloiUes,  M.    O^juIus  pimina,  Mx.    americanum,  A. 


499 

in  every  kind  of  inilaminatory  tumour,  and  that  they  have  ever  since 

adopted  this  practice  with  success. 
dentalum,  W.  (arrow-wood.  T.  V.N.  C.  w.  M.  Tp.)  smoothish  :  leaves 

roundish  and  ovate,   acute,  tooth-serrate,  furrow-plaited,   glabrous 

botli    sides  :  cvme   peduncled  :  fruit    sub-globular.     Berries   blue. 

About  4  to  6  feet  high. 
pyrlfoliuniy    (W.  T.  N.  P.  West-Point,   w.   M.    ^.)    glabrous:    leave.«? 

ovate,   acutish,  sub-serrate  ;  petioles   smooth  :  fruit   oblong-ovate  : 

cymes  sub-pedunclcd.     Berries  dark-coloured. 
prunifolium,  Lk.  (N.  C.  P.  w.  J.  ^.)  glabrous:  branches   spreading: 

leaves  roundish,   crenate-serrate  j  petioles  smooth  :  cymes  sessile  : 

fruit  round. 
nudum,  W.  (C.  P.  W.  Litchfield.  Can.  w.  M.  ^.)  very  glabrous  :  leaves 

oval,  sub-entire,  margin  revolute  ;  petioles  smooth  :  cymes  pedun- 
cled, and  without  bracts.     Berries  black. 
pubescens,  Ph.  (1)  (C.  T.  V.  w.  J.  T?.)  pubescent:  haves   round-oval, 

acuminate,  tooth-serrate,   furrow-plaited,    downy-villose  beneath  : 

cymes  pedunded  :  fruit  oblong.     Small  bush. 
edule,  Ph.  (2)  (Can.  P.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  3-lobed,  obtusish  at  the  base, 

3-nerved  :  lobes  very  short,  tooth-serrate,  with  acuminate  serratures  : 

petioles  glandular :  cymes  radiate.     Small  and  upright.     Resembles 

oxycoccus. 

n_10.     ViciA.     32.  93. 

faha,  (garden  bean,  Windsor  bean.  E.  w.  k,  black.  J.  1^.)  stem  many- 
flowered,  erect,  strong  :  legumes  ascending,  tumid,  coriaceous:  leaf- 
etsoval,  acute,  entire  :  stipules  sagittate,  toothed  at  the  base.  From 
Persia.  This  is  very  different  from  the  beans  most  commonly  culti- 
vated in  our  gardens,  under  the  names  of  pole-bean  and  bush-bean. 
They  belong  to  the  genus  Phaseolus. 

pusilla,  M.  (creeping  vetch.  Y.  C.  Hudson,  b-w.  J.)  peduncles  soli- 
tary, 1-flowered,  capillary  :  stipules  semi-sagittate,  (that  is,  arrow- 
form  on  one  side.)  entire  :  leafets  somewhat  in  sixes,  lance-linear, 
obtusish  :  legumes  small,  oblong,  glabrous. 

americana,  W.  (C.  P.  p.  M.  U  )  peduncles  somewhat  many-flowered, 
shorter  than  the  leaves  :  stipules  semi-sagittate,  toothed  :  leafets  8 
to  12,  lance-oval,  obtuse,  glabrous. 

sativa,  Wr.  (tare.  O.  b-p.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  in  pairs,  sub-sessile  :  stipules 
toothed,  marked  witli  dots  :  leafets  oblong-ovate,  retuse,  mucronate  : 
legumes  erect,  linear-terete,  glabrous.  Perhaps  it  maj  have  been 
(1)  deiuatum  pubescens,  A.   deutatuai  tomenivsuin,:tt.x        (2)  opulns  eUulc,  Mx- 


500  VICIAj    VIOLA. 

introduced  ;  but  it  is  now  veiy  common  in  all  parts  of  Berkshire 
county,  Mass. 

cracca,  (Can.  P.  N.  b.  S.  I|.)  spikes  many-flowered,  imbricate  back- 
wards, larger  than  the  leaves :  stipules  semi-sagittate,  linear-subu- 
late, entire  ;  leafets  numerous,  lance-oblong,  pubescent. 

earoliniana,  Wr.  (1)  (P.  C.  w.  M.  24!.)  peduncles  many-flowered  ;  flow- 
ers distant :  stipules  lance-ovate,  entire  :  leafets  8  to  10,  lance-oval, 
smoothish  :  stem  glabrous.  The  banner  of  the  flower  is  tipped  with 
black. 

5—1.  ViLLARSIA.  47.  46. 
iacunosa,  V.  (2)  (spur-stem,  floating-heart.  T.  Plainfield,  Mass.  D.  P. 
w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  heart-reniform,  (or  shortish  heart-form,)  sub-pel- 
tate, lacunose  beneath,  floating  :  petioles  bearing  the  flowers :  corol 
glabrous.  Grows  in  Crooked  lake  in  Plainfield,  which  is  about  three 
thousand  feet  higher  than  the  tide-waters  at  Albany.  It  is  very 
plenty  also  in  Sand  lake,  10  miles  from  Troy 

5—1.    ViNCA.     30.  47. 

minor  J  (periwinkle.  P.?  E  .^  b.  Ap.  >>.)  stem  procumbent  :  leaves 
lance-oval,  smooth  at  the  edges :  flowers  peduncled  :  teeth  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate. 

5—1.     Viola.     29.  80. 
1.  Slemless :  leaves  all  radical,  and  the  flowers  on  scapes. 

adorata,  (sweet  violet.  E.  b.  M.  2X.)  scions  creeping:  leaves  cordate, 
crenate,  smoothish  :  calyx  obtuse  :  two  lateral  petals  with  a  bearded 
or  hairy  line.     Cultivated  in  gardens. 

pedala,  (bird-foot  violet.  T.  Y.  C.  P.  b.  M.  2^.)  leaves  many-parted, 
pedate :  divisions  lance-linear,  sub-entire  :  divisions  of  the  calyx 
linear,  acute. 

palmata,  (hand  violet.  Y.  C.  P.  W.  T.  V.  b.  M.  If.)  pubescent :  leaves 
cordate,  hastate-lobed  or  palmate  ;  divisions  tootiied  :  divisions  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  glabrous:  two  opposite  petals  bearded  at  the 
base.  Var.  asarifolia,  leaves  sub-reniform.  Muhlenberg  makes  this 
a  distinct  species  ;  but  Nuttall  calls  it  a  variety. 

aagittata,  A.  (arrow  violet.  P.  C.  Boston,  Hudson,  b.  Ap.  2^.)  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  heart-sagittate,  sub-serrate,  gashed  at  the 
base:  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear, 
glabrous  :  three  lower  petals  bearded  at  the  base.  Lower  petal 
wliite  towards  the  bottom,  with  purple  veins  }  the  rest  longer,  nar- 
rower, and  whiter  towards  the  base. 
(1)  parviflora,  Mx.  (2)  tracbysperma,  E.    Mepyanthes  tracbysperma,  ^z- 


VIOLA.  501 

dciUata,  Ph.  (toothed  violet.  P.  b.  M.  If.)  glabrous  :  leaves  oblong, 
acute,  truncate  at  the  base,  serrate,  coarsely  toothed  or  hastate  be- 
low :  scapes  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear  : 
three  lower  petals  bearded  at  the  base. 

Innceolata,  (spear  violet.  W.  Y.  C.  P.  w.  Ap.  If.)  glabrous  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  sub-serrate,  attenuate  at  the  base  :  scape  scarcely  lono^er 
than  the  leaves  :  petals  beardless  ;  two  upper  ones  roundish,  and 
painted  with  purple  veins.  Grows  in  wet  places,  as  on  the  margin 
of  Beaver  pond,  New-Haven ;  also  in  a  wet  pasture  on  the  side 
of  Taghcounuk  mountain.  In  the  latter  place  I  found  it  6  inches 
high  ;  which  is  more  than  twice  as  high  as  it  grows  at  New- Haven. 

blanda,  W.  (smooth  violet.  O.  y-w.  M.  If.)  glabrous  :  leaves  cordate, 
acutish,  flattish,  remotely  serrate  :  scapes  of  the  length  of  the  leaves : 
petals  beardless,  the  two  lateral  ones  shorter  ;  the  lower  one  lanceo- 
late, and  longer  than  the  rest.  Lower  petal  marked  with  blue  stripes. 

obliqua,  W.  (twisted-wing  violet.  P.  w-p.  M.  2^.)  glabrous:  leaves 
cordate,  acute,  crenate-serrate,  flattish  :  flower  erect ;  scapes  of  the 
length  of  the  leaves :  petals  twisted  a  little  into  an  oblique  position ; 
lateral  ones  narrower  and  longer,  bearded  below  the  middle.  Flow- 
ers with  purple  and  yellow  veins. 
^vata,  N.  (1)  (T.  C.  b.  M.  U-)  leaves  ovate,  sub-cordate,  acutish,  often 
torn-toothed  at  the  base,  more  or  less  pubescent  both  sides  ;  petioles 
margined  :  scape  shorter  than  the  leaves  :  segments  of  the  calyx 
sub-ciiiate  ;  petals  obovate,  lateral  ones  bearded.     On  dry  hills., 

.>rimulifolia,  L.  not  Ph.  (jVimrose  violet.  0.  vv.  M.  It)  leaves  oblong, 
sub-cordat^  crenate,  obtuse ;  base  abruptly  decurrent  into  the  pe- 
tiole :  veins  pinnate  ;  midrib  thinly  pubescent  above  ;  petiole  and 
veins  hairy  beneath  :  scape  hairy :  segments  of  the  calyx  oBtuse  ; 
lateral  petals  a  little  bearded. 

iucullata,  (common  blue  violet.  O.  b.  M.  If)  glabrous:  leaves  cor- 
date, glabrous,  serrate,  cowled  (or  rolled  in  at  the  base :)  scapes  of 
the  length  of  the  petioles  .  petals  bent  obliquely,  lateral  ones  beard- 
ed. Petals  all  whitish  at  the  base.  \Ar.papilionacea,  leaves  smooth' 
ish,  heart-triangular  :  scape  as  long  as  the  leaves :  three  lower  petals 
bearded. 

sororia,  W.  (bearded  violet.  W.  T.  P.  b.  M.  If.)  leaves  cordate,  cre- 
nate-serrate, obtuse,  pubescent :  scapes  shorter  than  the  leaves . 
petals  oblong,  the  lower  one  bearded  at  the  base,  and  veined. 

rotundifolia,  M%.  (2)  (ground  violet.  H.  y.  Ap.  If .)  smoothish  :  leaTCS 

(1)  prjmulifolia,  Ph.  (2)  clamlestina,  fb. 


502  VIOLA. 

round-cordate,  (when  mature,)  obtusish,  crenate-serrate  ;  the  sinus 
at  the  base  closed,  and  serraiures  glandular :  [scions  flower-bearing, 
Pursh  :]  [setals  linear,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  The  leaves 
lie  veiy  ck-se  to  the  ground. 

2.  HaiiniT  a  stem  .-  more  or  less  of  the  haves  cauline. 

tricolor,  (garden  violet,  heart's-ease,  pansy.  E.  p.  y.  b-p.  M.  11-)  stem 
angular,  ditfuse,  divided  :  leaves  oblong,  deeply  crenate  :  stipules 
lyrate-pinnatifid. 

canadensis,  (woods  violet.  O.  b.  &s  w.  J.  li.)  sraoothish  :  leaves  sub- 
cordate,  acuminate,  serrate  :  peduncles  of  the  length  of  the  leaves  : 
stipules  short,  entire.    Sometimes  6  to  8  inches  high,  in  damp  woods. 

striata,  W.  (1)  (striped  violet.  W.  P.  Catskill  Mt.  w-p  M.  I^.)  glabrous  : 
leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate,  flattish :  peduncles  very  long: 
stipules  lanceolate,  serrate-ciliate. 

debiiis,  Mx.  (2)  (weak-stem  violet.  T.  P.  b.  M.  2^.)  glabrous:  leaves 
heart-reniform,  short-acuminate,  crenate,  cowled  at  the  base  :  pe- 
duncles twice  as  long  as  the  leaves  :  stipules  serrate-ciliate.  Flowers 
small. 

rostrata,'Ph.  (beaked  violet.  H.  b.  M.  If.)  glabrous  :  leaves  cordate, 
acute,  serrate  :  peduncles  tv^ice  as  long  as  the  leaves  :  stipules  lan- 
ceolate, serrate-ciiiate  :  spur  longer  than  the  corol,  extending  into  a 
beak.     Is  this  the  striata.^ 

pubescens,  A.  (3)  (yellow  woods  violet.  O.y.  M.  2^.)  villose-pubescent : 
stem  erect,  leafy  towards  and  at  tiie  top  :  leaves  broad-cordate  :  sti- 
jmles  oblong,  serrate  at  the  apex.  Varies  much  in  its  height ;  usually 
6  or  8  inches  high  ;  but  I  have  seen  it  20  inches  hi^.  Dr.  Solon 
Smith  showed  me  a  specimen  about  4  feet  high,  which  he  found  in 
New-Hampshire. 

hastata,  Mx.  (halbert  violet.  P.  y.  M.  TJ..)  glabrous  :  stem  simple, leafy 
above  :  leaves  hastate,  short-petloled  :  stipules  minute,  denticulate. 

concolor,  (green  violet.  P.  w-g.  J.  11.)  straight,  erect  :  leaves  broad- 
lanceolate,  entire  :  stipules  lance-linear,  entire  :  peduncles  axillary, 
in  pairs,  short.     About  20  inches  hieh  :  flowers  small. 

hicolor,  Ph.  (4)  (two-coloured  violet.  P.  C.  av.  p.  M.  0.)  sub-pubescent  \ 
stem  angled,  simple  :  lower  leaves  round-spatulate  ;  sub-dentate  ; 
upper  ones  lanceolate,  entire;  stipules  comb-tooth  pinnatifid :  ca- 
lyx acute,  about  half  as  long  as  the  corol. 

rtrvensis  (field  violet.  P.  w.  Ap.  0.)  stem  angled,  grooved  :  leaves 
lance-ovate,  serrate  ;  stipules  gashed  at  the  base  :  calyx  hairy,  a  lit- 
(1)  uliginosa  ?M.    (2)  canina,  Wr.    (3)pennsylva»ica,Mx.    (4)teneUa,M.  arvensis,E, 


Viola,  weissia.  503 

tie  longer  than  the  corol.  Petals  white,  the  lower  ones  spotted  with 
yellow.  Smith  sets  this  down  under  V.  tricolor,  as  one  of  its  varie- 
ties. 

Remark.  Nuttall  says,  that  all  the  North  American  species  of  vio- 
let (excepting  V.  concolor)  attertheir  blooming  season  is  over,  still  con- 
tinue to  produce  flowers  without  petals,  through  the  rest  of  the 
summer. 

21—4.     ViscuM.     43.  58. 

album,  Wr.  (I)  (misseltoe.  P.  g-w.  J.  Tp,.)  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse: 
stem  dichotomous  :  flowers  5  together,  in  terminal  sessile  heads. — 
On  the  branches  of  old  trees.  Leaves  an  inch  long,  thick  and  leath- 
ery. This,  Smith  says,  is  the  golden  bough  of  Virgil,  and  the  sacred 
plant  of  the  Druids. 

5— L     ViTis.     46.  72. 

rinifera  (wine  grape.  E.  J.  1?.)  leaves  sinuate-lobed,  naked  or  downy. 
Remark.     All  the  North  American  species  of  grape  are  polygamous 

or  dioecious. 

labrusca  (plum  grape.  Y.  C.  P.  T.  Catskill.  w-g.  J.  ^.)  leaves  broad- 
cordate,  lohe  angled,  white  downy  beneath  ;  fertile  racemes  small : 
berries  (blue,  flesh-colour  and  green)  large.  Var.  labruscoides  (fox 
grape)  has  smaller  fruit,  approaching  a  tart  taste. 

aslivalis,  Mx.  (2)  (summer  grape.  C.  P.  Catskill.  w-g.  J.  Tp.)  leaves 
broad-cordate,  3  to  6-lobed  ;  in  the  young  state  rust  downy  beneath; 
fertile  racemes  oblong  :  berry  small,  intermediate  between  the  frost 
grape  and  plum  grape. 

cordifolia,  Mx.  (S)  (frost  grape.  O.  w-g.  J.  ^.)  leaves  cordate,  acumi- 
nate, gash-toothed,  glabrous  both  sides  :  racemes  lax,  many-flower- 
ed :  berries  small.  Var.  vidpina,  leaves  very  variable  ;  but  the  up- 
permost mature  leaves  will  agree  with  the  description. 

riparia,  Mx.  (4)  (odoriferous  grape.  C.  P.  w-g.  M.  >>.)  leaves  unequal- 
ly  gash-toothed,   shortly  3-cleft,   pubescent  on  the  petioles,  nerves 

and  margins. 

Vitis,  see  Ampelopsis. 

22—2.     Weissia.     56.  4. 

jnicrodonta,  small :    leaves   lanceolate,   long-acuminate,   crisped  and 
twisted  when  dry,  having  a  fascicle  of  ducts  or  tubes  ;  peduncle  pale  ; 
capsule  oblong-ovate  :  lid  beaked  ;  teeth  of  the  peristome  narrow. 
(1)  flavescens,W.       (2)  intermedia,  M.       (3)  vujpina,  L.       (4)  odoiatissima,Donn. 


504  WEISSTA^    XANTHIUM. 

curviroslra,  leaves  lanceolate,  twisted,  imbricate,  spreading  :  capsules 

slender,  ovate-cylindric  ;  lid  beaked,  recurved. 
capillactay    leaves  lance-subulate,    serrulate,  somewhat  rigid,  nerves 

thick  :  stem  simple,  slender  :  germs  oblong-ovate,   erect,  smooth  ; 

lid  subulate-beaked,  obtusishat  the  apex. 

3—2.      WlKDSORIA,      4.    10. 

pocEformis,  N.  (1)  (giant  meadow-grass.  O.  J.  If.)  panicle  erect  ;  low- 
er branches  naked  beneath  :  spikelets  oblong,  alternate,  sub-sessile, 
6-flowered  :  outer  valve  of  the  florets  villose  at  the  margin  and  5- 
cleft  at  the  apex  :  neck  of  the  sheath  and  axils  of  the  panicle  pilose  j 
leaves  and  the  erect  culm  glabrous.  Three  or  four  feet  high,  in  wet 
meadows. 
^aJlida,  Torrey.  (C.  Ju.  2^.)  very  glabrous  :  culm  erect:  leaves  lance- 
linear,  flat  :  panicle  lax,  somewhat  spreading  ;  branches  wand-like, 
capillary;  spikes  lanceolate,  pedicelled  :  calyx  unequal,  5-floweredj 
flow^ers  glabrous  :  corol  with  equal  valves  ;  outer  valve  5-toothed  at 
the  apex,  inner  valve  bifid.     In  swamj^s. 

22—1.  *"V\%0DsiA,  Br.  (2)  55.  5. 
hyperborea  (flower-cup  fern.  Can.  P.  Ju.  11.)  frond  pinnate  ;  leafets  3- 
parted.  or  gash-pinnatifid,  wedge-form,  obtuse,  toothed,  rough-hair- 
ed beneath  ;.  fruit-dots  solitaiy,  at  length  confluent.  Small,  in 
tufts. 
ilvensis  (N  ?  Can.  Ju.  2|.)  frond  bipinnatifid  ;  divisions  oblong,  obtuse, 
lower  ones  repand,  upper  ones  entire,  rough-haired  beneath  :  fruit- 
dots  sub-marginal,  at  length  confluent  :  stipe  villose  above.     Small. 

22 — 1.      WoODWABDIA.      55.  5. 

nngusiifolia,  S.  (3)  (kidney-fern.  0.  Au.  2X-)  barren  frond  pinnatifid  ; 
divisions  lanceolate,  repand  slenderly  serrulate  :  fruit-bearing  frond 
pinnate  •,  leafets  entire,  acute,  linear.  About  a  foot  high.  W.  ono- 
cleoides. 

virginica,  W.  (4)  (C.  Ju.  It-)  frond  very  glabrous,  pinnate  ;  leafets 
sessile,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  ;  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate, 
fertile  ones  elongated  :  stipe  glabrous,  4;erete.     About  a  foot  high. 

X. 

20—5.     Xantkium.     54.  98. 
mrumarium  (clott-burr.  K.  Y.  C.  T.  V.  Boston.  Au.  #.)  stem  unarmed; 

(1)  Poa  quinqneCda,  rh.     sesleroides,  Ms.     flava,  L.    Triaens,  Ks. 

(2)  Polyvutiiuin,  W.    Acrosti  huiu,  Bolton.  (3)  onocleoides,  W. 
(4)  bannisieiiana,  Ms.    Cleclinuni,  L. 


XANTHIUM,    2AXICHELL1A.  505 

branching  :  leaves  cordate,  lobetl,  serrate,  scabrous,  3-nerved  at  the 
base  :  fruit  oval,  pubescent,  with  stitF  hooked  bristles.  Has  a  little 
the  habit  of  a  burdock. 

oritnlale,  M.  (1)  (C.  0.)  stem  unarmed  :  leaves  wedge-ovate  :  fruit  in 
strobiles. 

spinosum  (prickly  clott-burr.  Newburgh.  Ju.  ^.)  having  spines  in 
threes:  leaves  3-lobed.  Lower  leaves  sinuate-lobed.  About  3  feet 
high.  Grows  plentifully  along  road-sides  and  dry  banks.  Perhaps 
it  was  introduced. 

6—3.     Xerophyllum.     10.  13. 

asphodeloidet  (2)  (D.  w.  J.  It-)  filaments  dilated  towards  the  base  and 
equalling  the  corol  :  racemes  oblong,  crowded  :  bracts  setaceous  : 
scape  leafy  :  leaves  setkceous-subulate. 

22—6.    Xyloma.    58.  1. 

acerinum,  resembling  spots,  slender,  contiguous,  sub-rugose,  many  cap- 
sules connate  in  one  body. 

5—1.     XvLOSTEUM.    48.  58. 

ciliatuniy  Ph.  (3)  (fly-honey-suckle,  twin-berry.  O.  w-y.  M.  ^.)  berries 
distinct  :  leaves  ovate  and  sub-cordate,  margin  ciliate,  in  the  young 
state  villose  beneath  :  corol  a  little  gibbous  or  calcarate  at  the  base, 
tube  ventricose  above,  divisions  short,  acute  :  style  exsert. 

solonis^  Eaton.  (4)  (swamp  twin-berry.  W.  New-Hampshire,  Pittsfield. 
y.  M.  ^.)  berries  united  in  one,  not  distinct  ;  two  flowers  situated 
©n  one  germ  :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  villose.  Berries  dark  purple.— 
Found  first  by  Dr.  Solon  Smith  (1815)  at  the  foot  of  Whitehills.  It 
is  a  small  shrub,  not  exceeding  2  feet  high. 

Xylostroma,  see  Racodium. 

3—1.    Xyris.     6.  13. 
caroHniana,  W.  (5)  (yellow-eyed  grass.  Y.  T.  D.  P.  Boston,  y.  Au.  2^.) 
leaves  linear,  grass-like  :  stem  or  scape  2-edged  :  head-ovate-acute  ; 
scales  obtuse. 
hreilfolia,  Mx.  (C.  P.  y.  Au.  If.)  leaves  sword-subulate  :  scape  teretish : 
head  globose. 

Z. 

20 — 1.    Zanichellta.    2.  13. 
inUrmedia,  Tovvey.  (false  pond  weed.  C.  D.)  anther  2-celled :  sti^rmas 
de  -ta^e-crenate  :  see'^  smooth, entire  on  the  back.     In  salt  marshes. 

"(1)    iHruUtum,  R.  (2)  soti  folium,  Mx.    Helonias,L.  (3)  tartaricuBi,Mx. 

(4)  viilosum  .'  Mk-  (^  jupicai,  Mx. 

Tt 


506  ZANTHORHTZA,    ZIZANIA. 

5—13.     Zanthorhiza.     26.  61. 

opu/oZia  (parsley  yellowroot.  P.p.  Ap.  ^.)  flowers  panicled :  leaves 
compound,  sub-pinnate,  a  little  sheathing  at  the  base.  Pure  tonic 
bitter.  B. 

21 — 5.     Zanthoxylum.    46.  94. 

fraxineum,  W.  (1)  (prickly  ash,  tooth-ache  bush.  O,  g-vv.  M.  1^.)  prick- 
ly :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  lance-oval,  sub-entire,  sessile,  equal  at 
the  base  ;  common  petiole  unarmed  :  umbels  axillary.  Taste  very 
pungent. 

14—2.     Zapania.    40.  40. 

nodiflora,  Lk.  (2)  (fog-fruit.  P.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  leaves  wedge-obovate,  ser- 
rate above  :  spikes  head-conic,  solitary,  long-peduncled  :  stem 
creeping. 

ianceolata,  (P.  w.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  lance-linear,  sharply  serrate  :  spikes 
head-conic,  solitary,  long-peduncled  :  stem  creeping. 
20—3.     Zea.    4.  10. 

mays,  (Indian  corn.  O.  y-g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  keeled. 
Var.  precox,  (dwarf  corn)  stem  low  :  seeds  mostly  8-rowed. 

6 3.       ZiGADENUS. 

glaberrimus,  Mx.  (zigadene.  P.  w.  J.  If.)  scape  leafy  :  bracts  ovate, 
acuminate  :  petals  acuminate  :  leaves  long,  recurved,  channelled. 

18—2.     Zinnia.    49.  55. 

multijlora,  j(P.  r.  S.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  lance-ovate,  sub-petioled  : 
flowers  peduncled.  Perhaps  not  a  native  of  North  America.  NuttalL 

violacea,  (blood  marygold.  E.  r.  Ju.)  leaves  ovate-acute,  sessile,  sub- 
crenate  :  apex  of  the  chaff  or  scales  fimbriate-serrate. 

20—6.     ZizANiA.    4.  10. 

tlavulosa,  Mx.  (3)  (water  oats,  wild  rice.  C.  P.  Hudson,  Schenectady. 

Au.  ^.)  panicle  pyramid-form  :  starainate  flowers  below,  spreading  ; 

pistillate  flowers  above,  spiked :  appendages  to  the  flowers  clavate, 

awned,  long ;  seed  long,  cylindric,  becoming  black.     Very  abundant 

in  the  great  western  lakes.  Schoolcraft. 
Jlwtans,  Mx.  (Lake  Champlain.  Pursh.  Ju.  ll)  small :  culm  slender, 

branching  :  leaves  linear,  flat :  spikes  solitary,  axillary,  setaceous, 

about  4-flowered  :  glumes  awnless. 

H)  raiaiflorum,  Mx.    Glava  berculis,  L.  (3)  aquatica,  Pb. 

(.^  V«i'be«a,  W.    Lippia,  Mx*    Slairia,  Gaertncr. 


ZIZANIA,    ZYGNEMA.  50? 

miliaceft,  Mx.  (1)  (P.  Au.)  panicle  effuse  :  glumes  sliort-awned  :  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  flowers  intermixed  :  seed  ovate,  smooth. 

20—1.      ZOSTERA.      2.   7. 

mariana,V&h\.  (grass-wrack,  sea  eel-grass.  Y.  C.  Au.  2/.)  leaves  entire, 
somewhat  3-nerved  :  stem  teretish.    Leaves  long:  flowers  minute 
In  bays  and  salt-marshes. 

22—4.     Zygnema.    57.  2. 
nitidum,  joints  about  equalling  the  diameter:  the  spiral  lines  crossed, 
slender,  arched  :  seeds  oval.    Frequent  in  ditches.    Hardly  adheres 
to  paper  on  drying. 
<l)  aquatieajW.  notofPh. 

K>'D  OF  Species. 


D.  H.  HiLL  LIBRARY 

Nnrili  CpiraUna  Stata  Colleae 


INDEX. 


Aaron's  beard  42S 
Acacia  4^3" 

Adam  and  Eve  272 
Adder-mouth  362 

Adder's  tongue  295 
Adder-tongue  fern  374 
Agave  194 

Agrimony  194 

Albany  bemp  49( 

Alder      198,  264,  30<». 
[412,  426 
Alexanders      458,  4 
All  urn  root  320 

Allspice  241 

Almond  202 

Aloe  197 

Amaranth  200,  311 
Anemone  203,204 

Angelica  204 

Angelica  tree  207 

Apple  277,  418 

Apricot  210 

Arbor  vitae  479 

Arethusa  209,  401 

Arbutus  291 

Archangel  204 

Arrow-grass  483 

Arrow-head  437 

Arrow- wood  499 

Artemisia  21 1 

Artichoke  279,  317 
Ash  301 

Ash  wort  261 

Asparagus  215 

A.«^pen  4i»7 

Asphodel  215,  369,48<' 
Aster  220,  235 

Avens  307,  308 

Bachelor's  bntton  31 1 
Balm  267,  36 

BalmofGilead  407* 
BaImofGileadherb289 
Balsam  apple  364 

Balaam  poplar  4<»7 

Bal^sam  tree  396 


Balsam  weed 
Blueberry 
Barberry 
Barley 
Barn -grass 


Page . 
331 
187 
230 
322 
378 


Basil  372,  417 

Basket  of  gold  199 

Bass  wood  479 

Bayberry  367 

Beach  298 

Bead  tree  360 

Bean  309,  369,  392, 499 
Bearberry  208 

Beard- grass    203,  205, 

[209 
Beard-tongue  389 

Beaver  tree  357 

Bed -straw         303,  304 
Beef-steak  446 

Beech  drops  292,  330, 

[416 
Beehive  359 

Beet  230 

Begsarticks  231 

Bell-flower      241,  242 
Bell  wort  474,  49-2 

Bent-grass  194 

Bilberry  494 

Bindweed        271,  332 
Birch  230,  231 

Birdsnest  279,  366 

Birth  wort  210 

Bishcpweed  201 

Biting  knotweed      403 1 
Bitter  apple  277! 

Bitternut  25(»! 

Bittersweet     252,  458; 
Blackberry  434 

Blackberry  lily         334 
3lack-flower  359 

Slack  jack  420 

Black  rust  416 

Blacksnake  root       356 
Bladder-nut  472 

Bladder  senna  24">7 

Bladderwort  491, 

Tt2 


Page. 

Blazing  star  318 

Blessed  thistle  255 

Blight  416 

Blite  233 

Blood  marygold  506 

Blood-root  444 

Blue  beech  249 

Blue  bottle  255 

Blue  curls  482 

Blue-eyed  grass  456 

Blue-grass  399 

Blue  hearts  239 
Bog  rush  338,428.447 

Bohea  477 

Boneset  297  338 

Bonnet-grass  195 

Borage  235 

Bouncing  Bet  444 

Bowman's  root  308 
Box                   239,  353 

Box  elder  186 

Brake  415 

Brier  herb  434 

Brompton  queens  258 

Brompton  stock  258 

Brooklime  497 

Brook  liverwort  ,  358 

Brookweed  444 

Broom  466 

Broom  corn  465 

Broom-grass    203,  238 

Buckbean  361 

Buckthorn        322,  426 

Buckwheat  405 

Buffalo  clover  483 

Bugbane  356 

Bugle-weed  355 

Bugloss  202,  229 

Bulrush  448 

Bunch-flower  359 

Burdock  208 

Burnet  411 

Burning  bush  295 

Burr-flower  325 

Burrier's  oak  419 

Burr  marygold  231 


5ia 


INDEX, 


Burr  reed        465,  466 
Bush  clover  346 

Butter  cup  42o 

Butterfly  weed  214, 498 
Butternut  336 

Button  bush  255 

Button  weed  466 

Button  wood  398 

Cabbage  237,  331 

Calabash  278 

Calamint  360 

Calamus  187 

Calathian  violet  305 

Caoaphor  tree  340 

Campion  194,  277 

Canada  thistle  265 

Canary  grass    391,  392 

Cancer  root     292,  3 

Candy  tuft  330 

Cane  437 

Canterbury  bells  242 

Caper  298 

Caraway  239,  249 

Cardinal  flower  350 

Cardoon  279 

Carnation  284 

Carolina  allspice  241 

Carpet  weed  364 

Carrot  283 

Cassia  250 

Castor-oil  plant  430 

Catalpa  tree  251 

Catchfly  455 

Caterpillar  fern  451 

Catmint  370 

Catnep  370 

Cat's  eye  446 

Cat-tail  487 

Cedar  337 

Celandine  258 

Celery  206 

Centaury         255,  436 

Cereus  240 

ChafF-seed  447 

Chamomile      205,  235 

Charlock  426 

Checker-berry  364 

Cheny    273,  413,  414 
[459 

Cherville  257 

Chesnut  251 

Chess  238 

-Chick  pea  260 


Chickweed     202,  240, 
[256,  422,  450,  473 
Chick  wintergreen  482 
China  aster  220 

Chinquapin  251,  421 
Choak-berry  210,  413 
Choak-dog  311 

Chrysanthemum  260 
Cinquefoil  409, 410,411 
Gives  198 

Clarry  443 

Climbing  fern  355 

Clott-burr  504,  505 
Cloud-berry  434 

Clover  346,  482,  483 
Clown-heal  472 

Club  moss  354 

Club  rush  358,  447 
Clump  head  482 

Cockle  194 

Coffee  corn  465 

Cohosh  251,  356 

Cole  237 

Colic-weed  274 

Collinsia  267 

Coltsfoot  213,486,487 
Columbine  206,  207 
Columbo  root  301 

Comfrey  475 

Cone-flower  435 

Coral  root  272 

Coriander  273 

Corn  506 

Cornel  273 

Cornelian  cherry  273 
Coronilla  274 

Costmary  228 

Cotton  31 1 

Cotton  grass  294 

Cotton  thistle  37-v 

Cotton  tree  407 

CottoH  wood  407 

Couch-grass  485 

Cowage  288 

Cowitch  288 

Cowslip  241,  288 

Cow-wheat  359 

Coxcomb  199,  427 
Crab-apple  419 

Cranberry  378,  498 
Creeper  201 

Creeping  cucumber360 
Cress  207 

Crowberiy  290 


Crowfoot  423,424,425 

Crownbeard  496 

Crowncup  466 

Crown  imperial  301 

Cuckow-flower  242 
Cucumber  278, 360,454 

Cucumber  tree  357 

Culver's  physic  345 

Currant  429 

Currant  leaf  364 

Custard  apple  408 

Cut-grass  344 

Cypress  259 

Daff'odil  368 

Daisy  230 

Dame  violet  319 

Dandelion       338,  345 

Darnel  grass  351 

Day-flower  267 

Day  lily  319 

Dead  nettle  339 

Deer-grass  427 

Dewberry  434 

Dill  204 

Ditch  moss  454 

Dittany  278 

Dock  435,  436 

Dockmackie  498 

Dodder  279 

Dog-bane  206 

Dogweed  273 
Dogwood  186,273,274 

Dogtail  grass  290 

Dogtooth  violet  295 

Dragon  212 

Dragoness  plant  288 

Dragon-head  289 
Dropseed  grass  366,367 

Dropwort  372 

Duck-meat  344 

Dv\arf  stinger  490 

Dyer's  broom  305 

Dyer's  cleavers  303 

Dyer's  weed  426 

Eardrpp  301 

Eel -grass  507 
Efflorescent  lichen  471 

Eiig  plant  459 

Elder      428,  443,  444 

Elecampane  331 

Elephant-foot  290 

Elm  487 


INDEX. 


511 


Endive 

260 

Frost  plant 

261 

Hair-bcll                  241 

Enchahter'snightsliade 

Fumitory 

302 

Hair-cap  moss         406 

[261 

Funcgreek 

484 

Hair-grass        196,  468 

Eyebright 

298 

Fungus 

279 

Hair-month  moss     482 

Fungus  lichen 

240 

Hardback        471,  472 

False  box 

273  Furze 

487 

Hautboy                    300 

False  flax 

478  i 

Hawksbeard             480 

False  sensitive  plantl88Galingale 

289 

Hhwkweed      206,  321 

Feather  beds 

257 

;  Garlic               19'3 

,  198 

Hazel-nut                 275 

Feather  grass 

474 

Gay-feather 

347 

Heal  all           386,  413 

Fennel 

204 

Gem-fruit 

479 

Heath      292,  323,  361 

Fennel-flower 

370 

Gentian  305,  306 

,  333 

Hedgehog                 359 

Fescue  grass 

299 

[475 

Hedgehog-grass       252 

Festoon  pine 

354 

Geranium  294, 306,'387 

Hedge  hyssop  312, 349 

Fern        232,  236 

,  355 

Germander 

476 

Hedge  nettle           472 

Fever-bush 

340 

Gill-overground 

309 

Hellebore        318,  331 

Feverfew 

260 

Ginger 

213 

Helonias                    31g 

Fever-root 

485 

Gins6ng 

378 

Hemlock  260,269,396 

Fig 

299 

Glasswort 

438 

Hemp     186,  206,  242, 

Fig-tree 

299 

Globe  amaranth 

311 

[283,  490 

Figwort 

451 

Globe-flower 

485 

Hempweed              296 

Filbert 

275 

Globe  thistle 

289 

Henbane         326,  394 

Fine-haired  fern 

284 

Globule  fungus 

467 

Henbif                      339 

Finger-grass    280 

,  286 

Goat's  beard   480 

,  486 

Herb  robert             306 

Fir  tree 

396 

Goat's  rue 

503 

Hibiscus                   320 

Fire-weed 

453 

Golden  club 

376 

Hickory                    250 

Fivefinger       267 

,  410 

Golden-rod  459  to  464 

High-water  shrub    334 

Flag 

333 

Goldy-locks 

260 

Hobble-bush            498 

Flat-top 

496 

Gold-thread    272 

,  279 

Hogweed                 201 

Flax                 349 

,  350 

Goosebeny 

429 

Holly               295,  331 

Flax  seed 

344 

Gourd 

278 

Hollyhock                 198 

Flea-bane        271 

293 

Grain  rust 

489 

Honesty                   352 

Floating- heart 

500 

Grape               201 

,  503 

Honey  locust           309 

Flower-cup  fern 

504 

Grass  pink 

279 

Honeysuckle  226,227, 

Flower  de  luce 

332 

Grass  poley 

366 

[286,  351,  ^127,  505 

Flov/ering  fern 

377 

Grass  wrack 

507 

Hone  wort                368 

Flowering  nettle 

303 

Gravel  chickweed  450 

Hoodwort                462 

Flowering  rush 

446 

Greek  valerian 

401 

Hoop-ash                 252 

Flowering  wintergreen 

Green  briar 

457 

Hop                          323 

r402 

Green-head 

315 

Horehound               358 

Flower  of-an-hour 

"-321 

Gromwell 

373 

Hornbeam       249,  377 

Fly  honeysuckle 

5(15 

Ground-flower 

402 

Horned  lichen          273 

Fog-fruit 

606 

Ground  ivy 

309 

Horn  wort                 256 

For2:et-me-not 

367 

Ground-nut    207, 

309, 

Horse-balm               267 

Fork  fern 

187 

[378 

Horse  chesnut         l88 

Forked  spike^ 

203 

Ground  pine 

354 

Horse  ginseng         485 

Forkslems 

430 

Groundsel        453, 

454 

Horse  nettle             458 

Four-o'clock 

363 

Groundsel  tree 

227 

Horse  radish             26^ 

Four-tooth  moss 

476 

Guelder  rose 

498 

Horsetail                   292 

Foxglove         286, 

307 

Guinea-hen  flower 

301 

Hound-tongue          279 

Foxtail 

198 

Houseleek                453 

Foxtail  panic 

388 

Hackmatack 

397 

Jvacinlh                   324 

Fringe-tree      259, 

428 

Hagberry 

25:; 

Hydrangea      323,  324 

Fritillary 

301 

Hair-beard 

224 

Hygrometer  moss   303 

512 


INSBX, 


Hyssop  Slfi,  830 

Hyssop  thorough  wort 
[295 

Iceland  lichen         257 
Iceland  moss  257 

Ice  plant  362,  453 


Indian  corn 
Indian  cress 
Indian  cucumber 
Indian  grass 
Indian  mallows 
Indian  millet 
Indian  physic 
Indian  pipe 
Indian  poke 
Indian  reed 


506 
485 
313 
203 
454 
465 
308 
366 
495 
261 


Indigo     201,  228,  331 


Indigo  weed 

Ink-berry 

Iris 

Iron-wood 

Itch-weed 

Itea 


228 
412 
332,  33;ij 
377 
495 
334 


Labrador  tea  844 

Ladies'  slipper  281, 282 
Ladies'  thumb  404 

Ladies'  tresses  370 
Lamb  lettuce  298,  299 
Larch  397 

Larkspur  283 

Laurel  338,  357 

Laurestine  498 


Lavender 
Leaf-cup 
Leaf-flower 
Lertfless  moss 
Lealher-flower 
Leather-leaf 
Leather- wood 
Leek  197 


340,  473 
405 
394 
239 
264 
203 
288 
198 


Ivy 


307,  315,  428 


Jacobea 

Jacob's  ladder 

Jalap 

Japan  shrub 

Jasmine 

Jerusalem  cheriy 

Jewels 

Jew  el -weed 

Job's  tears 

Joe-pye 

Joint-weed 

John's  wort 

Jonquil 

Judas  tree 

July-flower 

Juneberry 

Juniper 


Kale 

Ketmia 

Kidney  fern 

Kinnikinnick 

Kingspear 

Knapweed 

Knawel 

Knot-srass 


200 
458 
271 
226 
334 
459 
331 
ail 
266 
297 
405 
326,  445 
369 


Lftmon  262,  387 

Leopard's  bane  288 
Leprous  lichen  345, 
Lettice    298,  339,  411 


Mad  del' 

Madeira-nut 

Madwort 

Magnolia 

Maidenhair 

Malabar^nut 


433 
834 
199 

353^ 
18* 
335- 


Lichen 
Lichnidia 
Lichfiis 
Life-everlasting 


251, 


257 
25F 
21. 
337 

237 
321 

504 
20b 
215 
255 
450 
403 


Knot-weed403,404,405 


333,  373 
393 
353 
309 
[310 
482 
475 


Light  hair 
Lilac 

Lily  200, 270, 288,  334, 
[348,  371 
Lily  of  the  valley    270, 
[288 
Lime-grass  290 

Lime  tree  479 

Lip  fern  258 

Liquorice  304, 309,  310 
Live'forever  45ii 

Liver-leaf  319 

Liverwort        205,  430 
i/izard's  (ail  445 

ocust  309,  430,  431 
Lombardy  poplar  407 
i.i.lly  bay  311 

Loosestrife       305,  355 
Lopseed  394 

i.ousewort       307,  386 
Lovage  348 

Love  apple  45:' 

Love-lies-bleeding  20 
Low  centaury  40. 

Lucerne  3'i9 

Lungwort  416 


Mallows  198,820,340, 
[341,  357,  368,  454 
Mandrake  401 

Maple  185,    186 

Mare's  tail  322 

Marjoram  376 

Marsh  flvefinger  267 
Marsh  mallows  198,320 
Marsh  rosemary  473 
Marsh  tea  344 

Mary  go  Id        232,  240, 
[475,  476,  506 
Masterwort  331 

Matrimony  353 

May  apple  401 

Mayweed  204 

xMeadow  beauty       427 
Meadow  grass  198,398, 
[399,  504 
Meadow  rue  476 

Meadow  sweet  471 
Mechoacan  271 

-.ledick  359 

Medlar  210,  362 

Medick  grass  360 


Lupine 


Melilot 
Melon 
Mercury 
Mermaid 
fviezereon 
Mignonette 
Milfoil 
•  iilk  parsley 
Milk- way  plant  303 
Milkwee'd  213,  214 
viilk- willow  herb  356 
Milkwort  308 
Milk  vine 
Millet 
vijllet  grass 
Mint 

Vlisseltoe 
lite  lichen 
.iiterwort 
viithridate  mustard  478 
lUock  orange  393 

"  368 


360,  465 
278 

185,  258 
300,  413 
283,  288 

426 

186,  367 
453 


402 
389 
363 
363 
361 
503 
497 
479 


352;  353  Mock  sajiicle 


INDEX. 


513 


i^lolucca  balm 

364 

One-sided  fern 

446 

Pigmy-weed           479 

Monkey-flower 

363 

Onion               197 

,  198 

Pig-nut                     250 

Monk's  hood 

186 

Orach 

225 

Pig  rhubarb             426 

Moon-fruit  pine 

365 

Orange  root 

325 

Pig-weed         263,  269 

Moonseed 

361 

Orange  tree 

262 

Pimpernel        202,  497 

Moose-wood  186 

,  288 

Orchard  grass 

282 

Pine         354,  396,  397 

Morel 

392 

Orchis    350,  374, 

376, 

Pink                 27©,  284 

Morning-glory  271, 332 

[485 

Pink-root                 471 

Moss 

337 

Orpine             389 

,  452 

Pin-weed                 341 

Moss-bush 

202 

Osier 

274 

Pin  iter                     227 

Mother  of  thyme 

479 

Oswego  tea 

365 

Pinxter  bloraachee  227 

Motherwort     228 

,  345 

Ox-eye             239 

,  318 

Pipewort         293,  294 

Mould 

366 

Ox-eyed  daisy 

260 

Pitcher's  shield  lichen 

Mountain  ash 

465 

Oyster 

480 

[489 

Mountain  flax 

402 

Plaited  moss            337 

Mountain  mint  365,417 

Painted-cup 

229 

Plane  tree                 398 

Mountain  pink 

394 

Palraa  christi 

430 

Plantain           385,  398 

Mountain  rice 

377 

Panic 

388 

Plowman's  wort      271 

Mousear 

310 

Paper-punk 

324 

Plum       287,  414,  416 

Mud  plantain 

320 

Parnassus  grass 

385 

Poison  arum           212 

Mudwort 

349 

Parsley            206 

506 

Poison  hemlock      269 

Mugwort 

211 

Parsni'p   386,  457 

,477 

Poison  vine             428 

Mutberry 

366 

Partridge-berry 

364 

Poke-weed              395 

Mullein            495 

496 

Partridge  pea 

250 

Polyanthus               369 

Mushroom 

192 

Paspalon  grass 

386 

Polypod                    406 

Muskmelon 

278 

Passion-flower 

386 

Pomegranate           417 

Mustard  264,  295,  456, 

Patience 

436 

Pond-lily                  371 

[478, 

486 

Paul's  betony 

497 

Pond-weed    408,  409, 

Myrtle             344, 

368 

Pea                  340 

397 

[505 

Pea-nut 

207 

Poplar                     407 

Narcissus         197, 

369 

Peach 

202 

Poppoose-root         251 

IVasturtion 

485 

Pear                 240, 

418 

Poppy                       281 

Navel  wort  275,293,3251 

Pear!  wort 

437 

Potatoe            271,  454 

Necklace-weed 

187 

Pearleaf  thorn 

275 

Prickly  ash               606 

Negro-hair 

196 

Peat-moss 

471 

Prickly  fungus         324 

Nettle     232,  303, 

339, 

Pellitory 

381 

Prickly  pear             240 

[489, 

490 

Pencil-flower 

475 

Pride-weed              293 

Nettle  tree 

252 

Pennycress 

478 

Prim                         348 

New-Jersey  tea 

251 

Pennyroyal     314, 

as3 

Primrose                  412 

Nightshade     225, 

261. 

Pennywort 

371 

Prince's  feather       404 

[458 

Peony 

378 

Prince's  pine            259 

Nine-bark 

472 

Pepper 

242 

Puccoon                    229 

Nit- weed 

445 

Pepper-bush 

264 

Puff-bail  353,  451,473 

Nondo 

205 

Peppergrass 

345 

Pumpkin                   278 

Northern  mint 

361 

Pepperidge 

3711 

Purslane  277,  333,  408 

Norway  pine 

396 

Peppermint 

361 

Putty  root                272 

Pepper-root 

284 

Pyramid-flower       301 

Oak        419,  420, 

421, 

Periwinkle 

5(Mt 

[422, 

428 

Persimon 

287 

Quack-grass    237,  485 

Oak  of  Jerusalem 

259 

Peter's  wort 

214 

Queen  of  the  meadow 

Oats                 226, 

282 

Phacelia 

391 

[472 

Oil-nut 

314 

Pheasant's  eye 

187 

Quickset                   27G 

Okra 

321 

Phenicjan  mallows 

320 

Quill  wort                 334 

Oleander 

370 

Pickerel-weed 

407 

Qaince                     41f 

514 


INDEX. 


Rabbit-foot  482 

Radish  228,  265,  426, 
[45f 
Ragged  cup  45'") 

Ragged  robin  353 

Ragwort  433 

Rape  237 

Raspberry  433,  434 
Rattlesnake  fern  236 
R-i'riesnake  grass  237 
Rattlesnake  leaf  311 
Rattle-box  277 

Red-bud  257 

Red-root  287 

Red-top  195 

Reed  26 i 

Reed-grass  212 

Reed  mace  487 

Rhodora  427 

Rhubarb  426 

Ribbon-grass  391 

Ribwort  398 

Rice  377 

Rich-weed  267 

Rocket  228,  319,  32., 
Rock-rose  261 

Roman  fern  2'i2 

Rose  431,  432,  433 
Rose-bay  370,  427 

Rosemary  433,  473 
Rose-rust  489 

Rue  436,  476 

Ruel  435 

Rush  292 

Rush-grass  335 

Rye  290,  452 

Sacred  bean  369 

Saffron  249,  276 

Safflovver  249 

Sage  44.- 
St.  John's  wort        326 

Salsify  480 

Salt-grass  349 

Sal  vvort  443 

Samphire  438 

Sanicle  368,  444 

Sand  myrtle  344 

Sandwort  208 

SarsapariUa  207,  208 

Sassafras  340 

Satin-flower  352 

■fsatyr  374 

Savin  337 


Savory  445 

Saxifrage  260,444,446 
Scabious  446 

Scabish  372,  373 

Scarcity  230 

Scarlet  runner  392 
Scorpion  weed  367 
Scouring  rush  292 

Screwstera  229 

Scrophula-weed    311 

[367 
Scullcap  452 

Scurvy-grass  265 

Sea  holly  295 

Sea  rocket  239 

Seed-box  352 

Seeded  plum  287 

Sedge  243  to  249 

Self-heal  413 

Seneca-grass  322 

Seneca  snakeroot  402 
Senna  250,  261 

Sensitive  fern  Sny 

Sensitive  plant  188,363 
Sesame  grass  485 

«;hpH.hii«ih  210 

Shag  walnut  25< 

Shallot  198 

Sheli-flower  364 

Sheep-berry  498 

Shepherd's  purse  47H 
Shield  lichen  381 

Shin-leaf  417,  418 
Shin- wood  41  < 

Shot-bush  2(': 

Sidesaddle  44-* 

Sampler's  joy  49< 

Single-seed  cucumber 

[454 
Skunk  cabbage  331 
Slippery  elm  487 

Sloe  413,  414 

S    ellage  348 

Smut  489 

Snail-shell  359 

Snake-head  258 

Snake-root     210,  213, 
[347,  356,  402 
Snapdragon     205,  206 
Sneezewort  186 

Snow-ball  498 

Snow-drop  197,  303 
Snuff-box  fern  224 

Soapwort  444 


^oft-grass  saa 

Solomon's  seal  269,270 
Soot  fungus  302 

Sorrel  377,  436 

Sorrel  tree  202 

Sour  gum  371 

Southern-wood  211 
Sow  thistle  464,  465 
Spatula  fungus  466 
Spear-grass  398 

Spearmint  361 

Spearwort  424,  425 
Speedwell  497 

Spice-bush  340 

Spiderwort  480 

Spike-grass  48S 

Spikenard  208 

Spinach  471 

Spindle  tree  295 

Spleenwort  216 

Spring  beauty  263 

Spruce  396 

Spurge  297 

Spurry  466 

Spurstem  500 

Squash  278 

Squaw-root  376 

Staff-tree  252 

Star-flower  217 

Star-grass  197,  330 
Star  of  Bethlehem  376 
Star-root  197 

Starwort  240,362,473 
Steen-crout  350 

3teep1e-bu3h  471,  472 
Steeple-weed  472 

Stitchwort  473 

Stone-crop  453 

Stone-seed  350 

Strawberry  282,  300 
Succory  260 

Sugar  cane  437 

Sultana  255 

Sumach  427,  428 

Summer  grass  322 

Summer  savory  445 
Sundew  289 

Sundrops  372 

Sunflower  272,317,435 
Swamp  willow-herb 

[356 
Sweat-weed  321 

Sweet  briar  431 

Sweet  cicely  489. 


INDEX. 


515 


Sweet  fern 

Sweet  Aag 

Sweet  gale 

Sweet  gum 

Sweet  pea 

Sweet  potatoe 

Sweet  tree 

Sweet  vernal-grass  205 
284 
398 
39.^ 


268 
187 
367 
350 
340 
271 
186 


Sweet-william 

Sycamore 

Syringa 


Taliny  476 

Tamarack  397 

Tangle-legs  498 

Tansey  228,  476 

Tape-grass  495 

Tare  499 

Target  lichen  388 

Tassel-grass  436 

Tea  477 

Teasel  287 

Thin-grass  481 

Thistle    243,  264,  265, 
[289,  373,  451 
Thorn  275,  276 

Thorn-apple  283 

Thorough  wort       295, 
[297,  362 
Thread-foot  401 

Three-birds     206,  485 
Three-coloured  daisy 

[260 
Thyme  264,  417,  479 
Timothy-grass  393 
Toad-flax  478 

Tobacco  351,  370 


Tupelo  371 
Turnip             212,  2  w 

Turnsole  318 

Twin -berry  505 

Twin-flower  349 

Twin-leaf  3;M 

Twayblade  357 

Umhrella-grass  302 
Umbrella  moss  472 
Umb'-ella  tree  357 

Unicorn  plant  35^ 

Unicorn  root  197,  318 

Valerian  401,  495 

Venus'  fly-trap  287 
Venus'  looking-glass 

[242 
Venus'  pride  323 

Vernal  grass  205 

Vervain 
Vetch     224,  294,  340, 

[499 
Violet     305,  319,  323, 
[500,  501,  502 
Viper's  bugloss        289 
Virgin-bower  225 

Virgin's  bower       225, 
[263,  264 

Wake-robin  212,  494 
Walking-leaf  216 

Wall-flower  258 

Walnut  250,  334 

Water  arum  240 

Water  carpet  260 

Water  cress     342,  456 


Tomatoes 

Toothache  bush 

Tooth-cup 

Tooth-root 

Tower  mustard 

Touch-me-not 

Touch-wood 

Tree-moss 

Tree  primrose 

Tree-weed 

Trefoil 

Trickle 

Trumpet-flower 

Tubercle  fungus 

Tuberose 

Tulip 

JoJip  tree 


Weed-grass  259 

Wheat  485 

Wheat-grass  485 

Wheat-thief  350 

Whip-grass  451 

White-beads  18Y 

White  bush  202 

White  cedar    279,  479 
White  rust  489 

White  hellebore      495 
White-top  195 

White-wood  350 

NVhitlow-grass  288 

Whortleberry  493,494 
Wild  basil  417 

Wild-bean  vine        201 
Wild  rice  506 

Wild  rye  290 

Willow  439,  440,  441, 
[442 


496 'Willow-herb 


459 
606 
201 
284 
486 
331 
235 
264 
372 
354 
315 
284 
232 
486 
401 
486 
350 


Water  fescue 
Water  grass 
Water  hemlock 
Water  horehound 
Water  leaf 
Water  lily 
Watermelon 
Water  moss 
Water  nymph 
W^ater  oats 
Water  parsnip 
Water  pepper 
Water  plantain 
Water  poplar 
Water  purslane 
Water  shield 
Wax-busk 


299 

346 

261' 

355 

325 

371 

278 

300 

368 

506 

457 

403 

197 

40 

333 

325 

are* 


Wind-flower 
Windsor  bean 
Winter-berry 
Winter  cherry 
Wintergreen  259,  304, 
[402,  417,  482 


291 
203 
499 
412 
395 


Wire-grass 
Witch  alder 
Witch  hazel 
Woad 

Wolf's  bane 
Woodbine 
Wood-sage 
Wood  sorrel 
Worm-seed 
Wormwood 


290 
300 
314 
333 
18* 
351,  352 
476 
37¥ 
259 
211 


Yam-root  287 

Yarrow  185 

Yellow  coxcomb     42V 
Vellow-eyed  grass  505 


Yellow  rattle 

42» 

Yellow-root 

5(J6 

Yellow-seed 

47« 

Yew 

476 

Zigadene 


506 


APPENDIX. 

Since  this  edition  of  the  Manual  has  passed  through  the  press,  Dl-, 
-ToHN  ToRREY  of  Njw-York  has  commenced  the  puhlicatioa  of  his 
Flora  of  tne  Northern  and  Middle  Slates.  The  fir^t  liuraher  of  thi? 
"ivork  has  appeared,  and  it  contains  descriptions  of  many  plants  which 
are  either  new,  or  not  contained  in  the  Manual.  The  reputalK/ti  of 
Or.  Torrey  as  a  hotanist  is  so  deservedly  eminent,  that  there  is  no 
floubt  his  Flora  will  become  a  standard  work.  The  publishers  of  the 
Manual,  having  a  desire  t)  render  it  as  complete  as  possible,  requested 
Hie  to  prepare  an  appendix,  conlainiua;  descrijitions  of  those  plants 
noticed  by  Dr.  Torrey,  not  contained  in  this  work.  This  I  have 
accordingly  done,  i  have  also  added  several  new  species  of  Lichen? 
from  a  paper  by  Mr.  A.  Halsey,  in  the  first  number  of  the  Annals  of 
the  New- York  Lyceum.  Severe!  other  additions  have  been  made, 
consisting  of  new  localities  of  interesting  plants,  synonyms,  &.c.  he. 

LEWIS  C.  BECK. 

Albany,  Feb.  1,  1824.  v 


Agropyrok. 

c-aninum,  R.  8,-  S.  Spikelets  about  5-flowered,  compressed  ;  glumes  o 
nerved,  and,  as  well  as  the  florets,  armed  wi<h  a  bristle  at  the  tip  ; 
root  iibious.     Roan.  4'  -SV/i  //.     Torre.y  Fi.  \.  p.  136.     Tbiticum  ca- 

nijium,  Sp     pi.     Ki.\>iV^  rn7iinus,  Wiild.  >^ptc. 
Hub.  In  Delaware.  Muhitnberg.     Probably  introduced. 

Agkostis. 

(aterifiora,  Mich  :  ^filiformis,  Tvrrey :  panicles  very  slender ;  eorolla 
nearly  equalliui:  the  calvx.   Torrt.y  Fl  I,/)   86.     k.jHiformis,  Muhh 
Gram,  p  66.     iVilld.  Enum      A.  foliota,  Roem.  8^  Schult.  II.  p  373. 
Whole  plant  more    slender  than.   A.    Inl tri flora ;    leaves   narrower. 

Acrocding  to  Muhlenburg,  it  varies  with  a  procumbent  culm,  and  the 

gill  nes  of  the  calyx  utieqiial  and  somewhat  awned.     Torrey. 

Hab.  In  swamps  and  wet  shady  places.     New-Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 

vaiia.     September. 

diffusa,  Mulil  Gram.  p.  64.  Eat.  Man.  p.  194.  A.  sylvatica,  Torrey 
Ft   I.  p.  87 

Sero'ina,  Torrey.  Culm  filiform,  much  compressed  ;  leaves  very  nar- 
row, carioate,  erect ;  I'n.iiirle  at(«Miuafe,  capillary,  erect  ;  branches 
abert^ate  :  calyx  u:ieq;ial,hall'as  long  as  theawnlesscorol'a.  Torrey 
Fl  1.  p.  88. 

Root  per^!nniat,  fihroi'.s.  Culm  a  foot  or  18  inches,  very  slender, 
smooth,  simple.  «  •  with  one  or  two  short  branches  at  the  base. 
Ltaves  2 — 3  inches  long  and  a  half  a  hue  broad,  finely  attenuated  at 

Ua 


518  APPENDIX, 

the  extremity.  Sheaths  compressed,  shorter  than  the  joints,  smooth. 
Stipule  ovate.  Panicle  \'ery  slender,  4 — 10  inches  lon^  :  branches 
alternate,  solitary,  flexuous.  Flowers  eliptical,  on  long  pedicels, 
which  are  thickened  below  the  calyx.  Glumes  of  the  calyx  unequal, 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  l-nerved  ;  the  inferior  shorter  than  the  co- 
rolla. Corolla  twice  the  length  of  the  shorter  valve  of  the  calyx  ; 
valves  equal,  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose.    Seed  ovate,  smooth,  dark  brown.     Torrey. 

Hab.  In  sandy  swamps  in  the  pine  barrens  of  New-Jersey.  Sep- 
tember. 

Allied  to  A.juncea,  but  diifers  in  the  compressed  culm,  ovate  sti- 
pule, and  the  panicle  with  alternate,  not  verticillate  branches.  It 
differs  from  A.  compressa,  in  its  shorter  leaves,  more  capillary  pa- 
nicle, and  calyx  half  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Perhaps  Pursh  con- 
founded it  with  his  A.jancea.     Torrey 

pungens,  Eat.  Man.  p.  l9o.     A  virginica,L.     Torrey  Fl.l.  p  89. 

involata,  Muhl.  Gram.     Eat.  Man.  p.  195.     A.  longifolia,  Torrey  Fl.  1, 
p.  90. 

selosa,  Muhl.  Gram.    Eat.  Man.  p.  195.     Polypogon  racemosus,  JVutt. 
Torrey  Fl.\,  p.  92. 

sericea,  Muhl.  Gram.     Eat.  Man.  p.  194.     Trjchochloa  capillaris,  De 
Cand.     Torrey  FL  l,p.  93. 

glauca,  Muhl.  Gram.    Eat.  Man.  p.  195.     Arundo  coardafa,  Torrey  Fl. 


l,p.94. 


AlRA. 


aristulata,  Torrey.  Panicle  capillary,  spreading  ;  branches  verticillate 
andflexuous;  calyx  2-tlowered,  shorter  than  the  florets  ;  superior 
floret  pedicillate  ;  inferior  valve  of  the  corolla  truncate,  laciniate, 
with  an  awn  a  little  below  the  middle,  scarcely  exserted.  Torrey  Fl. 
I.  p.  133. 

Root  perennial.  Culm  2  feet  high,  erect,  with  few  leaves.  Leaves 
erect,  fiat,  striate,  scabrous  on  the  margin.  Sheaths  smooth  Stipule 
elongated,  membranaceous.  Panicle  oblong  or  pyramidal  ;  lower 
branches  about  5  ;  the  upper  ones  in  threes.  Cnly.v  unequal,  some- 
what membranaceous  ;  the  inferior  glume  lonirer,  ovate,  acute,  1- 
nerved,  scabrous  on  th«  keel  ;  saperior  valve  linear.  Florets  hairy 
at  the  base  ;  the  superior  one  on  a  hairy  pedicel.  Inferior  valve  of 
the  corolla  obtuse  and  lacerate  at  the  tip  ;  superior  valve  shorter, 
bifid.  Stamens  3;  anthers  Wnear,  yellow.  Styles  very  short ;  stig- 
mas plumose,  white.      Torrey. 

Hab.  On  the  shores  of  Lakes  Owasco  and  Onondaga,  New-York. 
Aus:ust.     Cooper. 

molli",  Muhl.   Gram.     Eat.  Man.p.\96.    K(ELEmA.  pennsylvanica,  De 
anrf.     Torrey  Fl.\.  p.  UQ. 

m^'ir.iides  Mich  Eat  .Man.  p.  }9Q.  K(EL^mk  truncata,  Torrey  Fl.  I. 
p.  116.  j3  major.  Panicle  large,  a  little  spreading  ;  leaves  broad- 
linear,  very  long.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p  117. 

Culm  3  feet  high.  Leares  nearly  a  foot  long,  3—4  lines  broad. 
Panicle  8 — 10  inches  lone:.     Torrey. 

Hnh  Near  Deerfield,  .Massachusetts.  Cooley.  Thisvariety  has  the 
habit  of  CiNNA  arundinacea  in  a  vour)g  state. 

pallenfi,  Muhl.  Eat.  Man.  p,  196.'  Trisetum  palustrCf  Torrey  Fl.  I 
p.  126. 


APPENDIX.  519 

Alopf.ccrus. 

geniculatits,  L.  /3  aristulatus,  Torrey.  Awn  scarcely  exserted.  Tor. 
Fl.  I,  p.  97.  A.  arislulnlus,  Mich  Fl.  I,  p.  43.  A.  subarislalus,  Pers 
Si/n.  1,  p.  80.  Pursk  Fl.  I,  p.  66.  JVutt.  Gui.  1,  p.  52.  Roem.  (^ 
Schult.  II  p.  273. 

Hab.  Near  Boston.    Bigeloiv. 

Anthopogox. 

lepturoidts,  Nutt.  Ua/.  .Vfln,  p.  295.  Gvmnopogo.v  raccmo5U?n;  P.  dc 
5eawy.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p-  99. 

Arenaria. 

laterijiora,     (West-Canada  creek.     Prof.  Hadley.) 

Aristida. 

tactinosa,  Muhl.  Gram.  Eat.  Man.  p.  209.  A.  purpurascens,  Poii . 
Torrey  Fl.  I.  p  81. 

Arthonia. 

sicartziana,  Acharius  Syn.  p.  5.  Crust  white  ;  apotliecia  broad  and 
confluent.  On  old  trunks  of  trees.  Halsey  in  Annals  of  the  JS'cw- 
York  Lyceum,  I.  p.  5. 

astroidea,  Id.  p.  6.  On  smooth  bark.  Crust  ashy  and  glaucous  ;  apo- 
thecia  flat,  stellate  and  shapeless.     Halsey. 

Arundo. 

epigeios,  Muhl.  Gram.     Eat.  Man.  p.  212.     A.  hretipilis,  Torrey  Fl.  J, 

p.  95. 
arenaria,  Smith      Eat.  Man.  p.  212.     P sxmm a  are7iaria,  P.  de  Beauv. 

Torrey  Fl.  I,  p.  95. 
phragmites,     Willd.     Pvrsh   Fl.      Muhl.    Gram.      Eat.   Man.   p.    212. 

Pheagmites  communis,  Trinius.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  1U3. 

Atragene. 

americana.  This  plant  is  by  no  means  so  common  as  is  stated  in  the 
Manual.  It  is  found  on  slate  rocks  in  a  ravine  about  1  mile  south  of 
Albany — I  have  never  observed  it  elsewhere.  I  have,  however, 
seen  specimens  from  West  Point. 

Avena. 

elalior,   L.  Eal.   Man.   p.  226.     Arrhf.nathervm    avenaceum,  P.  dc 

Br.nnr.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p   130.     Holcus  avenaceus,  Smith, 
penmylvanicn,  L.  Eat.  Man.  p.  226.  AnmiEH. ^t hkrv u  pennsylvanicum, 

Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  130.     TRjsetdm  pennsylvanicum,  P.  de  Btauv. 
precox,  P.  de  Beauv.     Panicle   in  a  dense  raceme  ;  florets  as  long  as 

the  calyx;  awn  exserted;  leaves  setaceous.     Torrey  Fl.].  p.  131. 
Hab.      In  saady  fields.      New-Jersey,    near    Philadelphia,    and 

throughout  the  pin«  barrens.  Torrey.    June. 


520 


APPENDIX. 


B-a:oMiCES* 


rufus,  Ach.  p.  280.  On  rocks.  Crust  rough,  ashy  greenish  ;  apotliecia 
chesnut,  pedicels  shori.     Halny  m  An.  N.  Y.Lyc. 

Bat  so  HI  A. 

cmeseens.    (Waterloo,  Seneca  county.    Prof.  Hadhy.) 

22.  3,     Blafia,    57.  3. 

(To  follow  the  genus  Riccia,  p.  170.) 

Gevo-ie  characiers.     Capsule  one-valved,  with  no  elevations  of  the 
seeds  upon  the  columella,  as  in  the  Antboceros,  crowned  with  a  tube 
opening  outwardly  at  the  apex.     Schioeinitz's  Hepatic  Mosses, 
jfvsilla,  capsule  mariced,  immersed  in  the  frond,  ovate-oblique,  termi- 
nating in  an  opening  tube,   permanent  j  frond  orbicular  or  heaped 
together  in  abundance,  very  beautifully  green,  reticular-veined,  di- 
or  tri-chotomous,  bearing  the  capsules  on  the  apex. 
On  dried  spots  on  mill-dams,  Lc.     Schicdnitz. 

BoRKrRA. 

tenella,  Ach.  p.  221.  Bark,  and  on  the  earth.  Like  a  Parmelia'. 
Frond  white  ;  segments  narrow,  pinnatifid,  convex  and  ciliated  at 
the  apex.     Halsty  in  An.  N.  Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  15. 

furfuracea,  Id.  p.  222.  Bark.  Much  like 'EyBB.tii a  prunasiri.  Seg- 
ments of  the  frond  channelled  beneath.,  and  bluish  black.    JIalscy. 

Briza. 

canadensis,  Mich.     Eal.  Man.  p.  237.     Poa  canademis,   Torrey  Fl.  I. 

p.  112. 
eragrostis,  Sr.    Eat.  Man.  p.  237.     Poa  eragrostis.   L.     Torrey  Fl.  I. 


p.  115. 


Calicium. 
"*  Apothccia  sessile. 


tigillarc,  Ach.  Syn.  p,  55.  Common  on  fences  and  old  poses.  Thh 
beautiful  Lichen  in  habit  nearly  resembles  a  Lecidea,  and  is  remark- 
able from  the  frond's  first  appearing  in  small  yellow  spots,  upon 
which  the  black  apothecia  are  seated.  The  intervals  between  these 
afterwards  fill  up,  and  the  whole  crust  becomes  continuous.  Hal- 
sey  in  Annals  of  the  JVew-York  Lyceum,  I.  p.  7. 

**  Apothecia  stipitafe. 

claviculare,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  57.  Old  fences  and  posts.  Apothecia  sub- 
globose  ;  pedicles  cylindric,  thick.  Halsry. 

Tuchelinum,  ^  quercinum,  Id.p  58.  Old  fenres  and  posts.  Crust  ashy 
or  none;  apothecia  turbinate  ;  pedicles  filiform,  short.     Halsey. 

Cenchrls. 

tribuloidts.  Eat.  Man.  p.  252.  This  Dr.  Torrey  considers  as  a  variety 
of  C.  echinaius,  L.    He  observes,  "After  a  careful  examiuation  c£ 


APPENDIX.  521 

the  Cenchrus  of  our  sea-coast  (which  is  doubtless  Ihe  C.  trihvloides) 
with  our  common  species  of  the  pine-barrens  of  New-Jernev,  and 
which  all  our  botanists  call  C.  echinatus,  I  can  find  no  spe^  tc  dif- 
ference  between  them,  the  only  discrepancy  being  the  white  pu- 
bescence on  the  spikes  and  margins  of  the  sheaths."  Torrey  Fl.  I. 
p.  69. 

Cenomyce. 

1.  Frond  foliaceous ;  iwdetia  fistulous,  attenuated,  or  dilated  above. 

a.  Apothecia  pale. 

ccexpiticia,  Mi.  p.  249.     On   earth.     Frond   minutely  cleft;    podetia 

very  short,  marginal.     Halsey  in  An.  N.  Y  Lye.  I.  p.  17. 
endivi<rfolia,  Id.  p.  250.     On  earth,  in  dry  rocky  situations.     Frond 

large,   leafy,  yellowish  green,  white  beneath,  segments  multifid; 

podetia  also  veiy  minute.     Halsey. 
verticillata,  Id.  p.   251.     On  earth  among  moss.     Podetia   cylindric, 

glabrous,  livid  greenish,  the  margin  dilating  horizontally,  proliferouft 

from  the  centre.     Halsey. 

■2.  Frond  leafy;  podetia  snb-fistuloiis,   eylindric,  rayed  at   the  apex; 
radii  all  fertile. 

botrytes,  Ach.  p.  274.  Rotten  wood  and  earth.  Podetia  slender,  fas- 
tigiately  branching,  rough  ;  apothecia  peltate,  pale  crowded. — 
Halsey. 

Ceratochloa,  Beauv. 

Spikelets  lanceolate,  sub-ancipital,  many-flowered.  Calyx  shorter 
than  the  imbricated  florets.  Inferior  valve  of  the  corolla  compressed, 
mucronate  below  the  tip  ;  superior  valve  somewhat  con-duplicate. 
Style  2—3  parted.     P.  de  Beauv. 

C.  unioloides,  P.  de  B.  Panicle  nodding,  spreading  ;  spikelets  oblong- 
lanceolate,  compressed,  6 — 8  flowered  ;  florets  acuminate,  unarm- 
ed ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat,  the  lower  ones  hairy ;  root 
fibrous.     Roem.  4'  Schult.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  124. 

Hab.  In   rich  bottom  lands.     Pennsylvania  to   Carolina.    July, 
August.     Pursh. 

Cetraria. 

glaitca,  Ach.  p.  227.  Stones  and  fences.  Frond  glaucous,  tawny, 
brown  underneath.     Halsey  in  An.  »Y.  Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  16. 

viridis,  Schweinitz  MSS.  Small  limbs  in  cedar  swamps,  New-Jersey. 
Frond  glaucous  green,  lacunose  reticulated,  underneath  pale  yellow, 
margin  complicately  waved  and  beset  with  black  soredia  ;  apothecia 
cbesnut  brown,  margin  inflected,  lobed  and  dentated.     Halsey. 

Cynodon    Richard. 

Spikes  digitate  or  fascicled.  Flowers  unilateral,  in  a  simple  series. 
Calyx  2-valved  ;  glumes  nearly  equ:.I.  -preading,  acute.  Corolla  2- 
valved  ;  superior  valve  very  narrow,  st.nouuded  by  the  inferior  one. 
Riu'^mmts  minute,  pedicillale.  J^eeiarlcs  collateral.  I>ich.  in  Pers. 
Sj,'  T  p.  85.  Ault.  G^n.l.  p.  58.  Dk^ifaria,  Juss.  Pamcum,  L.  Ber- 
muda grass. 

Uu2 


622  APPENDIX. 

dactylon,  Pen.     Cjilm  crc'^ping,  spikes  digitate,  (4—5)  spreading ;  keel 

,  of  the  calyx  scabrous;  leaves  liaicy  on  the  mar^ii)  and  towards  the 

base;  sheaths  hairy.     Torrei/  Fl.i.  p.  99.     Purs/i  FL  \.  p  7o.     Di- 

GiTARiA  dactylon,   Elliott    Sk.  I.  p.  laS      Mnhl.    Gram.     Panicum 

dadylon,  Lin. 

Rool  perennial,  extensively  creeping.  Cv.lm  a  foot  or  more  long, 
stoloniferoiss  at  the  base.  Leaves  somewhat  distichous,  narrow. 
Spikes  about  2  inches  lonp;,  appearing  serrated  on  their  edges  by- 
projecting  calyces  of  the  flowers.  Glumes  lanceolate,  acute  ;  the 
superior  one  a  little  longer.  Inferior  v-aUe  of  the  corullaoyiiie,  mu- 
cronate  at  the  tip.  scabrous  on  the  keel  ;  superior  valve  the  len^cth 
of  the  other,  acute,  with  a  deep  groove  on  the  back,  in  which  i.s 
Iod.j:ad  the  miiiute  rudiments  of  an  abortive  flower  with  its  footstalk. 
JS'e<  lories  2,  ohovHie.      Torrey. 

Hab.  In  Pennsylvania.     August.     Muhlenberg. 

CVPERUS. 

nuttalii,   Torrey  Ff.  \.  p.  61.     C.  cuspiiosus,  Eat.  Man.  p.  28i. 

deniatus,   Torrey  Fl.  I.  p  61      C.  pnrrijlorus,  Eat.  Man.  p.  281. 

i:07npressus,  L.  Spikes  digitate,  someuhat  in  fours,  lanceolate  ;  glumes 
raucronate,  broad  membranaceous.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  63.  Vahl. 
Enum.  II.  p.  234.     Pursh  Fl'.  I.  p.  51.     Ellioit  Sk.  \.  p.  65. 

Culm  3 — 8  inches  high,  obtusely  trian.y:nlar.  Leaves  shorter  than 
the  culm,  linear  lanceolate.  Spiktlds  nearlv  sessile,  somewhai  ca- 
pitate, oblong-lanceolate,  many- ilowered,  (16 — 27)  Glumes  not 
raucronate,  the  carina  green  ;  sides  membranaceous,  nearly  white. 
Stamens  3.     Style  3-cleft.     Elliott. 

Hab.  In  low  meadows.     Pennsylvania  to  Carolina.     Pvrsh. 

vlfcns,  Mich.  Culm  acutely  triangular  ;  umbels  decompound  ;  spike- 
Jets  ovate-lanceolate,  in  compact  h^ads ,  involucrum  very  long. 
Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  63.     Mich.  Fl.  I.  p  23.     Pursh  Fl.  I.  p.  52. 

Culm  1 — 2  feet  high  most  acutely  triangular  ;  the  angles  scabrous 
near  the  summit ;  sides  concave.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  some- 
what compressed,  the  margins  and  midrib  serrulate,  2—3  feet  long, 
4 — 6  lines  wide.  Spikilets  commonly  16-flower.;d,  laterally  appress- 
ed  into  compact  heads.  Glumes  laiiceolate,  acute.  Slamtn  1  ? 
Style  3-c\e{t .     Seer/ oblong,  triangular.     Elliott. 

Hab.  In  wet  meadows  and  woods.  Pennsylvania  to  Carolina. 
Pursh. 

odoratus,  L.  Spikelets  corymbed,  subulate,  remote,  distichous  ;  glumes 
somewhat  distant;  smaller  umbels spr<-ad!ng  widely,  and  about  the 
leitgth  of  their  involucra.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  y).  64.  Vahl.  Enum.  U.  p. 
356.     Pursh  Fl.  I.  p.  52. 

Ha&.  On  t"ie  banks  of  rivers.     Pennsylvania  to  Florida.     Pursh. 

flavicomis,  Mich.  Culm  triquetrous  ;  umbel  compound  ;  spikes  linear- 
lanceolate,  7-flowered,(l" — 12-flowered,  L\'/.  ;;  glumes  obtuse  ;  in- 
volucrum very  long,  reflexed.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  t)4.  AVch.  Fl.  1.  p. 
27.     Pursh  FL  I.  p.  53. 

Culm  erect,  smooth.  Involucrum  5-leaved,  very  long,  smooth. 
Raysoi  the  umbel  unequal  ;  ochrece  retuse,  purple.  Spikes  dislichous, 
oblong,  yellow,  compressed,  11-flowered.  Glumes  cbtuse,  white 
and  scarious  on  the  margin.  573//e  2-cleft.  Seed  obovate,  puncti- 
culate,  black.  Muhl. 
Hah.  In  boggy  woods.    Pennsylvania  to  Carolina.    Pursh. 


APPENDIX.  5:23 

Elymcs. 

canadends,  /3.  ghucifolius,  Torrty  Fl.  I.  p.  137.  K.  glaucifolius,  Willd. 
Eal.  ,Man    p.  290. 

Endocarpon. 

compHcatum,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  102.     Like  E.  minlalum,  but  of  a  dark  colour 

undenieafh.     Hnlsey  in  Annals  JVew-  York  Lyceum,  I.  p.  9. 
smarngdnlum,  Id.  p.  98.     On  rocks.     Frond  compo>ed  of  very  small, 

detached,  scale-like  lobes,  of  a  light  greenish  or  olive  colour '/i«/Mj/. 
tephroides,  fi  polytfiecium,  Id.  p.  99.     On  rocks.     Frond  adnate  like  a 

V'errucakia,  cracked,  of  a  blight  liver-colour.     Halsey. 
iceheri.  Id.  p.  102.     On    rocks   near  walerfalls.     Like  E  tovijdicnlnm, 

but  the  frond  is  of  a  thicker  consistence,  and  changes  to  agreenisk 

colour  when  moistened.     Halsey. 

Eriophorum. 

alpinum,  L.  Culm  triquetrous,  somewhat  scabrou.s,  naked  ;  leaves 
very  short,  subulate  ;  spike  oblong  ;  woolly  hairs,  crisfied,  few. 
Torrey  Fl.  \.  p.  to.  Vahl.  Enum.  II.  p.  388.  E.  hudsovinnurn,  JMicI). 
Fl.  I.  p.  34.  Trichophorum  alpinum,  Fursh  Fl  I.  p  57.  Jtuhl.  Cal. 
p.  7.     T.  alpinum,  /3.  lindxoiiianum,  Pers.  Syn   I.p  70. 

Culm  8 — 1(1  inches  high,  slender,  with  very  acute  angles;  sides 

^  concave  and  striate.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  jiungent,  triangu- 
lar, channelled  above.  Shealhs  3 — 4  radical,  purplish;  the  lowest 
ones  mucronatewith  the  rudiments  of  leaves.  Spike  about  2  lines 
long,  a  little  compressed.  Glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  cari- 
nate,  pale  yellowish  brown  ;  the  exterior  bracteiform,  3-nerved, 
somewhat  mucronate.  Stamens  (1 — 2  in  t!ie  European  plai.t.) 
Style  3-cleft.  Seed  ovate,  acuminate,  much  compressed,  with  an 
elevated  ridge  on  one  side,  brown.  Hairs  6,  white,  tliiee  times  as 
long  as  the  spike,  flattened,  more  or  less  cris[)ed.     Torrey. 

Hah.  In  bog  meadows,  Stockbridge,  JMas?acliU'^etts,  t)r.  Emmons. 
In  bogs  on  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  Vermont,  Lc.  Pursh. 
In  New-York.  JMuhUnberg. 

raginalum,  L.     Torrey  Fl.  I.p.  6o.     E.  cespitosum.  Host.     Eat.  Man. 

virginicum,  L.    /3.  gracile,   Torrey.     Culm  verj'  slender;    leaves  al- 
most filiform.     Torrty  Fl.  I.  p.  66. 
Hab   In  the  cedar  swamp  near  New-Durham,  N.  Jersey.    August. 

Erythronium. 

albidum,  .\utt.  Leaf  impunctate  ;  petals  linear-lanceolate,  point.-  ob- 
tuse,  inner  ones  without  dentures,  sub-unguiculate  ;  .siyle  filifoimly 
attenuated  downwards;  stigma  trifid,  lobes  reflected,  internally  pa- 
pillo.«e.    A'ult.  Gen.  Pi  I  p.  223. 

This  plant,  which  has  not  hitherto  been  observed  in  the  northern 
or  middle  states,  was  found  by  Mr.  James  Eights  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Albany,  in  company  with  E.  deu.f-canis.  Ms.  The  s|t<-(ini.  ns 
agree  in  every  respect  with  those  which  1  collected  on  the  banks  ^f 
the  Illinois  river. 

Euphorbia. 
torollata.    (Black  Rock.    Prof.  Hadley.) 


524  APPENDIX. 

EVERNIA. 

prunastri,  Ach.  p.  245.  Branches  of  trees.  Rare.  Frond  granulated 
glaucous  above,  underneath  whitish,  reticulated.  Halsey  in  An.  JV. 
Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  17. 

vulpina?  /c/.  p.  245.  Massachusetts.  Frond  yellowish  green,  branch- 
ing ;  segments  attenuated,  lacunose,  compressed.  In  appearance 
like  Cenomyce  uyicialis,  but  easily  distinguished  by  its  central  cot- 
ton-like medulla.    Perhaps  a  new  species.     Halsey. 

Festuca. 

myurus,  L.  9  Panicle  slender,  crowded,  equal ;  spikelets  about  4- 
flowered  ;  florets  subulate,  awned  hairy,  monandrous.  Willd.  Spec. 
Torrey  Fl  I.  p.  119.     F.  quadrifolia,  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  p.  81. 

Root  annual,  (biennial,  J'/ii^/j  Culm  6 — 12  inches  long,  erect, 
geniculate  near  the  root,  smooth.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  subu- 
late, concave  not  carinate,  scabrous  above.  Stipule  (bifid  or  retuse, 
J\'luhl.)  Spikelets  4 — 7-flowered,  nearly  sessile.  Glumes  equal, 
■very  small,  linear-lanceolate.  Inferior  valve  of  the  corolla  concave, 
hairy,  particularly  towards  the  summit,  terminating  in  an  awn 
(bristle)  twice  as  long  as  the  valve  ;  superior  valve  membranaceous, 
lanceolaie.  Styles  very  short;  stigmas  plumose,  white.  Seed  ob- 
long, acute.     Elliott. 

Hab.  In  sandy  soils  of  New-Jersey ;  growing  with  Aira  preecox. 
Barton.    June. 

pratensis,  Huds.  Panicle  spreading,  branched  ;  spikelets  linear,  many- 
flowered,  acute;  leaves  linear;  root  fibrous.  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ. 
Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  121.     ScHEN0D0Rus^raie?j5ts,  P.  de  Beauv 

Root  perennial.  Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect,  terete,  smooth.  Leaves 
and  sheaths  very  smooth.  Stipule  obsolete.  Panicle  2 — 6  inches 
long,  subsecund ;  branches  short,  nearly  simple  ;  spikelets  7 — 8- 
flowered,  terete.  Calyx  very  unequal  ;  the  superior  glume  much 
larger,  scarious  on  the  margin,  obscurely  nerved.  Inferior  valve  of 
the  corolla  more  or  less  acute,  (never  mucronate,)  scarious  on  the 
margin,  obscurely  o-nei-ved  ;  superior  valve  as  long  as  the  inferior, 
slightly  bifid  at  the  apex,  scabrous  on  the  margin.  Stamens  3  ;  an-* 
ihers  yellow  ;  stigmas  white.     Torrey. 

Hah.  In  meadows  and  fields.     June — July.     Introduced. 

fascicularis,  Lam.  Culm  procumbent,  geniculate  ;  panicle  subsecund  ; 
branches  straight,  spike-like  ;  spikelets  appressed  8 — 10-flowered  ; 
florets  armed;  leaves  very  long.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  122.  F.  poly- 
stachia,  Mich  F.  procumhens,  Muhl.  Gram.  F.  mult i flora,  Walt. 
BivLAcnyfB  fascicularis,  P.  de  Beauv.     Bkouvs  pocsf or mh.  Spreng. 

Hab.  In  brackish  meadows,  and  in  sandy  soils  near  the  salt  water. 
Hackensack  meadows,  New-Jersey.  At  Kingsbridge  on  the  island 
of  New-York,  and  along  the  sea-coast  of  Long  Island.  Torrey. 
August. 

fluitans,  L.  Willd.  Spec.  Mich.  Fl.  Pursh  Fl.  Muhl.  Gram.  Eat. 
^Man.P  p.  299.  PoAfluitans,Scof!oU.  Smith.  Deyavxix  fluitans,  P, 
de  Beauv.     Gi^YCEKiAfluitans,  R.  B-Jwn.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  103. 

Frasera. 

c'arolinknsis.    (Geneseo,  Livingston  county.    Prof.  Hadley.^ 


AprENDix.  525 

FUIBENA. 

^•2uarrosa,  JMich.  /3.  ?  pumila,  Torrcy.  Culm  pubescent  above  ; 
leaves  smootb  ;  throat  of  the  slieaths  hairy  ;  spikes  1 — 3  teriTiinal. 

Culm  3^ — 6  inches  h.\^h.  angular,  smootli,  except  a  little  below  the 
spikes.  Leaves  linear-lanceoiate,  2 — 3,  flat,  {quailinj;  the  culm, 
striate,  naked.  Margins  and  throat  of  the  shealhs  iiaii^.  Spikes 
generally  3,  often  solitary,  with  2  unequal  leaf-like  bracts  at  the 
base.  Glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  terminated  by  short  squarrose 
awns  ;  the  lower  ones  hairy.  Petals  ova(e-lai:ceolatR,  emljracing 
the  seed  by  their  bases.  Utamens  3.  ieerf  triquetrous,  pedicillate, 
surrounded  at  the  base  with  3  or  4  retrorsely  scabrous  bristles. — 
Torrey  Fl.  1.  p.  68. 

Jfab.  On  the  overflowed  sandy  margin  of  a  creek  near  Babylon  on 
Long-Island,  in  company  with  Gratiola  aurea,  Xvris  carolinianay 
Ike. 

This  may  be  a  variety  of  F.  squarrosa  ;  but  if  the  characters  above 
given  are  constant,  it  certainly  must  be  a  distinct  species.     Torrey. 

Glyceria. 

acutiflorn,  Torrey.  Panicle  simple,  elongated,  appressed ;  spikelets 
linear-terete,  4 — 6-flow-ered ;  florets  attenuated,  acute,  indistinctly 
nerved  ;  leaves  short,  erect.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  104.  Fkstuca  brevi- 
folia,  Muhl.  Gram.  p.  167. 

Root  perennial,  creeping.  Culm  about  a  foot  and  a  half  high,  a 
little  compressed.  Leaves  3 — 6  inches  long,  1 — 2  lines  broad,  atte- 
nuated, and  sometimes  involute  at  the  point,  nearly  smooth.  Stipule 
elongated,  very  thin,  finely  lacerate.  Panicle  long  and  slender,  a 
little  nodding  ;  lower  part  concealed  in  tlie  sheaths.  .S/;?^c/e/5  acute  ; 
florets  distinct.  Calyx  very  unequal,  without  nerves.  Corolla  linear- 
lanceolate,  scabrous,  attenuated  to  a  sharp  point ;  superior  valve 
much  longer  than  the  other,  bifid  at  the  tip.  .Slar)iens  3;  anthers 
yellow.  Stigmas  white.  Seed  oblong,  sulcate.  JVectaries  connate, 
obcordate,  very  minute.     Torrey. 

Hub.  In  overflowed  meadows  ;  Bloomingdale,  Fishkill,  kc.  New- 
York.  Near  Hoboken,  New-Jersey.  Torrey.  Deerfield,  Massachu- 
setts. Cooley.    June. 

Gkaphi?. 
bdulignn,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  83.     On  Betula.     Scarcely  more  than  a  variety 
of  G.scripta.     Halsey  in  An.  J\\  Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  9. 

HiPPURIS. 

vvh^aris.     (Cayuga  lake,  at  Spring  Mills.     Eaion.) 

HOTTOMA. 

iiiflata,  Elliott.  The  internodes  of  the  scape  inflated  ;  flowers  fool- 
stalked ;  corollashorter  than  the  calyx  ;  leaves  crowded,  pectinate, 
submersed,  with  the  segments  linear.  £//jo/ 6'A;.  I.  p.  231.  H.  pa- 
lust  r  is  ?   Pursli,  I.  p.  138. 

6^/e/n  thick,  spongy,  generally  submersed.  Leaves  long,  irregular- 
ly crowded,  beautifully  pectinate.  From  the  sunamit  of  the  stem 
arise  several  (6 — 10)  naked  flower-sta!k&  or  scapes.     Scapes  jointed 


526  APPE?sDIX. 

towards  the  summit ;  the  space  between  the  joints,  but  particularly 
the  space  below  the  flowers,  inflated.  Floivers  verticillate,  general- 
ly 4  in  each  whorl.  Peduncle  nearly  half  an  inch  long.  Calyx  5- 
parted.  Corolla  white,  apparently  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Capsult 
globose.    Elliot. 

ffab.  Rhode-Island.    Hitchcock. 

HOUSTONIA. 

iongifolin.     (Goat  Island,  Niagara  Falls.     Prof.  Iladley.) 

Hydrastis. 
ctinadtnsis.     (Vernon,  Oneida  county.     Prof.  Hadley.) 

ISIDIUM. 

phymatodesy  Ach.\i.  282.  Rotten  wood  in  moist  places.  Crust  greea. 
Halstyin  An.  JV.  Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  19. 

22.   3.      JUNGERMANIA.      67.   3. 

(Species  added  from  Schweinitz's  Hepatic  Mosses.) 

platyphylla,  stem  procumbent,  bipinnate  ;  leaves  two-rai)ked,  imbri- 
cate, roundish,  obtuse  ;  stipules  entire,  in  threes.  On  bark  of  living 
frees. 

platyphylloides,  stem  procumbent,  bi-  ortri-pinnate  ;  leaves  imbricate, 
vaulted,  roundish-4-sided  :  stipules  ternate,  subequal,  entire.  On 
rocks. 

porella,  stem  floating,  irrcc^ularly  branched,  pinnate  :  leaves  sub-im- 
bricate, lar2;ish,  oval,  obtuse  :  stipules  entire.     In  brooks. 

trilobata,  leaves  oblique,  ovate,  retuse,  unequally  3-ti)othed  at  the 
apex,  and  entire  in  the  other  parts :  stipules  bi-quadrifid  :  runners 
from  the  axils  of  the  stipules. 

tridcjiiiculata,  stem  procumbent,  creeping,  much  aggregated :  leaves 
flat,  two-ranked,  largish,  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  sub-oval  :  stipules 
broad,  roundish^  cut  transversely,  denticulate :  runners  from  the 
axils.     In  boi!:s. 

sertularoides,  creeping,  capillary;  leaves  parted-bristleform,  jointed: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  bristle-bearing. 

Jaciniosn,  creeping,  very  branching:  leaves  bifid,  with  fringed  divi- 
sions: calyxes  lateral,  obi  )ng,  naked. 

ciliaris,  stem  sub-pinnate,  decumbent:  branches  slender:  stipules  and 
leaves  split,  having  long  ciliae. 

tomenlilla,  stem  spreading,  bipinnate,  tomentose  above  :  leaves  and 
stipules  4-parted,  having  long  ciliae,  becoming  white. 

sph-ti^iii,  stem  creeping,  with  radicles  on  the  back  :  leaves  imbricate, 
sub-vertical,  concave,  roundish,  converging  forward. 

orbicularis,  small,  with  a  creeping  stem  :  leaves  orbicular,  entire,  rising 
vertically  in  a  double  series,  mostly  reddish.  In  woods  among 
mosses. 

furcata,  frond  linear,  decumbent,  ramose,  forked  at  the  extremity, 
nerved,  the  margin  at  the  bottom  and  on  the  back  of  the  nerve  pu- 
bescent, yellowish  green.    On  rocks  and  .stones. 


APPENDIX.  527 

Lecanora. 
•  From  Halsey^s  paper  in  the  Annals  N.  York  Lyceum,  I.  p.  11  &:  seq.) 

§  Crust  adnatc,  uniform. 
*  Jpothecia  with  a  black  and  naked  disk. 

atra,  Jch.y.  146.     On  trunks  and   rotten   wood.     Cru«;t   very  white  ; 

apothecia  crowded,  angular,  margin  flexuous.     Vui   y.  caUigmusa. 

Ibid.     Crnst  dark. 
commutata,  Id.  p.    149,     Fences  and   rotten  wood.     Crust  thin,  with 

greenish  white  dust ;  apothecia  concave. 
periclea,  ^  ejjgwa,  Id.  p.  151.     Ibid.    Crust  diriy  white,  and  blackish  ; 

apothecia  small  and  crowded. 
sophodes,  Id.   p.    158.     Ibid.     Crust  rerrucose,   sub-determined,  ashy 

greenish  ;    apothecia  crowded,   black,  brownish   when   moistened; 

margin  tumid,  very  entire. 

**  Apothecia  with  a  brown  coloured  disk. 

subfusca,  Id.  p.  157.  Bark.  Crust  srao  th,  cartila.t:;inous,  granulated  ;. 
apothecia  dark,  margin  thick. 

veniosa,  Id.  p.  159.  Bark  and  rocks  Crust  tesselated  with  tumid 
warts,  yellowish  or  grev  ;  apothecia  reddish  brown,  convt-x. 

varia,  Id.  p.  161.  Common  on  old  posts  and  fences.  Crust  light  yel- 
low }  apothecia  generally  dirty  green,  yellowish  and  brown. 

■***  Apothecia  with  a  black  or  coloured  disk,  always  prvinose. 

viUnrsii?  Id.  p.  163.  On  rocks.  Crust  fartareous,  gyrose,  granulated, 
whitish  ;  apothecia  black,  sessile.  H"sk  concave. 

glcuroma,  Id.  p.  1*15  Ibid.  Cr  •  t  grevish  ;  apothecia  black,  immers- 
ed, disk  at  len<rth  convex,  mareit.  (ibliterated. 

angulosa.  Id.  p.  166  On  «mooth  bark.  Crust  smooth  and  subrimose  ; 
apothec-a  crowded  and  angular. 

C(Esio-rubella.  Id. p.  167  Trunks.  Crust  membranaceous  and  white; 
apothecia  larire.  lij'bt  red. 

albfUa,  (d.  p.  168  Bark.  Crust  cartilaginous,  smooth,  milk  white; 
apothecia  light  flesh-coloured. 

^^t*K  ^qpothecia  with  disks  of  various  colours. 

perella,  Td.  p.  169.     On  trunks.     Crust  thin,  warty,   white  ;  apothecia 

light  flesh-coloured 
/ar/areo.  Id.  p.  172.     Rocks.     Common.     Crust  white  tartarpf)us,  w>'U 

clustered   coral-like   granules  ;  apothecia  lithi  flesh-coloured     Tl.is 

is  the  cudbear  of  the  English,  ami  used  in  dyins'  purple  on  wool'<  n 
salicina,  Id.  p.  175.     Trunks.  Crust  granulated,  dirty  yellowish.  han;!y 

distinguishable  ;  apothecia  orange. 
fulva,  Sehwz.  M33.     Common  on  roup;h  bark.     Crust  papillated,  ver- 

rucose,   of  a  pale  sulphur  yellow  ;  apothecia  with  an  orance  d^k„ 

when  young  immersed  in  the  verrucse  of  the  crust.,  at  length  enlarg 

Ing  with  a  thin  inflected  margin. 


528  APPENDIX. 

§§  Crust  adnate^  radiating,  and  lobed  at  the  circumference. 

tlemm,  Ach.  p.  182.  On  rocks.  (Massachusetts.)  Crust  orange,  *a- 
djating,  lobes  linear  and  convex. 

galaclina..  Id.  p  187.  Rotten  trunks  and  rocks.  Crust  sub-imbricated, 
dirty  white  ;  apothecia  crowded,  angular,  disk  livid  flesh-coloured, 
sub-pruinose. 

juglandina,  Sclmz  MSS.  Common  on  smooth  bark.  Crust  flat,  or- 
bicular, sub  lucid,  olivaceous,  towards  the  circumference  light  -rlau- 
cous  grecii,  minutely  laciniated  through  its  whole  surface,  central 
segments  scaly  imbricated,  marginal  ones  flat  and  broader  towards 
the  apex  ;  apothecia  central,  small,  disk  fuscous,  concave,  margin 
very  thick. 

§§§  Crust  foliaceous,  scaly,  imbricated. 

smiihii,  Ach.  p.  189.  Common  on  trunks  Crust  scaly,  lobes  thick, 
roundish,  waved,  yellow  orange,  deepening  in  colour  towards  the 
apex  ;  apothecia  oraiige,  like  Farjielia  rutilans. 

irregularis,  Scfiwz.  MSS.  Common  on  trunks.  Crust  scaly,  lobes  as- 
cending, very  minutely  friuged,  whitish  grey,  greenish  when  mois- 
tened ;  auothecia  grey  pruinose,  dark  brown  when  moistened,  mar- 
gin thick  and  entire. 

canddaria,  Ach.  p.  192.  On  smooth  bark.  Crust  scaly,  bright  yellow, 
margin  of  lobos  granular  ;  apothecia  bright  yellow. 

hrunnea.  Id.  p.  193.  Trunks.  Crust  imbricated,  ashy  liver-colour .; 
apothecia  reddish  brown,  margin  crenulated. 

Lecidea. 
§  Frond  crustaceous,  uniform. 
*  Apothecia  constantly  bla^^k. 

fianosa,  Ach.  Syn.p.  12.  Common  on  rocks.  Crust  dull  smoky  co. 
lour  ;  apothecia  sunk  into  the  crust,  greyish  within.  Halsey  in  An. 
JV.  Y.  Lie.  J.  p.  6. 

jtanfo.^ticia.  II.  p.  13.  Common  on  rocks.  Apothecia  minute,  im- 
m^irsed  in  the  crust  upon  the  areolae.     Halsey. 

^etrcea,  II.  p.  15.  Common  on  rocks.  Distinguishable  by  the  con- 
centric tendency  of  the  apothecia.     Halsey. 

conjlucns,  Ach.  Syn.  V  16.  Common  on  rocks.  Crust  dirty  white; 
apothecia  irregsdar  and  aggregated      Halsey. 

prtmrif-.n.  Id.  p.  17.  Trees  and  fences.  Apothecia  with  a  whitish  stra- 
tum uniier  the  disk.     Halsey. 

dolosii.  Id.  p.  19.  Trunks  and  fences.  Crust  pulverulent,  rusty  grey  : 
apothecia  convex,     Halsey. 

citri?iell.a  ?  Id  p.  25.  Old  stone  fences.  Rare.  Crust  green ;  apo- 
thecia small,  black.     Halsey. 

**  Apothecia  with  a  fuscous  or  brownish  colour. 

iersicolor,  Schioeinitz  MSS.  Verv  common  on  smooth  bark.  Crust 
grefn  sh,  and  bounded  by  a  broad  wavina;  black  line  ;  apothecia 
small,  greenish  and  other  dark  colours,  clustered  and  stellate  to  the 
naked  eye.    Halsey. 


APPENDIX.  529 

iiileola,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  41.     Trunks  and  rocks.     Crust  thin,  £;reyish,  with 

globular  pale  granules  ;  aps^lliecia  dirty  yellow.     Halsey. 
carneola,  Id.   p.   42.     Trunks.     Crust  thin,    grey  ;    apothecia   sessile, 
thick,  fleshy  brown.    Hnlsey. 

***  Apothecia  of  various  colours, 
coccinea,  SehiceinHs.  MSS.     Common    on  trunks.     Crust    cinereous, 

and  bordered  by  a  black  line  ;  apothecia  shining,  convex,  beautiful 

scarlet,  whitish  within      Halsey. 
ehrhartiana,  Ach.  Si^n.  p. 47-     Common  on  rocks.    Crust  cartilaginous, 

greenish  yellow,  rouj^h,  granulated  ;  apothecia  pale  yellowijh.  Hal. 
aurantiaca,  Ach.  Syn.  50.  Common  on  trunks  and  rotten  wood.     Crust 

smooth,  whitish ;  apothecia  orange,  convex,  margin  lighter.   Halsey. 

§§  Cnist  foliaceous. 

detnissa,  Id.  p.  50.  On  earth  on  rocks.  Crust  warty,  sub-imbricated, 
lobed  at  the  margin  ;  apothecia  reddish,  depressed.     Halsey. 

Lepraria. 

latehrarunif  Ach.  p.  331.  On  the  earth  and  stones  in  shady  moist 
places.  Crust  greenish  grey,  pulverulent.  Halsey  in  An.  N.  Y.  Lye 
I.  p.  21. 

Linn  j:  A, 
barealis.    (Cherry  Hill,  Albany.) 

LONICERA. 

hirsute,.     (West-Canada  creek.    Prof.  Hadley.) 

22.  3.    Marchantii.    57.  3. 

•Unella,  small:  frond  dichotomous,  narrow:  fertile  receptacle  sub- 
conic,  membranaceous,  many-cleft  beneath,  with  ligulate-liuear 
fringes  :  peduncle  longish  and  delicate.     Schweinitz's  Hep.  Mos. 

Mariscus. 

■ocularis,  Vahl.  jS.  tenellus,  Torrey.  Culm  acutely  triangular,  slender; 
involucrum  3 — 5-leaved  ;  three  of  the  leaves  many  times  longer 
than  (he  umbel.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  58. 

Heads  consistine  of  10  or  12  spikelets.     Culm  about  a  foot  high. 

Hab.  On  the  sea-coast  of  Long  Island.    August. 

Milium. 

pun^tns,  Torrey.  Culm  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  very  short,  pungent, 
at  length  involute  ;  panicle  contracted  ;  branches  generally  in  pairs, 
2-flo-.vered ;  flowers  awnless,  ovate  ;  corolla  hairy.     Torrey  Fl.  \. 

/Zoof  perennial  soboliferous.  Calm  afoot  or  ISinches  high, simple, 
rigid.  Radical  leaves  6 — 8  inches  long  and  about  a  line  wide,  er«ct, 
acute  and  pungent,  a  little  concave,  strongly  nerved  and  scabrous 
above,  smooth  beneath  ;  culm-leaves  va  ving  from  an  inch  to 
scarcely  aline  in  length,  lanceolate,  rigid.  Sheaths  swelling,  striate, 
scabrous,  membranaceous  on  the  margin.  Stipule  orate,  lacerate 
Vtr 


530  APPENDIX. 

and  bearded.  Panicle  oblong,  seldom  with  more  than  a  dozen 
flowers  ;  branches  a  little  flexuous,  bearing  1  or  2  flowers  on  the  ex- 
tremities. Glumes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  concave,  obtuse  or  abruptly 
acuminate,  loose,  sometimes  obliquely  truncate,  without  nerves; 
inferior  valve  a  little  longer.  Corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx;  valves 
equal,  acute, nerveless,  densely  covered  with  white  appressed  hairs; 
the  inferior  emarginate  ;  superior  entire  at  the  tip.  Stamens  3  ; 
anthers  forked,  yellow,  included  ?  Style  1,  deeply  2-parted  ;  stigmas 
2,  plumose,  exsert,  white.  Seed  oblong,  acute.  JVectaries  lanceo- 
late, shorter  than  the  germen,  ciliate.     Torrey. 

Hab.  On  rocky  hills.  Deerfield,   Massachusetts.  Cooley  S/-  Hitch- 
cock.    In   woods  near  Boston.  Bigelow.    Near  Schenectady,  New- 
York.  Beck.     May 
racemosum,  Smith.     Eat.  Man.  p.  363.     Piptatherum  nigrum,,  Torrey 
Fl.  I. p.  79      Oryzopsis  melanocarpa,  Muhl.  Gram.  p.  79. 

Hab.  Near  Deerfield.   Cooley  S/-  Hitchcock.     Kingston,  New-York. 
Halsey.     On  the  Fishkill  mountains,  New-York.  Torrey. 

MONARDA. 

clinopodia.  (German  Flatts,  and  every  where  west  of  Cayuga.  Eaton.) 

MUHLENBERGIA. 

erecta,  Roth.  Pursh  Fl.  Muhl  Gram.  Eat.  Man.  p.  366.  Brachy- 
ELYTRUM  aristatum,  F.  de  Beaw.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  102.  Muhleni- 
BERGiA  aristata,  Fers.  Syn.     Dilepyrum  aristosum,  Mich.  Fl. 

Myriophyllum. 

verticillatum.  (White  creek,  Washington  county,  and  Genesee  rivei 
Dr.  fV hippo.) 

Nelumbium, 
luteum.    (Sodus  Bay.    Eaton.) 

Nyssa. 
bijiora.     (Margins  of  ponds.  Greenbush.) 

Opegrapha. 

herpetica,  /3.  disparata.  Ach.  Syn  p.  73.     On  smooth  bark.     Apothecia 

short,  broMd  ;  crust  of  a  reddish  olive  hue.     Halsey  in  Annals  jVeto- 

York  Lyrtam,  p.  S. 
vulgata,  Ach.  p.  7S      Trunks      Apothecia  turgid,  cylindric.     Halsey. 
mtha.  Id    p.  76.     Trunks      Disk   of  the  apothecia  without  the  cleft. 

HaUey. 

Var.  ^  uregaria.    Ibid.     Apothecia  crowded ;  disk  flexuous  and 

plicate.     Halsey.  ^  ,.  .      o-  , 

y  caesia.     Ibid.     Apothecia  w*ith  a  greyish  prumose  disk.  Halsey. 
vulrella,  Id.  p.  77.     Trunks.     Apothecia  elliptic,  gaping  in  the  middle. 

Halsey. 

Panicum. 
clcindestinim,  L,    Culm  with  short  axillary  branches ;  leaves  broa4« 


APPENDIX.  531 

lanceolate,  cordate  at  the  base  ;  sheaths  hispid,  enclosing  the  short 
panicles  ;  abortive  floret  neutral,  2-val\  ed  ;  superior  valve  obtuse. 
Sp.  PL  86.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  141.  P.  Intifulium,  Q.  dandestinum, 
Purs/i  Fl.  I.  p.  68. 

ffab  In  shady  moist  thickets  and  woods.  Torrey.  July — August. 
peduncidntutn,  Torrey.  '"ulni  dichotomous  :  leaves  broad-lanceolate, 
slightly  hairy  above,  attenuate  ;  sheaths  hispid  and  papillose  ;  pa- 
nicle long-pedunculate,  compound,  smooth ;  spikelets  ovate,  smooth ; 
abortive  floret  2-valved  ;  superior  valve  half  the  length  of  the  in- 
ferior.    Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  142. 

Root  perennial.  Culm  3 — 4  feet  high,  erect,  terete,  much  branch- 
ed above.  Leaves  6  inches  long,  and  about  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
broad,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  very  scabrous  on  the  margin. 
Sheaths  hispid,  as  in  P.  clayideslimari.  Stipule  0.  Panicle  terminal, 
on  a  peduncle  4 — 6  inches  long,  spreading;  branches  geminate,  vir- 
gate ;  brancblets  l-flowered.  Spikelets  ovate,  obtuse.  Inferior 
valve  of  the  ca/^o;  obtuse  or  emarginate,  appressed  ;  superior  valve 
■with  7  prominent  nerves.  JVeutral  floret  with  the  superior  valve  ob- 
tuse and  entire.  Valves  of  the  perfect  floret  shining.  Stainens  3. 
Styles  2.     Stigmas  purple.     Torrey. 

Hab.  In  moist  shady  places,  borders  of  woods,  &,c.  On  the  island 
of  New-York.  July. 
macrocarpon,  Torrey.  Culm  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
erect,  a  little  hairy  beneath;  joints  naked  ;  sheaths  hispid  ;  panicle 
rather  compound,  smooth  ;  spikelets  ovate-globose;  abortive  floret 
neutral.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  143. 

Root  perennial.  Culm  about  3  feet  high,  straight.  Leaves  4  inches 
long,  generally  erect,  hairy  above  ;  the  lower  ones  ciliate  on  the 
margin.  Sheaths  hispid,  villous  on  the  margin.  Stipule  0.  Panicle 
with  few,  spreading,  flexuous  branches,  not  much  divided.  S/.'i/celets 
almost  globose,  strongly  nerved.  Inferior  glume  very  broad,  cari- 
nate.  Abortive  floret  with  the  superior  valve  not  half  the  length  of 
the  inferior.     Torrey. 

Han.  On  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  river  near  Deerfield,  Massa- 
chusetts. Dr.  Cooley. 
involutum,  Torrey.  Culm  cespitose,  simple,  or  a  little  branched  at  the 
base  ;  leaves  erect,  somewhat  rigid,  verj'  narrow,  at  length  involute  ; 
panicle  simple,  few-flowered  ;  florets  acuminate  ;  superior  valve  of 
the  neutral  flore   very  small.     Torrey  Fl.\.  p.  144. 

Root  perennial.  Culm  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  shorter  than  the 
culm,  a  little  hairy.  Panicle  terminal,  (rarely  also  lateral  at  the 
base  of  the  culm,)  consisting  of  a  few  fle\uous  branches,  bearing 
from  10  to  20  spikelets  as  large  as  those  of  P.  latifolium.  Inferior 
glume  spreading,  rather  large,  acuminate.  Superior  valve  of  the 
abortive  floret  membranaceous,  entire,  half  the  length  of  the  inferior 
valve.     Torrey. 

Hab.  Near  Deerfield,  Massachusetts.     Coolty. 

Parmelia. 
1.  Frond  with  segments  of  equal  thickness  at  the  apex. 

borreri,  Ach.  p.  197.  Bark,  and  on  mosses.  Frond  grey,  with  whitish 
soredia  ;  apothecia  with  a  crenate,  sub-lobed  margin,  llnlsty  in 
An.  A'.  Y.  Lye.  p.  14. 

perlatn,  Ach.  p.  197.  Orv  trunks  and  stones.  Frond  greyish  green, 
viUose  underneath.    Halsey. 


^32  APPENDIX. 

lilumhea,  Id.  p.  202.  Earth  on  mosses.  Frond  dark  lead,  and  black- 
ish u  hen  old,     Halsey. 

fdeurites,  Id.  p.  208.  Bark.  Frond  generally  covered  with  granular 
dust,  much  laciniated  at  the  margin  ;  apothecia  light,  margin  crenu- 
lated.     Halsey. 

mtilans,  Id.  p.  210.  Bark.  Frond  deep  yellow,  whitish  underneath  ; 
apothecia  orange.     Halsey. 

lenusta,  Id.  p.  214.  Bark,  and  among  mosses.  Frond  deeply  laciniat- 
ed, segments  narrow  ;  margin  of  the  apothecia  leafy.     Halsey. 

cycloselis,  Id.  p.  216.  Trunks.  Frond  stellate  ;  segments  short,  broad; 
sub-connate,;  apothecia  blackish.     Halsey. 

PiNGUICULA. 

(To  follow  Justicia,  p.  98.) 

Gorol  ringent,  spurred  :  capsule  1-celIed  :  calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft. 
elatior,  (Genesee  Falls,  Dr.  Fenn.  P.  M.  U.)  nectary  subulate,  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  corol :  tube  ventricose  above :  scape  villose  be- 
neath, 

P0A  = 

'•ompressa,  j3.  sylvestris,  Torrey.  Panicle  loose,  spreading ;  spikelets 
2 — 3-flowered  ;  culm  slender,  nearly  erect.     Torre?/ F/.  I.  p.  110. 

Bab.  In  dry  woods  near  IVew-York.  Torrey.  July. 
paluslris.  Muhl.  Gram.  Eat.  Man.  p.  399.  P.  serotina,  Ehrh.  Torrey 
Fl.  I.  p.  111.  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ.  P.  serotina,  ^.  jjalustris,  Roem.  ^ 
Schult.  II.  p.  553.  P.  hydrophylla,  Pers.  Syn.  I.  p.  89.  P.  crocataj 
Mich.Fl.l.p.68. 
nemoralis,  L.  Panicle  attenuated,  weak  ;  branches  flexuous  ;  spikelets 
ovate,  about  3-flowered  ;  florets  loose,  slightly  webbed,  acute,  ob- 
soletely  nerved ;  stipule  almost  wanting.  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ.  I.  p. 
301.      Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  111.     P.  nernoralis,  et.  vulgan'.^,  R.  ^  S. 

Root  perennial,  creeping.  Cubyi  2  feet  high  or  more,  slender. 
Leaves  narrow,  pale  green,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth.  Panicle 
5 — S  inches  long,  nodding  ?  branches  capillary,  in  pairs  or  ternate. 
Spikelets  not  numerous,  all  pedicillate,  and  situated  towards  the  ex-" 
tremities  of  the  branches  ;  jftorels  much  spread,  and  at  length  distant 
on  the  raclils.  Glumes  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  without  nerves  : 
one  of  them  longer.  Coro//rt  lanceolate  ;  inferior  valve  very  indis- 
tinctly 5-nerved,  smooth  on  the  sides ;  superior  valve  one  third 
shorter  than  the  other,  entire  on  the  margin.  Stamens  3  ;  anthers 
yellow.     Stigmas  white.    Torrey. 

Hab.  Near  Williamstown,  Massachusetts.  Dewey.  Deerfield. 
Cooley.  Cambridge,  New-York.  Stevenson.  New-Haven,  Con- 
necticut. Monso7i. 
elongata,  Torrey.  Panicle  elongated,  racemose ;  branches  solitary, 
appressed  :  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse,  tumid,  3-flowered  ;  florets  free  ; 
stipule  almost  wanting.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  112. 

Root  perennial.  Culm  3  leet  high,  leafy,  terete.  Leaves  about  a 
foot  long,  dark  green,  2  lines  broad,  smooth.  Sheaths  prominently 
striate.  Stipule  exceedingly  short.  Panicle  8 — 10  inches  long,  nod- 
ding. Spikelets  disposed  in  crowded  racemes.  Calyx  nearly  equal, 
two  thirds  the  length  of  the  lower  floret,  acute,  1-nerved.  Inferior 
valve   of  the   corolla  distinctly  5-nerved  :  superior  valve  shorter. 


APPENDIX.  533 

rounded  at  the  tip;  margin  ibickened,  entire.     Stnmcns2?  Stia^mas 
\vhit»^     Tor  re  I/. 

Hau.  ISitAv   Deerfield,  Massachusetts.  Coolcy.     Plaiiifithi.  Porter. 

Williaruslcwii    Dewey. 

fasck.ifita,   Torrry.    Panicle  expanding;  branches  sf.aishl,  fasc  cidate, 

crovsded;  spikelets  ol)l()iig,  ;i-flo\vered  ;  floret?  tirp;  calyx  ini'iiite, 

unequal  ;  culm  obli(|ue,  terete  ;  root  lascicula(f     Torrey  Fl.l  pA07. 

Root  [icrtnnial,  consisting  of  numerous  tliick  fibre*--.  Culm  \ — 2 
feet  high,  firm,  lealy,  branched  at  the  l)ase  Leaves  6 — iO  inches 
long,  flat,  and  with  sheatiis  very  smooth.  Sttpulc  ovate,  obtuse. 
Panicle  at  first  appressed,  S — 6  inches  long;  branches  a  little  rigid, 
with  short  cro\\  dec!  ones  in  the  axils,  ■'^jiikclets  soni«^what  racemose, 
sessile,  crowded,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  generally  :^flo\vered.  t  alyx 
smooth;  one  of  the  gluii;es  larger,  3-nerved.  niiniitely  truncated  at 
the  tip  Inferior  valve  of  the  corona  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  in- 
distinctly 5-nerved,  very  smooth  :  superior  valve  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gin.    SVet/ oblong,  acute. 

Hah.  In  salt  marshes  around  the  eity  of  New- York.     August. 
hirsidn,  Mich.    j8.  spcctabilis,  Torrty.     P.  spectabilis,  Ph.     Eat.  Man. 

p.  400. 
reptans,  Mich.    /3    cccspiiosa,    Torrey.      Culm    very  short,   cespitose ; 
spikelets  much  crowded,  oblong.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  115. 

Nab.  On  the  banks  of  the  Passaic  river,  ISew-Jersey.     Torrey. 

POKINA. 

leucostoma,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  109.     On  trunks.     Apothecia  with  white  ori.- 
fices  ;  crust  dark.     Resembles  a  V'ariol.\rja.     Halsey. 
Ptkrospora,  JVutt.     Man.  p.  126. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  monopetalous,  ovate  ;  margin  5-toothed, 
reflected.  Anthers  excentrically  peltate,  2-celled,  adnate  to  the  fila- 
ments by  the  margin,  bisetose.  Capsule  5-celled,  im;)erfectly  5-valv- 
ed  ;  dissepiments  medial  ;  septa  and  valves  united  towards  the  base, 
and  coalescing  with  the  receptacular  axis.  Receptacle  5-lobed.  Seeds 
very  numerous  and  minute,  each  furnished  with  a  terminal  wing.— 
Suit.  Gen.  PL  I.  p. -269. 

An  evanescent  annual,  destitute  of  verdure,  with  the  habit  of  Mo- 
notropa,  to  which  it  is  allied.  Leaves  none,  neither  radical  nor  cau- 
line  ;  stem  simple,  racemose  ;  flowers  numerous,  scattered,  reddish, 
resembling  those  of  Andromeda;  peduncles  rather  long,  1-flowered, 
cernuous. 
P.  andromeda,  Null.     Eat.  Man.  p.  416. 

E*ery  part  of  the  plant,  except  the  corolla,  covered  with  short 
brown  viscid  hairs.  Leaves  none.  Stem  about  a  f«)ot  hi^h,  per- 
fectly simple,  brown-red  or  purple,  somewhat  cylindric,  sensibly 
attenuated  upwards.  Flowers  numerous,  (at  least  60  or  more.)  ir- 
regularly dispersed  in  an  elegant  raceme  ;  peduncles  spreading 
equally  around  the  stem,  sometimes  collected  in  fascicles  of  4  or  5 
each,  cylindric,  nutant,  3-4  of  an  inch  long,  each  subtended  at  (he 
base  by  a  longish  linear  |)aleaceous  bract  Calyx  5-parted  ;  seg- 
ments ovate,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  somewhat  pubes- 
cently  ciliate,  turnished  with  obscure  longitudinal  nerves  Corolla 
monopetalous,  marescent,  ovate,  open  ;  margin  5-loothed,  nflect- 
ed  ;  dentures  short,  oval,  obtuse,  rosaceous ;  the  rest  of  the  corolla 
TihMe.  Stamina  10;  included  within  the  corolla ;  filameots  subulatf. 
Vv2 


534  APPENDIX. 

flat  and  membranaceous,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  germ  ;  anthers 
small,  2-celled,  traversed  by  and  inseparably  connected  with  the 
lilaments,  of  an  oboval  form,  attached  by  the  margin,  opening  in- 
wards from  the  base  or  junction  with  the  filament  in  an  horizontal 
manner,  or  in  other  words,  in  a  coiilrary  direction  to  that  of  the 
filament  which  supports  it;  at  the  base  of  this  singular  anther  there 
is  situated  2  small  filiform  processes  nearly  its  length,  which  have 
probably  been  applied  to  the  2  sutures  of  the  anthers  before  open- 
ing ?  but  this  I  have  not  boen  able  to  verify  ;  they  may  be  merely 
iUch  processes  as  we  lind  in  similar  situations  in  Andromeda,  Vavci- 
iiiujn,  kc.  Style  1,  short  and  columnar;  stigma  capitate,  obscurely 
5-lobed.  Capsule  5-celled,  sub-globose  :  valves  5,  coalescing  to- 
wards the  base  by  their  dissipiments  v/ilh  the  axis  of  the  rece{)tacle  ; 
receptacle  5-lobed  ;  lobes  laige,  alternating  with  the  dissepiments; 
septa  medial,  (or  arising  from  the  centre  of  the  valves.)  Seeds  ex- 
iremely  numerous  and  minute,  globular  ovoid,  acute  at  the  base,  so 
as  to  appear  almost  fusiform,  terminated  upuards  by  a  dilated  round- 
ish reticulated  membranaceous  wing.  From  an  external  inspection 
of  the  minutest  of  seeds,  we  perceive  that  the  embryon,  as  the  um- 
bilicus, must  be  concentric,  and  probably  surrounded  by  a  peri- 
sperm  ;  but  it  may  be  fairly  doubted  whether  this  plant  and  Mono- 
tropa/itB  co-ordinate,  are  fiot  deprived  of  cotyledons.     JViittall. 

Jfab.  In  a  ravine  about  a  mile  south  of  AU)any,  where  it  grows  in 
great  profusion.     It  often  attains  the  height  of  two  and  two  and  a 
half  feet. 
This  plant  has  recently  excited  so  tnnch  interest  among  American 

and  European  botanists,  that  I  have  thought  proper  to  add  the  detailed 

and  minute  description  of  Mr.  Nuttall. 

Pyrenula. 

•tnleroleuca,  Sprengei  MSB,  Thelotrema  cinereum,  Sehiveinits.  Very 
common  on  trunks.  Crust  membranaceous,  very  white,  sub-lucid, 
and  to  the  microscope  cracked  and  rugged.  Apothecia  above  the 
crust,  tliough  surrounded  by  it  at  the  base,  cupullform,  open  at  the 
top  l^ke  a  Lr.ciDEA  ;  margin  black,  wi'h  a  grey  bloom  ;  nucleus 
hemispheric,  whitish,  v.ith  a  black  pruinose  disk.  Halsey  An.K.  Y. 
Lyceum,  I.  p.  10. 

Specimens  of  this  common  Lichen  were  sent  by  Dr.  Torrey  to 
Professor  Spren;  el  of  Halle,  and  by  him  determined  to  be  a  new 
species  of  Pyrenula,  under  the  name  adopted.  It  has  much  the 
habit  of  a  Lecidea,  and  possibly  may  be  the  Lecidea  urceolaia  of 
Acharius.     Halsey. 

Mgrescens,  Ach.  p.  126.  Common  on  rocks.  Crust  tesselated,  black- 
ish ;  apothecia  on  the  areolae,  black,  shining,  scarcely  distinguish- 
able to  the  naked  eye.     Halsey. 

marQacea,  Id.  p.  127.  Common  on  rocks.  Crust  ashy,  rugged  and 
warty  ;  apothecia  globose,  in  appearance  like  a  Porina  with  se- 
veral orifices.     Halsey. 

RhynchosporAj  Vahl. 

fusca,  R.  V  S.  P  Culm  triquetrous  ;  leaves  linear,  carinate  ;  fascicles 
of  spikes  alternate,  pedunculate ;  spikes  ovate ;  glumes  ovate, 
irowTi ;  seed  ovate ;,  v?ith  an  acute  black  tubercle.    Taney  Fl.  p.  55 


APPENDIX.  585 

ScH(ENUs/uscw5,  Muhl.  Gram.  p.  6.   RHVN./wacfl,  Roem.^-Schult.ll. 
p.  88  ?     R.  a/6a.  ^.fusca,  Pursh  Fl.  1.  p.  49  ? 

C't</»j  2  feet  high.  Leavts  smootii.  i^pikes  bracteate  ;  bracts  se- 
taceous, longer  than  the  spikes.  Glumes  mucronatc.  Style  2-cleft 
Seed  brown,  rugose,  as  long  as  the  hispid  bristles. 
Hub.  In  New- York.  Muhlenberg, 
apillacea,  Torrty.  Spikes  3 — 5,  niy^rly  terminal  ;  culm  triquetrous, 
somewhat  leafy;  leaves  setaceous;  seed  stipitatc,  a  little  rugose 
Torrey  Fl.  1.  p.  55.  Sch(enus  setaceus.,  MuUl.  Gram.  p.  6.  IVtlld 
iSpec.  I  p.  268  ? 

Culm  about  a  span  high,  slender.  Leaves  setaceous.  Spikes  with 
a  setaceous  bract  at  the  base.  67u»/ie5  brown,  lanceolate,  mucro- 
nate,  carinate..  ^Stamens  S.  i/^e  2-cleft,  persistent.  .Sfet/ crown- 
ed with  the  romains  of  the  style,  surrounded  with  6  scabrous  bristUs 
at  the  base  ;  bristles  longer  than  the  seed.     Torrey. 

Hab.  In  sandy  swamps  in  the  pine-barrens  of  New-Jersey  .'*  la 
swamps,  Pennsylvania.  July.  Muhlenberg, 
cymos/i,  Ell.  ?  Culm  triquetrous,  leafy  ;  cymes  terminal  and  axillary, 
the  terminal  one  much  larger ;  seed  round-ovate,  compressed, 
transversely  rguose  ;  tubercle  conical.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p  56.  Elliot 
Sk.  I.  p.  58  ?  ScHCENus  cymosus,  Willd.  6pec.  1.  p.  265.  Muhl.  Gram. 
p.  8.     SciRPVs polyphyllus,  Pursh  Fl.  I.  p  57. 

Culm  a  foot  or  18  ii.ches  high,  smooth  atid  slender,  acutely  trian- 
gular.    Leaves  linear,  flat,  carinate  ;  the  upper  ones  overtopping  tiie 
culm.     F/oii;er5  in  fascicled  cymes  ,  peduncles  unequal,  with  seta- 
ceous bracts  at  the  divisions.     Involucrjim  2 — 3-leaved,  setaceous, 
longer   than  the   cymes.     Spikes  in   little  heads  of  about  5,  ovate. 
G/ume.s  broad-ovate,  the  lower  ones  mucronate      Stariiens  3.     Style 
2 — 3-clet't.     Seed  pale  brown,  rugose  transversely,  finely  strinted 
longitudinally.     Tubercle  (or  persistent  base  of  the  style)  one  third 
the  length  of  the  seed,  white.  Bristles  shorter  than  the  seed.    Torrey. 
Hub.  In  swamps.     Pennsylvania.     July.     Muhlenberg, 
laxa,   Vahl.     Culm  triquetrous ;  corymbs  leafy,  decompound,  loose; 
spikes  subulate  ;  seed  obovate,  pointed  with  the  long  persistent  style. 
Torrey  FL   I.  p.  57.     Vahl.  Enmn.  U.  p.  231.     Pvrsfi  Fl.  I.  p  48. 
Roem.  4'  ScliuU.   II.  p.  85.     R.  longirostris,  Elliot  8k.  I.  p.  59.     Sch(e- 
SDs  longirostris,  Mich.  Fl.  I.  p.  :55    S.  cornicul^tus,  Lam.  III.  I.  p  132. 
Culm  3 — 6  feet  high,  a  little  glaucous.     Leaves  a  foot   and  a  half 
long,  half  au  inch  or  more  wide,  flat,  smooth  except  on  the  margin. 
Flowers  in  very  large  corymbs  or  umbels,  axillary  and   terminal. 
Spikes  loosely  fascicled  in  about  fours  on   the  extn-mities  of  long 
triangular  peduncles.     G/uH(t^  about  Sin  each  spike,  the  bnverones 
shorter.     Base  of  the   style  persistent,  terminating  in  a  long  rigid 
point  three  times  the  length  of  the  seed.     Seed  compressed,  margin- 
ed, ruirose.     Bristles  6,  shorter  than  the  seed.     Torrey 

Hab.  in  swamps  on  the  borders  of  rivers.  Delaware.  Muhlenberg. 

RjCClA. 

liitescene,  grows  on  the  earth,  largish,  orbicular  and  confluent  :  frond 
di-  or  tri-ci).>tomous,  thick  at  the  apex,  inflexed  and  bifid  at  the 
margin  -.  lobes  at  the  marj^in  free,  the  middle  nerve  with  radicals 
impressed  above,  convex  beneath,  substance  porous,  standing  out 
from  tubercles  filled  within  with  minute  granulations.  In  dried 
swamps,  forming  yellow  patcbe?  two  inches  ia  diameter.  Schvciji- 
-i'l^'s  Hepat.  Mus' 


586  APPENDIX. 

Sa¥RURUS. 

cernuus.    (Every  where  west  of  Cayuga  lake.    Eaton.) 

SCIRPUS. 

qlmicus,  Torrey.  Culm  raany-a^Jled,  glaucous  ;  spikes  ovate,  acute; 
flumes  ovate,  obtuse  or  euidrginate.  Stamens  3;  style  2-cieft. 
Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  44.  Scirpus  JNo.  7,  (anonymous)  Mulil.  Gram 
p.  29.  S.  glaucescens,  IVilid.  Enum.  Uort.  Berol.  1.  p.  76  ?  Roem.  4- 
Schult.lI.pA'26? 

Root  perennial.  Culm  very  slender,  about  a  foot  high  Spike 
brownish.  Glumes  very  obtuse,  and  genei ally  emarginate.  Bristles 
4,  longer  tha-;  the  seed,  but  siioricr  tJian  the  iubf^rcte.     Torrey. 

Hab.  Borders  of  salt-marshes  near  iNew-York.     July. 

This  species  differs  from  the  S.  tuUtrcAdosus  of  Michnux,  whick 
Muhlenberg  remarks  it  sliould  be  coiopared  with,  in  having  an  an- 
gular, inst  eAil  o f  a  ro u  n  d  r  n }  m  ^c . 
i'ubterminalis,  Torrey.  Cuiin  lioatisig,  sulcate,  inflated,  leafy  below ; 
spin.e  solitary,  somewhat  terminal,  lanceolate;  style  2-cleft ;  seed 
triquetrous.     Torrey  Fi.  I.  p.  47. 

Root  hbrous.  Culm  3  feet  or  more  long,  of  a  spongy  texture ; 
when  dried,  much  roughened  by  the  irregularly  contiacting  medulla. 
Leaves  very  narrow,  concave.  Spike  about  as  large  as  in  b.  palus- 
iris,  shorter  than  the  large  bract  (or  rather  continuation  of  the  culm) 
at  its  base.  Glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate.  Stamens  3. 
Style  a  little  cleft.  Seed  large,  acutely  triangular,  surrounded  by  6 
bristles,  whicli  it  nearly  equals  in  length.      Torrey. 

Hab.  In  ponds  and  streams  of  fresh  water  near  Deerfield,  Massa- 
chusetts. Dr.  Cooiey.  August.  The  whole  plant,  except  the  spikes, 
is  underwater. 
pusillus,  VuhL?  Culm  compressed,  and  a  little  angular  ;  spike  ovate, 
compressed;  seed  obovate  ;  stamens  3;  style  2 — 3-cleft  Torrey 
Ft.  I.  p.  46      Elliot  Sk.  1.  p.  75.      I'ahl.  Enum  II.  p.  246  f 

Culm  erect,  aijout  an  inch  high,  slightly  furrowed  on  one  side, 
rigid.     Tubercle  crowning  the  *etrf  conic.     Bristles  about  6.    Torrey. 

Hab.  In  salt-marshes;  growing  in  large  patches  like  moss.  July 
— Aui^ust. 
C(Bspilusus,  L.  Culm  cespitose,  terete;  spikes  ovate,  few-flowered; 
lower  jjlumes  bracteiform,  as  long  as  the  spike  ;  sheaths  with  rudi- 
ments .if  leaves.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  47.  Sp.  pi.  71.  IVilld.  Spec.  I.  p. 
292      Vufil.  Enum.  II.  p^  241     Roe7n  4'  Schult.  J  I.  p.  122. 

;3.  callosus,  Big.  M.  S.  Glumes  thickened  and  cartilaginous  at  the 
tips 

Root  fibrous,  faseiculose.  Culm  about  a  span  hi.!2:h,  slender,  finely 
striate  ;  low  er  part  densely  covered  with  imbricated  sheaths.  Inferior 
sheaths  maresceiit,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  ones  green,  producing  a  very 
short,  obtu.se  leaf.  Spike  4— 5-flowered,  compressed.  G/wmes yellow- 
ish brown,  -btuse  ;  the  2  lower  ones  resembline;  bracts  ;  the  exterior 
a  little  longer,  and  the  other  a  little  shorter,  than  the  s|)ike.  Stamens 
3.  Style  3-cleft.  Bristles  6,  smooth,  bjui^er  tlian  the  germen.    Torrey. 

Hab.  On  the  White  hills  of  New-Hampshire.  Bigclow  <^  BqoH 
.I-aly. 


APPENDIX.  537 

SPILOMA. 

roseutn,  Hahey  in  An.  .V.  Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  4.  Crust  thin,  rough,  light  lake 
or  rose-coloured  ;  apothecia  oval,  minute,  scattered,  and  of  a  deeper 
colour  than  the  crust. 

Sticta. 

.lylvalica,  Ach.  p.  236.  On  the  earth  with  mosses.  Frond  with  large 
segments,  concave,     lialscy  in  An.  JN"*.  Y.  Lye.  p.  10. 

SWERTIA, 

corniculata.     (West-Caaada  creek.     Prof.  Hadhy.)] 

Thelotrema. 

JepadinumP  Ach.  Syn.  p.  115.     On   bark.     Very  common.     Probably 
new  species.     Crust  yellowish-greeu.     Hahey  in  An.  -V.  Y.  Lye.  I. 


p.  10. 


Tkiciiodium. 


datum,  Pursh.Cnhn  erect,  firm  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  flat,  scabrous, 
sheaths  smooth ;  panicle  verticillate,  a  little  spreading ;  glumes 
nearly  equal.  Pursh  FL  I.  p.  ftl.  Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  83.  Trichodium 
IMo.  4,  (anonymous.)  Mulil.  Gram.  p.  62-  Cornucopi.*:  allissima, 
Walt.  Car.  p.  74. 

Root  perennial.  Culm  3  feet  high,  simple,  slender  but  firm,  leafy. 
Z-eaies  often  growing  in  tufts  about  the  root,  and  then  very  narrow 
and  involute  ;  those  on  the  culm  6 — 8  inches  long,  flat.  Panicle 
purple,  exsert ;  branches  in  fours  or  sixes,  a  little  contracted.  Glumes 
of  the  ca/^a:  lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla  one  third  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  5-nerved.  Stamens  S.  S/ig-m as  plumose.  Seerf  linear-oblong, 
acnminate.     Torrey. 

Hah.  In  sandy  swam{)s,  New-Jersey,  particularly  at  a  place  called 
Quaker-bridge,  about  31  miles  N.  E.  from  Philadelphia.     August. 

montanum,  Torrty.  Culm  cespitose,  erect ;  leaves  involute-filiform, 
and,  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  scabrous  ;  panicle  capilla/y,  lax,  a  little 
spreading  ;  glumes  equal.     Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.  84. 

Root  a  tuft  of  fibres,  perennial.  Culm  8  inches  to  a  foot  in  height, 
growing  in  small  tufts,  simple,  filiform.  Radical  leaves  2 — 3  inches 
long,  almost  setaceous  j  those  on  the  culm  a  little  longer.  Sheath.^ 
closed.  Stipule  ovate,  bifid,  serrate.  Panicle  elongated  :  branches 
in  about  fours,  semi-verticillate  ;  divisions  tricho:omous,  capillary, 
flexuous,  hispid.  Floicers  in  fascicles  at  the  extremities  of  the 
branches.  Glumes  of  the  caly.v  remarkably  equal,  lanceolate,  ser- 
rulate on  the  margin  and  keel,  nerveless.  Corolla  nearly  a  third 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  awnless,  ovate,  3-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Stci/ 
oblons:,  acute.     Torrey. 

Hab.  Ou  the  summit  of  the  Fishkill  mountains,  New-York.     Tor 
rey.    July. 

Trillium. 
Srandifloriim     f  Johnstown.  Montgomery  county.) 


538  APPENDIX. 

Trisetum. 

purpurascens,  Torrty.  Panicle  very  simple,  somewhat  racemose,  few- 
flowered  ;  calyx  3-flowered;  glumes  very  unequal,  entire;  culra 
and  leaves  smooth  ;  stipule  very  short,  truncate.  Torrty  Fl  I.  p.  127. 

Root  perennial  Culm  about  2  feet  high,  leafy.  Leaves  narrow- 
linear,  4 — 6  inches  long,  carinate.  Sheaths  smooth.  Panicle  4 — 6 
inches  long,  almost  a  simple  raceme  of  pedunculate  spikelets  ;  lower 
branches  elonjjated.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  terete.  Calyx  of  a  red- 
dish purpl»»  colour,  smooth  :  glumes  lanceolate  ;  the  inferior  one 
indistinctly  3  nerved  ;  the  other  5-nerved,  sometimes  lacerate  at  the 
tip  when  old.  Inferior  valve  of  the  corolla  scabrous,  7-nerved,  atte- 
nuated and  2-cleft  at  the  extremity ;  awn  bent  obliquely  ;  superior 
valve  slightly  cleft,  scabrous  on  the  margin.     Torrty. 

Hah.  Near  mountain  meadows.  Williamstown,  Massachusetts. 
Dewey  Near  Boston.  Bigelow.  On  the  Catskill  mountains.  £«- 
toji.    Near  Montreal,  Canada.  Paine. 

Triticum. 

repens,  L.  Willd.  Spec.  Eat.  Man.  p.  485.  Agropyron  reptnSj  P. 
de  Beauv.     Torrey  Fl.  I,  p.  135. 

Uralepsis, 

Hristulata,  J\'utt.  Lateral  panicles  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves,  terminal  ones  partly  exsert;  calyx  3-flowered;  bristle  of  the 
corolla  as  long  as  the  lateral  cusps.  Nutt.  Gen.  I,  p.  63,  and  II.  Supp. 
Torrey  Fl.  I.  p.m. 

Root  annual.  Culms  numerous,  cespitose,  procumbent  at  the  base, 
about  a  foot  high,  with  numerous  bearded  joints.  Leaves  subulate  j 
the  upper  ones  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  pungent,  hairy  on  the  upper 
surface,  fringed  towards  the  base  with  a  few  long  hairs.  Stipule  a 
bearded  ring.  Flowtrs  in  racemes,  or  a  very  simple  panicle.  Spike- 
ht.<i  terete,  many  times  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  generally  3-flowered, 
sometimes  with  a  fourth,  abortive  floret.  Glumes  lacerate  at  the  tip. 
Valves  of  the  corolla  clothed  on  the  margin  with  a  very  conspicuous 
villus  ;  inferior  valve  truncate  and  3-cleft,  the  intermediate  segment 
mucronate,  or  terminated  with  a  very  short  bristle  ;  superior  valve 
ovate,  half  the  length  of  the  Inferior.  Stamens  3;  anthers  purple. 
Stfl  oblong,  brown,  acuminate  at  each  extremity.  Nectaries  0 ': 
Torrey. 

Hah.  Along  the  sea-coast  in  the  sand-drifts  ;  common  in  the  har- 
bour of  New-York  above  high-water  mark.  In  sandy  fields  of  New- 
York  and  New-Jersey.  Near  Philadelphia  JVutt.  August.  Whole 
plant  covered  with  a  viscid  acid  secretion,  of  a  powerful  and  pecu- 
liar taste.    This  acid  is  probably  the  malic.     Torrey. 

Urceolaria. 

clntrta,  j3  notata,  Ach.  p.  40.  On  hard  rocks.  Crust  ashy,  smooth 
and  cracked;  apothecia  black,  pruinose,  immersed  in  the  areolae. 
Hahf.u  in  An.  JV'.  Y  Lye  T.  p.  11. 

calcarea,  Id.  p.  143.  On  calcareous  rocks.  Crust  very  white  ;  apO- 
thecia  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.    Jialsey. 


APPENDIX.  539 

Vabiolaria. 

velatat  Ach.  p.  129.  On  bark.  Crust  white ;  disk  of  the  apothecia 
covered  with  a  white  lamina.     Halsey  in  An  JV.  Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  11. 

corallhia,  Ach  p.  133.  Encrusting  decayed  mosses.  Crust  with  co- 
ralline papillae.     Halsty. 

Verrucaria. 

punctiformis,  Ach.  Syn.  p.SK.  Old  bark.  Apothecia  small, hemispheric, 
seldom  papillated;  nucleus  sub-globose.  Halsey  in  An.  JV.  Y.  Lye. 
I.  p.  9. 

anaJepta,  Id.  p.  87.  Old  bark.  Apothecia  connoid,  papillated ;  na- 
cbius  compressed.     Larger  than  the  preceding.     Hnhey. 

tpidennidis,  Id.  p.  89.  Smooth  bark  of  limbs.  Apothecia  very  minute, 
flattened,  roughish.     Halsey. 

Var.  /3  cerasi.     On  Betula.     Crust  shining,  of  a  silvery  hue. 

gemtnata,  Id.  p.  90.     On  bark.    Apothecia  shining,  papillated.  Halsey. 

composita,  Schweinits  MSS.  On  Carpinus  and  Betula.  Cru-'t  yellow- 
ish brown,  very  smooth,  shining,  and  bordered  by  a  black  line  ;  apo- 
thecia small,  immersed,  and  clustering  in  long  irregular  dark  spots. 
Halsey  in  An.  JV.  Y.  Lye.  I.  p.  9. 

Viola. 

lanceolata.  (Swamps  and  marshy  grounds  on  the  pine-barrens  2  miles 
west  of  Albany.) 

WiNDSORIA. 

pallida,  Tor.    Cat.  pi.  New-York.    Eat.  Man.  p,  604.    Poa  denlata^ 

Torre.y  Fl.  I.  p.  107.     Triodia  pallida,  Spreng. 
poccformis,  JSutt.    Eat.  Man.  p.  504.    Tricuspis  seshrioides,  Torrey  Fl 

I.  p.  118. 


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